AAR Chapter 11
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Oregon State University Insert PDF 480 K
ARCTIC Arctic Research Consortium of the United States Member Institution Winter 2004/2005, Volume 11 Number 2 Arctic Research at Oregon State University land grant university, Oregon State Geosciences A University was designated as Oregon’s state-assisted agricultural college in 1868. Polar Ice Cores Sea grant and space grant designation came Ed Brook (Geosciences) applies geochemical techniques to diverse problems in late Quater- later, making OSU one of only six universi- nary paleoclimatology; several of his projects have arctic components. NSF-supported work ties to have all three titles. OSU currently focused on the relative timing of millennial-scale abrupt climate change in Greenland and enrolls 15,599 undergraduate and 3,380 Antarctica uses atmospheric methane and the isotopic composition of oxygen as correlation graduate students in more than 200 under- tools to place climate records from the Siple Dome (west Antarctica) and GISP2 (Green- graduate and 80 graduate degree programs. land) ice cores on a precise common chronology for the period from 9–57 ka. The onset With collaborative connections across of major millennial warming events in Siple Dome precedes major abrupt warmings in the globe, OSU researchers contribute to Greenland, and the pattern of millennial change at Siple Dome is broadly similar, though arctic research from disciplines housed in not identical, to that previously observed for the Byrd ice core (also in west Antarctica). a variety of colleges. The College of Oce- The addition of Siple Dome to the database of well-dated Antarctic paleoclimate records anic and Atmospheric Sciences (COAS) supports the case for a regionally consistent pattern of millennial-scale climate change in has several researchers working on arctic Antarctica during the last ice age and glacial-interglacial transition. -
Surficial Geology Investigations in Wellesley Basin and Nisling Range, Southwest Yukon J.D
Surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and Nisling Range, southwest Yukon J.D. Bond, P.S. Lipovsky and P. von Gaza Surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and Nisling Range, southwest Yukon Jeffrey D. Bond1 and Panya S. Lipovsky2 Yukon Geological Survey Peter von Gaza3 Geomatics Yukon Bond, J.D., Lipovsky, P.S. and von Gaza, P., 2008. Surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and Nisling Range, southwest Yukon. In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2007, D.S. Emond, L.R. Blackburn, R.P. Hill and L.H. Weston (eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, p. 125-138. ABSTRACT Results of surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and the Nisling Range can be summarized into four main highlights, which have implications for exploration, development and infrastructure in the region: 1) in contrast to previous glacial-limit mapping for the St. Elias Mountains lobe, no evidence for the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene pre-Reid glacial limits was found in the study area; 2) placer potential was identified along the Reid glacial limit where a significant drainage diversion occurred for Grayling Creek; 3) widespread permafrost was encountered in the study area including near-continuous veneers of sheet-wash; and 4) a monitoring program was initiated at a recently active landslide which has potential to develop into a catastrophic failure that could damage the White River bridge on the Alaska Highway. RÉSUMÉ Les résultats d’études géologiques des formations superficielles dans le bassin de Wellesley et la chaîne Nisling peuvent être résumés en quatre principaux faits saillants qui ont des répercussions pour l’exploration, la mise en valeur et l’infrastructure de la région. -
Arctic Climate Change Implications for U.S
Arctic Climate Change Implications for U.S. National Security Perspective - Laura Leddy September 2020 i BOARD OF DIRECTORS The Honorable Gary Hart, Chairman Emeritus Scott Gilbert Senator Hart served the State of Colorado in the U.S. Senate Scott Gilbert is a Partner of Gilbert LLP and Managing and was a member of the Committee on Armed Services Director of Reneo LLC. during his tenure. Vice Admiral Lee Gunn, USN (Ret.) Governor Christine Todd Whitman, Chairperson Vice Admiral Gunn is Vice Chairman of the CNA Military Christine Todd Whitman is the President of the Whitman Advisory Board, Former Inspector General of the Department Strategy Group, a consulting firm that specializes in energy of the Navy, and Former President of the Institute of Public and environmental issues. Research at the CNA Corporation. The Honorable Chuck Hagel Brigadier General Stephen A. Cheney, USMC (Ret.), Chuck Hagel served as the 24th U.S. Secretary of Defense and President of ASP served two terms in the United States Senate (1997-2009). Hagel Brigadier General Cheney is the President of ASP. was a senior member of the Senate Foreign Relations; Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs; and Intelligence Committees. Matthew Bergman Lieutenant General Claudia Kennedy, USA (Ret.) Matthew Bergman is an attorney, philanthropist and Lieutenant General Kennedy was the first woman entrepreneur based in Seattle. He serves as a Trustee of Reed to achieve the rank of three-star general in the United States College on the Board of Visitors of Lewis & Clark Law Army. School. Ambassador Jeffrey Bleich The Honorable John F. Kerry The Hon. -
Oliva Vieira 2017.Pdf
Catena 149 (2017) 637–647 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Catena journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/catena Soil temperatures in an Atlantic high mountain environment: The Forcadona buried ice patch (Picos de Europa, NW Spain) Jesús Ruiz-Fernández a,⁎,MarcOlivab, Filip Hrbáček c, Gonçalo Vieira b, Cristina García-Hernández a a Department of Geography, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain b Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal c Department of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic article info abstract Article history: The present study focuses on the analysis of the ground and near-rock surface air thermal conditions at the Received 15 February 2016 Forcadona glacial cirque (2227 m a.s.l.) located in the Western Massif of the Picos de Europa, Spain. Temperatures Received in revised form 13 June 2016 have been monitored in three distinct geomorphological and topographical sites in the Forcadona area over the Accepted 27 June 2016 period 2006–11. The Forcadona buried ice patch is the remnant of a Little Ice Age glacier located in the bottom of a Available online 1 August 2016 glacial cirque. Its location in a deep cirque determines abundant snow accumulation, with snow cover between 8 and 12 months. The presence of snow favours stable soil temperatures and geomorphic stability. Similarly to Keywords: fi Soil temperatures other Cantabrian Mountains, the annual thermal regime of the soil is de ned by two seasonal periods (continu- Cirque wall temperatures ous thaw with daily oscillations and isothermal regime), as well as two short transition periods. -
Periglacial Processes, Features & Landscape Development 3.1.4.3/4
Periglacial processes, features & landscape development 3.1.4.3/4 Glacial Systems and landscapes What you need to know Where periglacial landscapes are found and what their key characteristics are The range of processes operating in a periglacial landscape How a range of periglacial landforms develop and what their characteristics are The relationship between process, time, landforms and landscapes in periglacial settings Introduction A periglacial environment used to refer to places which were near to or at the edge of ice sheets and glaciers. However, this has now been changed and refers to areas with permafrost that also experience a seasonal change in temperature, occasionally rising above 0 degrees Celsius. But they are characterised by permanently low temperatures. Location of periglacial areas Due to periglacial environments now referring to places with permafrost as well as edges of glaciers, this can account for one third of the Earth’s surface. Far northern and southern hemisphere regions are classed as containing periglacial areas, particularly in the countries of Canada, USA (Alaska) and Russia. Permafrost is where the soil, rock and moisture content below the surface remains permanently frozen throughout the entire year. It can be subdivided into the following: • Continuous (unbroken stretches of permafrost) • extensive discontinuous (predominantly permafrost with localised melts) • sporadic discontinuous (largely thawed ground with permafrost zones) • isolated (discrete pockets of permafrost) • subsea (permafrost occupying sea bed) Whilst permafrost is not needed in the development of all periglacial landforms, most periglacial regions have permafrost beneath them and it can influence the processes that create the landforms. Many locations within SAMPLEextensive discontinuous and sporadic discontinuous permafrost will thaw in the summer months. -
Arctic Policy &
Arctic Policy & Law References to Selected Documents Edited by Wolfgang E. Burhenne Prepared by Jennifer Kelleher and Aaron Laur Published by the International Council of Environmental Law – toward sustainable development – (ICEL) for the Arctic Task Force of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law (IUCN-CEL) Arctic Policy & Law References to Selected Documents Edited by Wolfgang E. Burhenne Prepared by Jennifer Kelleher and Aaron Laur Published by The International Council of Environmental Law – toward sustainable development – (ICEL) for the Arctic Task Force of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICEL or the Arctic Task Force of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of ICEL or the Arctic Task Force. The preparation of Arctic Policy & Law: References to Selected Documents was a project of ICEL with the support of the Elizabeth Haub Foundations (Germany, USA, Canada). Published by: International Council of Environmental Law (ICEL), Bonn, Germany Copyright: © 2011 International Council of Environmental Law (ICEL) Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non- commercial purposes is authorized without prior permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: International Council of Environmental Law (ICEL) (2011). -
Structures Caused by Repeated Freezing and Thawing in Various Loamy Sediments: a Comparison of Active, Fossil and Experimental Data
EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, VOL. 9,553-565 (1984) STRUCTURES CAUSED BY REPEATED FREEZING AND THAWING IN VARIOUS LOAMY SEDIMENTS: A COMPARISON OF ACTIVE, FOSSIL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA BRIGITTE VAN VLIET-LANOE AND JEAN-PIERRE COWARD Centre de Giomorphologie du C.N.R.S., Rue des Tilieuis, 14000 Caen, France AND ALBERT PISSART Laboratoire de Giographie Physique et Giofogie du Quarernaire. Universiti de Li2ge, 7 place du XX Aolit. 4000 Liege, Belgique ABSTRACT In this paper, the authors present the results of both macroscopic and microscopic investigations on structure development created by repeated ice lensing in various loamy experiments. Experimental data are compared with observations performed on active forms in High Arctic and Alpine Mountain environments. Those observations are also compared with phenomena observed in fossil periglacial formations of Western Europe. Platy and short prismatic structure formation is bonded to the hydraulic and thermal conditions during ice segr%ation. When a long series of alternating freezing and thawing affects platy structures, the fabric evolves, also being influenced by slope and drainage conditions: cryoturbations, frostcreep, and gelifluction can appear. They are characterized by specific microfabrics which are better developed with an increasing number of cycles: this is clear in experiments where hydraulic and thermal parameters are better controlled. Vesicles are also a prominent characteristic of the surface horizon in experiments and arctic soils. The genesis of vesicles is discussed on the basis of new observations and is related to the mechanical collapse of frost-created aggregates under the mechanical work of soil air escape during soil saturation by water at thaw. -
Air Pollution in Cold Regions - Philip K
COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND MARINE TECHNOLOGY - Air Pollution in Cold Regions - Philip K. Hopke AIR POLLUTION IN COLD REGIONS Philip K. Hopke Center for Air Resource Engineering and Science, Clarkson University Keywords: air pollution, particulate matter, Arctic Haze, ozone, mercury, depletion events Contents 1. Introduction 2. Arctic Air Pollution 2.1. Particulate Matter 2.1.1. Introduction 2.1.2. Long Term Monitoring Programs 2.1.3. Source-Receptor Relationships 2.1.4. Concentration Trends 2.2. Arctic Photochemistry 3. Antarctic Pollution 4. Conclusions Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary This chapter provides an overview of the nature of the constituents in the atmosphere and the changes in concentrations of these constituents that is termed air pollution. The focus will be on the changes in the cold regions of the earth with emphasis on the polar areas, the Arctic and the Antarctic. Although there is limited anthropogenic activity in these areas, there are concentrations of atmospheric constituents that are above those levels that are likely to have been present before the start of the industrial revolution. These changes can be both qualitative and quantitative. The nature of the sources, transport, and chemical processes that lead to the pollution of these regions is described. UNESCO – EOLSS 1. Introduction The atmosphere is a complex chemical system that has evolved through interactions with the lithosphere,SAMPLE hydrosphere and bios phere.CHAPTERS Gases and particles are exchanged between the surfaces of the land and water. There are gaseous and particulate emissions from plants and animals as well as from anthropogenic activities. They undergo complex chemical processing driven primarily by sunlight so that the cold regions of the world present unique circumstances because there are periods with no or so little sunlight as to halt photochemical processing. -
Arctic Council and AMAP
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) HTAP Meeting Potsdam, 17-19 February 2016 Martin Forsius (AMAP WG Chair) ([email protected]) Simon Wilson (AMAP Secretariat) ([email protected]) [email protected] www.amap.no Arctic Council and AMAP Arctic Council: “a high-level forum for political discussions on common issues to the governments of the Arctic States and its inhabitants. It is the only circumpolar forum for political discussions on Arctic issues, involving all the Arctic states, and with the active participation of its Indigenous Peoples.” AMAP: "provides reliable and sufficient information on the status of, and threats to, the Arctic environment, and provides scientific advice on actions to be taken in order to support Arctic governments in their efforts to take remedial and preventive actions relating to contaminants and adverse effects of climate change“ The Arctic Council have mandated AMAP to support the development and implementation of international agreements including the UN ECE Convention on Long- range Transboundary Air Pollution National implementation Regional coordination Based on national activities (e.g. Canada High degree of coordination with other NCP, Greenlandic AMAP MP); relevant regional monitoring Harmonization where necessary programmes Arctic (background) air monitoring Station Nord, Greenland Alert, Ellesmere Island, Canada Zeppelin, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Stórhöfði , Iceland Pallas, Arctic Finland AMAP Assessment 2006: Acidifying Pollutants, Arctic Haze and Acidification in the Arctic Recommendation: Future AMAP assessments view acidification and arctic haze in the wider context of air pollution and climate change. The issues addressed in this more integrated type of assessment should include hemispheric transport of air pollutants, emissions from forest fires, particulate matter, and climate change effects. -
Permafrost Soils and Carbon Cycling
SOIL, 1, 147–171, 2015 www.soil-journal.net/1/147/2015/ doi:10.5194/soil-1-147-2015 SOIL © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Permafrost soils and carbon cycling C. L. Ping1, J. D. Jastrow2, M. T. Jorgenson3, G. J. Michaelson1, and Y. L. Shur4 1Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Palmer Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1509 South Georgeson Road, Palmer, AK 99645, USA 2Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA 3Alaska Ecoscience, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA 4Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Correspondence to: C. L. Ping ([email protected]) Received: 4 October 2014 – Published in SOIL Discuss.: 30 October 2014 Revised: – – Accepted: 24 December 2014 – Published: 5 February 2015 Abstract. Knowledge of soils in the permafrost region has advanced immensely in recent decades, despite the remoteness and inaccessibility of most of the region and the sampling limitations posed by the severe environ- ment. These efforts significantly increased estimates of the amount of organic carbon stored in permafrost-region soils and improved understanding of how pedogenic processes unique to permafrost environments built enor- mous organic carbon stocks during the Quaternary. This knowledge has also called attention to the importance of permafrost-affected soils to the global carbon cycle and the potential vulnerability of the region’s soil or- ganic carbon (SOC) stocks to changing climatic conditions. In this review, we briefly introduce the permafrost characteristics, ice structures, and cryopedogenic processes that shape the development of permafrost-affected soils, and discuss their effects on soil structures and on organic matter distributions within the soil profile. -
The Arctic Ozone Layer
The Arctic Ozone Layer How the Arctic Ozone Layer is Responding to Ozone-Depleting Chemicals and Climate Change Photographs are the property of the EC ARQX picture archive. Special permission was obtained from Mike Harwood (p. vii: Muskoxen on Ellesmere Island), Richard Mittermeier (pp. vii, 12: Sunset from the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory), Angus Fergusson (p. 4: Iqaluit; p. 8: Baffin Island), Yukio Makino (p. vii: Instrumentation and scientist on top of the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory), Tomohiro Nagai (p. 25: Figure 20), and John Bird (p. 30: Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory). To obtain additional copies of this report, write to: Angus Fergusson Science Assessments Section Science & Technology Integration Division Environment Canada 4905 Dufferin Street Toronto ON M3H 5T4 Canada Please send feedback, comments and suggestions to [email protected] © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2010. Catalogue No.: En164-18/2010E ISBN: 978-1-100-10787-5 Aussi disponible en français The Arctic Ozone Layer How the Arctic Ozone Layer is Responding to Ozone-Depleting Chemicals and Climate Change by Angus Fergusson Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank David Wardle, Ted Shepherd, Norm McFarlane, Nathan Gillett, John Scinocca, Darrell Piekarz, Ed Hare, Elizabeth Bush, Jacinthe Lacroix and Hans Fast for their valuable advice and assistance during the preparation of this manuscript. i Contents Summary .................................................................................................................................................... -
A Changing Arctic: Ecological Consequences for Tundra, Streams and Lakes
A CHANGING ARCTIC: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES FOR TUNDRA, STREAMS AND LAKES Edited by John E. Hobbie George W. Kling Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Climate and Hydrometeorology of the Toolik Lake Region and the Kuparuk River Basin: Past, Present, and Future Chapter 3. Glacial History and Long-Term Ecology of the Toolik Lake Region Chapter 4. Late-Quaternary Environmental and Ecological History of the Arctic Foothills, Northern Alaska Chapter 5. Terrestrial Ecosystems Chapter 6. Land-Water Interactions Research Chapter 7. Ecology of Streams of the Toolik Region Chapter 8. The Response of Arctic-LTER Lakes to Environmental Change Chapter 9. Mercury in the Alaskan Arctic Chapter 10. Ecological consequences of present and future change 1 <1>Chapter 1. Introduction John E. Hobbie <1>Description of the Arctic LTER site and project Toolik, the field site of the Arctic Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project, lies 170 km south of Prudhoe Bay in the foothills of Alaska’s North Slope near the Toolik Field Station (TFS) of the University of Alaska Fairbanks (Fig. 1.1).[INSERT FIGURE 1.1 HERE] The project goal is to describe the communities of organisms and their ecology, to measure changes that are occurring, and to predict the ecology of this region in the next century. Research at the Toolik Lake site began in the summer of 1975 when the completion of the gravel road alongside the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, now called the Dalton Highway, opened the road-less North Slope for research. This book synthesizes the research results from this site since 1975, as supported by various government agencies but mainly by the U.S.