The CLASP Application Security Process
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16-Channel DAS with 16-Bit, Bipolar Input, Dual Simultaneous Sampling
16-Channel DAS with 16-Bit, Bipolar Input, Dual Simultaneous Sampling ADC Data Sheet AD7616 FEATURES APPLICATIONS 16-channel, dual, simultaneously sampled inputs Power line monitoring Independently selectable channel input ranges Protective relays True bipolar: ±10 V, ±5 V, ±2.5 V Multiphase motor control Single 5 V analog supply and 2.3 V to 3.6 V VDRIVE supply Instrumentation and control systems Fully integrated data acquisition solution Data acquisition systems (DASs) Analog input clamp protection GENERAL DESCRIPTION Input buffer with 1 MΩ analog input impedance First-order antialiasing analog filter The AD7616 is a 16-bit, DAS that supports dual simultaneous On-chip accurate reference and reference buffer sampling of 16 channels. The AD7616 operates from a single 5 V Dual 16-bit successive approximation register (SAR) ADC supply and can accommodate ±10 V, ±5 V, and ±2.5 V true bipolar Throughput rate: 2 × 1 MSPS input signals while sampling at throughput rates up to 1 MSPS Oversampling capability with digital filter per channel pair with 90.5 dB SNR. Higher SNR performance can Flexible sequencer with burst mode be achieved with the on-chip oversampling mode (92 dB for an Flexible parallel/serial interface oversampling ratio (OSR) of 2). SPI/QSPI/MICROWIRE/DSP compatible The input clamp protection circuitry can tolerate voltages up to Optional cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error checking ±21 V. T h e AD7616 has 1 MΩ analog input impedance, regardless Hardware/software configuration of sampling frequency. The single-supply operation, on-chip Performance filtering, and high input impedance eliminate the need for 92 dB SNR at 500 kSPS (2× oversampling) driver op amps and external bipolar supplies. -
BUGS in the SYSTEM a Primer on the Software Vulnerability Ecosystem and Its Policy Implications
ANDI WILSON, ROSS SCHULMAN, KEVIN BANKSTON, AND TREY HERR BUGS IN THE SYSTEM A Primer on the Software Vulnerability Ecosystem and its Policy Implications JULY 2016 About the Authors About New America New America is committed to renewing American politics, Andi Wilson is a policy analyst at New America’s Open prosperity, and purpose in the Digital Age. We generate big Technology Institute, where she researches and writes ideas, bridge the gap between technology and policy, and about the relationship between technology and policy. curate broad public conversation. We combine the best of With a specific focus on cybersecurity, Andi is currently a policy research institute, technology laboratory, public working on issues including encryption, vulnerabilities forum, media platform, and a venture capital fund for equities, surveillance, and internet freedom. ideas. We are a distinctive community of thinkers, writers, researchers, technologists, and community activists who Ross Schulman is a co-director of the Cybersecurity believe deeply in the possibility of American renewal. Initiative and senior policy counsel at New America’s Open Find out more at newamerica.org/our-story. Technology Institute, where he focuses on cybersecurity, encryption, surveillance, and Internet governance. Prior to joining OTI, Ross worked for Google in Mountain About the Cybersecurity Initiative View, California. Ross has also worked at the Computer The Internet has connected us. Yet the policies and and Communications Industry Association, the Center debates that surround the security of our networks are for Democracy and Technology, and on Capitol Hill for too often disconnected, disjointed, and stuck in an Senators Wyden and Feingold. unsuccessful status quo. -
How to Analyze the Cyber Threat from Drones
C O R P O R A T I O N KATHARINA LEY BEST, JON SCHMID, SHANE TIERNEY, JALAL AWAN, NAHOM M. BEYENE, MAYNARD A. HOLLIDAY, RAZA KHAN, KAREN LEE How to Analyze the Cyber Threat from Drones Background, Analysis Frameworks, and Analysis Tools For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2972 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0287-5 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2020 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover design by Rick Penn-Kraus Cover images: drone, Kadmy - stock.adobe.com; data, Getty Images. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report explores the security implications of the rapid growth in unmanned aerial systems (UAS), focusing specifically on current and future vulnerabilities. -
IS 13737 (1993): Isoinformation Technology
इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान का अधकार, जी का अधकार” “परा को छोड न 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 13737 (1993): ISOInformation Technology - 130 mm Rewritable optical disk cartridges for information interchange [LITD 16: Computer Hardware, Peripherals and Identification Cards] “ान $ एक न भारत का नमण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda “Invent a New India Using Knowledge” “ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी चराया नह जा सकताह ै”ै Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” IS 13737 : 1993 ISO/IEC 10089 : 1991 CONTENTS Page NationalForeword..........,..........................................‘.““““’ . (vii) 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance 1 3 Normative references 1 4 Conventions and notations 1 5 List of acronyms 2 6 Definitions 2 2 6. I case 2 6.2 Clamping Zone 6.3 -
Cybersecurity Guide: Hackers and Defenders Harness Design and Machine Learning
Cybersecurity Guide: HACKERS AND DEFENDERS HARNESS DESIGN AND MACHINE LEARNING CYBERSECURITY GUIDE: HACKERS AND DEFENDERS HARNESS DESIGN AND MACHINE LEARNING TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 INTRODUCTION 4 SECTION 1 THE SITUATION REPORT 9 SECTION 2 THINK LIKE DA VINCI: MORE ART IS NEEDED IN THE SCIENCE OF CYBERSECURITY 16 SECTION 3 THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS: MACHINE LEARNING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 21 ENDNOTES PAGE 2 CYBERSECURITY GUIDE: HACKERS AND DEFENDERS HARNESS DESIGN AND MACHINE LEARNING Across the globe, lives and livelihoods are increasingly For information-security professionals, successfully moving online, physical and digital worlds are beginning to defending against the fire hose of now-nonstop online overlap, and digital currencies with no real-world equivalent attacks are both the stuff of nightmares and the reason to can buy real-world goods and services. Artificial intelligence get out of bed in the morning. Who’s winning — the is powering autonomous vehicle decision-making,1 finding attackers or the defenders? new drug candidates2 daily and personalizing lessons3 to help students learn. At the same time, doctors are Given the daily drumbeat of successful intrusions that often performing life-saving surgeries on the other side of the cripple companies’ operations and erase millions of dollars in globe via the internet4 and robot proxies while networked stock value,5 it’s hard to tell. sensors shake up industries from power generation to public transit. Every year, the list of industries being disrupted by To bring the current and future landscape of cybersecurity sensors, smart machines, and microprocessors expand. into focus, HP conferred with leading experts in the field to create this comprehensive, up-to-date guide. -
1. Background This Paper Is About a Method for Recovering Data from Floppy Disks That Are Failing Due to “Weak Bits”
A Method for Recovering Data From Failing Floppy Disks with a Practical Example Dr. Frederick B. Cohen, Ph.D. and Charles M. Preston Fred Cohen & Associates and California Sciences Institute Abstract: As floppy disks and other similar media age, they have a tendency to lose data because of the reduction in retention of electromagnetic fields over time associated with various environmental degradation factors. In attempting to read these disks, the coding techniques used to write them can be exploited along with the proposed fault mechanisms to demonstrate that repetitions of read attempts under proper conditions yield valid data subject to specific error modes. In many cases those errors can be partially or completely reversed by analysis of read results. A practical example involving a case of substantial legal value is used as an example of the application of these methods. Keywords: weak bits, floppy disks, digital forensics, coding, field density loss, the birthday problem, error inversion 1. Background This paper is about a method for recovering data from floppy disks that are failing due to “weak bits”. It describes a repetitive read technique that has successfully recovered data from failing floppy disks in forensic cases and describes analysis of the results of such repetitive reads in terms of yielding forensically sound data values. These techniques are not new or particularly unique; however, they are not widely published and analysis necessary to support their use in legal matters has not been found elsewhere. The particular matter used as an example in this analysis involved a floppy disk that was more than 15 years old and that contained the only copy of a binary assembled version of a software program that was subject to intellectual property claims of sufficient value to warrant recovery beyond the means normally used by commercial recovery firms. -
Threats and Vulnerabilities in Federation Protocols and Products
Threats and Vulnerabilities in Federation Protocols and Products Teemu Kääriäinen, CSSLP / Nixu Corporation OWASP Helsinki Chapter Meeting #30 October 11, 2016 Contents • Federation Protocols: OpenID Connect and SAML 2.0 – Basic flows, comparison between the protocols • OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect Vulnerabilities and Best Practices – Background for OAuth 2.0 security criticism, vulnerabilities related discussion and publicly disclosed vulnerabilities, best practices, JWT, authorization bypass vulnerabilities, mobile application integration. • SAML 2.0 Vulnerabilities and Best Practices – Best practices, publicly disclosed vulnerabilities • OWASP Top Ten in Access management solutions – Focus on Java deserialization vulnerabilites in different commercial and open source access management products • Forgerock OpenAM, Gluu, CAS, PingFederate 7.3.0 Admin UI, Oracle ADF (Oracle Identity Manager) Federation Protocols: OpenID Connect and SAML 2.0 • OpenID Connect is an emerging technology built on OAuth 2.0 that enables relying parties to verify the identity of an end-user in an interoperable and REST-like manner. • OpenID Connect is not just about authentication. It is also about authorization, delegation and API access management. • Reasons for services to start using OpenID Connect: – Ease of integration. – Ability to integrate client applications running on different platforms: single-page app, web, backend, mobile, IoT. – Allowing 3rd party integrations in a secure, interoperable and scalable manner. • OpenID Connect is proven to be secure and mature technology: – Solves many of the security issues that have been an issue with OAuth 2.0. • OpenID Connect and OAuth 2.0 are used frequently in social login scenarios: – E.g. Google and Microsoft Account are OpenID Connect Identity Providers. Facebook is an OAuth 2.0 authorization server. -
Fuzzing with Code Fragments
Fuzzing with Code Fragments Christian Holler Kim Herzig Andreas Zeller Mozilla Corporation∗ Saarland University Saarland University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract JavaScript interpreter must follow the syntactic rules of JavaScript. Otherwise, the JavaScript interpreter will re- Fuzz testing is an automated technique providing random ject the input as invalid, and effectively restrict the test- data as input to a software system in the hope to expose ing to its lexical and syntactic analysis, never reaching a vulnerability. In order to be effective, the fuzzed input areas like code transformation, in-time compilation, or must be common enough to pass elementary consistency actual execution. To address this issue, fuzzing frame- checks; a JavaScript interpreter, for instance, would only works include strategies to model the structure of the de- accept a semantically valid program. On the other hand, sired input data; for fuzz testing a JavaScript interpreter, the fuzzed input must be uncommon enough to trigger this would require a built-in JavaScript grammar. exceptional behavior, such as a crash of the interpreter. Surprisingly, the number of fuzzing frameworks that The LangFuzz approach resolves this conflict by using generate test inputs on grammar basis is very limited [7, a grammar to randomly generate valid programs; the 17, 22]. For JavaScript, jsfunfuzz [17] is amongst the code fragments, however, partially stem from programs most popular fuzzing tools, having discovered more that known to have caused invalid behavior before. LangFuzz 1,000 defects in the Mozilla JavaScript engine. jsfunfuzz is an effective tool for security testing: Applied on the is effective because it is hardcoded to target a specific Mozilla JavaScript interpreter, it discovered a total of interpreter making use of specific knowledge about past 105 new severe vulnerabilities within three months of and common vulnerabilities. -
Secure by Design, Secure by Default: Requirements and Guidance
Biometrics and Surveillance Camera Commissioner Secure by Design, Secure by Default Video Surveillance Products Introduction This guidance is for any organisation manufacturing Video Surveillance Systems (VSS), or manufacturing or assembling components intended to be utilised as part of a VSS. It is intended to layout the Biometrics and Surveillance Camera Commissioners (BSCC) minimum requirements to ensure such systems are designed and manufactured in a manner that assures they are Secure by Design. It also contains certain component requirements that will ensure a configuration that is Secure by Default when the component is shipped, thereby making it more likely that the system will be installed and left in a secure state. This guidance forms part of a wider suite of documentation being developed as part of the SCC Strategy, in support of the SCC Code of Practice. Background and Context The nature of the Internet means that connected devices can be subjected to a cyber attack from anywhere in the world. Widespread attacks on connected products is a current and real threat, and a number of highly publicised attacks have already occurred. The Mirai malware targeted devices such as internet-enabled cameras (IP cameras). Mirai was successful because it exploited the use of common default credentials (such as a username and password being set by the manufacturer as ‘admin’) and poor security configuration of devices. Ultimately, this facilitated attacks on a range of commercial and social media services and included an outage of streaming services such as Netflix. An evolution of Mirai, called Reaper, has also been discovered. Reaper used publicly and easily available exploits that remained unfixed (patched) and highlighted the problem around non patching of known security vulnerabilities, allowing attackers to utilise them to cause harm. -
A Home User's Security Checklist for Windows
A Home User’s Security Checklist for Windows Andreas Lindqvist Stefan Pettersson Linköpings universitet, Sweden Email: {andli299, stepe955}@student.liu.se Checklists like this are quite powerful because of the Abstract ability to decide which items to include, the level of The user and her desktop are widely held to be one of knowledge required and which knowledge is provided the weaker links in the security chain. By letting the user via the text and links, all depending on the audience. secure their own workstation by following a set of steps The updated version of the checklist [2] was then used put forth in a checklist it could be possible to cover both to evaluate the security settings of at least ten Internet problems at the same time. An already existing checklist users (family and friends). This can be found in was revised to become more concise. Twelve users took Appendix B. this checklist concerning the security posture of them and 2.1 The revised checklist their workstations. It turned out that the majority of users largely used the default settings provided by the operating One impression we got from reading the old checklist system. This is also an obvious trend at Microsoft, to make was that it was too big and hence the first goal became to the default settings secure. It is reasonable to believe that shrink it without losing relevance. With the vision of a this will be even truer in Windows Vista. Checklists are more user-friendly list the number of items was especially good as inspiration for interested users seeking decreased from the original checklist’s 40 items and to increase their knowledge on the subject. -
Floppy Disc Controller Instruction Manual
Part Number 2120-0067 OQ419 FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER INSTRUCTION MANUAL March 1985 DISTRIBUTED LOGIC CORPORATION 1555 S. Sinclair Street P.O. Box 6270 ~R Anaheim, California 92806 I nmmI Telephone: (714) 937·5700 Telex: 6836051 Contents SECTION 1 - GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2 1.3 COMPATIBILITY 2 1.4 LOGICAL TRACK FORMAT 3 1.4.1 Sector Header Field 3 1.4.2 Data Field 5 1.4.3 CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Check 5 1.5 RECORDING SCHEME 6 1.6 SPECIFICATIONS 6 SECTION 2 - INSTALLATION 2.1 CONTROLLER JUMPER CONFIGURATIONS 7 2.1.1 Device and Vector Address Selection 8 2.1.2 Device Interrupt Priority 9 2.1.3 Bootstrap 10 2.1.4 Wri te Precompensati on 10 2.1.5 Write Current Control 11 2.1.6 Drive Step Rate 11 2.2 DRIVE CONFIGURATIONS 11 2.3 CABLING 19 2.4 CONTROLLER INSTALLATION 21 2.5 INITIAL CHECKOUT 21 SECTION 3 - OPERATION 3.1 GENERAL INFORHATION 23 3.2 BOOTSTRAPPING 23 3.3 FORMATTING 24 3.4 FILL/WRITE OPERATION 25 3.5 READ/EMPTY OPERATION 27 3.6 OPERATION USING RT-ll 27 SECTION 4 - PROGRAMMING 4.1 GENERAL INFORMATION 29 4.2 COMMAND AND STATUS REGISTER - RXVCS (177170) 30 4.3 DATA BUFFER (177172) 31 4.3.1 Data Buffer Register (RXVDB) 32 4.3.2 Trace Address Register (RXVTA) 32 4.3.3 Sector Address Register (RXVSA) 32 4.3.4 Word Count Register (RXVWC) 32 4.3.5 Bus Address Register (RXVBA) 33 4.3.6 Error and Status Register (RXVES) 33 4.3.7 Bus Address Extension Register (RXVBAE) 35 i i ; 4.4 EXTENDED STATUS REGISTERS 35 4.5 COMMAND PROTOCOL 36 4.5.1 Fill Buffer (000) 36 4.5.2 Empty Buffer (001) 37 4.5.3 Write Buffer -
High Performance Table-Based Algorithm for Pipelined CRC Calculation
High Performance Table-Based Algorithm for Pipelined CRC Calculation Yan Sun and Min Sik Kim School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164-2752, U.S.A. Email: fysun,[email protected] Abstract—In this paper, we present a fast cyclic redun- for message length detection of variable-length message dancy check (CRC) algorithm that performs CRC compu- communications [4], [5]. tation for an arbitrary length of message in parallel. For a Communication networks use protocols with ever in- given message with any length, the algorithm first chunks the message into blocks, each of which has a fixed size equal creasing demands on speed. The increasing performance to the degree of the generator polynomial. Then it computes needs can be fulfilled by using ASICs (Application Spe- CRC for the chunked blocks in parallel using lookup tables, cific Integrated Circuits) and this will probably also be and the results are combined together with XOR operations. the case in the future. Meeting the speed requirement In the traditional implementation, it is the feedback that is crucial because packets will be dropped if processing makes pipelining problematic. In the proposed algorithm, we solve this problem by taking advantage of CRC’s properties is not completed at wire speed. Recently, protocols for and pipelining the feedback loop. The short pipeline latency high throughput have emerged, such as IEEE 802.11n of our algorithm enables a faster clock frequency than WLAN and UWB (Ultra Wide Band), and new protocols previous approaches, and it also allows easy scaling of the with even higher throughput requirement are on the way.