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Pollen, Phytolith, Macrofloral, Protein, and Organic Residue (Ftir) Analyses on Samples from the Mission San Gabriel Garden Complex, Site Ca-Lan-184H, California

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Pollen, Phytolith, Macrofloral, Protein, and Organic Residue (Ftir) Analyses on Samples from the Mission San Gabriel Garden Complex, Site Ca-Lan-184H, California POLLEN, PHYTOLITH, MACROFLORAL, PROTEIN, AND ORGANIC RESIDUE (FTIR) ANALYSES ON SAMPLES FROM THE MISSION SAN GABRIEL GARDEN COMPLEX, SITE CA-LAN-184H, CALIFORNIA By Kathryn Puseman, Peter Ková…ik, Chad Yost, Linda Scott Cummings, and Melissa K. Logan With assistance from R.A. Varney PaleoResearch Institute Golden, Colorado PaleoResearch Institute Technical Report 12-020 Prepared for SWCA Environmental Consultants Pasadena, California December 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................... I INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1 METHODS................................................................. 1 Macrofloral ........................................................... 1 Phytolith Extraction from Brick ............................................ 2 Macrofloral Extraction from Brick .......................................... 2 Pollen Extraction from Sediment .......................................... 2 Phytolith Extraction from Milling Stone, Ground Stone and Steatite Bowl ........... 4 Protein Residue Analysis ................................................ 5 FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) .............................. 6 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) REVIEW ................ 7 Lipids ............................................................... 8 Esters............................................................... 8 Proteins.............................................................. 9 Carbohydrates ........................................................ 9 Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Oligosaccharides ................. 10 Polysaccharides ................................................ 10 ETHNOBOTANIC REVIEW ................................................... 11 Potential Edible and Economically Important Plants .......................... 12 Apiaceae (Parsley Family) ........................................ 12 Arctostaphylos (Manzanita, Kinnikinnick, Bearberry).................... 12 Asteraceae (Sunflower Family) ..................................... 12 Anthemis (Chamomile)........................................... 13 Helianthus (Sunflower) ..................................... 13 Xanthium (Cocklebur) ...................................... 14 Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) .................................... 14 Brassica (Mustard) ........................................ 15 Descurainia (Tansy Mustard) ................................ 15 Cheno-ams .................................................... 15 Amaranthus (Amaranth, Pigweed) ............................ 16 Chenopodium (Goosefoot, Pigweed) .................... 16 Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon)..................................... 17 Crataegus (Hawthorn)............................................ 17 Cucurbita (Squash, Pumpkin) ...................................... 17 Cyperaceae (Sedge Family) ....................................... 18 Erodium (Storksbill, Filaree) ....................................... 18 Fabaceae (Pea or Bean Family) .................................... 19 Medicago sativa (Alfalfa).................................... 19 Trifolium (Clover).......................................... 19 Ficus carica (Common Fig)........................................ 20 Juglandaceae (Walnut Family) ..................................... 20 Juncus (Rush).................................................. 21 i Juniperus (Juniper).............................................. 21 Lamiaceae (Mint Family) .......................................... 21 Opuntia (Prickly Pear Cactus)...................................... 22 Pinus (Pine) ................................................... 23 Poaceae (Grass family) .......................................... 23 Cerealia/Cereal-type....................................... 24 Avena sativa (Oat)................................... 24 Triticum (Wheat) .................................... 24 Phragmites (Carrizo reed, Reedgrass, Reed) .................... 24 Zea mays (Corn).......................................... 25 Polygonaceae (Buckwheat Family) .................................. 25 Polygonum (Smartweed, Knotweed) ........................... 26 Rumex (Dock, Sorrel)...................................... 26 Portulacaceae ( Family) .......................................... 26 Calandrinia (Calandrinia, Redmaids) .......................... 27 Portulaca (Purslane) ....................................... 27 Quercus (Oak) ................................................. 27 Salicaceae (Willow Family) ........................................ 28 Sambucus (Elderberry)........................................... 29 Sesamum (Sesame)............................................. 29 Solanaceae (Potato Family) ....................................... 29 Datura (Datura, Jimsonweed, Thorn-apple) ..................... 30 Nicotiana (Tobacco) ....................................... 31 Physalis (Groundcherry, Tomatillo) ............................ 31 Solanum (Nightshade) ..................................... 31 Vitis (Grape) ................................................... 32 Yucca (Yucca, Spanish bayonet, Soapweed) .......................... 32 Probable Weeds ...................................................... 33 Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family) ..................................... 33 Silene (Catchfly, Campion).................................. 33 Stellaria (Chickweed, Starwort) ............................... 34 Chamaesyce syn. Euphorbia (Sandmat, Spurge) ....................... 34 Cynareae (Thistle Tribe) .......................................... 34 Eriogonum (False Buckwheat) ..................................... 34 Malvaceae (Mallow Family) ....................................... 34 Malva (Mallow, Cheeseweed) ................................ 35 Poaceae (Grass Family) .......................................... 35 Bromus (Brome, Bromegrass, Chess, Cheat) .................... 35 Leersia oryzoides (Rice cutgrass)............................. 35 Phalaris (Canarygrass) ..................................... 36 Oxalis (Wood sorrel) ............................................. 36 Phacelia (Phacelia).............................................. 36 Scrophulariaceae (Figwort or Snapdragon Family) ..................... 36 Schinus molle (Peruvian Pepper Tree) ............................... 37 Taraxacum (Dandelion) .......................................... 37 Tribulus terrestris (Puncture-Vine, Caltrop) ........................... 37 Zannichellia palustris (Horned pondweed) ............................ 37 DISCUSSION.............................................................. 38 ii Water Complex....................................................... 38 Unit 104....................................................... 39 Feature 10, Unit 137 ............................................. 40 Unit 145, Feature 11 ............................................. 41 Unit 143, Milling Stone ........................................... 43 Projectile Points ................................................ 44 Granary Structure ..................................................... 44 Unit 263....................................................... 44 Unit 258, Feature 14 ............................................. 46 Unit 161....................................................... 52 Unit 267....................................................... 53 Feature 13 ..................................................... 53 Unit 253....................................................... 55 Brick (Ladrillo) .................................................. 55 Feature 9 ...................................................... 56 Unit 248....................................................... 57 Unit 195....................................................... 58 Unit 189....................................................... 59 Vesicular Basalt Groundstone Bowl Fragment (Sample 06787) ...... 59 Burned Granitic Mano Turned Pestle (Sample 11714) ............. 60 Chert Biface (Sample 07951) ................................ 61 Unit 268 ............................................................ 61 Unit 291 ............................................................ 62 Sample 09211 .................................................. 65 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.............................................. 65 TABLES.................................................................. 69 TABLE 1 PROVENIENCE DATA FOR SAMPLES FROM THE MISSION SAN GABRIEL GARDEN COMPLEX, SITE CA-LAN-184H, CALIFORNIA ................ 70 TABLE 2 POLLEN TYPES OBSERVED IN SAMPLES FROM THE MISSION SAN GABRIEL GARDEN COMPLEX, SITE CA-LAN-184H, CALIFORNIA ............................................................. 74 TABLE 3 MACROFLORAL REMAINS FROM UNIT 104 AT THE MISSION SAN GABRIEL GARDEN COMPLEX, SITE CA-LAN-184H, CALIFORNIA ............................................................. 77 TABLE 4 INDEX OF MACROFLORAL REMAINS RECOVERED FROM THE MISSION SAN GABRIEL GARDEN COMPLEX, SITE CA-LAN-184H, CALIFORNIA ............................................................. 88 TABLE 5 SUMMARY OF MACROFLORAL REMAINS RECOVERED FROM THE MISSION SAN GABRIEL GARDEN COMPLEX, SITE CA-LAN-184H, CALIFORNIA .................................................. 94 iii TABLE 6 MACROFLORAL REMAINS FROM UNIT 145 AT THE MISSION SAN GABRIEL GARDEN COMPLEX, SITE CA-LAN-184H, CALIFORNIA ............... 107 TABLE 7 LIST OF ANTISERA USED IN TESTING ARTIFACTS FROM THE MISSION SAN GABRIEL GARDEN COMPLEX, SITE
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