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Institute of Hydrology and MAFF Institute of 4 C Hydrology Natural Environment Research Council r9,6 To_ HYDROLOGY AND/WETLAND CONSERVATION Report to MAFF River Flood Protection Commission A Contract AD1 This report is an official document prepared under contract between the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food and the Natural Environmental Research Council. It should not be quoted without permission of both the Institute of Hydrology and MAFF. Kevin Gilman MA MIWEM Institute of Hydrology Staylittle Llanbrynmair Powys SY19 7DB UK Tel: 05516-652 Fax: 05516-441 July 1992 Hydrology and wetland conservation INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY REPORT TO MAFF Contract ADI Executive summary The management of wetlands for actual daily transpiration and net lateral conservation, alongside land used for groundwater flow. agriculture or development, requires an understanding of the principles of wetland The wetland water balance differs from that hydrology, and of those hydrological of terrestrial sites in the dominance of processes which have maintained the site's storage of water in the ground. This persists natural habitats in the long term. This as a controlling factor throughout the history project has examined the hydrological of the site. Saturated conditions in the soil, behaviour of a range of wetlands in the UK, and the low velocity of water movement, and from this sample have been drawn some lead to a chemically reduced root zone, to general conclusions which can be used in the formation of peat, and to the the assessment of wetland sites. development of specialised plant Development of all kinds can pose a threat: communities. These special conditions although dewatering has an obvious, underlie the conservation value of wetland immediate and lasting impact, agricultural sites as unusual natural habitats, which were drainage is by no means the only potentially often protected from human interference in damaging operation. Analysis of threatened the past by the impracticability of wetland sites visited by the author over a improvement using small-scale period of 17 years show's that mineral unmechanised methods. extraction, housing development and road-building are also significant. Hydrometry on wetlands necessarily concentrates on water level measurement, This report outlines the major freshwater both in the soil and in open water bodies. wetland types represented in the UK, from The seasonal variation of water levels marsh, which could be regarded as a pioneer observed on wetland sites reflects the community taking over from shallow open pattern of precipitation input and water, to bog or acid mire, which represents evaporative demand. Short-term the final divorce of the wetland plant fluctuations, for instance the effects of community from its mineral substrate. A rainfall and the daily cycle of evaporation, selection of seven sites, distinguished by are super-imposed on this seasonal unusually long or intensive sets of variation. hydrological data, has been used as a basis for the scientific investigation of wetland The ground surface of peatlands or mires hydrology. The analysis of observed water moves vertically in response to the amount levels, from dipwell networks and of stored water, as it often consists of a continuous water level recorders, and their shallow mat of vegetation supported by a seasonal and temporal variation, led to the considerable depth of loose peat or organic development of the wetland lysimeter. This mud. The mechanism of ground movement new instrument can be used to carry out was investigated at two sites, Crymlyn Bog, detailed and automated measurements for Swansea, and West Sedgemoor, Somerset. the determination of the specific yield, Clear evidence exists that the dewatering of f the upper layers in the peat profile causes a interaction between these ditches and the 3 V reduction in buoyancy forces and a adjacent soil is of particular importance, and cli=?; consequent seasonal cycle linked closely to dipwell transect data from three sites have 4---% the cycle of water level change. Ground been presented to show the relationship tel2 j movement influences both the between ditch water levels and groundwater implementation of hydrometric levels over the year. The permeability of v114 measurements on peadands, and modifies peat is generally low, and the effect of a < • the effects of dewatering on the plant ditch on groundwater levels is limited at community. distances exceeding about1-51:1m—.1The_ _ _ _ annual cycle of groundwater levels can be predicted The storage of water in the saturated zone is quite accurately using a mathematical characterised by one central parameter, the model, and such a model, taking account of specific yield, which is a function of the spatial variation in the hydraulic parameters, porosity, and hence of the degree of was used to simulate water levels at West compaction of the substrate. Peat exhibits a Sedgemoor. This improved estimates of wide range of variation in its hydraulic specific yield and permeability, and properties, according to its history and its explained the unusually rapid attenuation of position in the soil profile. Specific yield ditch effects with distance. controls the extent of water level change in response to the annual climatic cycle and to While it is possible to useCale-Rwater level transient phenomena such as droughts and measurements, Cirvplemented) by climate short-term dewatering. A simple method for data, in the invesfiration of wetland determining the specific yield from rainfall hydrology, there are uncertainties inputs was produced successfully: this can introduced by the lateral flow of be applied to a continuous record of water groundwater and the routing of rainfall to level using daily rainfall measurements. the water table. A lysimeter overcomes the problem of lateral flow by isolating a soil Given an estimate of the specific yield, block from its surroundings, but lysimetry diurnal fluctuations in a continuous can be labour-intensive. To overcome this, groundwater level record can be used to an automated system was devised which estimate daily actual transpiration from a could form the basis for the routine wetland community. In a mixed fen or measurement of transpiration in wetland "litter" community at Wicken Fen, communities, including tall fen vegetation. Cambridgeshire, this method demonstrates The lysimeter has been demonstrated at a that actual transpiration, which in summer bog site in mid-Wales and at West makes up a large proportion of evaporation, Sedgemoor, where it gives results which is always less than the potential evaporation. agree well with estimates of actual There was a clear indication of the evaporation made by several independent significance of the cutting of the "litter" methods. The results from the un-grazed community at two-yearly intervals: the bog site, where the standing crop contains largely green vegetation that grew up after dead material and transpiration starts quite cutting transpired more rapidly than the late in the season, appear to corroborate older vegetation, which included much those from Wicken Fen, while West standing dead material. Sedgemoor demonstrates the effect of grazing and mowing in rejuvenating the Many wetlands are bounded or crossed by crop and increasing transpiration rates. The open ditches, which according to land use results also show inhibition of transpiration and/or season can be considered either as on days with very high potential evaporation drains or subirrigation9 channels. The rates. Pri4A4J'0, 7 ii Finally, attention is drawn to two clear findings from this work: the influence of open drains on the contrary to many indications water table in adjacent ground is very contained in the literature, actual limited in extent in UK wetlands, evaporation from UK wetlands especially in fine silt and peat. On during the summer, when such slowly permeable soils, rainfall transpiration dominates, appears to be during the winter, in the absence of lower than the potential rate, significant evaporation, is adequate to particularly where natural or raise the water table until it is at or semi-natural communities comprise a near the ground surface, and within significant proportion of dead each fieldigroundwater flow is not material. It is probable that literature rapid enough, in the absence of field results are biassed towards swamp drainage, to cause a significant communities, and many reported lowering of the water table outside a experiments may have been subject to narrow peripheral strip. What the "oasis effect", which enhances lowering does occur over the summer evaporation rates from lysimeters within the field areas is caused improperly exposed. It is difficult to primarily by evaporative demand. carry out a systematic exploration of This is not to say that ditching cannot the subject through published papers, have a deleterious effect on a wetland which have often been contradictory, site: there is evidence to suggest that but the results presented in this the maintenance of a relatively low report, from three contrasting water level in ditches over the winter communities (tall fen / does prevent or reduce winter intermediate-height sedges and rushes flooding, for instance at Wicken Fen / managed grassland), suggest that and West Sedgemoor, and obviously wetlands, especially where they carry the character of a site with standing tall vegetation, have a positive water could be seriously changed by contribution to make to water ditches controlled in that manner. resources in many circumstances. III a -101MMENNEMME Mal= OM MaMMENEMIS &,re_ 0 LA ( pH- ct_ L- Table of Contents Introduction 1 / Freshwater wetlands in the UK / 4 / 2.1 The range of wetland types / 4 / 2.2 Sample sites used in this study 9 / The wetland water balance / 26 / 3.1 Wetland hydrometry / 27 / 3.2 The components of the water balance / 30 Studying the wetland water balance by 76 j lysimetry 4.1 Historical background / 76 d 4.2 The IH wetland lysimeter 77 Conclusions ./ 94 / NOT a Freshwater wetlands in the UK e- SS , 1-..-,- I- 94 TN'Efie- de egg e wetland water balance .,,--- 5 • ct - ; -.
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