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By JENELLE RENNER Integrated Studies Final Project Essay (MAIS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF THE MEDIA’S PORTRAYAL OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN LEGAL CASES, SUCH AS THE JIAN GHOMESHI TRIAL, AND ITS IMPACT ON UNDER REPORTING OF ABUSE By JENELLE RENNER Integrated Studies Final Project Essay (MAIS 700) submitted to Dr. Angela Specht in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – Integrated Studies Athabasca, Alberta April, 2016 Renner 2 AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF THE MEDIA’S PORTRAYAL OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN LEGAL CASES, SUCH AS THE JIAN GHOMESHI TRIAL, AND ITS IMPACT ON UNDER REPORTING OF ABUSE Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...Page 3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….Page 4 Research Method…………………………………………………………………….Page 5 Disciplinary Perspectives and Insights………………………………………...…….Page 6 1. Media and Communication Problems in Truth and Subjectivity in Representation: Sensational Journalism and Rape Culture A General Look at Media’s role in Normalizing and Perpetuating Violence: Humor as a Tool for Desensitization The Media’s impact on the Public’s Perception of Offenders and Victims of Sexual Assault Victim Blaming in Media Narratives Covering Sexual Assaults Problems with Coverage and Lack of Consistency in Media Support 2. Psychology Self-Blame and Internalization of Abuse Possible Reasons for “Irrational Actions” of Alleged Victims of Assault The Re-victimization from Going Public in a Trial Rape Culture and The Ghomeshi Trial The Cycle of Abuse in the Ghomeshi Trial 3. Law/Political Science Gaps in the Criminal Code How the Media Coverage Affects Potential Perpetrators Conflicts, Common Ground and Integration……………………...……………..…Page 20 Potential For Change & Future Study………………………….….……………….Page 21 Conclusion…………………………………………………….…….……………...Page 22 Work Cited………………………………………………………….…....………...Page 24 Renner 3 ABSTRACT For victims, abuse does not end after the assault; “it continues with society’s punishment, which is rarely more merciful than the violent crime itself” (Hamwe, Jasem Al 2011). The media’s portrayal of violence against women, and in particular the Jian Ghomeshi trial, deploy and represent cultural values, bias, stereotypes, and normative discourses. The representations are powerful because women and victims of violence often read censorship, implications and dominant patterns in the media representations. These representations also have great potential to further traumatize other victims of sexual assaults as the presentation of sexual assaults often force survivors to relive past experiences, trigger emotional responses, and doubt or internalize their own abuse. In an attempt to answer how the media’s representation of violence against women contributes to the under reporting of abuse, an interdisciplinary discussion stemming from the disciplines of Media and Communication, Psychology, Gender Studies, and Law/Political Science are used. Renner 4 Introduction The United Nations (UN) reports that one in five women will be subject to rape or attempted rape in her lifetime (Burn 31). It is challenging to acquire accurate statistics on prevalence of sexual assault on women because it is often underreported for a variety of reasons. Some of the reasons a woman does not report her sexual assault or rape are: shame surrounding an attack, societies acceptance and ignorance of rape, potential exile from community or family, and lack of economic, legal support or women services. Accurate statistics of the growing phenomena would ideally promote better government and social support and intervention. Ideally, statistics would promote better laws and enforcement; change societal attitude towards rape, sexual assault, and violence against women; combat rape culture; provide awareness and encourage accessibility to women services. Researching natural sciences and social sciences calls for an interdisciplinary approach and requires crossing of disciplinary boundaries. Unfortunately the complexity of nature and society is inherently complicated, ill structured and not readily solved (Repko 33). Multiple perspectives are necessary when addressing complex problems like sexual assault and media representation. It is important to combine research and integrate existing practices and knowledge when addressing complicated issues. All sources and disciplines have limits. They cannot address all avenues, knowledge, and perspectives. Also to avoid bias, assess the complex problems posed by theorists within the disciplines and point out inaccurate or simplistic reasoning, multiple sources were examined, critically reviewed and applied. Renner 5 A reoccurring trend in the research is rape culture. Nick Montgomery, writes on how the Ghomeshi ordeal reveals a rape culture. Jian Ghomeshi was a former band member for Moxy Fruvous and host of a show on CBC called Q. He was let go by CBC in 2014 when they saw “graphic evidence” that he physically injured a woman. He then went public in saying that he engaged in “rough but consensual” sex with women. This sparked three complainants to come forward with allegations against Mr. Ghomeshi taking place between December 2002 and July 2003. He was charged with three counts of sexual assault and one count of choking. The trial went from February 1st to February 11th and on March 24th Justice William Horkins found Mr. Ghomeshi not guilty, based largely on inconsistencies in the complainant testimonies. Rape culture is “anything that normalizes unwanted, nonconsensual sex,” or in other words, rape culture is “anything that makes rape seem like it is not really rape” (Kirby 2013), (Montgomery 2014). Rape culture is circulated and disseminated through jokes, TV, music, advertising legal jargon, laws, words, and imagery, that make violence against women and sexual coercion seem so normal that people think rape is inevitable (Montgomery 2014). When victims of sexual assaults are exposed to trials such as Jian Ghomeshi’s, where the victim/complainant is deployed as complicit or consenting, or as deserving of what has happened, it potentially then discourages others to consider if they want to go through the same types of process. Research Method An interdisciplinary research approach that incorporates secondary resources from a range of theorists in each discipline (Media and Communication, Psychology, Gender Studies, and Law/Political Science) provides a comprehensive review of current literature Renner 6 relevant from each discipline. An interdisciplinary approach is required for many reasons. First, the problem is complex and encompasses many components that all stem from different disciplinary characters. Also, a variety of scholars and theorists from differing disciplines have produced important insights into the problem and multiple insights need to be integrated to ensure that a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomena is formed. In addition, no single disciplinary expert or theory can address or solve this problem in full. Disciplinary Perspectives and Insights Media and Communication Media and Communication Studies examine how people use messages to generate meanings within and across various contexts, cultures, and technologies. Applied to how the media influences victims to report abuse, findings within this discipline suggest that the meanings conveyed in media forms often condone or minimize violence against women which discourage victims of abuse to report. Popular media shapes social and cultural values and have a direct bearing on how individuals and the public perceive and respond to domestic violence issues (Nettelton 5). The media’s exposure of violence against women can desensitize people to social problems like intimate partner abuse or other types of violence against women. The media’s treatment of abuse can also make the abuse seem less problematic and obscure perceptions for victims. The standard media representation of sexual assault uses “shrill headlines,” and the comments and coverage use re-victimizing language and images (Doe 2016). It is important to note however, that in the representation of the Ghomeshi trial, the media responded both positively and Renner 7 negatively. On one hand, the media used victim blaming to discredit the women accusing Ghomeshi and appealed to Ghomeshi’s suave, well-respected, celebrity persona in media representation. On the other hand, after the verdict, an outcry of supporters initiated #webelievesurvivors campaigns and forums were flooded with blogs and articles that demand changes are made to the criminal justice system and sexual assault legislation. Reasons why women do not file a report with the police or agree to go on record are out of fear that they will be the object of Internet retaliation and online harassment (North 2014). North explains that “those who speak up about sexual harassment or violence have long been subject to public scrutiny and criticism. But an onslaught of online abuse and threats has become a strikingly common response to women’s public statements” (North 2014). By no means is online abuse new to our society, however, in high profile cases such as Ghomeshi’s the abuse further discourages other victims to come forward. Problems in Truth and Subjectivity in Representation: Sensational Journalism and Rape Culture The media knows that specific crime gains better ratings and sells more papers. The more violent the crime, the more papers the media will sell. The media often strategically controls the public’s perception on the amount of crime that is around them, and may even distort or manipulate
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