Maersk Oil Esia-16 Non-Technical Summary – Esis Tyra

Intended for Maersk Oil

Document type Non-Technical Summary (NTS)

Date September 2015

MAERSK OIL ESIA-16 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY – ESIS TYRA

Non-Technical Summary – ESIS Tyra 1 of 11

PREFACE

This document is the Non-Technical Sum- mary (NTS) of the Environmental and So- 1. INTRODUCTION cial Impact Statement (ESIS) for the TYRA project . The NTS outlines in non-technical Maersk Oil is the operator of 15 oil and gas fields in the language the findings of the ESIS. Danish sector of the North Sea. The facilities are con- The ESIS is supported by seven generic nected by subsea pipelines through which the pro- technical sections describing the expected duced oil and gas are transported for processing on activities for the TYRA project (seismic, Dan, Gorm, Halfdan, Harald and Tyra, before being pipelines and structures, production, drill- sent onshore via Gorm and Tyra. Maersk Oil and A.P. ing, well stimulation, transport and de- Møller-Mærsk have the license to conduct oil and gas commissioning) . exploration and production in Denmark until 2042. The ESI S and associated generic technical Maersk Oil is the operator. sections for TYRA are available at DEA’s website www.ens.dk. In connection with the ongoing and future oil and gas activities by Maersk Oil in the Danish North Sea, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA- CONTEN TS 16) has been prepared. The overall aim of the ESIA-16 is to identify the likely significant environmental and

social impact of Maersk Oil projects. 1. Introduction

2. The TYRA project The ESIA-16 covers the remaining lifetime of the ongo- 2.1 Overview ing projects and the entire life time for planned pro- 2.2 Existing facilities jects i.e. from exploration to decommissioning. The 2.3 Ongoing projects and planned devel- ESIA-16 consists of five independent Environmental opment and Social Impact Statements (ESISs) for the DAN, 2.4 Accidental events GORM, HALFDAN, HARALD and TYRA projects. 3 Environmental assessment

3.1 Environmental baseline The ESISs shall replace the Environmental Impact As- 3.2 Impacts from planned activities sessment conducted in 2010 “Environmental impact 3.3 Transboundary impacts assessment from additional oil and gas activities in the 3.4 Natura 2000 screening North Sea, July 2011” which is valid for the period 1 4 Social assessment January 2010 to 31 December 2015. 4.1 Social baseline

4.2 Impacts from planned activities

5. Impacts from accidental events

6. Mitigation

7. Conclusions

REFERENCES

Maersk Oil, “Maersk Oil ESIA-16, Environ- mental and Social impact statement – TYRA” , August, 2015.

EDITOR

Ramboll – www.ramboll.dk Revision: 1 Date: 2015-09-01 Doc.no.: ROGC-S-RA-000237 Figure 1-1 Maersk Oil North Sea projects TYRA, HARALD, DAN, GORM and HALFDAN.

Non-Technical Summary – ESIS Tyra 2 of 11

Figure 1-2 Overview of existing TYRA facilities (not to scale)

The purpose of the ESIS is to document the  Existing facilities and planned activities assessment of the potential impacts from as well as potential accidental events exploration, production and decommission-  Methodology used for the assessments ing on relevant environmental and social  Environmental and social baseline receptors (e.g. water quality, marine mam-  Environmental and social impact as- mals, employment, fishery). sessment for planned activities and accidental events The ESIS for the TYRA project covers the  Mitigating measures activities related to ongoing and planned  Transboundary impacts projects for the main processing and produc-  Natura 2000 screening tion facilities Tyra East and West and the satellite platforms Tyra South East, Valde- A distinction is made in the ESIS between mar (A and B), Roar and Svend. An over- impact as a consequence of planned activi- view of the existing pipelines and structures ties and impact as a result of accidental for the TYRA project1 is provided in Figure events. 1-2. The responsible authority is the Danish En- The ESIA-16 has been made in accordance ergy Agency (DEA). with Executive Order no. 632 of 11/06/2012 on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The present document is the Non-Technical The ESIS includes a comprehensive descrip- Summary (NTS) of the ESIS for the TYRA tion of: project.

1 “TYRA project” refers to the project, while “Tyra” refers to the platform. The project takes the name from the main processing facility.

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2. THE TYRA PROJECT 2.2 Existing facilities Tyra East consists of six platforms and Tyra 2.1 Overview West consists of five platforms. The plat- The TYRA facilities are located in the Danish forms on Tyra East and Tyra West, respec- part of the central North Sea, approx. 230 tively, are connected by bridges, where all km west of Esbjerg on the west coast of interconnecting pipes and services are run. Jutland, Denmark. Continuous control and monitoring of the The TYRA project includes the main pro- satellite platforms Tyra South East, Roar, cessing and production facilities Tyra East Valdemar and Svend is carried out remotely and West and the satellite platforms Tyra from Tyra East and West. South East, Valdemar (A and B), Roar and Svend, which are connected by subsea pipe- In addition, the Tyra East and West plat- lines (Figure 1-2). forms form the export centre for all gas produced by Maersk Oil in Denmark. The TYRA production was initiated at Tyra in 1984, Valdemar in 1993, Roar in 1996, The processing facilities include hydrocarbon Svend in1996 then later at Tyra South East processing equipment (oil, gas and produced in 2002. The total annual TYRA hydrocarbon water separation) and critical safety systems production peaked in 2005 and has been on such as an emergency shutdown system, a natural decline since. emergency blow-down system, fire and gas detection system and firewater system. In 2014, the annual hydrocarbon production at TYRA was 9.5 million barrels of oil (i.e. 2.3 Ongoing projects and planned 1.5 million m3) and 73 billion standard cubic development feet of gas (2 billion m3). In total, more than Several activities are planned for TYRA to 338 million barrels of oil and 4,420 billion continue and optimise the ongoing produc- standard cubic feet of gas have been pro- tion and potentially access new hydrocarbon duced from TYRA since 1984. resources.

TYRA EAST TYRA WEST

Accommodation Bridges Accommodation Bridges 96 beds four bridges connect the 80 beds four bridges connect the platforms (approx. 100 m platforms (approx. 100 m Helicopter deck long) and have walkways Helicopter deck long) and have walkways yes on one level. The TEFA yes on one level. The TWEA bridge module has three bridge module has four deck levels and is approx. deck levels and is approx. Platforms 65 m long Platforms 72 m long two wellheads (TEB, TEC), two wellheads (TEB, TEC), one process module and one process module and accommodation (TEA), one accommodation (TEA), one gas flare stack (TED) and gas flare stack (TED) and one riser platform (TEE) one riser platform (TEE)

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Seismic data acquisition. Seismic investi- starts with hammering (driving) a conductor gations provide information to interpret the into the seabed. During drilling, Maersk Oil geological structure of the subsurface and to uses drilling mud to lubricate and cool drill identify the location and volume of remain- bits. The mud also has safety functions such ing and potential new hydrocarbon reserves. as preventing a well blowout. Following strict Seismic data is also acquired as part of drill- environmental guidelines, water-based drilling hazard site surveys and as part of sea- ing mud and cuttings consisting of rock bed and shallow geophysical surveys to map drilled from the well are discharged into the conditions for the design and installation of sea. In some occasions, oil-based mud can pipelines, platforms and other structures. be used and the mud and cuttings are brought onshore to be dried and incinerated. Pipelines and structure. Up to four wellhead platforms (up to 60 well slots) con- Well stimulation. Well stimulation is per- nected by pipelines to the Valdemar platform formed to improve the contact between the may be installed. Furthermore, up to four well and the reservoir, thereby facilitating wellhead platforms (up to 36 well slots) hydrocarbon extraction for a production well connected by pipelines to the Tyra platform and water injection for an injection well. may be installed. Finally, a wellhead plat- Well stimulation is performed by creating form (10 well slots) connected by pipeline to fractures and cracks in the rock, which are the Svend platform may be installed. induced by acid stimulation or acid fracturing. In some of the new projects, it may be Regular maintenance will be undertaken necessary to use sand fracturing which con- including visual inspections and internal sists of adding sand (proppant) to the mix- cleaning of pipelines. ture. Most of the chemicals and proppant remain in the formation. The stimulation Production. The production at TYRA is com- fluid left in the well will be discharged to sea ing from mature fields. This means that oil whereas the proppant will be collected. and gas production is declining while the water production is increasing. This makes Transport. Personnel and cargo are trans- the separation of the fluids extracted from ported to the facilities daily via helicopters to the reservoirs (oil, water and gas) more support production and drilling operations. challenging. Chemicals are used to effective- Vessels may be employed in connection with ly and safely process and separate the hy- drilling and other work. drocarbons from the produced water. A frac- tion of the oil and chemicals, which is con- Decommissioning. The timing of decom- tained in the treated produced water from missioning of the TYRA facilities is not decid- the TYRA project, is discharged to sea at ed. Decommissioning will be done in accord- Tyra East and Tyra West. ance with technical capabilities, industry experience and under the legal framework at The use and discharge of production chemi- the time of decommissioning. The general cals requires approval from the Danish Envi- approach is anticipated to be: wells will be ronmental Protection Agency (DEPA). plugged and casing above seabed removed, platform facilities and jackets will be Drilling. The TYRA project currently has a cleaned, removed and brought to shore, total of 111 wells and additional 24 free well pipelines will be cleaned and left in place. A slots, which are available for drilling. In ad- final survey will be carried out to ensure that dition, up to 106 well slots are expected to nothing that could restrict other use of the be drilled in relation with the possible TYRA area would be left, development projects. For the TYRA project, no wells are expected to be subjected to slot 2.4 Accidental events recovery or re-drill. Accidental events may take place during exploration, drilling, stimulation, production Drilling operations are done from a drilling and decommissioning activities. rig placed on the seabed. Drilling of a well

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Small operational accidental oil or chemical found on the seabed due to the water spills or gas release may occur. Large spills depths. with the potential for major significant environmental and social impacts may occur as a The benthic fauna consists of epifauna and result of unlikely major accidents, for exam- infauna (organisms living on or in the sea- ple from vessels collisions with a platform, bed, respectively). Biological monitoring in major pipeline rupture or a well blowout. May 2012 showed that the benthic fauna was dominated by polychaetes followed by crustaceans, bivalve and other taxonomic 3. ENVIRONMENTAL groups (sea anemones, phoronids and ne- merteans). ASSESSMENT Water. The salinity of the water does not 3.1 Environmental baseline show much seasonal variation in the project The North Sea is a semi-enclosed part of the area with surface and bottom salinity of 34- north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. The western 35 psu. The surface temperature is approx. part of the Danish North Sea is relatively 7 ˚C in winter and between 15-19 ˚C in shallow, with water depths between 20–40 summer, while the bottom temperature var- m, while the northern part is deeper, e.g. ies from 6-8 ˚C in winter and 8-18 ˚C in the Norwegian Trench and the Skagerrak summer. (Figure 3-1). The TYRA project is located in the central North Sea with shallow depths Concentrations of nutrients in the surface between 38 and 64 m and with dominating layer ranges from 0.1 to 0.15 mg/l for ni- north-eastward water currents. trate and from 0.025 to 0.035 mg/l for phosphate. The climate is characterised by large seasonal contrasts influenced by the inflow of The plankton community may be broadly oceanic water from the Atlantic Ocean and divided into a plant component (phytoplank- by the large scale westerly air circulation ton) and an animal component (zooplank- which frequently contains low pressure sys- ton). Plankton constitutes the main primary tems. and secondary biomass in marine ecosys- tems and plays a fundamental role in the marine food web channelling energy to the highest trophic levels through plankton feeders such as herring, mackerel, and sand eels.

The TYRA project area has an average phy- toplankton biomass and abundance compa- rable to the rest of the North Sea. The zoo- plankton community in the central North Sea is generally homogeneous, dominated by copepods.

Fish. The abundance of fish in the TYRA project area is relatively low in comparison to other parts of the North Sea. A total of 16

species were recorded in fish surveys carried Figure 3-1 Water depths. out in the period from November 2002 to Seabed. The TYRA project is situated in an July 2003 at the Halfdan platform located area with the substrate types “mud to sandy app. 25 km from the TYRA project area. mud” and “sand to muddy sand”. It is con- Herring and sprat were registered during the sidered unlikely that any macrophytes fall whereas Atlantic horse mackerel and (macroalgae and higher plants) are to be Atlantic mackerel were registered in the

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summer period. Common dab, American activities that may have significant impact plaice and grey gurnard were registered all on the Natura 2000 area has been per- time of the year. formed accordingly, see section 3.4. The distance to the Wadden Sea and other Natu- The project is in an area, which is a relative- ra 2000 sites is more than 100 km and the ly important spawning ground for cod and distance to the nature reserves along the whiting. west coast of Denmark is more than 200 km (Figure 3-3). Marine mammals. Harbour seal, grey seal, white-beaked dolphin, minke whale and harbour porpoise are the most common marine mammals in the North Sea.

Harbour porpoise is the most common whale in the North Sea and the only marine mam- mal which frequently occurs in the Maersk Oil area. They are mostly found in the eastern, western and southern parts of the North Sea and generally found in low densities in the central part of the North Sea (Figure 3-2).

Figure 3-3 Protected areas in the North Sea

3.2 Impacts from planned activities Continued operation and development of the TYRA project may impact the environment. The following impact mechanisms associated to the planned project activities have been assessed in detail in the ESIS:

 Underwater noise  Physical disturbance on seabed  Suspended sediments

 Discharges to sea Figure 3-2 Distribution of harbour porpoise in  Solid waste the North Sea  Atmospheric emissions  Light Seabirds. Seabirds spend most of their life  Resource use at sea but breed on rocky coasts and cliffs.  Presence of structures In the North Sea region, common seabirds include fulmars, gannets and auk species, The impacts vary considerably in intensity, kittiwakes and skuas. extent and duration. It is concluded that most of the impact mechanisms are as- Protected areas. Protected areas include sessed to be of only negligible or minor sig- Natura 2000 sites, UNESCO world heritage nificance. sites and nationally designated areas. In this non-technical summary only the im- The Natura 2000 site that is the nearest to pact mechanisms (underwater noise, dis- the project area is the Dogger Bank, at a distance of 18 km. A separate screening of

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charges2 and emissions) potentially leading The above mentioned mitigating measures to moderate or major impacts are described. for seismic activities apply as well.

3.2.1 Underwater noise Other activities. The impacts on marine A number of activities that are expected to mammals from underwater noise caused by be conducted for the TYRA project may gen- other sources (e.g. drilling, production, ves- erate underwater noise. It includes seismic sels etc.) are assessed to be of minor signifi- data acquisition campaigns, production and cance, as any displacements due to this type drilling operations, as well as transport. of noise are considered short term and local.

Underwater noise will generally have no or insignificant impact on the marine environmental receptors such as plankton, benthic fauna communities, fish and seabirds.

However, underwater noise may have the potential to significantly impact marine mammals in the form of hearing impairment or behavioural change. Hearing is the primary sense for many marine mammals for de- tecting prey, predators, communication and Figure 3-4 Harbour porpoises (mother and calf) for navigation. ob-served at Tyra East in June 2014

Seismic. The noise levels produced during 3.2.2 Discharges to sea seismic activities can potentially be above The main discharges (physical and chemical) threshold values defined for permanent are expected to occur as part of the produc- hearing loss, temporary hearing loss or be- tion, drilling and stimulation operations. havioural changes for marine mammals. Impacts are considered of small intensity Production. Water is produced together and the TYRA project area is not of particu- with hydrocarbons. Produced water is dis- lar importance to marine mammals; the charged to the sea at the TYRA project. overall impact on marine mammals is assessed to be moderate. Chemical use is necessary to optimise the processing of the produced fluids. Traces of The significance of the impact will depend on production chemicals and oil will be present the final design of the seismic survey. Miti- in the produced water. gating measures that will reduce the environmental risks are applied, typically: Maersk Oil is frequently re-evaluating the best practical options to more environmen-  monitoring of marine mammals during tally friendly solutions by using different operations tools.  soft-start procedures  efficient execution of operations Chemicals are screened according to their potential to bioaccumulate or degrade slowly Conductor ramming and pile driving. in accordance with the OSPAR Recommen- Noise levels with risk of causing hearing dation 2010/4 on a harmonised pre- damage to marine mammals are restricted screening scheme for offshore chemicals. to an area very close to the operations. The impact is considered of small intensity and Reduction of the environmental risk of pro- overall assessed to be minor. duction chemicals discharge is further evaluated through the Risk Based Approach (RBA) in accordance with recent OSPAR guidelines 2 Discharges are assessed to result in only minor impacts. and recommendations. The RBA is currently Discharges are, however, described due to the extent of being implemented. discharges during the production and planned development.

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It is evaluated that the impact on climate The RBA allows evaluating, developing and change and air quality from emissions implementing site-specific actions to reduce caused by the TYRA project is of moderately the environmental risk following the best negative overall significance. available technique. The risk reduction options include: Maersk Oil has implemented a structured energy efficiency management process and  substitution of chemicals conducts a comprehensive review to identify  application of closed systems (e.g. injec- ways to improve energy efficiency and tion of produced water) thereby reduce emissions. The production  organisational measures such as man- has become more energy efficient over the agement systems in place (training, in- years, and in 2013 energy management was structions, procedures and reporting) included in Maersk Oil’s ISO 140013 certified environmental management system. Drilling. Water-based drilling mud, drill cuttings and associated chemicals will be 3.3 Transboundary impacts discharged to the sea during drilling of up to The ongoing operation and development for 130 new wells. The discharge will increase the TYRA project includes activities that can turbidity in the water phase for a short time. cause a significant adverse transboundary The suspended material is expected to settle impact to environmental and social recep- rapidly on the seabed close to the discharge tors. point. The transboundary impacts are assessed in Modelling of sedimentation of water-based the ESIS. During planned activities moder- mud and drill cuttings for a typical Maersk ately negative transboundary impacts have Oil well shows that the mud will settle within been identified for climate and air quality, a distance of 1-2 km from discharge location where the emissions may further contribute in a layer less than 1 mm. Drill cuttings are to the pool of greenhouse gas. Mitigating heavier than drilling mud and will typically measures are described in section 6. settle in a layer up to 50 mm within 50 m from the discharge. No other significant adverse transboundary impacts from planned activities have been A monitoring campaign of the seabed around identified. the Tyra E and Valdemar platforms shows that measurable impacts on the benthic 3.4 Natura 2000 screening community are limited to the vicinity (a few The Natura 2000 network comprises: hundred meters) of the discharge point.  Habitats Directive Sites (Sites of Com- The impact of the dispersion and sedimenta- munity Importance and Special Areas of tion of the discharge of mud and cuttings is Conservation) designated by Member assessed to be of minor negative overall States for the conservation of habitat significance to marine environmental recep- types and animal and plant species listed tors (water quality, sediment type and quali- in the Habitats Directive. ty, plankton, benthic communities, fish, marine mammals and seabirds).  Bird Directive Sites (Special Protection Areas) for the conservation of bird spe- 3.2.3 Atmospheric emissions cies listed in the Birds Directive as well Impacts on the climate and air quality relate as migratory birds.

to emissions of CO2, N2O, NOx, SOx, CH4 and nmVOC from combustion processes. Emis- A Natura 2000 screening has been per- sions to the atmosphere are primarily a re- formed in accordance with the EC habits sult of venting, fuel combustion and gas flaring in production and drilling operations. 3 ISO 14001 is an environmental management standard issued by the International Organization for Standardization

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Directive and Order 408/2007. It is assessed commodation as well as events within con- that planned activities for the TYRA project ferences, music and sports. Tourists in will not have significant environmental im- Denmark are primarily Danish and German pacts on the conservation objectives of the and to a minor extent from Sweden, Norway habitat types or species in the Natura 2000 and the Netherlands. Tourism is evaluated sites in the North Sea. (2012 data) to create a direct economic added value of 24 billion DKK, typically with- 4. SOCIAL ASSESSMENT in the businesses of accommodation, transport and trade. 4.1 Social baseline 4.1.1 Marine spatial planning Oil and gas activities in the North Sea create Shipping industry. The project area is not a significant number of workplaces both on- an important shipping route for the largest and offshore. In 2013 the oil and gas sector ships equipped with automatic identification employed approx. 15,000 persons in Den- systems (AIS)4 (Figure 4-1). mark. Of these, approx. 1,700 employees were directly employed at an oil company.

Other spatial use. Further spatial uses include military areas, dump sites, cables and pipelines, and reclamation areas.

4.1.2 Tax revenue Tax revenue and the profits made by the oil and gas sector have a positive impact on the Danish economy. Based on 2012 estimates, the state’s total revenue was expected to range from DKK 20 to DKK 25 billion per year for the period from 2014 to 2018.

4.1.3 Oil and gas dependency Denmark has been supplied with and ex- ported gas from its North Sea fields since the 1980s. This production has significantly Figure 4-1 Ship traffic and infrastructure in the North Sea impacted the security of supply and balance of trade. Denmark is expected to continue Oil and gas industry. A number of oil and being a net exporter of natural gas up to gas facilities are operational and additional and including 2025 and license to operate facilities are planned. Wind farms are pre- until 2042. sent in Danish waters off Esbjerg, while a

number of wind farms are planned in UK and As part of a long-term Danish energy strate- German waters. gy, the oil and gas production is instrumen-

tal in maintaining high security of supply, at Fishery. Fishery is an important industry in the same time as renewable energy repre- the North Sea. The main targets of commer- sents an increasing share of the Danish en- cial fisheries are cod, haddock, whiting, ergy mix. saithe, plaice, sole, mackerel, herring, Nor-

way pout, sprat, sandeel, Norway lobster, 4.2 Impacts from planned activities and deep-water prawn. The continued operation and development of

the TYRA project may cause impacts to so- Tourism and employment. Tourism in- cial receptors. Impact mechanisms associat- cludes both traditional tourism such as ac- ed to the ongoing and planned projects are restricted zone, employment and tax reve- 4 Automatic Identification System is an automatic tracking nue and oil and gas dependency. system used on ships and by vessel traffic services for identi- fying and locating vessels

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The social impacts from planned activities receptors caused by a major oil spill are are generally assessed to be negligible for mainly related to fishery and tourism. the shipping industry, fisheries and tourism. A major oil spill would potentially have sig- The continued operation and development of nificant, adverse transboundary impacts. the TYRA project will be beneficial for the Danish economy through employment, tax Maersk Oil follows industrial best practices revenue and for its contribution towards for prevention of major accidents based on Danish oil and gas independency. identification of hazards assessed through risk assessments. The risk assessment and reduction measures are regularly updated in 5. IMPACTS FROM case of significant new knowledge or tech- nology development. ACCIDENTAL EVENTS Emergency response to oil spills and contin- Release of hydrocarbons associated to acci- gency planning are developed by Maersk Oil dental events has been assessed in detail in to limit the consequences in case of a major the ESIS, separately according to their size accident. A tiered approach emergency re- and potential impacts. sponse plan is developed to limit the consequence in the unlikely case of a major oil Minor release. Operational accidental spills spill. of chemical, diesel or oil or gas release could be a result of loss of containment of a tank Maersk Oil has access to oil spill equipment or a small size pipeline. The overall impact offshore and in Esbjerg that can be mobi- from small operational spills or release is lised to an oil spill location immediately. If generally assessed to be minor negative. necessary, additional equipment will be mo- The overall impact on seabirds from a minor bilised from the Danish stock pile and Oil oil spill is, however, assessed to be moder- Spill Response ltd. The equipment at dispo- ately negative due to the possibility of sea- sition includes booms, skimmers, pumps, birds coming into contact with the oil. dispersants and tanks. Depending on the size, location and timing of the spill, the Several measures are introduced to reduce response capability will be escalated as re- the volume and number of operational spills quired. Such events are unlikely, with fre- and gas releases through e.g. maintenance, quencies of occurrence of less than 1 in inspections and training. All spills are re- 1,000 years; therefore the risks of social or ported. environmental impacts from a well blow out are therefore low. Major release. Major gas release or oil spill could occur from an uncontrolled loss of a large volume, which requires intervention to 6. MITIGATION be stopped, for example a well blow out.

Maersk Oil has identified several mitigation Modelling has been carried out for the most measures for activities that are likely to credible worst case oil spill scenario based have a significant impact on environmental on expected blow out at TYRA. The model- or social receptors. The mitigating measures ling results have been used to assess the are focused on reducing the impact of un- environmental and social risk from acci- derwater noise, emissions and discharges to dental events based on a scenario without sea. oil recovery or contingency planning.

This is achieved through the development of In general, all receptors evaluated would be procedures and training or the auditing of subject to impacts of moderate or major current facilities and the design of new facili- negative significance following a large oil ties. release. The impacts on socio-economic

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For new projects, Maersk Oil evaluates the feasibility of relevant technological develop- ments that could be applied in its activities (e.g. narrow frequency band air gun, bucket foundation, novel produced water treatment technologies, treatment of drilling mud or drill cuttings offshore, or low NOx technolo- gy) that could reduce the risk on the environment.

These mitigating measures are in place to eliminate or to reduce the environmental and social risks As Low As Reasonably Prac- ticable (ALARP).

In addition to the mitigating measures, several monitoring programs are conducted around Maersk Oil platforms to support the conclusions of the impact assessment.

7. CONCLUSIONS

Environmental impacts associated with the activities planned for the TYRA project are generally found to be minor negative or moderately negative. The project will have several social benefits to the Danish society through employment, tax revenue and for its contribution towards Danish oil and gas independency.

Planned activities for the TYRA project are not found to have significant environmental impacts on Natura 2000 sites.

Planned activities are found to entail possible moderately negative transboundary impacts for climate and air quality, but other- wise no significant adverse transboundary impacts are expected.