THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (Pedagogical-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), Volume 13 No.3 2018 ISSN 2070 4798

DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-41-49 “WAIST-BELT ” AS A NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL KIND OF SPORT Kuznetsov A.A.1, Mulyukova I.V.2 1Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education “Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University” , Naberezhnye Chelny, [email protected] 2Municipal Autonomous Establishment of Additional Education “Sports School for Children and Teen-Agers “Vityaz” Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, [email protected]

Annotation. The urgency of traditional waist-belt wrestling analysis is mainly conditioned by the increased interest of population in national culture, by the desire to avoid industrial monotony in everyday life. In this connection the problem consideration will contribute to cultural-national heritage preservation and revival, to cultural-restoring and educational problems solution. Material. The importance of the research is also conditioned by cognitive and practical interest in ethnographic and historical models strengthening and ethnicity preservation. The methodological base of the research work is a complex approach. It provides cognitive abilities of different sources use, which describe waist-belt wrestling and also its many-sided study. Research methods: scientific and methodical literature analysis, comparison, historic analogy method. Results. Modern system of waist-belt wrestling understanding underlines its increasing and many-sided role in society. Waist-belt wrestling fulfills several socially-set functions, and first of all, the function of International nations unity, which have different culture, traditions and other things. Conclusion. Waist-belt wrestling combines similar according to techniques and Code of Points kinds of waist- belt wrestling, existing for many years among many nationalities of the world. Waist-belt wrestling development in Russia, CIS countries and in Eurasian cooperation countries corresponds with the interests of international connections development, provides countries and nationalities unity, international and interreligious dialogue development, peace and harmony strengthening in society. Keywords: waist-belt wrestling, national, International, sport. For quotation: Kuznetsov A.S., Mulyukova I.V. “Waist-belt wrestling” as a national and international kind of sport. The Russian Journal of Physical Education And Sport (Pedagogical- Psychological And Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture And Sport). 2018; 13(3): 33- 38. DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-41-49.

Waist-belt wrestling is one of the most silver jars from the town on the river Ob in ancient kinds of sport. It is underlined in Tyumen region. ancient manuscripts, documents and different Waist-belt wrestling was popular not historical art monuments. Archaeologists only among Turkic nations. This kind of sport found petroglyphic drawings, which showed is popular almost on all territory of modern waist-belt wrestling in different parts of the Europe. In each nation waist-belt wrestling Earth – in Central America, Africa, Europe, has its specificity and own name. . Waist-belt wrestling combined Millennial is also everything interesting, original from folk proved by most valuable art monuments of kinds of wrestling. the eastern group of nomads of the IIIrd and The Slavs took the tradition of waist- the Ist centuries AD. For example, the scene belt wrestling from Turkic nations. This kind of a struggling pair is presented on two of wrestling was mainly popular in the South bronze shields from Ordos, China and on of Russia, in Povolzhye, in Southern Ural 33

THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (Pedagogical-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), Volume 13 No.3 2018 ISSN 2070 4798

Range, In Western Siberia and in the south of towns. Every year the territory of holding the Ukraine. All Turkic warriors improve Sabantuy increases. It is held in the capital of their battlecraft through the methodology and Russia – and other towns of the techniques of waist-belt wrestling. With the Russian Federation, such as Saint-Petersburg, settled way of life development men put on a Vladivostok, Saratov, Chelyabinsk and others. belt or kushak. The opponents got closer, The holiday is held in near-abroad countries- getting hold of their kushak, tried to grab the Latvia, Uzbekistan and others, and far abroad- opponent closer and pull out the kushak . throwing it on the ground. It means that horse In Moscow the first departmental soldiers’ fight was reproduced. Sabantuy was held in August, 12 in 1934. Till In Russia waist-belt wrestling 1940 Moscow Sabantuy was held in preserved mainly among Tatars and Bashkirs. “Neskuchnyi Sad”. Since 1940 till 1988 In terms of epochs change kushak (belt) Sabantuy in Moscow wasn’t held. Since 1989 disappeared from wrestling of Tatars and the tradition of holding Moscow Sabantuy is Bashkirs. Then a white towel appeared. renewed. Since 1989 till 2002 Sabantuy was Putting the arms round each other with the held in Izmaylovskiy park, Moscow, starting towel, wrestlers got to know, who was the since 2003. Moscow Sabantuy is held in strongest. The earliest record of waist-belt horse-racing complex “Bitsa”. The central wrestling among Russians was in memoirs of event of each Sabantuy is a traditional Orlov landlord N.I. Tolubeev. The first national wrestling. In 2006 70 sportsmen from known pictures of waist-belt wrestling are Moscow and the regions, , also dated the same time period: wrestling can Tatartstan, Karachaevo-Chercessia and the be seen in the Russian Museum in the picture Ryazan region took part in Sabantuy. The of I. Shchedrovskiy, created in 1837. competitions were held in three weigh Travelling over Russia in XVIII century categories: till 75 kg, till 85 kg and more than academician I. Lepekhin underlined in his 85 kg. The title of an absolute wrestler tried to records that during the combat wrestlers “take get Afonin and Khayapov. According to the each other not by the scruff of the neck, but points 3-2 the winner was Afonin from by kushak and use ordinary grips during the Moscow, the student of Moscow Academy of combat”. Physical Culture. He got the main prize, a car. Later wrestling transformed into Wrestling maidan (territory) of holiday competitions. During the national Sabantuy nowadays, the same as it was holidays waist-belt wrestling is the main earlier, attracts a lot of spectators and national holiday program. A national holiday participants, preserves traditions of the “Sabantuy” (saban-a plow; tuy-wedding) is holiday itself and a national wrestling. held on the territory of Russia and on the Competitions during Sabantuy, territories, where Tatars live. The holiday, championships, festivals and during different which symbolizes the end of spring sowing tournaments nowadays are held according to time, with different kinds of amusement and generally adopted rules. Wrestling combats wrestling competitions. The final moment of during Sabantuy are held according to the holiday is choosing the batyr (the adopted waist-belt wrestling competition strongest man) of Sabantuy. Arabian traveller theses, where the following things are Akhmad Ibn Fadlan, who visited Volga discussed: weight categories, technical actions Bulgaria in 992 and Abu Khamid AL-Garnati, estimation, forbidden techniques and others. who was there in 1131, left their records Thus, waist-belt wrestling can be concerning this national holiday and the considered one of the most ancient kinds of wrestlers-pakhlevans (bogatyr). sport, which originated owing to ancient During post-Soviet period Sabantuy in Turkish peoples. Valuable information , Bashkortostan, as it was earlier, is concerning the geography and place of waist- held everywhere in villages, regions and belt wrestling in the life of Turkish tribes we 34

THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (Pedagogical-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), Volume 13 No.3 2018 ISSN 2070 4798 can find in the works of Makhmud working zone. Its’ width is 1 meter. The area Kashkagari, a well-known historian and behind the “passiveness zone” is called scientists. His works are dated XI century “defensive zone” and its’ width should be 1,5- new era. In his work «Devonu lugatit turk» 2,0 meters. The corner, which is on the left of Kashkagari offers the following: “They, the mat manager’s table is green, the corner, grasping their sleeves, swing the opponent which is on the left of the table is blue. from side to side, in order to make him lose The methodology and tactics of his balance and stretch on the mat” [2]. teaching wrestling had its own peculiarities Waist-belt wrestling fell into decay in during ancient times. For most boys the first the end of the 50-s- at the beginning of the teacher of national wrestling was their close 60-s of the past century, when wrestling (one relative: a father, elder brothers. Famous in of the most interesting kinds of sport) was the region wrestlers taught children wrestling under control of three federations: classical conduct tactics. As well as in other kinds of (Greco-Roman wrestling), free-style wrestling competitions, waist-belt wrestling had its own and sambo. During this period waist-belt etiquette and rules of combat conduct. wrestling rules were adapted to the rules of Modern rules of waist-belt wrestling Greco-Roman wrestling and it changed differ from traditional rules. For example, the greatly the essence of the most ancient kind of ritual of greeting wrestlers before the combat wrestling. Traditional style was presented originated in ancient times, which is reflected only in one thing, which is the belt [1].Also a in traditions of Turkish nation. national wrestling suppression influenced The ritual of greeting in time course culture of Sabantuy: national dressing gowns became typical for wrestlers-batyrs, who started to disappear, there appeared naked to greeted each other before the combat with the the waist wrestlers. help of a bow, handshake. Such kind of Nowadays the official tournaments of greeting is typical for combats. After the waist-belt wrestling include two styles: combat wrestlers also shake hands. classical style and free style. The main Comparing the techniques of waist- changes in competitive waist-belt wrestling belt wrestling, with the characteristics of are in conditions of competitions national wrestling in ancient times, we should organization. Nowadays the winner is chosen mention the techniques, which are typical for according to a point-system. Moreover, tough wrestling nowadays. For example, even in the time constraint is introduced. If wrestling was past different foot sweeps and ankle trips according to old rules – till “somebody is put were forbidden in national wrestling. This flat on his back”, competitions could be rule is used in modern waist-belt wrestling endless. and it proves the traditional character of The main rule of waist-belt wrestling modern wrestling. is to throw the opponent on the mat using all In ancient time wrestlers conducted a permitted rules. However, there are different combat with kushak around the waist. In the peculiarities in waist-belt wrestling: the size course of time this rule changed. In the works of the mat, an athlete’s equipment, the of XVIII – XIX century authors it is duration of the combat and winner’s underlined that wrestlers didn’t put kushak determination. The place of holding a round the waist in national wrestling, they competition is a horizontal surface, covered threw it over the back of each other, from with a special mat (no less than 5 cm). The shoulder girdle till the waist. It was forbidden mat is divided into a working zone and a to low down the ends of kushak during the defensive zone. The working zone is combat, each opponent reeled up the ends of presented by 6-9 meters diameter circle and is kushak on own arms. Instead of the belt placed in the center. The stripe, which divides (kushak) the shirt was used, it was lifted till the working and defensive zones, is called the waist and twisted. Kushak was and is the “passiveness zone” and is the part of the only attribute of waist-belt wrestling. These 35

THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (Pedagogical-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), Volume 13 No.3 2018 ISSN 2070 4798 main rules in national wrestling preserved till As a kind of sport waist-belt wrestling now. appeared in Russia in 2003 since All-Russian Nowadays the techniques in waist-belt waist-belt wrestling Federation was created, wrestling are connected with lifting the owing to the initiative of Rif opponent over the mat with further throwing, Fatkylbayanovich Gaynanov. Since then this for example, a side wheel drop-back kind of wrestling was included into a Unified throwing, hovering throwing; with shoulder All-Russian Sports Qualification of the girdle grasp; drop-back spring hip throwing; Russian Federation Ministry of Sport. This side throwing; overhead throw bending ahead; situation gives the right to confer athletes a hip-roll. These techniques were typical for sports titles, include them into national teams waist-belt wrestling in ancient times and it of Russia, provide equipment and means for underlines traditional character of modern training, open departments in sports schools wrestling. and etc.. An active development of waist-belt In modern rules of waist-belt wrestling wrestling in Russia and in other countries led it is also forbidden to touch or put the knee on to creation of Physical-culture Social Unions the ground, hurt the sides of the opponent Association “International waist-belt using arms, grapple the opponent using legs wrestling federation” (IBWA) in 2011. Its or knees, to fulfill the throws using head and headquarters is in Astana, and it knees, grasp the opponent’s head, to weigh president is Rafik Garifovich Valiev. upon the opponent. All-Russian waist-belt wrestling New rules introduction into national federation combined separate organizations of wrestling became a kind of step leading to Russia. Also this federation managed to this kind of national wrestling development in achieve waist-belt wrestling professional sport. This process was typical acknowledgement in the Russian Federation for other national kinds of waist wrestling. Ministry of Sport. The most popular regions, In the XVIII – XX century waist-belt where this kind of wrestling is developed are wrestling was held in the following way: in the following: Tatarstan, Karachaevo- order to become an absolute winner of the Chercessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Moscow, competition a wrestler had to win three Bashkortostan, , north Ossetia and opponents in turns. However, even if a Chelyabinsk region. wrestler won two successful combats, but lost This kind of wrestling is not included the third combat, he was deprived of the into the program of the , reward and the right of taking part in further however, International competitions are also a competition. Combat lasted till all prizes were serious step. More than 50 national teams won. The combat was held on a plane surface took part in annual waist-belt wrestling World with a natural cover, people were placed Championships. About 300 sportsmen from around the ring. People tried to support the 38 countries came to World Championship in wrestlers shouting and clapping hands. 2013. The leaders in this kind of sport are the Aksakals, people who were popular wrestlers, following: Turkmenia, Kazakhstan, when they were young, played the role of Uzbekistan, Kirghisia, Tadzhikistan, the judges. A wrestler came out to the middle of Ukraine, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Moldavia, the circle, waiting for the opponent. The Georgia, Belorussia. Almost all republics of opponent could come out himself, or if there the former USSR. The unconditional world were several opponents, casting lots helped to leader is Russia. At World Championship- define the opponent. Sometimes aksakals or 2013 Russians won 18 from 19 gold medals. the spectators could choose the opponent. In The first modern waist-belt wrestling waist-belt wrestling during the described World Championship was in 2002 in Osh times there were no weight categories, this (Kirghizia), owing to the initiative of notion was introduced only during Soviet Erkinbaev Bayaman. The representatives of Union, as well as the notion of time limits. 21 countries came to the first World 36

THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (Pedagogical-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), Volume 13 No.3 2018 ISSN 2070 4798

Championship. They formed a new Turkey and the Kyrgyz Republic. The International Union – International Waist-belt president became N.B. Erdogan, who is the Wrestling Federation “” , which famous Turkish businessman and the son of functions in Kirghizia and Belorussia and the President of Turkey. The main aim of the together with FILA holds continental and confederation was traditional kinds of sport world championships. It is impossible to have popularization among population of the whole stable and progressive development without world and their professional improvement, mutual efforts that is why FILA should equal to the Olympic movement. The combine together all people, who like waist- confederation organized World Games of belt wrestling. Only in this case it is possible nomads in and Ethnosports to achieve waist-belt wrestling inclusion into festival of culture in (2016, 2017). the program of the Olympic Games (IFWBA). The forum was attended by the delegations from 58 countries. The head of ethnosport Waist-belt wrestling World Championship World confederation Bilal Erdogan in his (history of tournaments): report showed the importance of this event for 2002 - Osh (Kirghizia) nations union, their friendship and mutual 2003 - Teheran () understanding strengthening on the basis of 2004 - Istanbul (Turkey) ethnic traditions. He underlined the 2005 - (Russia) integration of the traditional kinds of sport of 2006 - Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan) Turkic nations- Tatars, Turk, Kazakh, 2007 - (Russia) Kyrgyz, Azerbaijan, Yakut, Bashkir and other 2008 - Lome (Togo) inhabitants of the Great steppe and the 2009 - (Uzbekistan) ancestors of nomadic cultures. According to 2010 – was not held the reporter, ethnosport should prevent 2011 - (Kirghizia) ruinous influence of globalization and 2012 - Astana (Kazakhstan) commerce professional sport, which ruin 2013 - Salavat (Russia) ethic-cultural specificity, identity and make a 2014 – (Turkmenia) show from sport, the source of money and 2015 – Kazan (Russia) marketing product. The work of the forum, 2016 – Naberezhnye Chelny (Russia) which was held interactively, was considered 2017 – Astana (Kazakhstan) successful and will provide this alternative 2018 – Kazan (Russia) form of sport development in the world. Great achievement of waist-belt CONCLUSION wrestling became the XXVII World Waist-belt wrestling went through 2013 in Kazan. The program of many changes, connected with the techniques the games for students always includes fulfillment, tactics of combat conduct and the additional kinds of sport. In the capital of rules of competitions organization, but still Tatarstan attention was paid to waist-belt preserved its traditional character. wrestling, which is a traditional attribute of New rules introduction in waist-belt national tatar festivals Sabantuy. As a result wrestling became a kind of step in this kind of waist-belt wrestling was included into 27 national wrestling development as a kinds of sport of Summer Universiade-2013. professional sport. This process was also Nowadays waist-belt wrestling is cultivated in typical to other national kinds of waist 59 countries of the world, at 4 continents. wrestling. There was held a forum dedicated to The introduced modern rules, on the traditional kinds of sport revival in Antalya one hand, violate traditional character of (Turkey) in February, 2018. This forum was waist-belt wrestling, but on the other hand, organized by World Ethnosport provide its further development. In spite of Confederation (WEC). WEC was created in this waist-belt wrestling preserves its 2015 owing to the initiative of two republics- originality today. 37

THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (Pedagogical-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), Volume 13 No.3 2018 ISSN 2070 4798

Waist-belt wrestling combines similar State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism. according to techniques and rules of judgment 2010: 264. 5. Kuznetsova Z.M. Physical culture and waist kinds of wrestling, which exist for sport history in the Republic of Tatarstan. Monograph. hundred years in many countries of the world. Naberezhnye Chelny: Kama State Institute of Physical Waist-belt wrestling development in Russia, Culture. 1999: 268. in CIS countries and in the countries of 6. Kuznetsova Z.M. Folk games during Eurasian collaboration corresponds with the physical culture lessons. Naberezhnye Chelny: Kamaz. 1996: 160. interests of international connections 7. Kuznetsova Z.M. Physical culture and development, provides international and sport in the Republic of Tatarstan. A manual for interreligious dialogue and peace in society. teachers and students. Kazan: Institute of Economics, References Management and Law. 1998: 210. 1. Ildarkhanov I.G. We came from “Kuresh”. 8. Sorokin N.N. Sports wrestling. Moscow: Kazan: Gasyr. 2003: 42. Physical culture and sport. 1960. 2. Kashgariy M. Devonu lugatit turk. Fan 9. Kuznetsov A., Mutaeva I., Kuznetsova Z., Nashrieti. 1960; 1: 344. 2017. Diagnostics of Functional State and Reserve 3. Kim-Kimen A.N. Kuznetsova Z.M. Capacity of young Athletes’ Organism. In Proceedings Ancestors’ traditions development to the glory of of the 5th International Congress on Sport Sciences Yakut sport. The Russian Journal of Physical Research and Technology support. SCITEPRESS. P. Education and Sport (Pedagogical-psychological and 111-115 (Scopus). medical-biological problems of physical culture and 10. Kuznetsova Z., Kuznetsov A., Mutaeva I., sport). 2018; 13(2): 143-148. DOI Khalikov G., Zakharova A., 2015. Athletes training 10.14526/02_2018_319. based on a complex assessment of functional state. In 4. Kuznetsov A.S., Shulika Y.A. Theoretical Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sport basis and methodology of mastering waist-belt Sciences Research and Technology support. wrestling technique and tactics. Kazan: Povolzhskaya SCITEPRESS. P. 156-160 (Scopus).

Submitted: 05.08.2018

Author’s information: Kuznetsov A.A. – Doctor, Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education “Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University”, 423806, Russia, Republic of Tatatrstan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizametdinov Str., House 28, e-mail: [email protected] Mulyukova I.V. - Municipal Autonomous Establishment of Additional Education “Sports school for children and teen-agers “Vityaz”, 423822, Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, Naberezhnochelninskiy Ave., House 23, e-mail: [email protected]

DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-49-57

THE PECULIARITIES OF EXPRESSION MEANS USE IN FITNESS-AEROBICS

Mingalisheva I.A.1 1Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education “ State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov, Russia, Ulyanovsk, [email protected]

Annotation. Owing to different motor dancing, gymnastic, acrobatic exercises with rhythm change, fulfilled to music in a group, fitness-aerobics became very popular among teen-agers and students. It is one of еру artistic kinds of sport. It has great opportunity for kinesiological potential, self- actualization, self-development and self-improvement revelation and realization. Different exercises integration creates conditions for the following things development: creative imagination, 38