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Power Supply Using Earth Battery and Solar Pael
ITSI Transactions on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ITSI-TEEE) _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Power Supply Using Earth Battery 1Harish D, 2T S Dhanalakshmi, 3Gireesh H R 1,2,3RRCE, Bangalore electronic devices. They can also be considered to Abstract: In view of robust and cost effective use of this natural power technology by unskilled village consumers replace high voltage low current charging power most suitable combinations of the commonly available supplies or ionization power supplies. Like earth metals were selected for further detailed characteristic batteries the sea batteries also may be considered for studies. Combinations of Magnesium anode and Coke similar applications. However, air batteries can be used cathode: Zinc anode and Graphite, cathode: Aluminum for bulk power production and grid system operation [3]. anode and Carbon cathode; Zinc anode and Copper In view of global energy crisis to be caused by natural cathodes gave 2.05, 1.40, 1.10 and 0.9 volts per cell. Typical end of oil and gas within next 50 to60 years time [9-11], rated power of a single Zn-Cu cell was measured to be few it has become very important to look for alternative tens of microamperes. Small power electronic devices such energy sources to hold back the human race from as calculators, electronic watches, baby toys and cell phones and white light LEDs were operated on site. The engagement to a great energy war [12-13]. Although, voltage level was found to increase linearly by connecting uranium [14] and coal [9] would continue to exist for multiple earth battery cells in series like commercial lead few centuries but they cannot replace oil and gas despite acid battery. -
(1) Patent Number: 4,572,582 Ryeczek 45 Date of Patent: Feb
United States Patent (19) (1) Patent Number: 4,572,582 Ryeczek 45 Date of Patent: Feb. 25, 1986 54) METHOD OF MINING METALS LOCATED 3,288,648 11/1966 Jones ............................... 166/248 X N THE EARTH 3,547,192 12/1970 Claridge et al. .................... 166/248 3,819,231 6/1974 Fehliner ................................... 299/4 76 Inventor: John J. Ryeczek, R.D. #1, Box 190C, Primary Examiner-George A. Suchfield Point Marion, Pa. 15474 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Webb, Burden, Robinson & 21 Appl. No.: 599,994 Webb 22) Filed: Apr. 13, 1984 57 ABSTRACT An earth battery which includes a first electrode which Related U.S. Application Data is a veined material located in the earth, a second elec 62) Division of Ser. No. 384,781, Jun. 4, 1982, Pat. No. trode electrically connected to the surface of the earth 4,457,988. and disposed in a hole which extends from the surface 51 Int. Cl." ....................... E21C 41/06; E21C 41/14 of the earth into the first electrode, an electrolyte dis 52) U.S. C. ........................................ 299/5; 166/248; posed in the hole and in contact with the first and sec 299/7; 299/8 ond electrodes, and means for electrically connecting 58) Field of Search ............................... 299/7, 8, 5, 4; the first electrode to the surface of the earth. A seam of 166/248, 65 R; 429/47, 13, 10 coal is preferred as the first electrode. A method of mining metals located in the earth using the earth bat 56 References Cited tery and a method of drilling holes in the earth are also U.S. -
Sir James Alfred Ewing, K.C.B., M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S
150 Obituary Notices. Sir James Alfred Ewing, K.C.B., M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S. JAMES ALFRED EWING, a great engineer, scientific man, and charming Scot, was distinguished in many fields of activity. Born in 1855 at Dundee, where his father was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, he grew up in an intellectual and spiritual atmosphere in which his early education was greatly influenced by his mother, whose critical taste in letters was passed on to her children. From Dundee High School Ewing proceeded in the early seventies to the University of Edinburgh, where his great ability soon manifested itself in the classes of Tait and Fleeming Jenkin, the latter of whom brought him into touch with Sir William Thomson (afterwards Lord Kelvin), then engaged in the development of submarine telegraph cables, an introduction which led to Ewing taking part in three cable-laying voyages to Brazil and the River Plate. Fleeming Jenkin was a man of wide culture, and his literary and scientific circle included Ewing and another young student, Robert Louis Stevenson, then at the commence- ment of an engineering training, soon to be abandoned for a literary career of the greatest distinction, the beginnings of which have been happily described by Ewing in "The Fleeming Jenkins and Robert Louis Steven- son." In 1878, at the early age of twenty-three, Ewing went to Japan as Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the University of Tokyo, a post which he occupied for five years, and there he made his classical researches in the widely different fields of magnetism and seismology. -
Sess. Professor Andrew Jamieson, M.Inst
334 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [Sess. Professor Andrew Jamieson, M.Inst.C.E. By Mr J. Wilson. (Read January 20, 1913.) PROFESSOR JAMIESON, M.Inst.C.E., whose death took place on the 4th December 1912, at his residence, 16 Rosslyn Terrace, Kelvinside, Glasgow, W., was well known throughout the country as a consulting engineer and as the author of a large number of standard text-books on electrical and engineering subjects. He was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1882. Professor Jamieson, who was the eldest son of the late Rev. George Jamieson, D.D., of Old Machar Cathedral, Aberdeen, was born at Grange, Banffshire, in 1849, and received his education at the Gymnasium, Old Aberdeen, and at Aberdeen University. His apprenticeship was served with Messrs Hall, Russel & Co., marine engineers and shipbuilders, Aberdeen Ironwork. He afterwards entered the service of the Great North of Scotland Railway Company, ultimately attaining the position of chief draughtsman in the loco, and carriage department. When only twenty-three years of age he was appointed assistant to Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and Professor Fleeming Jenkin, who placed him in charge of the testing staff, to supervise the manufacture of the submarine cables at the Woolwich works of Messrs Siemens Bros. Then followed several years during which Mr Jamieson was mostly abroad. For two years he acted as chief electrical assistant to Thomson and Jenkin, along the coast of Brazil, for the Western Brazilian, and Platino-Brazilian Companies. On returning to this country, the late Sir John Pender and Sir James Anderson appointed him chief electrician to the Eastern Telegraph Company, and he was sent to the Mediterranean to super- intend the laying of the Marseilles-Malta cable. -
Reliable Energy Sources As a Foundation for Reliable Intermittent Systems
Reliable Energy Sources as a Foundation for Reliable Intermittent Systems Dhananjay Jagtap Pat Pannuto [email protected] [email protected] University of California, San Diego University of California, San Diego ABSTRACT be accessible to change batteries [11]. This is the case when de- This paper defines architectural and operational principles for sim- ploying sensor networks for structural or condition monitoring ple and reliable energy harvesting devices that can be used in service in industrial environments [38] or for environmental monitoring of high-level applications. For many maintenance and monitoring applications where there is no built infrastructure. This is part of tasks, we propose that it is more valuable to have reliable, trusted what makes energy harvesting designs so exciting: they present affirmations that nothing has changed than it is to know theexact the potential for set-it-and-forget it systems that can go anywhere moment that something has failed. This presents an opportunity for and last forever [16]. a new class of highly reliable, but not necessarily timely, intermit- What often makes energy harvesting designs challenging, how- tent devices. These are devices that are capable of sending messages ever, is that energy sources are unreliable, unpredictable, or un- at reasonable, fixed intervals (e.g. once an hour or once a day). They controllable. Early designs simply ran whenever they could for as cannot activate more often, but they also promise not to activate long as they could [10, 31, 35]. However, this wholly uncontrolled less often. To establish this reliability, we look to opportunities for intermittency made it difficult for device and system designers energy scavenging that are often ignored as their instantaneous to build applications. -
The Otranto-Valona Cable and the Origins of Submarine Telegraphy in Italy
Advances in Historical Studies, 2017, 6, 18-39 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ahs ISSN Online: 2327-0446 ISSN Print: 2327-0438 The Otranto-Valona Cable and the Origins of Submarine Telegraphy in Italy Roberto Mantovani Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), Physics Laboratory: Urbino Museum of Science and Technology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy How to cite this paper: Mantovani, R. Abstract (2017). The Otranto-Valona Cable and the Origins of Submarine Telegraphy in Italy. This work is born out of the accidental finding, in a repository of the ancient Advances in Historical Studies, 6, 18-39. “Oliveriana Library” in the city of Pesaro (Italy), of a small mahogany box https://doi.org/10.4236/ahs.2017.61002 containing three specimens of a submarine telegraph cable built for the Italian Received: December 22, 2016 government by the Henley Company of London. This cable was used to con- Accepted: March 18, 2017 nect, by means of the telegraph, in 1864, the Ports of Otranto and Avlona (to- Published: March 21, 2017 day Valona, Albania). As a scientific relic, the Oliveriana memento perfectly fits in the scene of that rich chapter of the history of long distance electrical Copyright © 2017 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. communications known as submarine telegraphy. It is known that, thanks to This work is licensed under the Creative the English, the issue of submarine electric communication had an impressive Commons Attribution International development in Europe from the second half of the nineteenth century on. License (CC BY 4.0). Less known is the fact that, in this emerging technology field, Italy before uni- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ fication was able to carve out a non-negligible role for itself, although primar- Open Access ily political. -
Batteries and Primitive Survival E-Book
Batteries and Primitive Survival (An e-Book that is word searchable and printable) (3 Nov 2008) Table of Contents Introduction: Knowledge from many sources including my own research and development have been brought together to show how to intelligently use battery storage technology in a long term primitive survival situation. Lead-Acid batteries for use as primary source storage and smaller rechargeable/non-rechargeables for portability will be viewed in many different ways for practicality during primitive survival. The way to read this book is to read chapter one then jump to areas of interest, realizing that the proper storage of the correct chosen batteries and the making of efficient chargers are ideally needed before the emergency times start. This book is designed to be a reference work and is dedicated to those who wish to survive the coming pole shift. (by Mikel) Chapter 1: Basic Battery Survival 101 (7 pages) This chapter gives an overview summery of the basics knowledge needed to start one into primitive survival using storage cells and batteries. The remaining chapters detail and answer the questions needed to help survive in a primitive environment for an extended time. Chapter 2: Long Term Battery Storage and Self Discharge Rates (12 pages) This chapter details how to prepare batteries for long term storage. What are the choices of batteries and how to store them for the long term. The manufactures recommendations are detailed. A description of what to do as you take them out of storage for the first time is also detailed. Chapter 3: Efficient Battery Chargers for Survival (20 pages) Most of the currently efficient commercial battery chargers that I have tested have a maximum efficiency of about 20-38% of source energy delivered to the destination battery. -
Weldon's Search for a Direct Proof of Natural Selection and the Tortuous
GENERAL ARTICLE Weldon’s Search for a Direct Proof of Natural Selection and the Tortuous Path to the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis Amitabh Joshi WFRWeldonfirst clearly formulated the principles of nat- ural selection in terms of what would have to be observed in natural populations in order to conclude that natural selec- tion was, indeed, acting in the manner proposed by Darwin. The approach he took was the statistical method developed by Galton, although he was closer to Darwin’s conception of selection acting on small individual variations than Galton Amitabh Joshi studies and teaches evolutionary biology was. Weldon, together with Karl Pearson, who supplied the and population ecology at statistical innovations needed to infer the action of selection JNCASR, Bengaluru. He also from populational data on trait distributions, laid the founda- has serious interests in poetry, tions of biometry and provided the first clear evidence of both history and philosophy, especially the history and stabilizing and directional selection in natural populations. philosophy of genetics and To fully appreciate W F R Weldon’s contribution to evolution- evolution. ary biology, it is necessary to understand the state of the subject around the time he was embarking upon an academic life as a re- searcher in 1882. It is often believed that between the publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1859, and the welding together of Mendelian genetics and the principle of natural selec- tion in the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis of the 1930s, there was a smooth progression of evolutionary thinking towards the elabo- ration of Darwin’s well-received thoughts. -
The English-Speaking Aristophanes and the Languages of Class Snobbery 1650-1914
Pre-print of Hall, E. in Aristophanes in Performance (Legenda 2005) The English-Speaking Aristophanes and the Languages of Class Snobbery 1650-1914 Edith Hall Introduction In previous chapters it has been seen that as early as the 1650s an Irishman could use Aristophanes to criticise English imperialism, while by the early 19th century the possibility was being explored in France of staging a topical adaptation of Aristophanes. In 1817, moreover, Eugene Scribe could base his vaudeville show Les Comices d’Athènes on Ecclesiazusae. Aristophanes became an important figure for German Romantics, including Hegel, after Friedrich von Schlegel had in 1794 published his fine essay on the aesthetic value of Greek comedy. There von Schlegel proposed that the Romantic ideals of Freedom and Joy (Freiheit, Freude) are integral to all art; since von Schlegel regarded comedy as containing them to the highest degree, for him it was the most democratic of all art forms. Aristophanic comedy made a fundamental contribution to his theory of a popular genre with emancipatory potential. One result of the philosophical interest in Aristophanes was that in the early decades of the 18th century, until the 1848 revolution, the German theatre itself felt the impact of the ancient comic writer: topical Lustspiele displayed interest in his plays, which provided a model for German poets longing for a political comedy, for example the remarkable satirical trilogy Napoleon by Friedrich Rückert (1815-18). This international context illuminates the experiences undergone by Aristophanic comedy in England, and what became known as Britain consequent upon the 1707 Act of Union. -
1875 Patent on Earth Batteries
1875 Patent on Earth Batteries There has recently been a question on Earth batteries on the Free energy newsgroup as so many were unaware of the existence of such a device and must admit that I was ignorant of the device myself until I came across this patent and so I reproduce an except from the patent application below. "The object of my invention is to produce a current of electricity from an earth battery or batteries capable of generating a constant current of considerable intensity to be used for lightning rod and other purposes where voltaic batteries using solutions are now applied. It is known that if different elements-for instance sheets of zinc and copper-be buried or placed in the earth ,a current of electricity is generated; but I have discovered that if such elements be partly embedded in sulphur so that the dampness of the earth may act in conjunction with the sulphur on the metals, a more intense will be created. I utilise this in the following way: The current is collected by insulated wires coiled around nickel plated steel magnets ,which are planted north and south in the earth to receive the magnetic current of the earth; a secondary coil or coils of insulated wire surrounds the coil or coils around the magnets and receives by induction, electricity from both the voltaic and magneto-electro batteries. In the drawing, the voltaic battery is composed of several pieces or plates of chemically pure zinc B, and the same number of copper, A they are embedded in a cake of sulphur C and are connected by a large insulated wire D, which being the primary coil between dissimilar elements is extended, without insulation to the base of the sulphur cake C, and also in a spiral coil or coils around steel magnets E, which are pointed magnetised and nickel plated. -
H:\2-YDAL~1\Y Dalaith Jan 2013
Y Dalaith Veteran of 70 Years see Page 4 "T he Province" No. 51 O Frawd I Frawd - From Brother to Brother January 2013 The Magazine of the Masonic Province of South Wales Words and Photos by: WM is 100 Not Out! Mike Fenton ctober 29th 2012 was a significant In 1929 at the age of sixteen he joined the date in the life of the Indefatigable Swan Bus company offices at the princely O Lodge No.237, and for its WM wage of ten shillings per week! He progressed W.Bro. Harold Paine PPrSGW in particular, to conductor and became a driver in 1939 - a for he reached his 100th birthday whilst still "reserved occupation" so he wasn't called up a ruling Master. UGLE have been unable to for National Service. He met Mabel who was confirm a regular passenger, and they married in 1939, whether this is celebrating 70 happy years of marriage in a unique 2009 (sadly Mabel passed away shortly after achievement, that milestone). but it probably Although not is within the "called up" South Wales Harold Province, and supported the certainly within war effort by the Lodge in joining the particular. Home Guard Harold is the ("Dad's Army"), third Master of in which he the Lodge to served for the reach his whole of the centenary, the other two being War. Volant Challenger and his son In 1956 Harold left the buses to George, but neither achieved that work in one of Swansea's distinction whilst in office. departmental stores, retiring in Harold's Bus This marvellous landmark was 1981. -
Morris Township, New Jersey 07962-1295 Telephone: 973.326.7600 | Fax: 973.644.2726 | TTY Relay: 7-1-1
300 Mendham Road | P.O. Box 1295 | Morris Township, New Jersey 07962-1295 Telephone: 973.326.7600 | Fax: 973.644.2726 | TTY Relay: 7-1-1 www.morrisparks.net THE MORRIS COUNTY PARK COMMISSION DISTRIBUTION OF PARK COMMISSION MAY 24, 2021 MEETING MINUTES 1. President Stuart Lasser 2. Vice President Richard Seabury, III 3. Vacant 4. Commissioner Julie C. Baron 5. Commissioner Betty Cass-Schmidt 6. Commissioner William A. Cogger 7. Commissioner Jonathan Kalafer 8. Commissioner Edward G. McCarthy 9. Commissioner Mathew Tal 10. Executive Director David D. Helmer 11. Board of County Commissioners Liaison Thomas J. Mastrangelo 12. File – 2 THE MORRIS COUNTY PARK COMMISSION MINUTES 300 Mendham Road Morris Township, New Jersey President Lasser called to order the 908th meeting of the Morris County Park Commission at 5:00 p.m. on Monday, May 24, 2021, held “Virtually via WebEx. Executive Director Helmer then read the following notice: PURSUANT TO N.J.S.A. 10:4-6 et seq., adequate notice of this virtual meeting being held at 5:00 p.m. on Monday, May 24, 2021 has been provided by notifying the Daily Record and The Star-Ledger by way of Legal Notice and Sunshine Notice, posting said notice in the Administration Building of the Morris County Park Commission, at the County Courthouse, by filing a copy of the same with the Morris County Clerk, and by posting an Agenda and direction to submit public comments on the Morris County Park Commission website. Each notice provided direction on how to access virtual meeting and also directed people to MCPC website at www.morrisparks.net/commission/public meetings where directions and the Agenda may be viewed.