NEW DIVERSITIES An online journal published by the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity Volume 21, No. 1, 2019 New Solidarities: Migration, Mobility, Diaspora, and Ethnic Tolerance in Southeast Europe Guest Editor: Tamara Pavasović Trošt New Solidarities: Migration, Mobility, Diaspora, and Ethnic Tolerance in Southeast Europe 1 by Tamara Pavasović Trošt (University of Ljubljana) Solidarity on the Margins: The Role of Cinema-Related Initiatives in 7 Encouraging Diversity and Inclusivity in Post-1989 Bulgaria by Antonina Anisimovich (Edge Hill University’s Department of Media) Community, Identity and Locality in Bosnia and Herzegovina: 21 Understanding New Cleavages by Marika Djolai (Independent Scholar) In-between Spaces: Dual Citizenship and Placebo Identity at the 37 Triple Border between Serbia, Macedonia and Bulgaria by Mina Hristova (Bulgarian Academy of Science) “Crazy”, or Privileged Enough to Return?: Exploring Voluntary 55 Repatriation to Bosnia and Herzegovina from “the West” by Dragana Kovačević Bielicki Ethnic Solidarities, Networks, and the Diasporic Imaginary: 71 The Case of “Old” and “New” Bosnian Diaspora in the United States by Maja Savić-Bojanić (Sarajevo School of Science and Technology) and Jana Jevtić (Sarajevo School of Science and Technology) Post-war Yugoslavism and Yugonostalgia as Expressions of 87 Multiethnic Solidarity and Tolerance in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Tatjana Takševa (Saint Mary’s University, Canada) Editors: Elena GADJANOVA Julia MARTÍNEZ-ARIÑO Guest Editor: Tamara Pavasović TROŠT Language Editor: Sarah BLANTON Layout and Design: Birgitt SIPPEL Past Issues in 2008-2018: “Contexts of Respectability and Freedom: Sexual Stereotyping in Abu Dhabi”, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2018 “The Influence of Ethnic-Specific Networks on Turkish Belgian Women’s Educational and Occupational Mobility”, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2018 “Mobilities – Migratory Experiences Ethnographically Connected”, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2017 “Indigenous Politics of Resistance: From Erasure to Recognition”, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2017 “The Transnational Infrastructures of Luso-Pentecostal Mega-Cities”, Art. 19, No. 1, 2017 “Religion and Superdiversity”, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2016 “The Infrastructures of Diversity: Materiality and Culture in Urban Space”, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2015 “Engaging with the Other: Religion, Identity, and Politics in the Mediterranean”, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2015 “Migration and Development: Rethinking Recruitment, Remittances, Diaspora Support and Return”, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2014 “Social Mobility and Identity Formation”, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2014 “Diversity and Small Town Spaces: Twenty Years into Post-Apartheid South African Democracy ”, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2013 “Female Migration Outcomes II”, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2013 “Language and Superdiversities II”, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2012 “Skilled Migration and the Brain Drain”, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012 “Language and Superdiversities”, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2011 “Female Migration Outcomes: Human Rights Perspectives”, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2011 “Depicting Diversities”, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2010 “Turks Abroad: Settlers, Citizens, Transnationals”, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2009 “The Human Rights of Migrants”, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2009 “The Conditions of Modern Return Migrants”, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2008 “Citizenship Tests in a Post-National Era”, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2008 © MPI MMG (2019) ISSN-Print 2199-8108 ISSN-Internet 2199-8116 Published by the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity Hermann-Föge-Weg 11 D-37073 Göttingen, Germany New Solidarities: Migration, Mobility, Diaspora, and Ethnic Tolerance in Southeast Europe by Tamara Pavasović Trošt (Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia)* Abstract The social landscape in Southeast Europe has changed dramatically over the past twenty years: increased globalization, new migration and mobility patterns, the refugee crises, economic uncertainty, and the emergence of other salient identities, have all influenced the region dramatically. However, while the continent-wide increase in Euroskepticism, right- wing populism, and disillusionment with globalization points to the need for examining new solidarities and new permutations of difference, research on the effects of these social changes is scarce. In the following articles, we examine the new cleavages and new solidarities created by these changes: effects of global phenomena such as international youth exchange programs, music/film festivals, language, diaspora and dual citizenship, and migration, and the ways in which they are assuaging or amplifying ethnic tolerance in the region, exploring both the determinants of these societal changes, as well as the effects of the changes: emerging political issues and cleavages, new intersections of identities, and new forms of ethnic (in)tolerance. Introduction* (World Bank 2018), and many of them frequently The social landscape in Southeast Europe has return to their origin countries or actively engage changed dramatically over the past twenty years: with them in online communities, influencing increased globalization, new migration and local landscapes with the cultures and world- mobility patterns, the refugee crises, economic views from their new societies (Stubbs 1999, uncertainty, and the emergence of other salient Skrbiš 1999, Halilovich 2012); trends accom- identities, have all influenced the region dramati- panied by high levels of “brain drain” – and cally. Increasing numbers of the region’s youth active plans and hopes for emigrating – from have participated in study abroad programs, all of the SEE countries (Erdei 2010, Sergi et al. leading to a surge in international friendships and 2004). Pressures from the European Union dur- marriages, fundamentally transforming youth’s ing the accession process of the region’s coun- sense of national belonging (Carnine 2015). Co- tries, both in terms of formal rules pertaining to ethnics in the diaspora are heavily engaged in policies such as environmental governance and the politics of the region (Štiks 2010, Ragazzi and rule of law reform (Kmezić 2016, Fagan and Sircar Balalovska 2011), send remittances that exceed 2015), and in terms of a transfer of values (e.g. fifteen percent of some of the countries’ GDPs LGBT rights; see Elbasani 2013) and memory politics (Milošević and Touquet 2018), have led to lasting changes on the landscape of Southeast * The author would like to thank Milica Popović, Danilo Mandić, and Elena Gadjanova for their invalu- Europe (Džankić et al. 2018). Globalization in all able comments on this article and special issue. its forms, including environmental trends (Erik- NEW DIVERSITIES Vol. 21, No. 1, 2019 ISSN-Print 2199-8108 ▪ ISSN-Internet 2199-8116 NEW DIVERSITIES 21 (1), 2019 Tamara Pavasović Trošt sen and Schober 2015), popular culture includ- Indeed, examples of identifications that are ing music (Baker 2008, Mišina 2011), television not related primary to ethnic identity, and and film (Volčič and Andrejević 2010), and sports instead represent cross-ethnic solidarity, are (Eichberg and Levinsen 2009, Poli 2007, Hughson abundant. These include class solidarities: the 2013, Wood 2013), and increased economic pre- “Bosnian Spring” movement slogan “We’re hun- cariousness (Flere et al. 2015), has permeated gry in all three languages”, referring to the irrel- throughout the region, affecting ethnic identities evance of language politics in the backdrop of and existing social cleavages. mass poverty (see Petritsch and Solioz 2014), While these sweeping changes have funda- demonstrated the degree of fatigue with the mentally transformed the ethnic landscapes assumed primacy of ethnic identities, while of the region, research on the effects of these other research has pointed to the need to social changes is scarce. Most empirical research move beyond the dichotomy of the urban, edu- on identities and tolerance remains focused on cated, liberal, pro-Europe vs. rural, uneducated ethnic identities as understood through the lens “masses” (Vetta 2009, Kalb and Hamai 2011). of previous generations. Ethnic identities are Other regional and cross-national grassroots and still largely measured using questions regarding civic society movements have promoted beyond- national pride (see Meitinger 2018), and surveys ethnic attachments, such as anti-fascism move- on blatant and “hot” issues such as war crimes ments, Yugonostalgia (Petrović 2013, Palmberger or refugee policies taken as proxies for the level 2008, Velikonja 2013) , and the revival of Serbo- of ethnic tolerance – results that rightly give rise Croatian as “our” language as means of tran- to alarmist warnings that the region is sinking scending ethnic linguistic boundaries (see Bugar- deeper and deeper into the abyss of ethnic intol- ski 2012). Cross-ethnic trends are also visible in erance (see Taleski and Hoppe 2015). However, it the realm of popular culture, in sports, film, and is precisely the continent-wide increase in Euro- music manifestations: celebrities from minor- skepticism, right-wing populism, and disillusion- ity groups in popular shows, regional celebrity ment with globalization – which points to the advocates of movements such as LGBT rights, need for examining new solidarities (Hoskins, Sai- international film festivals, “friendship networks” sana and Villalba 2015) and new permutations in regional manifestations such as Eurovision of difference. Migration, mobility, diaspora, (see Dekker 2007), local manifestations attract- and above- and below-ethnic identifications, ing regional attendance such as the Exit music