Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project- Khandbari Town Project

Initial Environmental Examination

May 2014

NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project- Khandbari Town Project

Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 31 March 2014)

Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR) NPR1.00 = $0.0102 $1.00 = NPR97.408

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Governm ent of Nepal Ministry of Urban Development Singhdurbar, Nepal

Final Report on Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Of Khandbari Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project Sankhuwasabha District Batch II (Package III) (ADB Grant-0157 (NEP)

May, 2014

Submitted by: Proponent: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Project Management Office Panipokhari, Kathmandu

SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

;f/f+z

Gf]kfn ;/sf/n] Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] cfly{s ;xof]udf zx/L ljsf; dGqfno, vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu cGtu{t bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf, cfof]hgf Aoj:yfkg sfof{no dfkm{t bf]>f] r/0fdf !@ j6f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t l8hfO{g sfo{x? eO{/x]sf]] 5 . bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g \ .  Yfk cyjf gofF d'xfg klxrfg u/L ;d'bfodf vfg]kfgL ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] .  kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ x]/L Vffg]kfgL k|zf]wg k|0ffnL / kfgL kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .  Vffg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] d"n -6«fG;ld;g_ kfOk nfO{g / ljt/0f kfO{k nfO{gx?sf] lj:tf/ u/L 3/fo;L 3f/f h8fg tyf cfjZos ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf0f ug]{ .  ;/;kmfO{sf sfo{s|dx? h:t} ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno, ;txL 9n, kmf]xf]/ d}nf Aoa:yfkg cflb sfo{x¿sf] lgdf{0f Plss[t ?kdf cfof]hgf If]qdf ;+rfng ug]{ .

k|:t't k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf cGt/ut ;+rfng x'g] vf+baf/L zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . k/fdz{bftf sf]O{d]Gsf]–g]kfn k|f=ln=n] pQm cfof]hgfsf]] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|lta]bg tof/ ug]{ lhDdf ;lxt lj:t[t OlGhlgol/Ë l8hfO{g sfo{ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] xf]. k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf k|:tfljt cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ jftfj/l0fo ?kdf >f]t If]q / ;]jf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;F:s[tLdf kg{ ;Sg] c;/x? af/]df d'NofÍg u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

k|:t't k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) k|ltj]bgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog / cfof]hgf ;+rfngsf] r/0fdf b]vfkg{ ;Sg] ljljw jftfj/0fLo ;d:of / c;/x¿af6 cfof]hgfnfO{ d'St kf/L cfof]hgfsf] ;]jfnfO{ lbuf] kfg'{ xf] .

k|:t't k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|lta]bgsf] cGo p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M–  cfof]hgf If]q leq /x]sf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;fF:s[lts kl/l:yltsf] klxrfg u/L ;+u|xL ug]{ .  cfof]hgfsf] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;+f:s[lts c;/nfO{ klxrfg ug]{,eljZojf0fL / d'NofÞÍg ug]{ÞÞ .  pknAw ljleGg a}slNks pkfox¿sf] klxrfg / cWoog ug]{ .  ;d'bfosf] cfof]hgf;DaGwL d'Vo ;/f]sf/nfO{ plrt ;Daf]wg ug]{ .  Gfs/fTds c;/x?sf] k|efjsf/L d'NofÍg u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;dfwfg lbg] .  Jfftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug]{ .  Jfftfj/0fLo cg'udg / k/LIf0f of]hgf tof/ ug]{ .  lg0f{o ug]{ tx;Dd cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ kg{;Sg] jftfj/0Lfo k|efj af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg]

k|:tfljt vfFbaf/L zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf sf]zL c~rn, ;+v'jf;jf lhNnf, vfFbaf/L gu/kflnsf cGt/u{t kb{5 .

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. i SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

vfg]kfgL tyf ;/kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] xfnsf] l:ylt

k|:tfljt vfFbaf/L zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf If]q cGtu{t hDdf ;ftj6f ; - ;fgf vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx? ;~rflnt 5g\ . oL ;ftj6f cfof]hgfx? dWo tLgj6f vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx? vfFbaf/L g= kf=cGtu{t ;~rflnt 5g\ h;n] vfFbaf/L ahf/ / vfFbaf/L glhssf If]qnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . To:t} afFsL rf/j6f cfof]hgfx? 6'lDnË6f/ / 5e}ofsf 5'§} pkef]Qmf ;ldltx? cGtu{t ;~rflnt 5g\ h;n] 6'lDnË6f/ If]qnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . oL cfof]hgfx? kfFUdf vf]nfaf6 ;~rfngdf ul/Psf kNnf] dxfeL/ ! / @ >f]tx? cGtu{t ;~rfngdf 5g\ . oL cfof]hgfx?n] ljgf l6«6d]G6 zx/df kfgL ljt/0f ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

cfof]hgf If]qsf] ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yf /fd|f] /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf] ahf/sf] k|fo ;a} 3/w'/Lx?df ;]lK6s 6}+s ;lxtsf] zf}rfno /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf] *^=*)% 3/x?df zf}rfno /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf 3/x?af6 lg:sg] 7f]; kmf]x/d}nf ;fgf] kl/df0fdf x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;DjGwLt 3/wgL cfkm}n] Joa:yfkg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

k|:tfljt cfof]hgfdf ;dfj]z /x]sf] If]qx? / ;+/rgfx?

k|:tfljt vfFbaf/L zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfn] vfFbaf/L g= kf= sf] j8f g+= ! -vfFbaf/L ahf/_, j8f g+=@ -r]jf_, j8f g+=# -df?jf, d+unfb]jL, du/ ufFp_, j8f g+=$ -kfFUdf_, j8f g+=% -;]vf_, j8f g+=!) -du/ ufFp, tLgkf]v/L_, j8f g+=!!-kLKn],kf7s ufFp_, j8f g+=!@-9'Ë]wf/f_, bLbLË uf lj ; sf] j8f g+= ^ -s'jfkfgL_ / dR5]kf]v/L uf lj ; sf] j8f g+= @ -lrlrnf_ nfO{ ;d]6\b5 .

k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf] ;]jf If]qdf xfn hDdf 3/w'/L #,%(( / nfeflGjt hg;+Vof !(,!** /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf] l8hfO{g jif{ -;g\ @)@(_ nfeflGjt hg;+Vof @#,#)% x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf] jflif{s ;/b/ hg;+Vof a[l4b/ !=!%Ü /x]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt cfof]hgfdf l;dfnL vf]nf / xfn ;+rflnt vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfsf] kfgLsf] >f]tsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/L cfof]hgf l8hfO{g ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfn] b}lgs ?kdf #) ln=k|=;]= kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ / @#,#)% hg;+Vof -hg ;+Vof %),))) eGbf sd_ nfO{ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ ePsf] x'gfn] k|:tfljt cfof]hgf jftfj/0fLo ;+/rgf lgodfjnL @)$% n] k|:tfljt cfof]hgf sfo{fGjog / To;sf] kl/dflh{t ;g\ @))& nfO{ ;d]t lnO{ k"j{ k|f/lDes jftfj/ 0fLo kl/If0f ug]{ k|fjwfgcg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 .

k|:tfljt cfof]hgf df ;dfj]z /x]sf] If]qx? / ;+/rgfx?

k|:tfljt cfof]hgf ;dfj]; /x]sf] ;+/rgfx?M ;+/rgfx? sfd laj/0f :yfg OG6]s . d'xfg ;txL kfgL ;s+ng u/L df lG;df, g'd uf= la= k9fpgsf] nfuL ;= j8f g+= @ sn]S;g r}Da/ laleGg d'xfgsf] kfgL ;s+ng ug{sf] nfuL 6\fG;ld;g d]g kfOk d'xfgsf] kfgL k|zf]wg d'Vo 6\fG;ld;g nfO{g g'd uf= la= ;= j8f g+= nfO{g s]Gb| x'b} kfgLkf]v/Ldf l8= cfO{= kfO{k !%)-@))dL dL @,lblbË uf= la= ;= j8f d'Vo 6\fG;ld;g nfO{g kfO{k ;s+ng ug]{ Aof;sf]M / Pr=l8=kL= kfO{k g+= @ / dR5]kf]v/L uf= -!#,*&) dL=_ @@%dL dL la= ;= j8f g+= ^

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. ii SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

;+/rgfx? sfd laj/0f :yfg Zfvf 6\fG;ld;g Zfvf 6\fG;ld;g nfO{g l8= cfO{= kfO{k !%)-@)) dL -@$,(!@ dL=_ dL Aof;sf]M lh= cfO{= kfO{k %)-!)) dL dL Aof;sf]M / Pr=l8=kL= kfO{k %)-@@%dL dL ljt/0f nfO{g kfgLkf]v/Ljf6 3/ 3/df l8= cfO{= kfO{k !%) dL dL lblbË uf= la= ;= j8f -^^,#!* dL=_ kfgL ljt/0f ug{ Aof;sf]M g+= @ / dR5]kf]v/L uf= lh= cfO{= kfO{k $)-!)) dL dL la= ;= j8f g+= ^ / Aof;sf]M / vf+baf/L uf= la= ;= Pr=l8=kL= kfO{k %)-@@%dL dL j8f g+= !, @, #, $, %, !), !! / !@ sf] tf]lsPsf] If]qdf kfgLkf]v/LC ( ircular kfgL ;s+ng u/L ljt/0f IfdtfM %) 3=dL=, !)) 3=dL=, vf +baf/L g= k= sf] RCC Ground water ug{ s'jfkfgL, cfld{ Sofd, &% 3=dL=, %) 3=dL=, !)) storage tank) lkKn], r]jf, 5ofËs'6L / 3=dL= / %) 3=dL c?0fyfg / xfnsf] kfgLkf]v/L ePsf] 7fpsf lyu|fpg] 6}ls+ kfgLdf /x]sf] w'lnt @ j6f s'jfkfgL / kfËdf (Sedimentation tTjx? nfO|{ lyu|fpg Tank) /kmlgË lkmN6/ kfgLnfO{ lkmN6/ ug{ @ j6f s'jfkfgL / kfËdf :nf] :of08 lkmN6/ kfgLnfO{ lkmN6/ ug{ @ j6f s'jfkfgL / kfËdf (Slow Sand Filter) cf= l;= . la= lk= 6L= kfO{k nfO{gdf ePsf] rfk vf+baf/L g= kf= j8f g+= nfO{ sd ug{ !, @, #, $, %, !), !! / !@ eNe RofDa/, kfO{k ljt /0f nfO{gdf kfgLsf] d]g kfOk nfO{g, eNe aS; dfqf ldnfpg vf+baf/L g= kf= j8f g+= !, @, #, $, %, !), !! / !@ Po/ eNe RofDa/ kfO{k nfO{gdf ePsf xfjf d]g kfOk nfO{g, lgsfNg vf+baf/L g= kf= j8f g+= !, @, #, $, %, !), !! / !@ ;txL 9n aif{ftsf] kfgL / 3/x? ;txL 9nsf] ;fO{hM )=$% dL vf+baf/L g= k= j8f g+= -!,!$! dL=_ jf6 lg:sg] kfgL nfO{ x )=#) dL !, Aojl:yt tl/sfn] lg:sf;g / la;h{g ug{ zf}rfno lgdf{0f # j6f vf+baf/L g= kf= M dfg]eGHofË, kf]v/L ahf/, 6'l8v]n

k|ff/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0fsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ lznlznfdf k|ff/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0fsf] ToR l:js[t eP kl5 jftfj/0fLo k|efj ;DalGw hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ ;dfrf/ kq /fli6«o b}lgsaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/g], :yflgo lgsfo uf=lj=;=, :s"nx?df ;"rgf 6f; ug]{ sfo{ ;DalGw

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. iii SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

7fpFsf] d'r'Nsf tof/ ul/g] 5 . o; cltl/Qm k|ZgfjnL eg]{, cfof]hgf If]qsf] cWoog e|d0f, :yfgLo ;d'bfo;Fu 5nkmn, k"j{ k|ltj]bgx?sf] cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/g] 5

;Defljt jftfj/l0fo k|efj tyf ltgsf lg/fs/0fsf pkfox? / cg'udg

Kf|:tfljt k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k|ltj]bgdf >f]tIf]q / ;]jf If]qdf lgDgfg';f/ kg]{ k|efjnfO{ d'NofÍg ul/Psf]5 . != k"j{ lgdf{0fsf] r/0f @= lgdf{0fsf] r/0f #= ;+rfngsf] r/0f

Dffly pNn]lvt r/0fx?df kg]{ ;Sg] ljleGg jftfj/0fLo c;/x?nfO{ lgDg If]qut ?kdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . != ef}lts jftfj/0f @= h}ljs jftfj/0f #= ;fdflhs jftfj/0f $= ;fF:s[[lts jftfj/0f

k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfn] jftfj/0fdf kfg{ ;Sg] k|efj / ltgsf lg/fs/0fsf pkfox? lgDg cg';f/ x'g] 5g\ M

 vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df hldgsf] :j?kdf s]xL kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5.

lg/fs0fsf pkfoM vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgfx? ;/sf/L hldgdf / vfg]kfgL] pkef]tmf ;ldltsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] hldgdf lgdf{0f ul/g] xF'bf jftfj/0fdf gs/fTds c;/ gkg]{ x'G5 .

 lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljleGg ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf kfO{k lj5\Øfpg] sfo{sf] nfuL df6f] vGg] tyf k"g]{ sfo{ ubf{ e'Ifosf] ;Defjgf, jfo" b'lift x'g] ;Defjgf, vf]nf gfnf b'lift x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf, WjgL k|b'if0f x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

lg/fs0fsf pkfoM vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0f ug{sf] nfuL df6f] vGg] tyf k'g]{ sfo{ ubf{ k"j{ ;fjwfgL ckgfOg] 5 . df6f] vGbf lg:s]sf] df6f]nfO{ k"g k|of]u ul/g] 5 eg] afsL /x]sf] df6f]nfO{ plrt ?kdf Aoj:yfkg ul/g]5 . jfo" k|b'ifgsf] dfqf gfkg ul/g'sf ;fy} ;8sdf kfgL 5s{g] sfo{ ul/g] 5 . cfof]hgfdf k|of]u x'g] ;jf/L ;fwgsf ;fy} cGo d]l;g/L pks/0fx?sf] plrt / lgoldt dd{t tyf ;Def/ ul/g] 5 .

 k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfof]hgf :yndf /x]sf] emf/kftx? gfl;g] tyf dfl;g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lgdf0f{ sfo{df ;+nUg sfdbf/x?sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ jg hËndf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .

lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf s'g} klg ?vx?sf] s6fg x'g] 5}g . ;fdfGo dfqfdf emf/kftx? gfl;g] tyf dfl;g] ;Defjgf /x]sf]n] jftfj/0fdf vf;} gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ b]lvb}g . lgdf0f{ sfo{df ;+nUg sfdbf/x?nfO{

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. iv SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

jg hËn k|j]zdf /f]s nufOg] 5 / ltgLx?sf] vfgf ksfpg OGwgsf] nfuL bfp/fsf] ;§f dl§t]nsf] k|of]u u/fOg] 5 . lgdf{0f :ynsf] vfnL :yfgdf a[Iff/f]kg ul/g] 5 .

 k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfof]hgf If]qdf /x]sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?df Iflt kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{x? ug]{ l;nl;nfdf k"j{ ;fjwfgL ckgfOg] 5, tfkgL s]xL u/L Iflt k'Ug uPdf To:tf ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t sfo{ ul/g] 5 .

 k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df aflx/jf6 sfdbf/x? cfpg ;Sg] x'gfn] o; jf6 To; If]qsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts If]qdf c;/ kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df aflx/jf6 cfPsf sfdbf/x?nfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbOg'sf ;fy} h'jf tyf dlb/f ;]jgdf k|ltaGw nufOg] 5 .

 k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg sfdbf/x?sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts'n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] tyf b'3{6gfsf ;Defjgf /xG5 .

lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg sfdbf/x?sf] :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf ;d'lrt Wofg lbOg] 5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iff ;DalGw cfjZos tflnd lbOg] 5 .

 k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DdGg kZrft\ kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{df kfgL k|b'if0f x'g] ;Defjgf / Snf]l/gsf] cJojl:yt k|of]un] pkef]Qmfsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts'n c;/ kg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .

lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljleGg :yfgdf lgoldt ?kdf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/sf] kl/If0f ul/g] 5 . vfg]kfgL pkef]Qf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ Snf]l/gsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug]{ tyf e08f/0f ug]{ ;DalGw tflnd lbOg] 5 .

 k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgf cGtu{t lgdf{0f x'g] ;txL 9nsf] laleGg :yfgdf kmf]x/ d}nf hfd eP/ jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

lg/fs0fsf pkfoM ;txL 9nsf] lgoldt ?kdf ;kmfO{ ug]{ sfo{ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . To;sf] nfuL hgr]tgf cleofg rnfpg u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 .

jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgf (EMP) tyf nfutM

jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgf (EMP) nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 . k|:tfljt of]hgf lgdf{0f r/0fdf lgdf{0f Aoj;foL af6 ul/g] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] cg'udg ul/g] 5 . o;jf6 jftfj/0fLo Go"lgs/0f tyf lg/fs0fsf pkfox? nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu' ul/g'sf ;fy} cfof]hgf ;~rfng cjlwdf ePsf] jf:tljs jftfj/0fnfO{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj ;Fu cg'udg tyf t'ngf ul/g] 5 .

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. v SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

jftfj/ 0fLo k|efj Go"lgs/0f tyf ltgsf] lg/fs0f tyf cg'udg cfbL sfo{sf] nfuL ? !,%$),)))=)) nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf 5 .

lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx?

Kf|:tfljt vfFbaf/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfn] dfly pNn]lvt If]qdf jftfj/0fLo k|efj gkg]{ u/L tyf olb k|efj kl/xfn]df tt\ kZrft k|efj sdkg]{ u/L / k/]sf k|efjnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ug]{ u/L cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog u/Lg] x'bFf o; vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfngdf cfP kZrft\ :yflgo afl;Gbfx?n] ;'/lIft / kof{Kt dfqfdf :jR5 vfg]kfgL kfpg,] ;d'bfosf] :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ kg]{, :yflgo afl;Gbfx?sf] hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ cfpg] / cfof]hgf If]qsf] jftfj/0fdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds k|efj kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;}n] cfof]hgfsf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0fn] g} k'Ug] b]lvG5 / kl/of]hgf sfo{Gjogsf nflu plrt b]lvG5 .

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. vi SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Executive Summary

Background

Government of Nepal (GON) has implemented the Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) with financial assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) as a grant made available to the project as per the agreement between GoN and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The main aim of SSTWSSSP is to provide water supply services including augmentation of additional water sources, construction of water treatment facilities and storage tanks/ service reservoir, rehabilitation or expansion of transmission and distribution systems in required extent. Sanitation services include construction of public toilets, sludge drying bed for septic tank and sludge disposal in the agreed town through an integrated approach. Similarly, wastewater management systems need to be included in the agreed towns. The solid waste management activities, construction of drainage system in the town core area and provision of Output Based Aid (OBA) to the service receivers are also included in the town project. The project is based on demand driven and interactive procedure that ensures full participation of the local users‟ community in the project formulation, implementation and operation and maintenance. This project will provide water supply and sanitation facilities to about 0.6 million people.

Based upon the framework of the National Urban Policy (2007), the 15-year Development Plan has been updated and small towns have been redefined. About 265 towns (153 in Terai and 112 in hill) with a total population of 3.6 million satisfy these criteria. These towns are developed haphazardly but play vital role in economic linkage between rural area and countries' urban economy and urgently need the improved facilities for better life. This led in conceptualization and formulation of Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Projects (STWSSSP). The Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD) is the executing agency and the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is the implementing agency for the project.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd., Kathmandu was awarded a contract for conducting feasibility study, detailed engineering design and construction supervision including Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) studies of Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Projects. This document covers IEE report of Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project.

SSTWSSSP consists of many individual water supply town project covering small towns in different areas of Nepal. Khandbari Town Water Supply Project is one of such under SSTWSSSP. The major structures of the proposed project consist of construction of water treatment facilities and storage tanks/ service reservoir, expansion of transmission and distribution systems in required extent, control valve, household connection chamber and community/private taps connection and sanitation activities agreed by the community.

Objective of the IEE Study

The objective of carrying out of IEE study is to conduct an environment examination of the proposed project area and its surroundings to identify potential environmental impacts so that with suitable mitigation measures, the project can be implemented in an environmentally sound and socio-economically sustainable manner.

The basic objective of IEE is as per the following:

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. vii SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

 To identify physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural baseline conditions of the project affected areas (surroundings of Khandbari)  To investigate the major environmental impacts both adverse (negative) and positive resulting from construction and operation of the project on the ecology and socio- economic condition of project areas.  To identify the environmental benefits of the project as well as its economic and environmental acceptability to the community  To identify and analyze the alternatives from the various relevant options available.  To address the major concern of the local community of the project area  To propose mitigation measures for minimizing the adverse environmental impacts to improve overall performance of the project.  To prepare environmental monitoring and auditing plans  To inform decision-makers and interested parties about the environmental implication of the proposed project.

In brief, the main purpose of IEE is to help decision makers and implement the project to balance the pressure of immediate gain from exploitation of natural resources with the long term sustainable utilization of resources and the protection of human wellbeing and the environment.

Nature of the Proposal

The proposed Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is classified as Environment Category B based on ADB‟s Environmental Categorization thereby requiring only an IEE. The initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been done as per the checklist (Revised one) suggested by ADB and based on the provisions stated in GoN‟s Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulations, 1997(and amendments).

The service area of the proposed project covers ward no. 1 (Khandbari Bazar); ward no. 2 (Chewa); ward no. 3 (Maruwa, Mangaladevi, Magar Gaon); ward no. 4 (Pangma); ward no. 5 (Sekha), ward no. 10 (Magar Gaon, Tin Pokhari) , ward no. 11 (Piple, Pathak gaun), ward no 12 (Dhunge Dhara) of Khandbari Municipality and ward no. 6 of Diding VDC and ward no. 2 of Macchepokhari VDC.

Baseline Information

The project area is an emerging small town, and is growing very rapidly as a residential centre. The rural settlement is growing up purely to the residential type of settlement and is scattered situated at distant from each other. These settlements are moderately habilitated which could turn into residential and some house could turn into local commercial settlement within the project completion period.

The present population in the proposed service area is 19,188 in 3,599 HHs. The permanent population of the project at the base year is projected as 19,858 with an annual growth rate 1.15%. The total population in the proposed service area during design year become 23,305.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. viii SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Khandbari Municipality is currently served by number of small and several water supply schemes. These schemes have been built to serve different communities in different wards with the support of various sector agencies. DWSS have implemented several schemes in the past 25 years to serve the main Khandbari and Tumlingtar Bazaars and adjoining areas (Ward Nos. 1, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12 and 13. There are no treatment facilities in the existing WS sub-systems. The stream water is directly distributed in the town. There are four reservoirs in the existing system. There are one 150 cum capacity, two 100 cum capacity, one 75 cum capacity for Khandbari Bazaar. These reservoirs are situated at different locations. All these reservoirs are in use. The first 150 cum capacity reservoir is located at Jharithumka ward no. 3, whose sources are Marshe River and Mahavir I. The second and third each 100 cum capacity reservoirs are located at Army camp and Hospital ward no. 1 for Mahavir II. The next one is Jitpur Danda reservoir of 75 cum capacity located at ward no. 4. The water at source is not enough in dry season. Water Leakage in the distribution system of the main Khandbari Bazaar is high, though in other interior parts of the network leakage is not a serious issue. The distribution system in the Bazaar is in complete ruin due to vehicular movement on Khandbari Bazaar streets which were originally built for pedestrians and mules movement.

Besides the leakage in the distribution pipes, pipe has been blocked in several places. Hence, some of the existing distribution pipes are discarded in the new distribution system. WUSC will utilise the old pipe during operation, maintenance and future extension in small area, if required.

Components of the Subproject

The project is designed using surface water sources. The treatment capacity of the unit for new source is less than 25lps. The project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, and construction of river training works.

The location of the project structures have been decided by the Water User and Sanitation Committee (WUSC) and all are situated in public land. Transmission main and Distribution main passes through earthen road and pitch road crossing in some places. The major structures of the projects are given in the following Table No. 1.

Table No.1 : Main Components of subprojects Infrastructure Function Description Location

Water Supply Components

Num VDC 2, Intake To tap surface water Stream Intake : 1 nos – Mansima To collect water from Collection Num VDC 2, different source at Masonry Type – Chamber Mansima one point Main Transmission: DI 150 - 200mm dia and Transmission Pipe HDPE 225mm dia - 13870m Num VDC 2, Diding Line : Delivery of water – DVC 2 & Main Transmission from Intake to – Branch Transmission: Machhepokhari VDC - -13870 m and treatment plant and DI 150 - 200mm dia, GI 50- 6 Branch then goes to various 100mm and HDPE 50- Transmission - storage tank 225mm dia - 24912m 24912m

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. ix SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Diding DVC – 2, HDPE Pipe 50mm dia to Machhepokhari VDC Delivery of water Distribution Pipe 225mm dia, GI Pipe 40mm 6 and Khandbari from RVT to HH – Line 66318 m dia to 100mm dia and Municipality 1, 2, 3, connection point – DI Pipe 150mm dia 4, 5, 10, 11 & 12

Khandbari Municipality Circular RCC – Capacity 50, 100, 75, 50, Kuwapani, Army Ground water Storage of water 3 100 & 50 m Camp, Piple, Chewa, storage tank Chhyankuti & Arunthan respectively Roughning Filter Kuwapani & Pangma Sedimentation To sediment Kuwapani & Pangma

Tank dissolved particles Slow Sand Filter To filter raw water Kuwapani & Pangma Khandbari Municipality – 1, 2, 3, IC & BPT 4, 5, 10, 11 & 12, and settlement along transmission line Khandbari Municipality 1, 2, 3, Valve/ Pipe valve Control the flow in – - 4, 5, 10, 11 & 12 and Box distribution pipeline settlement along transmission line Supply water to Khandbari HH connection individual house - Municipality – 1, 2, 3, from distribution line 4, 5, 10, 11 & 12 Construction Manebhanhyang, To drained surface Surface Drain Size of drain: 0.45m x 0.30m Pokhari Bazaar and runoff (1,141m) Khandbari Bazaar Construction of Manebhanhyang, Public Toilet – 3 Pokhari Bazaar and nos Tundikhel hatiya

Another part of the project is Sanitation component. The sanitation component of the project consists of site development of dumping site (stone masonry wall); tractor procurement for solid waste collection and disposal and construction of three institutional toilets and construction of 1,141m storm water drain.

Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The proposed water supply and sanitation project will have minimal negative impacts on environment which can be easily mitigated through adequate mitigation measures. Some of the environmental issues of concern and their mitigation measures are:  Erosion especially during project construction period due to digging and excavation during laying of pipes. In order to mitigate such impacts the excavated soil will be placed safely against erosion and will be reused during backfilling of the pipe trenches.  Impact on natural vegetation and ecology. For the construction of major project structures and during laying of distribution pipes, existing ground vegetation might be cleared and species habitat might be destroyed. In order to reduce such impacts, vegetation clearance will be avoided as much as possible and whenever possible re-plantation will be carried out.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. x SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

 Risk of pollution of ground and surface water from the sludge and effluents from treatment plants. To mitigate such impacts, the water qualities will be monitored periodically and proper sludge disposal site will be maintained. Based upon the water quality, Roughning Filter, Slow Sand Filter and disinfection Unit are proposed for water treatment.  Health and safety of construction workers. Workers will be trained on health and safety measures including proper storage and handling of chlorine used for water quality treatment. Safety gears are to be provided and first aid to be located at easily accessible areas.

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Cost

The EMP will be executed in such a way that the contractor is monitored during the construction period so that the mitigation measures specified in the report are implemented during project construction. Provisions will be made so that monitoring activities are conducted regularly and as prescribed. EMP will also ensure that the actual environmental impacts during the period of project operation over the years after the completion of the project are monitored and compared with the predicted impact.

The total cost for EMP, including the cost of monitoring and mitigation measures that will be carried during the implementation of project is estimated to be NRs. 1,540,000.00

Conclusion

It is expected that the proposed Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will have minimal environment impacts which can be easily mitigated with careful planning and monitoring measures. The implementation of the project will bring significant improvement in water supply situation and on sanitation facilities of the community thereby improving the overall quality of life. Since, no significant adverse environmental impacts are expected, a full scale EIA is not required and the present IEE study is sufficient.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. xi SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Table of Contents Page CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 NAME AND ADDRESS OF INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT ...... 1 1.2 BASIS AND EXTENT OF THE IEE STUDY ...... 2 1.2.1 ADB Policy ...... 2 1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines ...... 2 1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study ...... 7 1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project...... 7 1.2.5 Approach and Methodology ...... 9 CHAPTER II: DESCRIPTION OF THEE PROJECT ...... 12 2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECTS ...... 12 2.1.1 Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure ...... 12 2.1.2 Size or magnitude of operation ...... 13 2.1.3 Proposed Schedule for Implementation ...... 14 2.1.4 Service Area ...... 14 2.2 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT ...... 15 2.3 SOURCE OF WATER...... 20 2.4 WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES ...... 21 2.5 SERVICE RESERVOIRS ...... 21 2.6 PIPE LINES ...... 21 2.7 OTHERS APPURTENANCE ...... 22 2.7.1 Operator/ Chaukidar Quarter ...... 22 2.7.2 Laboratory Building cum WUSC Office Building ...... 22 2.7.3 Chambers ...... 22 2.8 PROJECT ACTIVITIES ...... 22 2.9 PATH FOR MOVEMENT IN PROJECT AREA WHERE PROJECT IS TO BE IMPLEMENTED .... 22 2.10 MANUFACTURING PROCESS ...... 22 2.10.1 Construction of Intake ...... 22 2.10.2 Construction of Service Reservoir ...... 22 2.10.3 Pipe Laying and Jointing Including Earthwork ...... 23 2.10.4 Construction of House Connections ...... 23 2.10.5 Raw Materials to be Used ...... 23 2.11 DETAILS OF TECHNOLOGY...... 23 CHAPTER III: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT...... 25 3.1 PHYSICAL RSOURCES ...... 25 3.2 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 26 3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas ...... 26 3.2.2 Forests ...... 26 3.3 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 28 3.3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH ...... 33 3.3.1 Land Use ...... 33 3.3.2 Infrastructure ...... 34 3.3.6 Economic Characteristics ...... 35 CHAPTER IV: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 37 4.1 WATER SUPPLY ...... 37 4.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase ...... 37 4.1.2 Construction Phase ...... 38 4.1.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase Impacts ...... 45 4.2 DRAINAGE WORKS ...... 45 4.2.1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 45 4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 46 4.4 MITIGATION COST ...... 51

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. xii SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

CHAPTER V: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS ...... 52 5.1 PROJECT LOCATION ALTERNATIVE ...... 52 5.2 PROJECT DESIGN ALTERNATIVE ...... 52 5.3 TECHNOLOGY CHOICE & CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ALTERNATIVE ...... 52 5.4 NO ACTION OPTION ...... 53 CHAPTER VI: INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 54 6.1 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION ...... 54 6.2 INDIVIDUAL/INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED ...... 54 6.3 COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS/ISSUES RAISED ...... 54 CHAPTER VII: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 55 CHAPTER VIII: MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT ...... 56 8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 56 8.1.1 Objectives of the EMP ...... 56 8.2. MITIGATION AND MONITORING ...... 56 8.2.1 Monitoring Indicators ...... 56 8.2.2 Types of Monitoring ...... 57 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 57 8.3.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan during different phases of Project Implementation ...... 57 8.3.2 Mechanism for Monitoring ...... 64 8.3.3 Monitoring Cost ...... 64 8.3.4 Modality of Operation ...... 64 8.3.5 Environmental Procedures and Institutions ...... 65 8.3.6 Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures ...... 66 8.3.7 Documentation and Reporting ...... 66 8.3.8 Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates ...... 67 CHAPTER IX: CONCLUSION...... 69 REFERENCES ...... 70

ANNEXES: Annex-I: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist (Revised One) of Water Supply Annex-II: Project Location Map Annex-III: IEE Terms of Reference (Submitted) Annex-IV: Water Quality Report Annex-V: Air Quality Standards, Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard for gasoline & Diesel operated Vehicles, 2056, National Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (As per Urban Environment Guidelines, 2068)

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. xiii SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

List of Tables:

Table 1.1: Threshold limit for conducting IEE and status of the project...... 8 Table 2.1: Total Water Demand ...... 13 Table 2.2: Annual personnel expenditure for operation...... 14 Table 2.3: Annual cost for operation and maintenance...... 15 Table 2.4: Components of the project ……...... 16 Table 3.1: Types of Forest ……...... 26 Table 3.2: Total population of delineated project area ……...... 28 Table 3.3: Distribution of population by sex and family size...... 29 Table 3.4: Distribution population by educational status by wards.……………………………...……..29 Table 3.5: Ward-wise distribution of educational institutions...... 30 Table 3.6: Distribution of households & population by cast/ethnic, dalit etc. groups...... 31 Table 3.7: Distribution of population by age group………………………………………………...……..31 Table 3.8: Distribution of household income…………………….………………………………………...32 Table 3.9: Distribution of monthly expenditure………………….………………………………………...32 Table 3.10: Occupational status of whole family member by wards…………………………………..…33 Table 4.1: Physical environmental issues and impacts...... 38 Table 4.2: Biological environmental issues and impacts...... 40 Table 4.3: Socio-economic and cultural environmental issues and impacts...... 42 Table 4.4: Types of impacts, mitigation measures, responsibilities and cost...... 47 Table 4.5: Mitigation cost...... 51 Table 8.1: Types of mitigation measures, monitoring parameters, responsibilities and cost...... 59 Table 8.2: Environmental monitoring cost...... 65 Table 8.3: Environmental management roles and responsibilities of different parties...... 66 Table 8.4: Cost for EMP...... 68

List of Figures:

Fig-7.1: Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 56 Fig-8.1: Work Schedule ...... 69

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. xiv SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Abbreviation Used ADB : Asian Development Bank amsl : Above Mean Sea Level DI : Ductile Iron Dia. : Diameter DWSS : Department of Water Supply and Sewerage DSC : Design and Supervision Consultant EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EPA : Environmental Protection Act EPR : Environmental Protection Rule GI : Galvanised Iron GoN : Government of Nepal HDPE : High Density Polyethylene Pipe HHs : Households IEE : Initial Environmental Examination lpcd : Litre per capita per day lps : Litre per second MOUD : Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS : National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA : Nepal Electricity Authority NGO : Non-government Organization NRs. : Nepalese Rupees O&M : Operation and Maintenance OD : Outer diameter PMC : Project Management Consultant PMO : Project Management Office SSTWSSSP : Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF : Town Development Fund VAT : Value Added Tax VDC : Village Development Committee WHO : World Health Organisation WSSDO : Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC : Water User‟s and Sanitation Committee

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. xv SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Chapter I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 NAME AND ADDRESS OF INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT

1. The project proponent, Project Management Office (PMO) of Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) uunder Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) of Government of Nepal (GoN) is responsible for conducting present IEE study of the project. COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. has been contracted to work on the behalf of PMO to conduct IEE studies and prepare IEE report by using all prevalent guidelines, acts, policies and rules.

2. The name and address of institutions responsible for conducting and preparing IEE report are:

 Name of the proposal: Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project

 Name and address of the proponent

Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Urban Development Government of Nepal

 Address of the Proponent

Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np

 Consultant preparing the report

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. Ksitiz Marga, Shankhamul Post Box No. 19961, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel/Fax: 977-1-4784558 E-mail: [email protected]

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 1 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

1.2 BASIS AND EXTENT OF THE IEE STUDY

3. Based upon the framework of the National Urban Policy (2007), Government of Nepal has updated a fifteen year development plan and small towns have been redefined. About, two hundred sixty five towns (153 towns in Terai and 112 towns in hill) with a total population of 3.6 millions satisfy the criteria. The newly identified towns are being developed haphazardly but they are playing vital role in creating economic linkage between the rural areas and the country's urban economy. The present Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) is an effort towards bridging the existing gap in the sector and facilitating services in small towns of Nepal to some extent. The situation shows that series of water supply and sanitation projects need to be launched to improve the quality of life provide safe and better health and hygiene facilities.

4. The Ministry of Urban Development is the Executing Agency (EA) and the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is the implementing agency for the project. The SSTWSSSP is designed to have full participation of the users in the formulation, implementation and operation and maintenance of the respective town project. The cost will be shared equally by the users and GoN on 50:50 basis in water supply component. Likewise the cost of sanitation component will be shared by the users and GoN on 15:85 basis.

5. As per the Environmental Protection Policy Act 2053, and Environmental Protection Regulation 2054, of GON, and as per ADB Environmental Policy Statement (EPS) (2009) policy require to conduct Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) based on the criteria given in the Annex 5 and 6 of EPR 2054, before the commencement of work. This report has been prepared to fulfill the requirements.

1.2.1 ADB Policy

6. As per ADB EPS (2009) on Environment Assessment requirements, this project is classified as Environment Category B and an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required as per the checklist suggested by ADB. Similarly based on rules pertaining to GoN‟s Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Rules, 1997, an IEE is necessary for the proposed project.

1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines

7. Different national and international documents, legal provisions, conventions, plans and policies have been reviewed under desk study.

8. Government of Nepal has adopted various acts, regulations and guidelines to ensure the integration of development and conservation of environment. Similarly ADB has developed different environmental and social guidelines and frameworks. Following acts, rules and guidelines were found to guide the environmental study of the project and have been reviewed. Law

i) The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 B.S. (2007)

The Interim Constitution of Nepal made the provision to every person has the right to live in a clean environment. It also made provision in Article 35(5) the state shall make necessary arrangements to

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 2 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

maintain the natural environment. The State shall give priority to special protection of the environment, and rare wildlife, and prevent further damage due to physical the development activities, by increasing awareness of the general public about environmental cleanliness. Provision shall be made for the protection of the forests, vegetation and biodiversity, their sustainable use and for equitable distribution of the benefits derived from them.

Plan/Policies

ii) Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2060 B.S. (2004 A.D.)

This provides guidance on water supply and sanitation service provision in rural areas using community led participatory approaches. While partially relevant in the urban context, particularly around the integration of inputs and local capacity building, It generally fails to address the complex operational challenges to be faced by Municipal authorities in implementing and managing urban services.

iii) Second Three Year Interim Plan 2068-71 B.S.

The second three year interim plan has identified EIA as a priority area, and it emphasizes on environmental monitoring of the project that have undergone EIA process. The Plan focuses on the need for setting-up national environmental standards with the strategy of internalizing environmental management into the development programs. The plan has realized to carryout Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) with the long term policy of promoting environmental governance. The Plan emphasized on the local participation in environment conversation, according to the Local Self Governance Act 2055, through the local bodies, make them responsible and capable to manage local natural resources.

iv) Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.)

This policy was recently formulated to provide an overall policy support and guidance towards achieving equity in service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the system areas are mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and implementation of financial incentives where so required.

v) ADB's "Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS)" 2066 B.S. (2009A.D.)

ADB's Safeguard Policy Framework consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate and compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation.

Acts and Regulation

vi) Land Acquisition Act 2034 B.S. (1977 A.D.) and Rules 2026 (1969)

Land Acquisition Act, 2034 (1977) with amendment in 2049 (1993) guides the compulsory acquisition of land in the country. The Land Acquisition Act and the Land Acquisition Rules are the two main legal instruments that specify procedural matters of land acquisition and compensation. Government can

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 3 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

acquire land at any place in any quantity by giving compensation pursuant to the Act for the land acquired for any public purposes or for operation of any development project initiated by government institutions (Section 3 and 4). The powers given under these sections are very broad as government is empowered to acquire any land in the name of public works. The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 in its Article 19 (2) directs the state to provide compensation for any property requisitioned, acquired or encumbered by the State in implementing scientific land reform program or in public interest in accordance with law.

vii) Solid Waste Management Act 2011 (2068 B.S.)

The Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre has prepared a "Solid Waste Management Act" for managing increasing garbage in the city. The Act is related for sustainable management of garbage and to minimize the negative impacts of garbage on environment and public health. According to the act, the local agency will manage garbage under the public and private partnership concept. The Act has provisions for segregation of garbage according to its nature and for managing hazardous, industrial, medical and domestic wastes accordingly. Provisions of complete responsibility to local bodies and strict punishment have been proposed in the act for effective monitoring system.

viii) Water Resources Act 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.) and Regulation, 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.)

Water Resource Act is an umbrella act governing water resource management. It declares the order of priority of water use; vests ownership of water in the state; prohibits water pollution; and provides for the formation of Water User Association and system of licensing. The Regulation sets out the procedure to register a WUA and to obtain a license and sets out the rights and obligations of WUA and license holders.

ix) Water Tax Act 2023 (1966 A.D.)

Under the Act, the water user who use water through a tap distributed by the government is obliged to pay water tax as fixed by prevalent laws and charges are levied if the tax is not paid within the time as fixed by the law.

x) Labor Act 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.)

The labor Act, 1992, which is executed by Ministry of Labor, is the main regulation regulating the working environment. Chapter 5 of this Act deals with occupational health and safety. Section 27 of Chapter 5 requires the management to make certain arrangements such as the removal of waste accumulated during production process and prevention of accumulation of dust, fume, vapor, and other impure materials, which would adversely affect health of workers. Sections 28 and 29 require management to provide protective clothing and devices to workers handling chemical substances and other hazardous and explosive substances. In order to prevent accidents, section 30 of the Act requires the proprietor to make arrangements for fire safety equipment and emergency equipment while Section 31 requires the placement of sturdy fences around hazardous machines and equipment operated by energy.

xi) Forest Act 2049 (1992 A.D.) and Regulations 2050 (1993 A.D.)

The Forest Act, 1992 (with amendments) and its Rules 1993 contains several provisions to ensure the development, conservation, management and sustainable use of forest resources. The Act categories

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 4 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

the forest into five categories viz.; state managed forest, community forest, leasehold forest, private forest and religious forest.

The Act in general, prohibits the use of forest areas for development projects, but its Article 68 empowers GoN to issue permission to use the required portion of forest for development with the assurance that it does not significantly affect the environment. Based on Forest Legislation, GoN has legally protected thirteen plant species. The Regulation further elaborates legal measures for the conservation of forests and wild animals.

xii) Environmental Protection Act 2053 B.S. (1997 A.D.) Regulations 2054 (1997 A.D.)

The act requirement prescribed developmental projects to carry out Initial Environmental Examination and such projects cannot be implemented without approval from the Ministry of Urban Development. The proponent is required to submit proposal with the report and the Ministry has to grant approval of the proposal after opinions and suggestions by the general-public and by an expert committee formed by the Ministry. The act has the provision such that nobody can create pollution beyond prescribed limits or standards; or nobody can cause significant adverse impacts to the environment to safeguard to public life and health. The EPR elaborates provisions to prepare and submit the Terms of Reference (ToR) and IEE report for approval and includes public consultation processes. As per the EPR, the Environmental Assessment report, in general, should include detailed information on impacts and environment protection measures, including implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation. Public consultation is a pre-requisite in all the prescribed projects. The provisions of the act and regulations are directly related to the project and hence these provisions have been considered in the design and proposed implementation.

xiii) Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.) and Regulations 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D)

The Local Self-Governances Act, 1999 empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest, and other natural resources and implementation of environmental conservation activities. The Village Development Committees (VDCs), Municipalities and District Development Committees (DDCs) are mandated to take up the responsibilities of formulation and implementation of programme relating to protection of environment and bio-diversity, and to give adequate priority for the protection of environment during the formulation of local level plans and programme. The Regulation has provisions for VDCs, District Development Committee DDCs and municipalities to coordinate and implement development projects/programs and to provide approval or clearance of the proposed project.

xiv) Drinking Water Regulations 2055 B.S. (1998 A.D.)

This regulation regulates the use of drinking water and deals with the control of water pollution and maintenance of quality standards for drinking water. It also sets out the conditions of service utilization by consumers.

xv) Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act 2056 B.S. (2001 A.D.)

Section 3 of the act prohibits a child from engaging in work, sub clause 1 of the clause 3 states "Nobody shall engage in work a child who has not completed fourteen years of age as a labor and sub clause 2 states "Nobody shall engage a child in a risk full occupation or work set forth in the Schedule". The Section 4 states "Child not to be engaged in work against his will by temptation or fear or pressure or by any other means".

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 5 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

xvi) Town Development Act 2045 B.S. (1988 A.D.) The Act has provisions about the formation of town development committee in any town area to implement town planning and in carrying out the developmental and reconstruction work of that town.

Clauses 9 of town development act empowers the town development committee to regulate, control or prohibit any act which has an adverse effect on public health or the aesthetics of the town, or in any way pollutes the environment. It contains penalty provision in the form of fines for the violation of the Act.

xvii) Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act 1989 (and amendments) & Water Supply Management Board Act, 2006 & Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act 2006

These acts facilitate the improved management of water and sanitation services. They establish the legal basis for private sector management of schemes and independent fee setting and regulation applicable to all urban schemes.

Standards and Guidelines

xviii) National EIA Guidelines 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.)

GoN has developed and adopted National EIA Guidelines in 1993, under which projects and programs are categorized as either requiring Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This also includes scoping, preparation of ToR for IEE/EIA, Methods of IEE/EIA report, impact monitoring, evaluation of impact studies, impact auditing, community participation and schedules & annexes to IEE and EIA. Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and the Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997, were brought into force aiming at mainstreaming of the integration of environmental aspects in development projects and programs.

xix) National Drinking Water Quality Standards 2062 B.S. (2005 A.D.)

These standards provide details of the water quality standards to be applied to all water supply schemes. These set out the water quality parameters, which the water suppliers should adhere to. The directives also ensures that the water sampling, testing and analysis procedures used to certify that the drinking water supplied or to be supplied conforms to the NDWQS and also sets the monitoring and surveillance procedures to certify that the quality of supplied water conforms to the standards.

xix) Water Resources Strategy, 2055 B.S. (2002 A.D.)

In order to make water resource development comprehensive, systematized and accelerate the process of development, Government of Nepal issued Water Resource Strategy in 2002. With the goal of meeting its water supply needs and achieving long-term sustainability, the Water Resources Strategy aims to meet this need by providing a systematic framework for water resources development and identifying action plans to avoid and resolve conflicts, and achieve Nepal's water- related development objectives.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 6 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study

9. The main objective of carrying out IEE study is to investigate the environmental implication of the proposed project so that the project can be implemented in an environment friendly and socio- economically sustainable manner.

Some of the specific objectives of the IEE are as the following:  To identify physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural baseline conditions of the project affected areas (surroundings of Khandbari);  To investigate the major environmental impacts both adverse (negative) and positive resulting from construction and operation of the project on the ecology and socio-economic condition of project areas;  To identify the environmental benefits of the project as well as its economical and environmental acceptability to the community;  To identify and analyze the alternatives from the various relevant options available;  To address the major concern of the local community of the project area;  To propose mitigation measures for minimizing the adverse environmental impacts to improve overall performance of the project;  To prepare environmental monitoring and auditing plans;  To inform decision-makers and interested parties about the environmental implication of the proposed project.  To prepare IEE report as per EPR 1997

10. Scope: This IEE report is for the water supply & sanitation project proposed for Khandbari Town of Khandbari Municipality in Sankhuwasabha district. It investigates the environmental implication of the proposed project and suggests mitigation measures so that the project can be implemented in an environmentally and socio-economically sustainable manner.

1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project

11. The Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been formulated to supply required quantity of water to service area of Khandbari Municipality and along with transmission main line of Diding and Macchepokhari VDCs of Shankhuwasabha District. The source of proposed water supply project is surface water.

12. The main objectives of the project are to improve water supply and sanitation facilities including drainage system. Therefore, the project shall comprise with two major components. The first and the most important component is water supply services which include development of new water supply project, construction of water treatment facilities and storage tanks/ service reservoir. The second component is sanitation services, which include construction of 1,141 of surface drain.

13. The proposed project area is located in the hilly region of Nepal and transmission main line passes through forest area in some parts, which is an area of critical habitat. However, it is not anticipated any inverse impact in a reduction in the population of any recognized endangered or critically endangered species or loss in area of the habitat concerned. It is expected that on the implementation of the proposed project the users will be benefited with adequate amount of safe drinking water with National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS), and any lesser impacts can be mitigated without loss of biodiversity.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 7 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

14. The proposed Khandbari Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project is classified as environment Category B project as per Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Project Impacts of Asian Development Bank (ADB). Hence in accordance with ADB's Environmental Assessment Requirements and Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (SPS 2009) for Selected Infrastructure Development Projects, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has to be carried out.

15. One the basis of the desk study of the various related literature and field study data, the structure components of the project and most of the pipe line of the proposed system passes along the existing road tracks. Since the proposed Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project supplies water to a population range between 5000 to 50,000 through a surface water source that has a discharge of 30.00 lps including existing system, the project falls within IEE threshold limit. The water quality complies with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) (Annex- IV), thereby requiring treatment plant well. The project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households is not involved and construction of river training works is not required.

16. In this way, all the criteria lie within the range of schedule 1 of EPR. As per the ADB's Environmental Assessment Requirement and Environment Guidelines for selected infrastructure development project and GoN‟s EPR 2054, only Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is sufficient for proposed Khandbari Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project. The following Table 1.1 compares the status of the project against criteria defined by EPA and EPR for which a drinking water project would require an IEE or EIA.

Threshold limit for conducting IEE Report

17. According to Environmental protection Guidelines, 2054 BS, First Revised (2055 BS) schedule-3, Work–Schedule of Initial Environmental Examination of Drinking water are:

Table 1.1: Threshold limit for conducting IEE and status of the project For Proposed water Description supply project 1) Collection of rain- water not more than 200 hectares, and use of water Not applicable sources (springs and wetlands) located within the same area. Less than 50% water 2) Surface water sources with not more than 1 cubic ft. Safe yield and is used. An IEE is supply of not more than 50 percent of the water during the dry season required. 3) Processing of water at the rate of 10 to 25 litres per second: Treatment/ processing system and its capacity is 24.60lps from Simali An IEE is required. khola source. Roughening filter followed by slow sand filtration and disinfection have been kept. as treatment process. 4) Recharging up to 50 percent of the total aquifer for the development of Not applicable underground water source. Not applicable- no 5) Construction of not more than one kilometre long tunnels for carrying environmental water assessment (IEE or EIA) is required No environmental 6) Displacement of not more than 100 persons for operating a water assessment (IEE or supply scheme. The scheme is unlikely to displace the people. EIA) is required 7) Settlement of not more than 500 persons on the upper reaches of Not applicable water sources

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 8 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Within the limits 8) Supply of drinking water to population ranging between 5000 and Design Population is 50000 23,305. The scheme is source 9) Augmentation of new water source in existing system population augmentation and 23,305 i.e. between 10,000 to 100,000), the system is augmentation of population within the flow. limit. An IEE is required. 10) Installation of more than 20 kilometres long electricity transmission lines for pumping or processing water and consumption of more than Not applicable one mw of electricity. 12) River training and diversion activities over an area of more than one Not applicable kilometre. 13) Project Cost. The scheme cost is estimated Nrs. 378,588,455.40 (IEE required when the project cost is in between 50 to An IEE is required. 250 million rupees) (Source: ’Environment Protection Act, 2054 and Environment Protection Regulation 2054’’)

Considering this, IEE study as per the GoN/ EPR is carried out.

18. The proposed Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project is classified as environment “Category B” project as per Environment Policy of Asian Development Bank (ADB). In accordance with ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) for Selected Infrastructure Development Projects, an Initial Environmental Examination Study has been done.

1.2.5 Approach and Methodology

19. The present Initial Environmental Examination report has been prepared based on the approved Terms of Reference (TOR) by the Ministry of Urban Development, of the Government of Nepal. The procedures followed for current IEE study are in accordance with the provisions stated in ADB‟s EPS (2009) and the GON‟s Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Rules, 1997

20. ADB‟s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist was completed for the proposed project and Environmental Categorization of the project was decided. Based on the checklist and environmental categorization, the proposed project has been classified under category B of ADB‟s environmental classification, which depicts that the project has insignificant environmental impacts and requires only an IEE.

21. Similarly, based on GoN‟s rules, the proposed project falls under criteria set under Rule 3, Schedule 1 of EPR, 1997 thereby requiring an IEE. The present IEE report has been prepared following the TOR approved by MOUD.

22. The specific methods used for collecting the required information and conducting the IEE study are as follows:

i. Desk Study

 Literature review: The published and unpublished relevant information and literatures were extensively reviewed. The potential sources of information include, but not limited to; topographical maps, publications of DDC, District Forest Office, District Soil Conservation Office, District Agriculture Office, District Irrigation Office, District Water Supply and Sanitation Sub-

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 9 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

division Office, District Livestock Services Office, and NGOs. The reports related to the water supply and sanitation scheme (e.g. Feasibility, detailed design Report, consultation report and any other relevant report) were thoroughly reviewed while preparing IEE report.  Questionnaire & Checklist: As a part of desk study, a check list was used to gather the information on physical and biological parameters. (Annex-I)

ii. Field Work

 Walk-through survey: A walk-through survey of the service area was done to inspect and understand the project components and the environmental features of the surrounding areas. A detailed field investigation was carried out to furnishing information on Physical, Biological, Socio- Economic and Cultural Environment. Necessary measurements were noted and discussed with the local stakeholders. The details of the field study on various aspects (physical, biological and socio-economical) are as follows.  Physical Environment Assessment Existing environment constraints and potential impacts in the project area were studied through topographic map and field survey, complemented by secondary source of information from reports and interviews. Information on the location, topography, land use, geology and soil hydrology were collected during the field work and from the reports obtained from the different sources.

 Biological Environment Assessment The information on biological environment was gathered by reconnaissance survey of the project site and surroundings area. Due attention were paid on the collection of information on vegetation pattern, wild life, parks and protected area and aquatic life.

 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Assessment Socio-economic and cultural environment of the project such as population, community structure, distribution of income and sources of livelihood, and expected water users obtained through various secondary and primary sources of data. These included literature review, questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, and the suggestions and comments obtained from all relevant stakeholders though public notices and public hearing process.

 Focus Group Discussion (FGD): The discussions have been held during field visit regarding environmental aspects. The relevant stakeholders and the members of the local communities were consulted and a FGD was organized in order to understand their views and opinions.

iii. Data Processing The information obtained from the desk study and field works were processed in a standard format to maintain consistency. The data were tabulated and maps were interpreted. The mitigation and monitoring measures were then proposed based on the impacts identified during the study.

1.2.5.1 Impact Identification, Prediction, Evaluation and Prioritization

23. After the survey, the data was complied and the matrix method was used to identify and categorize the potential impacts. The matrix was used to identify the possible positive and

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 10 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

negative impacts due to implementation of the proposed Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation project.

24. The different aspects of environmental impacts (negative or positive) were identified and prioritizations of the seriousness of environmental impacts were evaluated.

25. The magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts are categorized according to the National EIA Guidelines, 1993. The impacts are further categorized as high, medium and low in terms of magnitude, short term, medium term and long term in terms of duration and local, site specific and regional in terms of extent.

26. The present Initial Environmental Examination report has been prepared based on the submitted Terms of Reference (TOR) which is supposed to approved by the Ministry of Urban Development, of the Government of Nepal. The study has followed the provisions outlined in the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 and EPS, 2009 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The major activities undertaken during the preparation of IEE are outlined below.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 11 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report



Chapter II: DESCRIPTION OF THEE PROJECT

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECTS

2.1.1 Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure

i) Water Supply System

27. Khandbari Municipality is currently served by a number of small and several water supply schemes. These schemes have been built to serve different communities in different wards with the support of various sector agencies. DWSS have implemented several schemes in the past 25 years to serve the main Khandbari and Tumlingtar Bazaars and adjoining areas (Ward Nos. 1, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12 and 13. There are no treatment facilities in the existing WS sub-systems. The stream water is directly distributed in the town. There are four reservoirs in the existing system. There are one 150 cum capacity, two 100 cum capacity, one 75 cum capacity for Khandbari Bazaar. These reservoirs are situated at different locations. All these reservoirs are in use. The first reservoir with 150 cum capacity is located at Jharithumka ward no. 3, whose sources are Marshe River and Mahavir I. The second and third reservoirs each with 100 cum capacity are located at Army camp and Hospital ward no. 1 of same source Mahavir II. The next one is Jitpur Danda reservoir of 75 cum capacity located at ward no. 4. The water at source is not enough in dry season. Water Leakage in the distribution system of the main Khandbari Bazaar is high, though in other interior parts of the network leakage is not a serious issue. The distribution system in the Bazaar is in complete ruin due to vehicular movement on Khandbari Bazaar streets which were originally built for pedestrians and mules movement.

ii) Sanitation

28. The sanitation practice is directly related with quantity as well as quality of supplied water. This is also dependent on climatic condition, living standard, culture and awareness of the people in the health and sanitation activities. There is no sewerage system in the proposed service area.

29. The sanitary situation of project area is found good. Of the total population, more than 86.80% of households have their private latrine facilities with septic tank and these latrines are maintained properly. The common diseases caused due to water in the service area are diarrhoea, jaundice, dysentery and typhoid.

iii) Drainage

30. Due to the topography of the service area, there is no serious storm water drainage problem in the Khandbari main urban area. The road side drains are situated on both side of the road in core area of Khandbari bazaar like at Astha polyclinic (about 300 m length), Pokhari (about 400 m length), Buddha tole (about 300 m length) and near of DSP office (about 70 m length). Even though these drains are not properly built, are able to drain off the main market areas. Outfalls are provided at many locations to divert the flow into the nearby streams.

iv) Type, Category and need of the Sub-projects

31. The proposed water supply project falls in category B of ADB environmental categorization. The Project has been classified as service delivery typed project. The aim of the project is to improve

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 12 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

health and quality of life of the people living in the project towns by facilitating drinking water supply facility. The water source of proposed Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will be surface water. The project comprises of two major components. The first and major component is to provide safe drinkable water to the delineated service area with a modern water supply system. The source here is the „Simali Khola‟, which is the perennial stream. Its discharge yield is high and only a small amount of water is tapped from the river to maintain its hydrology. The second component is the construction of sanitary sewer system, construction of community (public) latrines and septic tank. However, the WUSC has less priority of sanitary sewer. They are given top priority to implement water supply system. The WUSC has decided to construct about 1,141m surface drain at Khandbari Bazaar of Khandbari municipality.

32. The service area of the proposed project covers ward no. 1 (Khandbari Bazar); ward no. 2 (Chewa); ward no. 3 (Maruwa, Mangaladevi, Magar Gaon); ward no. 4 (Pangma); ward no. 5 (Sekha), ward no. 10 (Magar Gaon, Tin Pokhari), ward no. 11 (Piple, Pathak gaun), ward no 12 (Dhunge Dhara) of Khandbari Municipality and ward no. 6 of Diding VDC and ward no. 2 of Macchepokhari VDC.

33. The present population in the proposed service area is 19,188 in 3,599 HHs. The permanent population of the project at the base year is projected as 19,858 with annual growth rate 1.15%. The total population in the proposed service area during design year will be 23,305.

2.1.2 Size or magnitude of operation

34. The project has been designed to extract 30.00lps of water from new and existing the surface water source. One Augmentation of new intake Simali Khola at Num VDC has been proposed in existing systems. The system consists of Roughning Filter Slow sand filter RCC ground storage tank of 75cum and 50cum capacity The total length of transmission and distribution pipe line is 96,139m.

35. The project has been designed for the base year population of 19,858 (Year 2015) and a design population of 23,305 (Year 2029). Total water demands for this design year in different uses are presented in the following table.

Table 2.1: Total water demand in different uses Water demand (lit/ day) SN Description Survey Year 2012 Base Year 2015 Design Year 2029 1 Domestic 1,726,920 1,787,187 2,097,453 2 Non Domestic 172,692 178,719 209,745 3 Leakage and wastage 211,068 218,434 256,355

Total demand (lit/day) 2,110,680 2,184,339 2,563,554

36. The project has been conceptualized as a community based approach. Almost half of the project cost has to be mobilized and shared by the community who will also be responsible for operation and management of the system after its completion. The active involvement of the community in the decision making as well as in project implementation and operation has been ensured. After the completion of the project, the local people of the service area will benefit from regular supply of clean drinking water and proper sanitation services.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 13 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

37. Safe drinking water is distributed to the local people of the service area in the proposed service area by distribution system. The project will provide 24-hours supply of potable water of NDWQS standard within the project area.

2.1.3 Proposed Schedule for Implementation

38. Total period for the implementation of the project is forty two (18+12+12) months including operation & maintenance and Defect Liability Period. Twenty Eight month has been assigned for the feasibility study, detailed engineering design and construction supervision to the consultant.

2.1.4 Service Area

39. Service area delineation has been made through a long discussion between WUSC, community and stakeholders. The service area lies in various wards of Khandbari Municipality and houses connected along with branch transmission line at Diding VDC ward 6 and Macchepokhari VDC ward 2. The settlements are:

Khandbari Municipality:

 Ward 1: Dubechaur,Darshanetole,Guwabari,Pulami, Gaun,Khandbari Bazar, Dholbaje

 Ward 2: Chewa

 Ward 3: Maruwa, Purneshwor, Dhawse Gaun, Gimire Gaun, Dhungana Gaun, Mangaladevi, Nayabasti

 Ward 4: Arunthan,Manebhanjyang,Danda Pangma, Gairi Pangma

 Ward 5: Vyang khola, Bhotebas, Chiple Gaun,Sekha

 Ward 10: Ramche,Magar Gaon, Tin Pokhari,Bange Gaun,Thing danda

 Ward 11: Piple, Danda Gaun,Pathak Gaon, Biswakarma tole

 Ward 12: Chilechautara, Bahungaun, Ranichhap, Magargaun,Dunge Dhara

40. Settlements along branch transmission main of Diding VDC and Machhepokhari VDC at Kuwapani and Chichila village

41. As per the house hold survey record, there are 3,599 households in the service area with 19,188 populations during the survey year 2012.

Human Resources Requirement/ Employment Generation

42. Numerous skilled, semi skilled and unskilled human resource (manpower) are required for the construction work which is expected to last for 2 years. These are the figures which area counted as directly employed and indirect employment opportunities for the collection and delivery of local materials are also be generated in significant numbers.

43. Human Resources and annual expenditure required for smooth operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation system is shown in Table 2.2 and Table 2.3.

Table 2.2: Annual personnel expenditure for operation

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 14 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Rate/Month SN Description of Items Nos. (Nrs.) Months Total (NRs) Manager/ Administrative 1 1 16000 13 208,000.00 Officer 2 Civil Overseer 1 12000 13 156,000.00 3 Accountant 1 11000 13 143,000.00 4 System Operator 4 9000 13 468,000.00 5 Meter Reader 3 9000 13 351,000.00 6 Maintenance Worker/ Plumber 3 9000 13 351,000.00 7 Watchman 2 8500 13 221,000.00 8 Peon 1 8500 13 110,500.00 Total (Nrs.) 16 2,008,500.00

44. It is assumed that the monthly salary has to be increased at every year by 3%.

Table 2.3: Annual cost for operation and maintenance Amount SN Description (Nrs.) Remarks I Base Year - 2015 Rate of Survey year 2012 1 Chemical (bleaching powder etc.) Bleaching powder per kg Nrs 48 3.67kg per day 70,259.40 Total at Base Year (Nrs.) 70,259.40

45. The total annual (Base Year 2015) cost for operation and maintenance for the water supply system is NRs. 2,078,759.00. It is assumed that the cost will be increased 3% per year.

2.2 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT

46. The Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project have been designed as a surface water based gravity water supply system that will provide sufficient quantity and good quality of water to the residents of Khandbari Municipality. The water supply component of the project consists of construction of following components:  Intake  Collection Chamber  Transmission main  Wash out  Air valve  Interuption Chamber & Breal Presuure Chamber  Roughning Filter  Slow Sand Filter  Disinfection Unit  Ground water reservoirs  Distribution main  Control valve

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 15 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

 Pipe valve box  Tap Connection  Water Quality Testing Laboratory/WUSC building  Boundary wall 47. The sanitation components include to construct of 1,141 m surface drains in Khandbari Bazaar of Khandbari municipality.. The outfall of surface drainage system will be at various existing outfalls. Construction of three public toilets at Manebhanjyang, Pokhari Bazaar and Tundikhel hatiya area has been included in the sanitation components. Along with it there is a provision of 30 plastic containers and one tractor for the collection of the solid waste. A 275 m compound wall will be constructed for a dumping site.

48. The construction activities include all the civil work needed to accommodate all the components of the project. Also a regular maintenance and monitoring is required to make a better performance of the system starting from the operation phase.

49. The details of project components are given in Table 2.4

Table 2.4: Components of projects Infrastructure Function Description Location

Water Supply Components

Tank dissolved particles Slow Sand Filter To filter raw water Kuwapani & Pangma IC & BPT Khandbari

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 16 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Municipality – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11 & 12, and settlement along transmission line Khandbari Municipality 1, 2, 3, Valve/ Pipe valve Control the flow in – - 4, 5, 10, 11 & 12 and Box distribution pipeline settlement along transmission line Supply water to Khandbari HH connection individual house - Municipality – 1, 2, 3, from distribution line 4, 5, 10, 11 & 12 Construction Manebhanhyang, To drained surface Surface Drain Size of drain: 0.45m x 0.30m Pokhari Bazaar and runoff (1,141m) Khandbari Bazaar Construction of Manebhanhyang, Public Toilet – 3 Pokhari Bazaar and nos Tundikhel hatiya

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 17 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Salient Features

1. Project Name: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

2. Scheme Name: Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Sankhuwasabha

3. Service Area: The service area lies in various wards of Khandbari Municipality and houses connected along with branch transmission line at Diding VDC ward 6 and Macchepokhari VDC ward 2. The settlements are:

Khandbari Municipality:

 Ward 1: Dubechaur,Darshanetole,Guwabari,Pulami, Gaun,Khandbari Bazar,Dholbaje

 Ward 2: Chewa

 Ward 3: Maruwa, Purneshwor, Dhawse Gaun, Gimire Gaun, Dhungana Gaun, Mangaladevi, Nayabasti

 Ward 4: Arunthan,Manebhanjyang,Danda Pangma, Gairi Pangma

 Ward 5: Vyang khola, Bhotebas, Chiple Gaun,Sekha

 Ward 10: Ramche,Magar Gaon, Tin Pokhari,Bange Gaun,Thing danda

 Ward 11: Piple, Danda Gaun,Pathak Gaon, Biswakarma tole

 Ward 12: Chilechautara, Bahungaun, ranichhap, Magargaun,Dunge Dhara

Settlements along branch transmission main of Diding VDC and Machhepokhari VDC at Kuwapani and Chichila village

4. Scheme Type: Gravity ( ie. Augmentation of flow from Simali khola in the existing system)

5. Designed Flow (lps): 30.00

6. Source Discharge Measurement

Proposed Sources Measured Discharge Safe Yield Tapped Flow lps. lps. lps.

Simali Khola 50 45 24.60

Existing system Chabaiya spring 0.6 0.55 0.50 Mahavir I stream 1.8 1.62 1.40 Mahavir II stream 2.1 1.89 1.50 Marshe 2.5 2.25 2.0

7. Design Period: 15 Years (1 year preparation, 2 year construction and 15 years design period).

8. Household No. - Survey Year: 3,599

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 18 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

9. Average Growth Rate: 1.15% per annum.

10. Permanent Population: Survey Year 2012 Base Year 2015 Design Year 2029

19,188 19,858 23,305 11. Water Demand at design year (lpd) Domestic: 2,097,453 Non-domestic demand (adopt 10 % of domestic demand, which includes demand for rental population, Institutional, Industrial/ Commercial, fire demand etc.) 209,745 Leakage and wastage (10% of total demand): 256,355 Total: 2,563,554

12. Structures required Intake Type Stream Intake (no) 1 Collection Chamber (no) 4 Pipe Crossing up to 12m (no) 6 Pipe anchorage block (no) 100 Retaining Wall (no) 1 Roughnening Filter (Set) 1 (4 unit) Roughnening Filter 1 (1 unit) Slow Sand Filter (Set) 3 (2 unit) Slow sand filter for existing ( Mahavir I, II and Marche system ) 1 (2 unit) Reservoir Tank – 100 Cum (no) 2 Reservoir Tank – 75 Cum (no) 1 Reservoir Tank – 50 Cum (no) 3 Interruption Chamber (no) 11 Break Pressure Chamber (no) 7 Boundary Wall (Job) 250m and 100m Air /Washout Valve Chamber (no) 30 Control Valve Chamber (no) 32 Laboratory Building (no) 1 Guard house (no) 1

Pipe length (m) Transmission main (m) 13,870 Branch transmission main (m) 24,912 Distribution main new (m) 53,384 Distribution main (existing) 13,034 Pipe Size Transmission (Main and branch) DI (mm) 150- 200 GI (mm) 50- 100 HDPE 75- 225 Distribution main: HDPE (mm) 50- 225 GI (mm) 40- 100 DI (M) (mm) 150 HH fully plumb and yard connection (survey year) 3,234 Tap connection for poor HH (No.) 365 (1 connection for each HH) Institutional connection 146

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 19 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

12. Sanitation Component: Public Toilet(Nos.) 3 Storm drainage (m) 1,141 Procurement of plastic container 30 Procurement of tractor 1 Compound wall for dumping site(m) 275

13. Estimated project cost for water supply component (Nrs.) as per district rate 2069-2070: Total (including 10% physical contingencies, 5% price contingencies and 13% VAT): 378,588,455.4 Cost breakdown GoN (50%) 189,294,227.70 TDF loan (45%) 170,364,804.93 Community up front cash contribution (5%) 18,929,422.77 Per capita cost (Nrs.)

Base year: 19,064.78 Design year: 16,244.95

14. Estimated project cost for sanitation component agreed by WUSC (Nrs.) as per district rate 2069- 2070BS:

Total (including 10% physical contingencies, 5% price contingencies and 13% VAT):

22,571,814.63 Cost breakdown

GoN (85%): Nrs. 19,186,042.44 Contribution from Local bodies/ users (15%): Nrs. 3,385,772.19 15. Overall Sanitation Component Cost after Conceptual Design as per district rate 2069-2070BS:

Sewer system: Nrs. 101,631,851.57 Surface Drainage: Nrs. 132,612,765.54

2.3 SOURCE OF WATER

50. Surface water is potential and reliable water source for the project. Communities are fetching water through existing sources. The existing sources Chabhaiya, Mahavir I and Mahavir II are located at ward no. 5 of Shekha VDC and Marshe source located in . Augmentation of new Simali khola source is proposed for the project in existing sources. The proposed Simali khola source is situated about 13.2 km North East from the proposed treatment plant site and about 34.5 km from last distribution reservoir.

51. Augmentation of new water source in existing sources is found to be more reliable for the project, during the discussion on two alternative sources with WUSC members and the communities. The proposed and designed surface water source is deemed to be technically viable regarding the stability and source discharge. The WUSC members have given emphasis and chosen to use Simali Khola water instead of Arun River water and combination of Simali khola source augmentation in existing sources.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 20 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

2.4 WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES

52. Based upon the water quality and secondary data available in the surrounding of the service area, following treatment option has been proposed.

53. The surface water source is used in the new water supply system. The water quality of the streams varies from time to time at every rain and carries suspended solid, other organic and inorganic impurities based upon the water quality report of various period. The commonly used treatment plant for the stream sources has been adopted.

54. The water quality of the proposed sources are tested during various periods and found that the turbidity and faecal coli form are in higher side the NDWQS specified figure. The roughening filter will remove the load up to 50NTU, which is higher than the turbidity obtained in the test result. The slow sand filter removes bacteria exist in the water. Hence, roughening filter followed by slow sand filtration and disinfecting unit process has been proposed for water treatment in Simali khola system. Similarly, for the existing sources, roughening filter followed by slow sand filtration is designed for existing Mahavir-I, Mahavir –II and Marshe and disinfection is provided for them and Chabaiya spring source.

55. The bleaching powder will be dissolved in a soluble tank, which has been arranged before ground storage reservoir. The dose of the chlorine is to be adjusted depending upon the discharge in the pipe. After disinfection some part of the lime will be settled at the bottom of the ground storage reservoir as residue. This residue is removed through washout. The washout pipe will be connected with the natural drain

56. Bleaching powder 3.64kg / day and 4.27kg / day is necessary for the disinfection of water in base year and design year respectively.

2.5 SERVICE RESERVOIRS

57. The total storage requirement for the system at the end of the design period shall be about 700m3. Due to steep topography and settlement situated at scattered location, the system is designed by using multi reservoir concept, which was also adopted in the existing system. In total there are five existing reservoirs of each capacity 75,150, 100 and 100 m3 and they are situated at Jitpur, Jharithumka, Army camp, hospital respectively. All reservoirs are in good condition. Another one reservoir of 100 m3 has been recently constructed at down stream of the settlement. In addition, to the existing reservoir the new reservoirs of 50, 100, 75, 50, 100 and 50 m3 are proposed in Kuwapani, Army Camp, Piple, Chewa, Chyangkukti danda and Arunthan respectively. The storage reservoirs have been provided to store the filtered water while there is no use of water in the distribution system. The reservoirs are located at ten different locations. All reservoirs will supply the water in independent/ separate sub-service area

2.6 PIPE LINES

58. Alignments of the proposed pipe line have been fixed. The entire pipe line network follows the tracks and roads.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 21 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

2.7 OTHERS APPURTENANCE

2.7.1 Operator/ Chaukidar Quarter

59. A Operator/ Chaukidar quarter is designed at treatment plant site.

2.7.2 Laboratory Building cum WUSC Office Building

60. WUSC office has been proposed in the Khandbari town.

2.7.3 Chambers

61. These will comprise of valve chamber and Air/ Washout chamber in the pipe line system. In total, there are 62 nos valve chamber and Air/ Washout chamber are designed in the pipe line system

2.8 PROJECT ACTIVITIES

62. The major project activities are as below:  Construction of intake and its components  Construction of service reservoir  Construction of treatment plant  Laying and jointing of pipes  Excavation along the municipal road, along foot paths etc for laying of pipe.  Construction of WUSC office/Lab building/chaukidar house, Guard house etc.  Construction of Valve chambers, Pipe valve box and house connection  Conatruction of surface drainage & public latrine.

2.9 PATH FOR MOVEMENT IN PROJECT AREA WHERE PROJECT IS TO BE IMPLEMENTED

63. The project area is being connected at Hile of Dhankuta district on the Koshi Highway which is about 65 km from the project area and is connected with Basantpur in Terhathum district. Nearest market of the town project is Dharan which is about 110 km away and is connected by daily bus services from the Khandbari. The nearest airport is Tumlingtar and it takes 2 to 3 hours walk to reach Khandbari bazaar from the airport. There is daily flight service to and from Kathmandu.

2.10 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

64. The project will be constructed using mainly cement, boulder, sand, reinforcement steels, DI Pipe, GI Pipes, HDPE Pipes etc.

2.10.1 Construction of Intake

65. The Simali khola source has enough discharge of water, which will be easy for operation and maintenance in future. The proposed source has 50lps discharge excluding seepage water and is enough for proposed service area. Stream intake will be constructed in Simali Khola Source.

2.10.2 Construction of Service Reservoir

66. The total storage requirement for the system at the end of the design period shall be about 700m 3. Due to steep topography and settlement situated at scattered location, the system is

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 22 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

designed by using multi reservoir concept, which was also adopted in the existing system. In total there are five existing reservoirs of each capacity 75,150, 100 and 100 m3 and they are situated at Jitpur, Jharithumka, Army camp, hospital respectively. All reservoirs are in good condition. Another one reservoir of 100 m3 has been recently constructed at down stream of the settlement. In addition, to the existing reservoir the new reservoirs of 50, 100, 75, 50, 100 and 50 m3 are proposed in Kuwapani, Army Camp, Piple, Chewa, Chyangkukti danda and Arunthan respectively. The storage reservoirs have been provided to store the filtered water while there is no use of water in the distribution system. The reservoirs are located at ten different locations. All reservoirs will supply the water in independent/ separate sub-service area

2.10.3 Pipe Laying and Jointing Including Earthwork

67. The distribution system consists of pipe network designed by preparing the loop network system. The hydraulic design has been carried out accordingly. HDPE pipe of 50-225mm and GI pipe of 40-100mm, DI pipe of 150 mm dia have been proposed in the distribution system as per technical requirement and as suggestion of the community. The HDPE pipe above 4 kg/ cm2 types are used in the design. The total estimated pipe length of the proposed distribution system is 61,030 m. The proposed minimum size of the pipe is 50 mm HDPE and the maximum size is HDPE 225 mm.

68. The pipeline is designed by adding 10% extra length of actual one. However, the estimated distribution pipeline length is 66,318m including about 5% extra length in actual one.

2.10.4 Construction of House Connections

69. The household shall connect the tap to their household directly from main distribution pipe. The average 12m length of 15mm dia. Medium class GI pipe has been estimated up to meter for each HH connection. There are 1500 existing taps, the meter and pipe from distribution main to the meter has been replaced by new one. The meter shall be kept near and adjoining the compound of the houses. After meter, each HH should extend the pipe them selves as they desire. The necessary fittings have been designed.

70. Three types of tap stands have been designed for the project. At the end of the design period, it is anticipated that about 89.4% of the total household shall have fully plumbed, 10% of the total household shall be served through yard connection and remaining 0.40% of the total household shall use water from tap connection for poor households. There will be total 4517 including fully plumb, yard taps for poor households. This also includes 146 institutional taps at the end of design year.

2.10.5 Raw Materials to be Used

71. Sand, Gravel, river pebbles and wood will be used as raw materials. The required sand, gravel and river pebbles will be used from the quarry site located at Sabha Khola. Other materials include cement, reinforcement steel, HDPE pipe and GI pipe will be procured from the Dharan. DI pipe will be procured in Kathmandu market. All the construction materials require for the construction work are available in above said market in required quantity. Construction materials will be stored in proposed land for reservoir.

2.11 DETAILS OF TECHNOLOGY

72. The following design parameters have been considered for the design of the water supply system.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 23 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

System:  24 hours operational  Gravity system surface water source (Intake) to Treatment plant and to reservoir  Distribution system will be operated by gravity flow

Consumption Pattern: Percentage of daily Hours demand 05:00 – 07:00 25 07:00 – 12:00 30 12:00 – 17:00 15 17:00 – 19:00 15 19:00 – 05:00 15

Peak factor: 3.0

Design Period: 15 years . Water Demand: S Type of Demand Recommended Demand 1. Fully plumbed connections 90 lpcd 2. Yard connections 65 lpcd 3. Community taps 45 lpcd 4. Non domestic demand consists of rental/ floating population, 10% of domestic institutional demand, commercial demand, fire fighting demand

73. For the design purpose, 10% of total water demand has been considered for wastage, leakage or uncounted water use as specified in SSTWSSSP guidelines Pressure and Velocity Minimum residual head of 8-10: at all service nodes Velocity: at least 0.2 m/sec Pipe materials: DI, GI & HDPE

(Source: Detailed Project Report of Khandbari Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project, 2013)

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 24 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Chapter III: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 PHYSICAL RSOURCES

3.1.1 Topography

74. The service area of Khandbari town project lies in Khandbari Municipality, the district headquarter, which is situated in Sankhuwasabha district of Koshi Zone of the Eastern Development Region of Nepal. Geographically the project area lies in 87°05‟ E longitude and 27°54' N latitude to 87°35‟ E longitude and 27°18' N latitude. It is surrounded by Dhupu VDC and Pangma Khola in the east, Arun River and Sitalpati VDC in the west, Diding VDC and Machchhe Pokhari VDC in the north and Sabha River and Arun River confluence in the south.

75. Topographically, the project area lies within Nepal's hill region, which lies at the Northen belt of the country above 400m to 2186m above mean sea level (amsl).

3.1.2 Geology and Soil

76. The project area has a complex geology developed from intense folding that has occurred in the Middle Hills. The area between Tumlingtar and Khandbari consists of phyllites and chlorite- muscovite-biotite-garnetiferous schist with quartz lenses.

77. The topsoil contains more clay with less micaeous material. The Tumlingtar terrace contains alluvial soil with good textures suitable for agriculture than Khandbari.

3.1.2 Climate and Rainfall

78. A remarkable variation in altitude, ranging from the lowest point (Arun river) at 328 m above mean sea level (amsl) to the highest point (Chhyangkuti) at 2,184 m amsl has provided that the Khandbari has full range of climatic variation such that within a one-day trek in the area, almost all types of climatic conditions representing the three ecological zones of Nepal can be experienced.

79. Temperatures are depended on variation in temperature. The normal altitudinal decline is 0.6°C per 100m elevation difference. The dominant feature of the climate is summer monsoon starting from July till September. The area experiences a range of climates ranging from tropical (<1000m) to sub-tropical (1000- 2000m). The total annual average rainfall in Tumlingtar is 1,198mm and 4,000mm in Num at an elevation of 1497m amsl.

80. The town of Khandbari receives an average of 200 - 250mm of rain during the monsoon and 70mm in the winter. The maximum and minimum temperatures of the town are 30.550C and 12.880C, respectively while the winter temperatures range from a maximum of 22.20C to a minimum of 8.330C.

3.1.3 Air Quality

81. The air pollution sources in the project area includes vehicular emission, smoke emitted from biomass burning/cooking, and agricultural farming practices. There are no significant industrial activities in the area and the dust from agricultural activities is only seasonal and neutralizes naturally after some time. Therefore fugitive dust pollution due to various man-made activities is the major contributor in deteriorating air quality in the town.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 25 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

3.1.4 Water Resources

Surface Water and Quality

82. Arun, Sabha and Sankhuwa are the main perennial river of Sankhuwasabha district. Beside these there are several small rivers that flow around the project area and they are drain directly into Arun River. They are featured with braided channels with sand and boulder beds with occasional high sediments loads. Discharge is seasonally determined being highest at the end of the wet season when maximum ground saturation produces high runoff yields. The test result of quality of water varies at season to season.

83. A number of other large and small gravity water supply system are serving different market centres and villages different wards of Khandbar. Mahavir khola is the main water source of water supply to Khandbari Bazaar. Many of the sources for smaller systems are supplied by Pangma Khola, Chavaiya Khola, Dhadevi Khola, Charchare Khola, Simkharka spring, and Sim Khola

3.2 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES

3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas

84. The proposed Khandbari Water Supply & Sanitation Project is not designated site of nature conservation interest and there are no other such ecologically important sites within the project area. The nearest National Park is Makalu Barun National Park, which is around 40km North- West of Khandbari

3.2.2 Forests

85. Two community forests are reported to fall within the project area. The pipe alignment has avoided passing through community forest.

Table 3.1: Types of forest S.No. Community Forest Location Remarks 1 Gidde Khandbari 2 Harisidhhi Khandbari

Flora 86. The Municipality lies in the tropical and sub-tropical zones. The tropical zone (below 1,000 amsl) is characterised by sal (Shorea robusta) while the sub-tropical zone (1,000 to 2,000 amsl) is dominated by broad-leaved species (Hill sal, Schima-Castanopis, and mixed broadleaf forest). Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) is found in the upper ridges.

87. The species found are Siris (Albizia procera), Bakaino (Melia azederach), groves of Bamboo (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii), chilaune (Schima wallichii), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), utis (Alnus nepalensis), harro (Terminalia chebula), barro (Terminalia belerica), chaap (Michelia champaca), panisaj (Terminalia myricocarpa), katus (Castanopsis indica), okher (Juglans regia) and rudrakshya (Elaeocarpus sphaericus).

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 26 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

88. Sal (Shorea robusta) and chaap (Michelia champaca) are trees, which are banned for felling, transportation and export for commercial purposes. Only the bark of Okher (Juglans regia) is banned for collection, use, sale, distribution, transportation and export.

89. Bakaino and Siris species are used as fodder, fuel wood and timber. Fruit trees nearby settlements are Kera (Musa paradisiacal), and Katahar (artocarpus integra).

90. Stinging nettle (Urtica parviflora) is used to weave cloth in the area.

Fauna

91. The commonly found mammals, birds and reptiles in the project are as follows:

 Wildlife

92. Most wildlife species have disappeared from the project area due to the growth of population and destruction of wildlife habitat. Only a number of opportunistic species are found in the vicinity of the project area. The commonly found wildlife species in the area as information provided by the locals are Jackal (Canis aureus), Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis), Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), Hanuman langur (Presbites entellus), Jungle cat (Felis chaus), Dhole (Cuon lurtra), Squirrel (Fanambulus sps), Jungle rat (Bandicota indica), Swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli),

 Birds

93. Black shouldered Kite (Enalus caereleus), Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Great barbet (Meghalaima virens), Indian moor hen (Gallunila chloropus), Pigmy goose (Nettapus coromandeeliarnus) Whiet breasted kingfisher (Halcyon smyntensi), Stork-billed kingfisher (Pelargopsis indicus), Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii), Purple Heron (Ardea purperea), Large golden-backed woodpecker (Chrysocolaptes lucidus), Gray tit (Parus major), Jungle babbler (Tudoides striatus), Pin tail duck (Anal acuta), Jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos), Spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis) etc. are some common species of birds found in the project area.

 Reptiles

94. The common species of reptiles found in the area are green lizard (Calo tesversicolor), common monitor lizard (Vranus bengalensis), green pit viper (Trimeresrus albolabris) and water snake (Ntrix stolata)

 Aquatic Species

95. The common species of fishes found in the Arun and Sabha River are given below:

96. Katle (Acrossocheilus sp), Asala (Schizopthroax sp) and Sahar (Tor sp) are the major fish species found in Arun and Sabha Khola. These rivers along with other small streams provide aquatic habtat in which small fish, frogs and a range of invertebrates are invariably found.

97. Regarding fishing in Induwa Khola, during the public consultation participants reported small scale fishing in the river for household consumption.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 27 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

3.3 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES

i) Population and communities

98. The permanent population of the delineated service area is estimated to be 19,188 in 3,599 HHs. The service area has been delineated in eight wards of the of Khandbari Municipality (Ward nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11 and 12) and some settlement of Diding and Machhepokhari village lies along transmission main. Among the eight ward of Municipality, ward no.1 of Khandbari Municipality hold the large number of population (27 percent) of the total population. Other remaining population are dwelling in other respected wards. The rental population of the project area are estimated to be 2403 which is situated at ward no 1 and 10. The population of the service area is estimated to be increasing at the annual rate of 1.15 percent which is less than the national average growth rate (2.6%) according to national census and average growth rate of Sankhuwasabha district (1.16.%) during 1991- 2001A.D. The surrounding village settlements are especially remote area of district. The decrease in population growth trend in project area is due to the migration of population from the district towards terai district and nearest the Terai district due to the difficulties to maintain their daily life though the people are economically sound. Transportation, communication, economic opportunities as well as school and college facilities for their children difficult livelihood situation of the hill are pulling factors for migration of people towards Khandbari from village and migration from Khandbari to nearest town and terai district. The Table 3.2 depicts the demographic information of delineated service area.

Table 3.2: Total population of delineated project area Total HHs & population of service area Total Popn Total Ward No. No. of Male Female Total Permanent Rental including HH HHs rental Size No % No % No % No % No % 767 2083 51.7 1948 48.3 4031 100.0 1803 75.0 5834 27.0 1 364 1019 51.3 968 48.7 1987 100.0 0.0 2 500 1348 50.3 1331 49.7 2679 100.0 2679 12.4 3 321 856 51.4 810 48.6 1666 100.0 1666 7.7 4 375 956 50.9 923 49.1 1879 100.0 1879 8.7 5 402 1133 50.8 1097 49.2 2230 100.0 600 25.0 2830 13.1 10 514 1461 51.9 1354 48.1 2815 100.0 2815 13.0 11 266 739 52.3 673 47.7 1412 100.0 1412 6.5 12 90 248 50.7 241 49.3 489 100.0 489 2.3 Chichila 3599 9843 51.3 9345 48.7 19188 100.0 2403 100.0 21591 100.0

Source: Households survey 2012

Population by Sex and Family Size

99. The total households and population in the service area are 3,599 and 19,188 (excluding rental population). Out of total population 48.7 percent are female. The male to female ratio of the beneficiary population is 1.05. The average family size in the project area is 5.3 which is less than district figure (i.e. based on 2008 projection). Table 3.3 shows that distribution of population by sex and family size.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 28 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Table 3.3: Distribution of population by sex and family size Total HHs & population of service area Ward Male Female Total Permanent No. No. of Total HH HHs No % No % No % Size 1 767 2083 51.7 1948 48.3 4031 100.0 5.3 2 364 1019 51.3 968 48.7 1987 100.0 5.5 3 500 1348 50.3 1331 49.7 2679 100.0 5.4 4 321 856 51.4 810 48.6 1666 100.0 5.2 5 375 956 50.9 923 49.1 1879 100.0 5.0 10 402 1133 50.8 1097 49.2 2230 100.0 5.5 11 514 1461 51.9 1354 48.1 2815 100.0 5.5 12 266 739 52.3 673 47.7 1412 100.0 5.3 Chichila 90 248 50.7 241 49.3 489 100.0 5.4 3599 9843 51.3 9345 48.7 19188 100.0 5.3 Source: Households survey 2012

ii) Health Facilities

100. The health facilities available in the project area are satisfactory. There is one government district hospital, two Healthpost, one Aayurbedhik Hospita and one health center run by the private organization called Astha Clinic. The infrastructure present in government hospital is not enough to provide quality services to the public.

iii) Educational Facilities

101. The literacy status explains here is based on household survey of the service area. The survey reveals that maximum numbers of the population i.e. 83.8 (excluding under age 5) percent are literate and 14.5 percent are illiterate.

102. It is cleared that population belong to secondary level of education is reported the highest (17%), followed by primary education (e.g. 15.1%), IA or +2 (9.4%) as compared the population having SLC passed (e.g. 16.6%) and Bachelor degree (7.6%). Survey reveals that just literate population is reported to be only 15.9%. Population achieved master degree of education is found only 2.1% of the total sampled households. The large number of population found under the illiterate category 14.5%. The education status of the service area has been presented in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Distribution of population by educational status Distribution of population by educational status Age Group W.No.1 W.No.2 W.No.3 W.No.4 W.No.5 W.No.10 W.No. 11 W.No. 12 Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Under age 2 8.7 3 13.0 3 13.0 0.0 8 34.8 6 26.1 1 4.3 0.0 23 1.7

Illiterate 37 18.8 12 6.1 16 8.1 7 3.6 39 19.8 27 13.7 26 13.2 33 16.8 197 14.5 Just literate 41 18.9 4 1.8 21 9.7 15 6.9 22 10.1 47 21.7 36 16.6 31 14.3 217 15.9 Primary 41 20.0 26 12.7 30 14.6 15 7.3 36 17.6 17 8.3 26 12.7 14 6.8 205 15.1 Secondary 36 15.5 19 8.2 24 10.3 10 4.3 49 21.1 25 10.8 42 18.1 27 11.6 232 17.0 SLC 70 31.0 32 14.2 25 11.1 3 1.3 23 10.2 18 8.0 33 14.6 22 9.7 226 16.6 IA 40 31.3 8 6.3 29 22.7 4 3.1 3 2.3 18 14.1 13 10.2 13 10.2 128 9.4 BA 22 21.2 5 4.8 15 14.4 6 5.8 8 7.7 6 5.8 21 20.2 21 20.2 104 7.6 MA 5 17.2 1 3.4 1 3.4 4 13.8 2 6.9 3 10.3 9 31.0 4 13.8 29 2.1

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 29 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Other 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 1 0.1

Total 294 182.5 110 70.5 164 107.4 64 46.1 190 130.5 168 218.7 207 140.9 165 103.4 1362 100.0

Source: Households survey 2012

103. The project area is facilitated and served by sixteen secondary schools including 4 boarding schools and one multiple campus. Among these, schools are located in ward number 11, 10 of Khandbari Municipality. These educational institutions teach 4201 students by engaging 167 teachers and 21 administrative staffs. Among these teacher and staff 36.60 percent are female shown in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5: Wards-wise distribution of educational institutions Status of Existing School / Student Teacher Staff Total Toilet water source SN W. no. Hostel/ Types Type of Liter/ College Name Fem. Male Total Fem. Male Total Fem. Male Total Fem. Male Total Pour flash source day

1 2 Shree Alapa Mavi 300 100 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 100 400 0 0 0

Shree Panchakanya 2 5 26 15 42 2 1 3 0 0 0 28 16 44 Dhara 8000 1 Secondary Chachala Shan Shaian Grand 3 10 English School 363 329 702 6 20 26 3 3 6 372 352 724 7000 6 Water Pitara Tole Mangala Davi 4 10 School Tin 112 85 197 5 7 12 0 1 1 117 93 210 Dhara 500 3 Pokhari Adirsha Higher 5 11 secondary school 200 190 390 6 7 13 2 1 3 208 198 406 Tubewell 1000 0 Pipley Loktantra 6 11 Seconndary 22 18 40 1 1 2 0 0 0 23 19 42 Tubewell 50 0 Ratmatebagar Adirsha Higher secondary school 7 11 190 160 350 4 7 11 1 1 2 195 168 363 Tubewell 100 4 Biddhamandar Patkhagau Sitala Secondary 8 11 39 33 72 3 3 6 0 0 0 42 36 78 Tubewell 350 0 Airchlaya 9 11 Barun Campus 450 350 800 3 25 28 6 0 6 459 375 834 Tubewell 4000 0 Barun Secondary 10 11 300 200 500 8 12 20 2 0 2 310 212 522 Tubewell 6000 0 School Airun Viu Bording 11 Baradada 32 55 87 3 4 7 0 0 0 35 59 94 Paip Line 250 1 School Bhotebas Shree Daaurali GharaBat 12 45 52 97 2 4 6 0 0 0 47 56 103 250 2 2 Secondary a Chiple Shree Cahildran GharaBat 13 26 25 51 2 3 5 0 0 0 28 28 56 100 2 Gaun Secondry a Chumaya Shree Kalika 14 125 115 240 6 9 15 0 0 0 131 124 255 Paip Line 300 2 Tole Mavi School Shree 15 Diding 2 Sishukalran 22 19 41 1 3 4 0 1 1 23 23 46 Mul Dhsrs 100 2 Secondary Majhi Kunina Bording Ghara 16 97 95 192 3 6 9 0 0 0 100 101 201 300 7 Gaun School Bata Total 2349 1841 4201 55 112 167 14 7 21 2418 1960 4378

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 30 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

iv) Socio-economic conditions

Community Structure

104. According to household survey, the survey reveals that the service area has mixed major cast and ethnic compositions. Basically, the service area's dominant ethnic groups are Rai/ Limbu. Each cast groups have own ritual, customs, tradition, culture and nature of occupation. These made their daily life easier and different. The Indigenous group (Janajati= Newar, Magar, Rai, Gurung, Tamang) are the main ethnic group of the service area represents 56.2 percent of the total households. Similarly, Brahmin/ Chhetri represents 29.9 percent, Dalit/ Kami/ Sarki represents 10 Percent and other represents 4 percent. The Table 3.6 provide the overall view of ward wise ethnic information.

Table 3.6: Distribution of households & population by cast/ethnic, dalit etc. groups

1 2 3 4 5 10 Cast HH % Pop % HH % Pop % HH % Pop % HH % Pop % HH % Pop % HH % Pop %

Brahmin/ Chheetri 187 17.4 1029 18.0 167 15.5 921 16.1 217 20.2 1125 19.6 15 1.4 78 1.4 9 0.8 36 0.6 130 12.1 712 12.4 Janajati 452 22.2 2326 21.6 131 6.4 705 6.5 234 11.5 1277 11.9 289 14.2 1452 13.5 328 16.1 1656 15.4 231 11.3 1280 11.9 Dalit 76 21.8 424 22.1 60 17.2 327 17.1 35 10.0 198 10.3 5 1.4 27 1.4 18 5.2 91 4.8 23 6.6 138 7.2 Other 52 37.4 310 40.4 6 4.3 34 4.4 14 10.1 79 10.3 12 8.6 51 6.6 20 14.4 96 12.5 18 12.9 100 13.0 Total 767 21.3 4089 21.3 364 10.1 1987 10.4 500 13.9 2679 14.0 321 8.9 1608 8.4 375 10.4 1879 9.8 402 11.2 2230 11.6

11 12 15 Grand Total Cast HH % Pop % HH % Pop % HH % Pop % HH % Pop %

Brahmin/ Chheetri 271 25.2 1442 25.2 75 7.0 376 6.6 3 0.3 12 0.2 1074 29.8 5731 29.9 Janajati 148 7.3 841 7.8 140 6.9 780 7.2 84 4.1 458 4.3 2037 56.6 10775 56.2 Dalit 89 25.5 497 26.0 40 11.5 194 10.1 3 0.9 19 1.0 349 9.7 1915 10.0 Other 6 4.3 35 4.6 11 7.9 62 8.1 0.0 0.0 139 3.9 767 4.0

Total 514 14.3 2815 14.7 266 7.4 1412 7.4 90 2.5 489 2.5 3599 100.0 19188 100.0

Family Structure 105. The population of the service area has been categorised into four major groups. Population of age below 5 years is found 6.2 percent which are the population of infants or children. Population belongs to age group between 6- 15 years is to be about 17.1 percent which is also considered as a population of school children. More than two-third ( 70.9 percent) population belongs to age group 16- 60 years, which is economically active population. Population of age 60 years and above is reported only about 5.9%. It means more than a quarter population of the service area is dependent and they are not contributing household income. The sampled survey found that nearly (e.g. 23.3 %) population is dependent and they are economically inactive. The Table 3.7 depicts the age wise population in the service area.

Table 3.7: Distribution of population by age group < 5 6-9 10-15 16 - 39 40 - 59 60 + Ward Total no. No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % 1 13 4.4 22 7.5 36 12.2 130 44.2 74 25.2 19 6.5 294 100.0 2 2 1.8 2 1.8 15 13.6 60 54.5 26 23.6 5 4.5 110 100.0 3 12 7.3 12 7.3 15 9.1 70 42.7 47 28.7 8 4.9 164 100.0 4 4 6.3 3 4.7 8 12.5 28 43.8 17 26.6 4 6.3 64 100.0

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 31 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

5 13 6.8 20 10.5 28 14.7 78 41.1 41 21.6 10 5.3 190 100.0 10 6 3.6 6 3.6 16 9.5 93 55.4 35 20.8 12 7.1 168 100.0 11 14 6.8 9 4.3 21 10.1 104 50.2 49 23.7 10 4.8 207 100.0 12 20 12.1 8 4.8 12 7.3 74 44.8 39 23.6 12 7.3 165 100.0 Total 84 6.2 82 6.0 151 11.1 637 46.8 328 24.1 80 5.9 1362 100.0

Level of Income 106. Among the total household 33 percent have monthly income is above Nrs. 15,001, 10.1 percent of household have monthly income below Nrs. 4000, 5.5 percent households monthly income lies between Nrs. 4001-6000, 26.3 percent between Nrs. 6001-10,000, 23.4 percent lies between Nrs. 10001-15000 and 1.7 percent households did not responded their monthly income. The average income of households among the four wards is above Nrs 16,258.96 per month. The monthly income of HHs in service area is given in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8: Distribution of household income Wards. Monthly income Total W.No. 1 W.No. 2 W.No. 3 W.No. 4 W.No. 5 W.No. 10 W.No. 11 W.No. 12 Chihila levels (Rs.) No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Less than 4,000 10 2.7 144 39.5 8 2.2 85 23.3 90 24.7 5 1.4 15 4.1 6 1.6 2 0.5 365 10.1 4,001 - 6000 5 2.5 55 27.6 16 8.0 50 25.1 45 22.6 18 9.0 2 1.0 7 3.5 1 0.5 199 5.5 6001 - 10,000 52 5.5 115 12.2 135 14.3 64 6.8 127 13.4 110 11.6 250 26.4 72 7.6 21 2.2 946 26.3 10,001 - 15,000 117 13.9 21 2.5 189 22.4 43 5.1 78 9.3 163 19.4 133 15.8 76 9.0 22 2.6 842 23.4 Above 15,001 539 45.4 25 2.1 146 12.3 79 6.7 35 2.9 106 8.9 108 9.1 105 8.8 44 3.7 1187 33.0 44 73.3 4 6.7 6 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 10.0 0.0 0.0 60 1.7 Not respondent Total 767 21.3 364 10.1 500 13.9 321 8.9 375 10.4 402 11.2 514 14.3 266 7.4 90 2.5 3599 100.0

107. The household expenditures concentrate mainly in food, education and cloth for family. In these area of expenditure 15.4 percent of total households spend less than Nrs.4000 per month where as 34.3 percent HH spend between Nrs. 6001- 10000 per month, 15.3 percent spend between Nrs.10001- 15000 per month, 11.9 percent HH spend between Nrs. 4001 to 6000 per month and 21.5 HH have expenditure more than Nrs.15001per month. Similarly, 1.6 percent HHs were not response their monthly expenditure.

108. According to HH survey, surveyed HHs has good income and expenses balance. However, some HHs has average monthly saving. The groups of households earn more than Nrs.10,000 - 15,000 and above Nrs. 15,001 per month. Among these households, 20.4 percent HHs have saving balance Nrs. 10,000 monthly. The Table 3.9 shows the monthly expenditure level of surveyed household.

Table 3.9: Distribution of HHs by monthly expenditure Not 10001- 15001 1-4000 4000 - 6000 6001 -10000 Grand Total Wards responded 15000 Above Nos % Nos % Nos % Nos % Nos % Nos % Nos % 1 42 5.5 19 2.5 55 7.2 120 15.7 98 12.8 431 56.3 765 100.0 2 4 1.1 219 60.2 78 21.4 52 14.3 5 1.4 6 1.6 364 100.0 3 6 1. 2 15 3.0 71 14.2 215 43.0 125 25.0 68 13.6 500 100.0 4 0. 0 85 26.5 54 16.8 108 33.6 37 11.5 37 11.5 321 100.0 5 0.0 158 42.1 90 24.0 95 25.3 21 5.6 11 2.9 375 100.0 10 0.0 35 8.7 65 16.2 165 41.0 99 24.6 38 9.5 402 100.0 11 5 1.0 14 2.7 2 0.4 327 63.9 91 17.8 73 14.3 512 100.0 12 0.0 7 2.6 6 2.3 130 48.9 54 20.3 69 25.9 266 100.0

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 32 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Chichila 0.0 2 2.2 6 6.7 22 24.4 21 23.3 39 43.3 90 100.0 57 1.6 554 15.4 427 11.9 1234 34.3 551 15.3 772 21.5 3595 100.0 Source: Households survey 2012.

v) Physical or Cultural Heritage

109. The project area has no physical or cultural heritage and archaeologically important monument and object of art. However, some temples are situated in the project area and during important religious occasions, people visit these temples. The popular festivals of the service area are Dashain, Tihar,

vi) Employment

110. The sampled household survey shows that out of the total population most of them are engaged in agriculture activities. It is an internal household‟s occupation which is carryout by their elder. In spite of, they are managed their monthly income through various source. The occupation of the beneficiaries were analysed on the basis of a single main activity of the household, accordingly 58.1 percent of the households have agriculture as a main occupation followed by trade/ business (17.1 percent), service (12.4 percent), wage earning or daily wage labour( 1.9 percent), remittance (2.3 percent), producing industries (1.9 percent) and other not specific (6.2 percent). Large number of households (e.g. 41.9 percent) reported that they have multiple source of income and have more than one occupation. The Table 3.10 shows the source of income in the service area households.

Table 3.10: Occupational status of whole family member by wards Ward no. Occupation 1 2 3 4 5 10 11 12 Grand Total No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % Agriculture 21 14.0 20 13.3 13 8.7 8 5.3 20 13.3 22 14.7 27 18.0 19 12.7 150 58.1 Trade/Busi ness 21 47.7 2 4.5 6 13.6 3 6.8 1 2.3 7 15.9 2 4.5 2 4.5 44 17.1 Service 8 25.0 1 3.1 9 28.1 1 3.1 2 6.3 4 12.5 3 9.4 4 12.5 32 12.4 Industry 1 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 20.0 0.0 3 60.0 0.0 5 1.9 Remittance 1 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 16.7 2 33.3 2 33.3 6 2.3 Wage labour 4 80.0 0.0 0.0 1 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5 1.9 Others 1 6.3 0.0 3 18.8 0.0 11 68.8 1 6.3 0.0 0.0 16 6.2 Grand Total 57 22.1 23 8.9 31 12.0 13 5.0 35 13.6 35 13.6 37 14.3 27 10.5 258 100.0 Source: Households survey 2012.

vii) Slums and Squatter Settlements

111. No slums and squatter settlements exist within project area.

3.4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH

3.4.1 Land Use

112. The project core area is market area densely constructed building side by side along both sides of the rural road. These are densely populated area of the service area and are the prime movers of the proposed project. The main trade and economic activities carried out here. The Khandbari

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 33 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Bazaar is surrounded by the rural settlements and adjoined with the Bazaar. The rural settlement is growing up purely to the residential type of settlement and is scattered situated at distant from each other. These settlements are moderately habilitated which could turn into residential settlement within the project completion period.

113. About 67% of the total land in the proposed service area is covered with cultivated land, residential area comprised about 22%, residential and commercial 12,75% followed by institutional area 0.25%.

3.4.2 Infrastructure

i) Transportation

114. The project area is being connected at Hile of Dhankuta district on Koshi Highway which is about 65 km from the project area and it is also connected with Basantpur in Terhathum district. Nearest market of the town project is Dharan which is about 110 km away and is connected by daily bus services from the Khandbari.

115. The nearest airport is Tumlingtar from where daily flights from Kathmandu provide their service and takes 2 to 3 hours walk to reach Khandbari bazaar from the airport. There is daily flight to and from Kathmandu.

ii) Drinking Water Supply

116. There is existing piped water supply system in the proposed service areahas limited water and situated at various location needs more cost for the rehabilitation of intake, transmission main and separate treatment plant require due to their location.

3.4.3 Surface Drainage, Sanitation & Sewerage

117. There is no water logging due to sufficient cross section area of drain and outlets available. No water logging is apparent in rainy season. There is ample space and are sufficient outlet points to drain off the storm water naturally. The core area of project has storm drains facility. This drain is working perfectly and does not need further surface drains facility in that area. Further 1,141m surface drain has been decided by WUSC in new service area.

118. The Khandbari Municipality operates the solid waste collection and its disposal service. Solid waste is regularly collected from various parts of the urban areas and is disposed off on the vacant lands. There is no proper system for solid waste separation and disposal. Solid waste needs to be separated and the residue properly disposed off. This requires a location for sorting of the solid waste and disposal locations.

119. There is no separate sewerage system in the proposed service area. But, most of the households in the main market areas have in house or on-premise latrine with soak pits. Latrine with septic tank has been constructed in an average 86.8% HHs. Similarly, there is one public toilet at Tudhikhel, Khandbari bazaar, but it is not properly used. Therefore, DSC has explained the concept and modality of the project for the construction of sanitation activities.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 34 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

3.4.4 Electricity

120. Electrical facility is available in the project area and is connected with national grid system of Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA).

3.4.5 Communications

121. All kind of communication facilities are available in the project area. Khandbari has proper facility of telephone and mobile phone services that include GSM, CDMA and sky mobile. Majority of people living in and around project area have television in their home. Project area facilitated by different national daily news papers like Kantipur, Rising Nepal, Gorakhapatra, Rajdhani etc. There is also good facility of postal service in the district.

3.4.6 Economic Characteristics

3.3.6.1 Industries

122. There are no major types of industries in and around the proposed project area except some small scale or cottage industries operating within the project area. Some of them are as follows:  Rice Mil: 10 nos  Iron Grill Workshop: 2 nos  Machinery Workshop: 4 nos  Bangur Farm (Pig Farm): 1 nos  Poultry Farm: 2 nos  Brick and Tile: 1 nos  Noddles Factory: 1 nos

3.4.6.2 Agricultural development

123. The major occupation of the people of project area is agriculture. Variety of food crops is grown. The major crops produced are paddy, wheat, pulse, maize and seasonal vegetables. These products are extensively used for household consumption. Commercial agro products include cardamom and ginger in significance. Vegetables and fruits (Orange, Junar and Lemon) are also sources of agro-based income. Cattle and sheep are also sources of livestock farming in the project area.

3.4.6.3 Mineral development

124. There is no mineral development activity prevalent in the area.

3.4.6.4 Tourism development

125. The proposed project area lies in the route of Makalu expedition. Hence it has great opportunities for the development of the tourism industries. It is a good tourist destination for internal as well as external tourist

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 35 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

3.4.6.5 Development Organisations

126. There are numerous organizations that are working in the development sector. Following are the some of the development organisation currently working in the Khandbari Town for different developmental issues in the district.  Water Supply and Sanitation Sub-division Office  Urban and Building Construction Department Division Office  Irrigation Division Office  Road Department  District Technical Office  District Development Committee's Office  Nepal Telecommunication Office  Nepal Electricity Authority Office  District Administration Office  District Police Office  Nepal Army  District Agriculture Office  Women Development Office  District Forest Office  Khandbari Municipality Office  Nepal Red Cross Society Office  Welfare Center  FM Station

3.4.7 Major Environmental Problems

127. Some of the major environmental problems prevalent in the project area are:  Lack of safe and adequate drinking water supply.  Lack of landfill side for solid waste management.  There is no enough drainage system to drain out storm water from some of the places of service area.

3.4.8 Health and Sanitation

128. As the local people are dependent on untreated water supplied through surface water which could be easily contaminated; water borne diseases are most common in the area.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 36 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Chapter IV: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

129. Environmental impacts on physical, biological and socio–economic and cultural aspect are identified and predicted based on the existing environment condition with respect to the proposed project interventions in terms of their magnitude, duration and their extent during pre-construction, construction and operation & maintenance phase.

130. The impacts are not necessarily always negative; some impacts could be positive and beneficial as well. The implementation of the project will have several beneficial impacts to the people of Khandbari municipality, Sankhuwasabha district. The attempt is to augment the positive impact and remove or minimize the negative impacts by applying suitable mitigation measures.

131. The local people will benefit from safe and sufficient supply of drinking water and have improved sanitary situation. It also creates the employment opportunities to the local community at construction period. All this will significantly raise the living standard of the people in the Khandbari Municipality.

132. The proposed Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will have only minor negative impacts on the physical, biological and socio-cultural aspects of the area. The impacts are mostly local in nature and can be easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and regular monitoring schedules. Some of these impacts are described below:

4.1 WATER SUPPLY

4.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase

4.1.1.1 Environmental Impacts Due to Project Location and Design

133. The potential adverse impacts due to the project design have been found to be non-significant. There could be some issues related to project location and design such as encroachment of forest area and effect on agricultural land. However, no forest area is encroached and no cutting of any trees is required. The land not to be procured for construction of major structures such as intake, treatment plant and reservoir. Thus there is insignificant impact on the agricultural productivity of the area. Since the location and areas of the major structures have been decided in consultation with the WUSC (the required areas have been managed by WUSC), the chances of conflict due to location of the project components are minimal

134. To avoid the risk of pollution of raw water supply and water distributed to the users; the system has to be designed in such a way that there is adequate protection of the intake and storage tanks and the distribution pipe has to be located away from the drains to avoid the contamination of water being supplied.

135. There could be risk associated with excessive abstraction of surface water which could eventually cause land subsidence. The design will ensure that the abstraction rate doesn‟t exceed the safe yield and only required amount of water is tapped from the existing and proposed sources.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 37 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

4.1.2 Construction Phase

4.1.2.1 Environmental Impacts Due to Project Construction

Physical Environment

136. The project will have impacts on physical environment of the project site at all three stages. As the size of structures proposed for water supply system the impacts do not seem to be significant.

137. The major physical environmental issues identified are briefly presented below in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Physical environmental issues and impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase

Land use  Change in land use (water supply D Site Long L C & O structures)  Change in land use (pipelines) D Site Short L C Erosion, land  Soil erosion D Site Long L C stability &  Slope failure D Site Long L C geology

Water, Soil  Water and soil pollution due to D Regional Long L C & O quality and improper disposal of toxic and Hydrology non-toxic wastes D Regional Long L C & O  Leakage and disposal oil and grease Water Quality  Water pollution due to earthwork I Local Long L & M C activities  Littering of solid waste D Local Medium L & M O

Air Quality  Air pollution due to movement of D Local Short L C & O project vehicles  Air pollution due to dust particles  Air pollution due to operation of D Site Short L C & O Pumps & Diesel Generator D Local Medium L C & O Noise and  Noise & vibration due to project D Local Short L C Vibration vehicular movement  Noise pollution due to operation of Pumps & Diesel Generator D Site Medium L C & O

Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts

i) Change in Land use pattern

138. Land proposed for the construction of Intake, reservoir and treatment plant, which cause land use pattern to be changed permanently. Similarly, the land use pattern will be change during laying of transmission and distribution pipelines, which will be temporary and insignificants. Besides these all the major structures of the propose project will be constructed on public land. Similarly, pipe lines are aligned along the public property like roads, footpath and will reinstated after the laying the same. Thus during the construction and operation phase no remarkable impact on land is expected. The change in land use pattern is temporary and expected insignificant

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 38 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

ii) Erosion, Soil Stability and Geology

139. The proposed system is based on the augmentation of water quantity by exploring new surface water source and use of existing surface water sources into treatment plant and ground storage water tank. Earth excavation work for pipe laying is to be carried out in small stretch (max 500m at a time), excavated soil will be used for back filling of trench. Therefore, erosion and soil instability are not expected to occur and inverse impact on geology is not expected during the construction activities of the proposed project. But the possibility of falling of children and cattle into trench during the laying of pipeline is expected and has to be avoided.

140. Mitigation measures: To avoid this, care will be taken while earth/treanch excavation, so that there will be minimal disturbance and excavated soil needs to be properly backfilled and disposed against erosion and reuse of excavated soil. The loss of topsoil will be minimized as far as possible and reuse the soil to create a balance.

iii) Water, Soil Quality and Hydrology

141. The excavation and construction spoils are the major products of the construction activity. In addition to construction wastes, the labour camps and their sanitary activity will also generate unwanted waste. The construction wastes and spoils may have adverse implications on adjoining water sources. Possible activities, which may influence the surface water and soil quality include:  Improper disposal of solid waste from construction work force camp and construction yard.  Leakage and disposal of oil and grease from the construction equipment.  Increase in sediments due to triggering of erosion by earthwork excavations.

142. These could eventually affect the water and soil quality, even though the changes are temporary and last during the construction period only. There is no remarkable and inverse impact on hydrology is expected during the construction period. There may be problems due to mismanaged sludge generated after the water treatment.

143. Mitigation measures: Safe disposal of excavation soil, prohibition on littering and discharge of toxic and non-toxic waste, prohibition on leakage of oil and grease, provision of sealed container for collection of toxic waste and regular surface monitoring will be carried out. The waste generated from the construction activities like the emptied container, cement bags, spent fuels will be collected separately and disposed off to the solid waste collecting tractor.The sludge generated will not be toxic as there are no chemicals being used in the water treatment. It will be properly handled and disposed off to create a better environment.

iv) Air Quality

144. The trucks and tractors that will be used for the transportation of construction materials. The vehicular movement for construction purposes, excavation and other construction activity may release dust and particular matters. Crushers and other mechanical equipment will emit some quantity of dust and smoke. Increase in suspended particular matters, increase in fugitive dust particles during construction and increase in vehicular movement for construction purposes will have negative impacts on air quality in the project area.There may be pollution due to solid waste generated from the workers camp and construction activities. However, all these effects will be temporary and will last during construction period only.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 39 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

145. Mitigation measures: Provisions of emission testing equipment, restriction on waste littering, use of masks, spraying of water to control dust, air quality monitoring. Water will be sprinkled at regular intervals so that the dusts settle down and regular maintenance of the equipment and vehicles will be carried out. The open burning of solid waste generated from the workers camp and construction activites will be completely banned.

v) Noise and Vibration

146. Noise induced from vehicular movement for construction purposes and use of mechanical equipment may have some impact to the workers but not much to the local community. The proposed project does not consider blasting; 24-hours of works on shift and use of excessive heavy machineries and equipment are not involved. It means that the noise and vibration levels over the existing ones do not seem to be significant and all these effects will be temporary and will last for the construction period only.

147. Mitigation measures: Provisions of restriction on horns, maintenance of equipment, fitting of mufflers to noisy equipment, speed restriction etc.

148. There is surface drainage facility in some of the bazaar area of proposed service area, Besides these WUSC has decided to construct 1,141m of surface drain in the proposed service area. Most of household have toilet with septic tank for the management of human excreta. Therefore, there will be no inverse impact due to the waste water.

vii) Spoil Disposal and Quarry Site

149. No major excavation work will be required in proposed water supply project. Major earth excavation is require during the pipe laying work. The excavated soil will be used for the backfilling of the trenches. Besides these, earthwork is require during the construction of reservoir ad treatment plant and reservoir, which is low in magnitude.

150. Mitigation measures: Excavated soil will be reused properly during backfilling with well compaction and surplus excavated soil will be safely disposed in designated place.

Biological Environment

151. The potential environmental impact of the project on local flora and fauna during construction and post construction phases will be low as the activities do not involve clearing of trees and vegetation, grazing land and fertile agricultural lands. Site clearance is required during laying of pipeline and construction of service reservoir sites. However, those impacts are for short period only during the construction period.

152. Since this project has been designed as ground water system, the, above mentioned environmental impact regarding the aqua-species is non-significant. But there are some potential impacts, which illustrated in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Biological environmental issues and impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase Vegetation  Loss of vegetation for clearance of sites D Site Short L C for structures  Loss of vegetation due to laying of pipelines D Site Short L C & O

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 40 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

Flora & fauna  Loss of flora & fauna due to project D Site Short L C sitting & related activities Habitat  Loss of habitat due to project sitting & D Site Short L C related activities Aquatic life and  Effects to aquatic life due to wastewater D & I Site Short L C & O ecosystem discharge & project activities

Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts

i) Vegetation

153. The natural vegetation and ecology of project area will be disturbed due to construction activities of different project components. The vegetation/ bushes clearance will be permanent in the sites of Intake, treatment plant and ground storage reservoir, whereas the damaged vegetation will be recovered in pipe laying works after a short period. So the chances of cutting of forest trees are non-existent.

154. Community forests are located within the project area. However, none of the project activity, including construction of major structures and laying of pipes, requires clearing of trees or pass through the forest area. There is possibility of some disturbance due access of labour force to nearby forest but the chances of cutting trees by the labourers are limited as the forest is managed by the community. And since the community itself owns and manages the forests, the risk of damage to the forest will be negligible/low.

155. Mitigation Measures: Restricting use of fuel wood in labour camp / LPG provision, provision of minimization of vegetation clearance

ii) Flora, Fauna and Wildlife

156. The project area being located in sparse vegetated area features low level of bio-diversity. The possible adverse impacts on local wildlife population will be minimal as the construction activity involves minimal clearance of vegetation which is the habitat of wildlife population. Similarly, the impacts on seasonal migration of mammals will be minimum and insignificant as habitat degradation and vegetation loss by this project will be minimal. However, the use of machinery and possible hunting activities of the project labourers could cause disturbance to the local wildlife. But there is no forest in the surrounding. The impact on wildlife due to construction of the project is non-significant.

157. Mitigation Measures: Provisions of minimization of vegetation clearance by pegging, restriction of fuel woods at the camps, etc. and provision of restriction on fishing activities.

iii) Habitat

158. Clearance of ground vegetation during construction may result loss of wildlife habitat but the chances are minimal as clearing of forest and vegetation is not involved to a great extent. The population dynamics of resident and migratory birds and reptiles at the project sites may be temporarily affected during construction phase due to earthwork activities and such impacts are insignificant.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 41 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

159. Mitigation Measures: Provision of minimization of vegetation clearance, Environmental awareness program

iv) Aquatic Life and Eco-System

160. The proposed system is based on augmentation of water quantity by exploring new surface water source and use of existing surface water sources. The quantity of tap water will be very less than 50% in comparison to the yield of the river. Sufficient quantity of water will be released to the downstream of the river; therefore, the aquatic life will be hardly disturbed.

161. Mitigation Measures: Environmental awareness program required, excavated soil will be dispose safely against erosion, the quality of river waters will be regularly monitored to maintain its quality, the workers will be prohibited from fishing activities as well defecation.

v) Obstruction of fish migration and fish entrainment due to the construction work

162. Only small quantity of water will be tapped for the proposed water supply project in comparison to the available quantity of water in the source, hence such problem will no exist.

Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment

163. The major environmental factors associated with the human life are socio-economic, cultural, human health, land acquisition, compensation, resettlements, rehabilitation and occupational and safety hazards. Assessment of the impacts on these factors is given in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Socio-economic and cultural environmental issues and impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase Acquisition of land and  Acquisition of agricultural land D Site Long H C & O property  Acquisition of private properties D Site Long L C

Socio-economic & cultural  Impact on social structure & D & I Local Long H C & O practices cultural aspects  Impact on employment D & I Local Short M C & O  Migration D & I Local Long H C &O  Local economy D & I Local Long M C & O Quality of life values  Occupational Health and Safety D Local Short L C (OHS) I Local Long M C & O  Socio-economic values I Local Long H O  Public health I Local Short L C & O  Aesthetic values I Local Long L O  Cultural values Traffic Management  Difficulties in traffic and D Local Short M C pedestrian movement  Visual & aesthetic impacts I Local Short L C

Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts

i) Land Acquisition

164. The construction of permanent structures such intake, treatment plant and ground reservoir does not require land acquisition and will be constructed in existing WUSC premises. Hence land

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 42 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

acquisition; resettlement plan and compensation will not be issues during the project implementation.

165. As compared to the size and nature of the project land acquisition will not be required for the execution of the project. The contractor will rent temporary land for his camp/ office through the negotiation with the owner in the approval of DSC.

ii) Impairment to Infrastructure

166. All the major structures of the proposed project like water storage and ancillary buildings will be constructed on public land. Similarly, all the pipe lines are aligned along the public property. Necessary precaution will be adopted at time of construction for minimum impairment to infrastructure.

167. Mitigation Measures: All the damaged infrastructures have to be repaired.

iii) Historical and archaeological treasures

168. The service area of the project is not a site of archaeological and historical values. Hence, there are no any impacts on archaeological and historical artefacts‟.

iv) Law and Order Issue due to the Influx of outside workforce, money and unwanted activities

169. Currently the project area is not habituated but during project implementation, the influx of large number of seasonal workers can create some law and order issues. Involvement of outside workforce may initiate conflict with the locals due to cultural and other differences. Similarly, fights, disease transmission, pollution and competition for available resources with outsiders may arise in due course.

170. Mitigation Measures: The project should take protective measures to minimise impact, cultural awareness program will be conducted. Priority will be given to local people while employing labourers for the project works. Child labour should be prohibited

v) Human Health

171. Spread of the water borne diseases and deterioration in sanitary conditions due to construction activity (unsafe working condition, accidents, transmission of communicable diseases) is of major concern in the project area, especially to the construction workers.

172. Mitigation Measures: Health and hygiene of the workforce is to be given top priority. Provide proper sanitation and hygiene, health care and control of epidemic diseases to the workforce. Sanitation awareness program will be conducted. Health and hygiene of the workforce is to be given top priority.

vi) Gender Issue

173. The project will create job opportunity to considerable number of skilled and unskilled people. Large number local women will also have opportunity to get involved in the job. This will create a positive impact on the socio-economic environment of community and play a vital role towards gender empowerment

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 43 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

vii) Health and safety .  Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

174. Precaution will be taken regarding major injuries that may occur at the construction site and priority will be given to the safety of the workers. The workers are exposed to dust, noise, spills and heavy machineries and the chances of accidents are high. Adequate safety equipment (Personal Protective Equipment, PPE) like hand gloves, hard cover helmets and boots will be provided to the workers and all the labour force will be strictly instructed to adopt safety measures during the construction work. Adequate amount of first aid medicine will be provided in construction site.

 Community Health and Safety

175. Spread of water borne diseases and deterioration in sanitary condition is of major concern in the project area. The existing sanitation practice is directly related with quantity as well as quality of water supplied. This is also dependent on climatic condition, living standard, culture and awareness of the people in the health and sanitation activities. The common diseases caused due to water in the service area are diarrhoea, jaundice, dysentery and typhoid. The communicable diseases can spread in the entire community. Awareness, improved water supply, maintenance of proper working conditions and regular health checkups will ensure safe community health and hygiene.

176. Mitigation Measures: Sanitation/PPE awareness program will be conducted, provision of first aid medicine and safety equipments (hand gloves, hard cover helmets and boots etc). Health and accident insurance will be provided by the contractor to all workers. A proper management of the worker‟s camps, provision of safe drinking water to improve the health of the workers and avoid spread of diseases. To facilitate with the cooking fuel and avoid impacts of wastewater and solid waste through proper handling and disposal. The solid waste generated will be manged as per the SWMA, 2068 and SWMR, 2070. The source separation and recycling will be done as far as possible.

viii). Traffic Management

177. The project area does experience heavy traffic movement however, traffic plans will be prepared to mitigate traffic congestions and disturbances to pedestrians. Temporary disruption of the local access due to construction and excavation could affect pedestrians and other vehicles.

178. Mitigation Measures: Proper diversion signboards and prior notifications of the construction activities will be provided during the construction period.

ix) Livelihood and impact on local economy

179. Since the project will create job opportunity to considerable number of skilled and unskilled people. Large number local women will also have opportunity to get involved in the job. This will create a positive impact on livelihood and economy of the community.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 44 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

4.1.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase Impacts

180. Inadequate Operation and Maintenance of the project will create hazard in terms of safety of the personnel involved as well as in the overall output of the project. Timely monitoring and routine maintenance of the sub system will ensure smooth running of the project and avoid unnecessary obstruction and delays.

 Under sub-optimal operational condition, there will be risk of contamination of water in the distributed system which could lead to disease epidemics throughout the community. Such risk will be minimized by regular monitoring of water quality in the distribution to ensure that it meets the minimum National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS). Training will be provided to the staff on water quality assessment and operational supervision will be ensured

 There is risk of health hazard, especially to the operating staff, due to unmanaged and improper use of chlorine. Guidelines for using chlorine will be developed and proper handling and storage of chlorine to be set up.

 There is a risk of nuisance cause by inadequate disposal of sludge from water storage tank and Treatment plant. The sludge from water storage tank will be disposed in designated areas. The location and design of sludge disposal will be made where land fill site is available accordingly.

 There is a risk of pollution of raw water supply source due to the improper sanitation condition. It could be mitigated by locating the water source site comparatively protecting by fence and provision of rain water diversion and chlorination water before supply to distribution system.

4.2 DRAINAGE WORKS

181. There is no water logging due to sufficient cross section area of drain and out lets available. No water logging is apparent in rainy season. There is ample space and are sufficient outlet points to drain off the storm water naturally. The core area of project has storm drains facility. This drain is working perfectly and does not need further surface drains facility in that area. Further 1,141m surface drain has been decided by WUSC in service area

4.2.1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

182. The construction of drain will involve along the road side relatively short length of road. There will no significant environment impact, if proper precautions are taken, however some of the anticipated environmental impacts are as follows:

 The construction activities of drain will be carried out along the road side, chances of erosion and landslides are not expected. But the possibility of falling of children and cattle into trenches of drain has to be avoided,  Due to the construction activities along the road side disturbance to local residents, pedestrian and local amenities are anticipated.  There will be air pollution around the area due to the construction of drainage. Besides these, the trucks and tractors that will be used for the transportation of construction materials. The vehicular movement for construction purposes, excavation and other construction activity will release dust and particulate matters

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 45 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSS IEE Report

 Noise induced from vehicular movement for construction purposes and use of mechanical equipment may have some impact to the workers but not much to the local community.  There is a risk of blocking of drainage especially in dry season by solid waste disposal and accumulation of silt. It may also contain heavy metals and pathogens which may also cause of health and environmental problems.

183. The following mitigation measures are to be included and implemented during the construction of drainage works.

 Reuse of excavated soil during the backfilling with well compaction  Surplus excavated soil will be safely disposed in designated place (existing dumping site).  Provide prior information about the construction work and schedule to the public and strictly follow the safety rules of constriction activities.  Exclude the public from the construction site and proper use of sign board, diversion signs etc.  Provide onsite training to workers on safety measures and use of protective equipment like gloves, boots, mask etc.  Public awareness program  Use of tarpaulin to cover loose construction materials (sand and aggregate) at the time of transportation.  Transportation of construction materials as and when required.  Provision of periodic flushing and cleaning of the drain.

4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

184. Table 4.4 provides the summary of project activities, potential environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measure

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 46 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Table 4.4: Types of impacts, mitigation measures, responsibilities and cost Project Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Stage Location of project 1. Conflict due to project location  Consultation and involvement of local DWSS/SSTWSSSP/PMC/DSC NA components communities and WUSC Project Activity (Project Design)

Physical Environment Construction of Intake 2. Risk of pollution of river water due to  Regular water quality monitoring in the Contractor/WSDO/ DSC Included in the construction of Intake (Earthwork water source and distribution system contractors bidding and other masonry work)  Reuse of excavated soil properly documents Earthwork in excavation 3. Soil erosion and soil stability  Excavated soil placed safely against Contractor/WSDO/ DSC Included in for pipe laying and erosion contractors bidding construction works  Reuse of excavated soil properly during documents backfilling the pipe line trench with proper compaction Construction works 4. Air Quality (Dusty Environment)  Frequent sprinkling of water Contractor / DSC/ WSDO Included in  Air pollution due to movement of  Monitoring of air quality contractors bidding project vehicles  Use of masks documents  Air pollution due to dust particles  Vehicle emission test (use of green sticker for vehicle) Construction Phase: Construction Phase: Construction works 5. Noise and Vibration due to:  Restriction on unnecessary honking of ""  Project vehicular movement horn from the vehicles used for Contractor/ DSC construction purpose  Regularly maintenance of equipment  Mufflers fittings to noisy equipment  Speed restriction Biological Environment

Construction works 6. Impact on natural vegetation and  Restricting use of fuel wood in labour Contractor/ DSC NA ecology (Disturbance and loss of natural camp. vegetation and ecology)  Provision of minimization of vegetation clearance

 Forestation where ever needed

Construction Phase

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 47 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Project Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Stage 7. Impact on aquatic life  Construction work to be avoided in rainy Contractor/WSDO/ DSC NA season  Quality of river water to be regularly monitored.  Ban on fishing activities. 8.Loss of habitat (Clearance of  Provision of minimization of vegetation Contractor/WSDO/ DSC NA bushes/vegetation), Loss of flora & fauna clearance due to project sitting & related activities  Environmental awareness program  Loss of habitat due to project sitting & related activities Socio Economic Environment

Construction works 9. Impairment to infrastructure  Proper precaution to be taken at the time Contractor/WSDO/ DSC Included in (Construction activities may impair some of construction contractors bidding of the existing community infrastructure  Any damaged to the existing infrastructure documents such as road, foot trail) to be repaired

10. Law and order issues and disturbances  Instruction to all workers to act in a Contractor NA on social structure and cultural practice responsible manner  Impact on social structure & cultural  Prohibition of use of alcohol and gambling aspects  Cultural awareness of local communities to  Impact on employment outside workforce  Migration  Priority to be given to the local for  Local economy employment.  Cultural value  Workforce to be strictly supervised  Pollution from outside work forces  Proper sanitation facility will be provided in the labour camp (sanitation toilet and safe drinking water) Construction Phase  Collection of solid waste in fixed place.

11 .Occupationan Health and safety  Instruction to adopt safety measures Contractor/WSDO/DSC/WUSC (impact on health of workers)  Adequate safety equipments like hand  Occupational Health and Safety gloves, hard cover helmets and boots will (OHS) be provide  Socio-economic values  First aid to be easily accessible  Public health  Workers are to be insured by the  Aesthetic values contractor.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 48 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Project Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Stage Construction works 12 . Traffic management  Prior notification of construction activities Contractor/WUSC NA  Traffic congestions and disturbance to  Diversion signboards to be provided pedestrians  Disruption of the local access

Operation of water 13 . Risk of pollution of surface water  Plantation in the intake area. WUSC/DWSS Included in supply and sanitation source due to surface runoff  Construction of drainage around the contractors bidding systems surface water source to divert surface documents runoff  Construction of fencing work around the surface water source. 14. Risk of contaminated water in the  Regular water quality monitoring of water WUSC/DWSS Included in distribution system. in the distribution system. contractors bidding  Training to the WUSC's staff on water documents quality assessment. 15. Health hazard due to unmanaged use  Proper handling and storage of chlorine to WUSC Included in of chlorine. be set up. contractors bidding Operation Phase  Guidelines for the use of chlorine to be documents provided to the WUSC's staff.

16. Risk of pollution of river water (nearby  Quality of effluent and river water quality WUSC NA streams) by effluent from water treatment to be monitored regularly. plant. Construction of Drain

Construction of drain 17. Soil erosion, silt runoff and unsettled  Excavated soil placed safely against Contractor/ DSC Included in cost street surfaces erosion estimate  Reuse of excavated soil properly during backfilling with well compacted  Surplus soil to be disposed in proper places. Construction of drain 18. Air, dust and noise pollution  Frequent sprinkling of water Contractor / DSC/ WSDO Included in  Air pollution due to movement of  Monitoring of air quantity contractors bidding project vehicle  Use of tarpaulin to cover loose documents  Air pollution due to dust particle construction materials (sand and Phase Aggregate) at the time of transportation. Construction  Transportation of construction materials

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 49 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Project Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Stage as and when required.

Construction of drain 19 . Disturbance and risk of accidents on  Inform the public in advance Contractor/ DSC Included in cost site to workers and public  Follow the safety rules for all construction estimate activities  Exclude the public from the construction site and use of notice board & diversion signs  Use of protective equipment like gloves, boots, face mask etc. Operation of water 20 . Risk of contaminated water in the  Regular monitoring of water quality at WUSC/ DWSS NA supply system distribution system different outlets.

21 . Health hazard due to unmanaged use  Proper handling and storage of chlorine to WUSC/ DWSS These costs are of chlorine be set up mentioned in the  Guidelines for using chlorine to be contractor provided documents bidding documents for DLP period Operation of drain 22 . Blockage of drain especially during dry  Periodic flushing and cleaning of the drain Contractor/ DSC Included in cost

Operational Phase season by solid waste disposal and lines estimate accumulation of silt  Public awareness

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 50 SSTWSSSP: Khandbri WSSP IEE Report

4.4 MITIGATION COST

185. In order to address the issues and mitigate the impacts on environment during implementation and post implementation and maintenance phase, the following cost is estimated. The mitigation cost for construction phase has been included in the cost estimation of the project.

Table 4.5: Mitigation cost SN Activities Estimated Cost (NRs)

1 Plantation on both side of the road of project area 200,000.00

Training for WUSC staff on Water Quality Testing 150,000.00 2 and Chlorine Handling & Management Provision of first aid medicine and safety 3 equipments (hand gloves, hard cover helmets and 125,000.00 boots etc)

4 Environmental Awareness Campaigns 175,000.00

Orientation training on Environmental and social 5 50,000.00 safe guard practices to WUSC, Labours Total: (NRs) 700,000.00

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 51 SSTWSSSP: Khandbri WSSP IEE Report

Chapter V: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS

186. The alternatives analysis of the project in terms of project location, technology, implementation procedure and raw materials used have been studied and analysed. The alternatives in environmental studies can also be analyzed and compared in term of "No Action" option with the proposed "Action Option". No action option defines the scenario of present situation, which means that one has to note of what is happening without any interventions.

5.1 PROJECT LOCATION ALTERNATIVE

187. No significant environmental impact has been found with the present location of the project. The location of project components such Intake, reservoir and treatment plant has been decided in consultation with local people and WUSC and the area managed by WUSC. Similarly the alignment of transmission line and distribution pipe has been fixed with minimum environmental impacts. The impacts associated with the location of project components are therefore minimal and insignificant. Therefore, the proposed location of the project has no alternatives.

5.2 PROJECT DESIGN ALTERNATIVE

188. The proposed project has been design to provide reliable and adequate supply of water and sanitation service to the Khandbari town. The system has been designed to augment the present water supply system through from Simali khola water source. Due to the increase in population and urbanization of Khandbari, the existing surface water source is not enough to meet the present water demand of proposed town. Therefore, a new system needed to be designed with additional source of water, increase distribution network, treatment plant and enhanced water storage facilities. The new water supply system needs to be integrated with existing system with rehabilitation of distribution network. Therefore, the proposed project has been envisaged to steam line the various systems and develop a reliable and sustainable system for the residents of Khandbari municipality. The proposed project is designed with due consideration of these aspects and thus the proposed design has no alternate.

5.3 TECHNOLOGY CHOICE & CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ALTERNATIVE

189. The technologies proposed in the project are reliable, simple and labour intensive with minimal use of heavy machinery. The system is gravity water supply system. The proposed new source of water is Simali Khola, which is perennial stream and has enough surface water runoff. The yield of proposed Simali Khola source is 50lps and the maximum safe yield that can be drawn is 45lps for the system. However, only 30lps is proposed to be tapped to augment in the new system. The proposed Simali Khola source is technically viable regarding elevation, stability and source discharge,

190. The construction materials to be used are local as far as possible, so that there is minimal impact associate with transport and storage of the raw materials. Local man power will be used as far as possible so that the local knowledge of the area can be utilized and chances of conflicts are minimized. Hence, the proposed project has minimal impact against alternative technology and construction choice.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 52 SSTWSSSP: Khandbri WSSP IEE Report

5.4 NO ACTION OPTION

191. The No-action option alternative prevents the implementation of the project. Although there exist water supply system currently covering major parts of project area, the quantity of water supplied is not enough and supply is erratic and quality of supplied water is not good. The local people are suffering from severe shortage of water supply. The local people in the project area are quite receptive of the project and will involved in the every phases of project.

192. The only advantage of "No Action" alternative is that the few adverse impacts as outlined be avoided and the entire project cost will be saved. However, because most of those impacts are not significantly harmful and are site specific or local, the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 53 SSTWSSSP: Khandbri WSSP IEE Report

Chapter VI: INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

193. The proposed project has been designed in a participatory approach. The local people and concerned stakeholders have been and will be involved in every phases of the project including project design, construction and operation and maintenance. Public participation provided an opportunity to interact with the beneficiaries and understand their opinion regarding the project.

6.1 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION

194. A public notice will be published in a National Daily newspaper on after approval of ToR requesting comments and suggestions from all the interested parties. The notice will be posted in the school, health post, V.D.C. office and other local areas in the project area and the deed of public inquiry (Muchulka) will be collected.

6.2 INDIVIDUAL/INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED

195. All the concerned authorities such as VDC was contacted and their consensus regarding project implementation was obtained. Apart from the concerned authorities, other institutions such as community organizations and other local bodies were approached to and their suggestions and opinions were collected. A focus group discussion (FGD) was held at project area with WUSC and key stakeholders and their concern regarding the project construction and implementation were listened and clarified. Another view regarding environmental effects and remedial measures were discussed.

196. During FGD meeting, the people said that there will be positive impact on environment and vegetation growth due to use of water from surfacesource. The local worker need to be involved during construction as far possible to preserve social cultural environmental. During excavation of pipe line trench, dust may deteriorate the existing environment for a short period, precaution need to be taken to reduce such impacts. The details of FGD are given in Annex-IV

6.3 COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS/ISSUES RAISED

197. No comments and suggestion were received from the institutional organizations within the given time frame, where the notice was posted. Also, no written comments and suggestion were received from public within the given time frame notified through National Daily Newspaper.

198. The summary of the focus group discussion (FGD) were as follows:  Local workers need to be involved during construction as far as possible to preserved

social culture environmental.  There is no impact on forest due to the construction work and proposed Simali Source is

isolated from the community, so no inverse impact on environment.  During the excavation of pipeline trench, dust may deteriorate the existing environment

for short period, precaution need to be taken to reduce such impacts by sprinkling water.

 The wastage comes from concrete and masonry work will be managed properly.  The waste water comes from the individual household will be managed by each

household by constructing soak pit to improved environment.

 During pipe laying, existing road, drain and other structure will be safe as far as possible.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 54 SSTWSSSP: Khandbri WSSP IEE Report

Chapter VII: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

199. The Grievance Redress Mechanism is necessary to address the grievances of the people in the project. The Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office (WSDO) will be responsible to address the issues and problems raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation etc. during the implementation of the project. The Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office ask the Environment Specialist of the DSC to assist in the handling of grievances and the community level stakeholders will be encouraged to help in the handling of grievances at the project sites.

200. The affected person / community will submit written grievances / complaints to the Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office (WSDO) located at Khandbari, Sankhuwasabha. The WSDO with the help from Environmental Specialist of the DSC will try to solve the grievance at the project level. WSDO will respond the affected person/ institution within a week (or 7 days) and clarify their concern. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, WSDO will forward it to Project Director at SSTWSSSP, Kathmandu. The SSTWSSSP office at Kathmandu will clarify the grievance and inform WSDO within 15 days. If the grievance cannot be resolved even by the SSTWSSSP, it will be finally forwarded to the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) will respond within 21 days.

Fig. 7.1: Grievance Redress Mechanism

DWSS (Within 21 days)

SSTWSSSP/PMO (Within 15 days)

Redress Grievances WSDO Environmental Specialist (Within 7 days)

Grievance

Affected Person

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 55 SSTWSSSP: Khandbri WSSP IEE Report

Chapter VIII: MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT

8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

201. The SSTWSSSP will set out environmental management requirements to develop procedures that ensure all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements specified in this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report. The EMP will actually be carried out in subsequent stages of project development, operation and post operation phase of the proposed project.

8.1.1 Objectives of the EMP

202. The basic objectives of the EMP are to:  Formulate environmental management requirements to ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements specified in the approved IEE report will actually be carried out in different stages of project development and operation;  Define environmental management principles and guidelines for the pre-construction, construction, operation and post operation phases of project development;  Recommend a plan of action and a means of testing this plan to meet existing and projected environmental problems;  Establish the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in project environmental management;  Describe mitigation measures that be implemented to avoid or mitigate adverse environmental impacts by maximizing the positive ones;  Establish a supervision, monitoring, and reporting framework;  Ensure implementation of recommended corrective actions aimed for environmental management and its enhancement; and  Ensure that the environment of the project area and its surrounding areas is protected and developed to meet the needs of the local people, the stakeholders and safeguard the interest of common people.

8.2. MITIGATION AND MONITORING

203. Environmental monitoring is required to identify the changes in the environmental quality over the time. It is also an integral part of the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. Environmental monitoring generates real data and improves the quality of implementation of mitigation measures.

8.2.1 Monitoring Indicators

204. The project also includes performance indicators for:

Water Quantity

 Availability of at least 65 LPCD of drinking water during the summer months;  Trend in falling water discharge in source

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 56 SSTWSSSP: Khandbri WSSP IEE Report

Water quality

 Residual chlorine test at the service reservoir and public taps  Number of toilets using 'safe' sanitation technologies  Decline in the number of cases of parasites  Number of awareness programs organized, attendees and simple pre- and post evaluation to assess the efficiency of training

Lack of sanitation and environmental health

 Percentage/number of households with access to safe sanitation and environmental hygiene facilities  Cases of diarrhoea in children under five years of age

8.2.2 Types of Monitoring

205. Monitoring is continuous measurement of proposed actions to examine what changes have been taken place, what has gone wrong and who to improve them. Usually, monitoring takes place in three aspects:

a) Baseline Monitoring: In this monitoring, pre-project information is compared with the information obtained during the project implementation. Any changes that have occurred during the period of time will be recorded. However, most of the major baseline information of this project has already been collected and there are very few chances will change till implementation phase. Therefore, baseline monitoring will not be conducted unless any striking new scenarios in terms of physical and socio-economic conditions emerge.

b) Impact Monitoring: It is carried out to examine the occurrence of impacts identified and predicted impacts. It is necessary to know the actual level of impact in the field during the construction and operation of the project as the environmental impacts are predicted based on value judgment with some valid assumptions.

c) Compliance Monitoring: It is carried out to examine whether the compliance of the condition prescribed in laws and regulations have been followed in implementation of the project. It is essential to encourage and promote the proponent to comply with the requirements as listed in the mitigation measures and any condition set forth during the project approval.

8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.3.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan during different phases of Project Implementation

206. The environmental mitigation measures proposed is implemented in different phases of the project implementation (design, pre-construction, construction, operation; post-operation phases).

207. Mitigation measures and monitoring indicators during both construction and operation stage of the water supply projects are listed below and shown in Table 8.1.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 57 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Table 8.1: Types of mitigation measures, monitoring parameters, responsibilities and cost

Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored Pre-Construction Phase

1. Conflict due to project  Consultation and  Meeting, At respective After submission DWSS/SSTWSSSP/PMC NA location involvement of local Workshop and office of design report communities and WUSC discussion

Physical Environment Construction Phase 2. Risk of pollution of river  Regular water quality  Water quality At construction Twice a week Contractor/WSDO/DSC Included in water due to the monitoring in the water monitoring site contractors construction of intake source and distribution  Disposal of soil bidding (Earthwork and other system properly documents masonry work)  Reused of excavated soil  Condition of the properly pipe line trench 3. Soil erosion and soil  Excavated soil placed  Stacking of soil At construction Twice a week Contractor/WSDO/DSC Included in stability safely against erosion  Quantity of soil site contractors  Reuse of excavated soil remain bidding properly during backfilling documents the pipe line trench with well compacted

4. Air Quality (Dusty  Frequent sprinkling of  Dust in Air Wherever Every day Contractor/WSDO/DSC No separate cost Environment) water  Deposition on earthwork is require covered  Air pollution due to  Monitoring of air quantity crops and going on by specification movement of project  Use of masks vegetation provided to the vehicles  Delivery vehicle will be  No complaints contractor  Air pollution due to dust covered from local particles  Vehicle emission test residence.  Monitoring of evidence issued by concerned agency  (TSPM, PM10, NOx, SOx, Cox) NAAQS of Nepal

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 58 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored

5. Noise and Vibration due  Restriction on  Control on use of All construction Every day Contractor/WSDO/DSC No separate cost to: unnecessary honking of blowing horns site require covered  movement of project horn from the vehicles  Periodic by specification vehicles used for construction maintenance provided to the purpose record contractor  Regularly maintenance  No complains from of equipment local residence  Mufflers fittings to noisy  (1 he Leq dB(A) equipment WHO Standards  Speed restriction  Provisions of noise barrier placed in sensitive areas  Works to be restricted to day hour only

Biological Environment Construction Phase

6. Impact on natural  Restricting use of fuel  Smoke, coal  Labour camp  Biannually WS DO/WUSC Nil vegetation and ecology wood in labour camp.  Cleared area  Reservoir site (Disturbance and loss of  Provision of minimization  Afforested area, natural vegetation and of vegetation clearance ecology)  Forestation where ever needed

7. Impact on aquatic life  Construction work to be  River water quality  Intake site  Biannually WS DO/WUSC Nil avoided in rainy season test (EC, PH, Do,  Quality of river water to TSS, Oil and be regularly monitored grease.)  Ban on fishing activities.  Fishing activities

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 59 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored 8. Loss of habitat (Clearance  Provision of minimization  Flora and fauna  Construction  Bi-annually and Contractor/ WSDO/DSC Included in of bushes/vegetation), of vegetation clearance distribution site as needed mitigation cost Loss of flora & fauna due  Environmental  Activities of labour to project sitting and awareness program related activities

Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment Construction Phase 9. Impairment to  Proper precaution to be  Condition of the  Along pipeline  Daily Contractor/ WSDO/DSC Included in infrastructure taken at the time of infrastructures route contractors (Construction activities construction bidding may impair some of the  Any damaged to the document. existing community existing infrastructure has infrastructure such as to be repaired road, foot trail etc.) 10. Law and order issues and  Instruction to all workers to  Behaviours of local  Construction  Weekly Contractor/ WSDO/DSC Nil disturbances on social act in a responsible people and workers camp structure and cultural practice manner workers  Construction  Impact on social structure  Prohibition of use of  Alcohol bottle, site & cultural aspects alcohol and gambling quarrels  Impact on employment  Cultural awareness of  Number of local  Migration local communities to employed  Local economy outside workforce  Cultural value  Priority to be given to the  Pollution from outside local for employment. work forces  Workforce to be strictly supervised  Proper sanitation facility will be provided in the labour camp (sanitation toilet and safe drinking water)  Collection of solid waste in fixed place. 11 .Occupationan Health and  Instruction to adopt safety  Use of safety  Construction  Weekly Contractor/WSDO/DSC/WUSC Included in safety (impact on health of measures measures viz. site mitigation cost workers)  Adequate safety Helmet, safety belt  Occupational Health and equipments like hand etc.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 60 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored Safety (OHS) gloves, hard cover  Socio-economic values helmets and boots will be  Public health provide  Aesthetic values  First aid to be easily accessible  Workers are to be insured by the contractor. 12 . Traffic management  Prior notification of  Notice board  Construction  As needed Contractor/WSDO/DSC/WUSC Included in construction activities site  Traffic congestions and  Use of diversion contractor‟s disturbance to pedestrians  Diversion signboards to sign board bidding be provided Smooth movement document.  Disruption of the local  access of vehicle

Operation Phase 13 . Risk of pollution of surface  Plantation in the intake  Water quality  At intake site  Monthly WUSC It will be water source due to surface area. monitoring contractors runoff  Construction of drainage responsible to around the surface water operate and source to divert surface maintenance of runoff the system upto  Construction of fencing one year after work around the surface the completion of water source. the project. The operation and 14. Risk of contaminated  Regular water quality  Water quality  At users  Monthly WUSC water in the distribution monitoring of water in the parameter for household maintenance cost is included system. distribution system. drinking water is to  Pipe line route in contract  Training to the WUSC's be tested bidding. staff on water quality  Regularly assessment. inspection will be done to detect any After one year leakage from from the pipeline completion of the project, it will be 15. Health hazard due to Proper handling and Use of safety At reservoir Weekly WUSC     WUSC unmanaged use of chlorine. storage of chlorine to be measures site responsibilities set up. Health of WUSC's  to operate and Guidelines for the use of staff  maintenance of chlorine to be provided to the system the WUSC's staff.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 61 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored 16. Risk of pollution of river  Quality of effluent and  Test of river water  At treatment  Monthly WUSC water (nearby streams) by river water quality to be quality plant site effluent from water treatment monitored regularly.  At Discharge plant. outlet point Construction of Drainage Work 17. Soil erosion, silt runoff  Excavated soil placed  Stacking of soil  At  Twice a week Contractor/ DSC Included in cost and unsettled street surfaces safely against erosion  Quantity of soil construction estimate  Reuse of excavated soil remain site properly during  backfilling with well compacted  Surplus soil to be disposed in proper places. (Existing dumping site) 18. Air, dust and noise  Frequent sprinkling of  Dust in Air  Wherever  Every day Contractor / DSC/ WSDO Included in pollution water  earthwork is contractors  Monitoring of air quantity going on bidding  Use of tarpaulin to cover documents loose construction materials (sand and Aggregate) at the time of transportation.  Transportation of construction materials as and when required. 19. Disturbance and risk of  Inform the public in  Use of safety Construction Weekly WUSC Included in cost accidents on site to workers advance measures site estimate and public  Follow the safety rules  Availability of first for all construction aid medicine at activities site  Exclude the public from  Accident records the construction site and use of notice board & diversion signs  Use of protective equipment like gloves, boots, face mask etc.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 62 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored Operation Phase 20 Risk of contaminated  Regular visual  Water quality  At community  Monthly WUSC/DWSS NIl water in the distribution observation & carryout parameter for tap and system maintenance work drinking water is to household  Regular water quality be tested monthly connection monitoring of water in  Regularly  Pipe line route  Daily the distribution system inspection will be  Training to the staff on done to detect any water quality leakage from pipe assessment line 21 Health hazard due to  Proper handling and  Use of safety Construction Weekly WUSC Included in cost unmanaged use of chlorine storage of chlorine to be measures site estimate set up Health of workers  Guidelines for using chlorine to be provided Operation of Drain 22 Blockage of drain  Periodic flushing and  Stacking of water  Drainage site  Two times in a Contractor Included in the especially during dry season cleaning of the drain lines in the drain and yearly cost estimate by solid waste disposal and  Public awareness discharge at outfall accumulation of silt of the drain

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 63 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

8.3.2 Mechanism for Monitoring

208. The EIA/ IEE Report Review Committee under MOUD have the overall responsibility and will monitor all activities from planning to construction and operational phases of the project, mainly for impact and compliance monitoring.

209. The SSTWSSSP/PMC under DWSS has a Project Management Office in Kathmandu. For base line monitoring, a committee should be formed at local level consisting of representatives from DWSO, VDC, civil societies and local user community. District Engineer of DWSO should act as member secretary of the Monitoring Committee. This committee should be assigned following duties and responsibilities.

 The committee should meet at least twice a month;  The committee should collect all complaints from the local people concerning distribution, pipeline etc and should discuss in the meeting for the final decisions.  The monitoring committee should identify the mistakes and deficiency regarding the project and should discuss in the meeting for the purpose of correction;  Any negligence regarding the water quality should be considered and take necessary action.  The committee should also supervise and issue necessary instruction.

210. Examine monitoring reports periodically and take necessary actions if required etc.

8.3.3 Monitoring Cost

211. The cost required for the environmental monitoring has been provided in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2: Environmental monitoring cost SN Particulars Estimated Amount Remarks 1 Environmental management Specialist 100,000.00 2 Monitoring Cost (expenses for expert and 400,000.00 For 2 years supporting staff for observation and monitoring during construction and operation phases) 3 Transportation Cost 100,000.00 4 Miscellaneous 100,000.00 Sub-total 700,000.00 Contingency @ 20% 140,000.00 Total 840,000.00

8.3.4 Modality of Operation

 Determination of potential impacts of the proposed project.  Analysis of alternatives of proposed project sites.  Development of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate adverse impacts and enhancement of beneficial impacts.  Identification of institutional needs to implement IEE recommended mitigation/ enhancement measures.  Development of monitoring plan.  Inter-agency coordination and public/ NGO participation

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 64 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

8.3.5 Environmental Procedures and Institutions

212. The main institutions to be involved for environmental management of the proposed project are presented in the Table 8.3.

Table 8.3: Environmental management roles and responsibilities of different parties SN Organization Roles and Responsibilities Time Schedule I MOUD Monitoring of the project design, construction, and At least once in a year during operation and post operation activities against approved construction and operation and IEE and EMAP measures and National Environmental once in two years in post Standards. operation phase.

2 DWSS Monitoring of project design, construction and operation At least three times a year activities against approved IEE and EMAP measures and during construction and National Environmental Standards. operation and once in a year during post operation phase. 3 PMO, Ensure that the IEE and EMAP measures are incorporated Prior to contract award SSTWSSSP in the final project design.

Acquire necessary permits and approval for project Before construction construction and operation

Ensure that the project construction, operation and post During construction, operation operation activities are in accordance with EMAP and other and post operation phase GON legislative requirements.

Monitoring and record keeping regarding environmental During construction, operation measures and impacts, and post operation phase.

Ensure public participation and involvement in all phases During construction, operation on project implementation and post operation of the project. and post operation phase.

Ensure implementation of environmental enhancement programs with involvement of local bodies and communities During construction and operation phase. 4 Relevant Follow and ensure day-to-day activities of the project Daily during operation phase. Municipality/VDC operation that best fits to meet environmental standards.

Ensure air quality, noise and vibration level within Once in from month during acceptable standards. operation phase. 5 Consultant Incorporate environmental mitigation measures as per IEE During final design in the final design.

6 Construction Supervision and compliance monitoring of construction Daily & Operation contractor‟s activities and project operation activities with Phase regard to environmental mitigation measures as per IEE Supervisor report and EMAP.

Environmental audits of construction contractors and Once in a year operator‟s activities and audit reports. During construction and Ensure public participation and involvement in project operation phase. construction. 7 Construction Implement mitigation measures as specified. Daily during construction phase Contractor Monitoring and record keeping of environmental mitigation Regularly during construction measures implemented. phase. 8 Operator Implement mitigation measures as specified. Daily during operation phase

Monitoring and record keeping of environmental mitigation Daily during operation phase. measures adopted during project operation.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 65 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

SN Organization Roles and Responsibilities Time Schedule 9 Other Monitor that the environmental mitigation measures and Project period. Stakeholders enhancement measures are implemented in all stages of (VDC, the project. Municipality, DDC) Ensure that the public participation and Project period. involvement in the project implementation and operation phase is maximized by the project proponent

8.3.6 Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures

213. The proposed water supply and sanitation project aims to provide water supply and sanitation facilities to the community of Khandbari Municipality and several communities along with transmission main line of Diding and Macchepokhari VDCs. The training and awareness program in health and sanitation activities will be launched in the community. The occupational, health and safety activities, usage of water and their importance will be explained in the training program. Technical trainings need to be provided to supervision staffs for the successful operation of the water supply and sanitation system. The sufficient staffs will be mobilised to monitor the system. The local people will be employed as local staff as much as possible. The degradation site will be restored by plantation and protection of sites. Hence, the project is expected to bring a significant improvement condition and enhance the quality of life.

8.3.7 Documentation and Reporting

214. For an effective implementation of mitigation measures and Environmental Management Plan, it is necessary to have a mechanism in place to report the entire mitigation operation plus the reports on progress and status of each mitigation conducted.

215. The contractor has a crucial role in ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented during project construction phase. The contractor should develop an Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan (EMEP) based on EMP. The contractor has to report weekly about the progress of its work together with day-to-day practical aspect of project implementation to the DSC. It is suggested that a team comprising of WUSC member and contract workers be established at the onset of the project to make periodic reporting to the DSC.

216. The DSC then has the responsibility of ensuring that all the procedures and final design that includes the mitigation measures are followed. DSC has the responsibility to check the weekly progress report of the contractor and field verify whether the implementation of mitigation measures have been conducted as decided in the EMEP or not.

217. DSC then has the responsibility to prepare and environmental monitoring report based on the weekly progress report of the contractor. DSC has to report the status of the project and the monitoring report to the PMO for its review. PMO should then forward the monitoring report to review by the Environmental Specialist of the DSC. 10 copies of the reports should be submitted to PMO every month, which should be distributed to the responsible agencies for review. The Environmental Specialists of the DSC should then review the comments and suggestions from the various authorities and act accordingly.

218. Monthly progress reports, including bi-annual and annual reports on the implementation of EMP should be produced on a regular basis. The report should contain information of all the activities conducted within the given time including the cases of non-compliance. A feedback mechanism of

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 66 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

reporting should be conducted and based on the results of monitoring; the Environmental Management Plan should be adjusted accordingly.

8.3.8 Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates

8.3.8.1 Cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities

219. The cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities are described in the Table 4.6 and Table 8.2. Cost of mitigation measures directly linked to the construction activities (such as erosion control measures) are not included in the cost estimates as most of these are already included in the construction and operation and maintenance cost of the project.

Table 8.4: Cost for EMP SN Item Cost 1 Cost for Environmental Mitigation Measures 700,000.00 2 Cost for Enhancement Measures Nil Cost Other Social Support Programs and Corporate Social 3 Nil Responsibility (CRS) 4 Cost for Environmental Monitoring 840,000.00 Total Environmental Cost 1, 540,000.00

8.3.8.2 Project Cost

220. The rate analysis of the Khandbari town has been calculated using Sankhuwasabha district rate of fiscal year 2069-70 BS (2011-2012AD). The rates of non local materials not provided in the Sankhuwasabha district rate are taken from the Morang district rate of fiscal year 2069-70 BS. The rates of materials not provided in the district rate are taken from the prevalent market price. Some items having no GoN norms, practical experience has been used. The transportation cost is added in the materials rate taken from Morang. The quantity estimate of the structures and pipes has been calculated. Based upon the rate and quantity, the cost of each component has been calculated in detail. Necessary revision shall be attempt during detail engineering design phase. The cost of each component has been added to obtain total cost of water supply system. The project cost includes 5% contingencies for price adjustment, 10% physical contingencies and 13% VAT.15% contractors' overhead and profit has been included in rate analysis for all items of works used in the project design.

8.3.8.3 Capital Cost of Water Supply System

221. The total project cost for the development of new water supply system at Khandbari Town Water Supply and Sanitation is Nrs. 401,160,270.03. The cost includes contractors' overhead and profit, two types of contingencies and VAT.

8.3.8.4 Work Plan

222. Before operation, PMO/DSC, with the help of its Environmental Specialists will develop detailed work plans for implementing mitigation measure and monitoring plans based on EMP. These plans will be incorporated into the project contracts.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 67 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

223. Before construction, PMO will develop detailed responsibilities and requirements for contractors and will provide detailed cost estimates of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring in construction contracts.

224. Before operation, PMO will develop detailed work plans for environmental management and monitoring during operation based on the EMP which will be submitted to the concerned persons to help them supervise implementation.

` Fig. 8.1: Work Schedule

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 68 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

Chapter IX: CONCLUSION

225. The proposed project has been categorized as Category 'B' of ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (SPS 2009) based on environment screening and assessment of likely impacts while the initial environmental examination ascertains that it is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed project, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and easy to mitigate.

226. The major components and pipe alignment does not pass through or located nearby any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/ protected monument is located in the project vicinity.

227. On reviewing the existing environmental conditions and the characteristics of the proposed project, it can be concluded that the proposed Khandbari Water Supply and Sanitation Project has minimal adverse impacts on the socio-economic, physical and biological aspects of the project area and the impacts can be easily mitigated. The proposed water supply and sanitation project aims at providing adequate and safe drinking water to the community of Khandbari Municipality. If the project is properly implemented and environmental issues considered, there will be a significant improvement in the health of the people, household and community hygiene practice and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and community health

228. There are no major objections from the local community except that the manpower (labours) should be employed locally and local resources should be used as far as practicable. Proposed mitigation measures should be implemented wherever applicable in the course of construction and operation of the proposed project.

229. The proposed water supply project do not exceed any of the prescribed thresholds by EPA, 1997 EPR, 1997 (First amendment, 1999) and other relevant Acts and Regulations. Thus, an EIA study for the proposed project is not required.

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 69 SSTWSSSP: Khandbari WSSP IEE Report

REFERENCES

1. Detailed Project Report of Khandbari Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project, 2012, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, Kathmandu, Nepal

2. „‟Environment Protection Act, 2054 and Environment Protection Regulation 2054‟‟ with amended, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, Singhdurbar, Kathmandu

3. „‟Terms of References‟‟ of Khandbari Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project, 2012, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, Kathmandu, Nepal

4. District Profile of Nepal 2007/08, Intensive Study and Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal

COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. 70