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L'étude Des Relations Entre Les Basques Et Les Premières Nations

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L'étude Des Relations Entre Les Basques Et Les Premières Nations L’étude des relations entre les Basques et les Premières Nations du nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord au XVIe siècle par l’analyse de l’histoire, de la linguistique et de l’archéologie Mémoire Iratxe Andueza Rota Maîtrise en ethnologie et patrimoine - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Iratxe Andueza Rota, 2020 L’ÉTUDE DES RELATIONS ENTRE LES BASQUES ET LES PREMIÈRES NATIONS DU NORD-EST DE L’AMÉRIQUE DU NORD AU XVIE SIÈCLE par l’analyse de l’histoire, de la linguistique et de l’archéologie. Mémoire Iratxe Andueza Rota Sous la direction de : Laurier Turgeon, Professeur titulaire en histoire et ethnologie. Résumé Les Basques ont été parmi les premiers Européens à être en contact et à pratiquer le commerce avec les Premières Nations du nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord. Leurs activités de pêche et leurs relations avec les Premières Nations au XVIe siècle demeurent peu et mal connues dans la mesure où elles ont laissé peu de traces écrites et qu’il y a très peu de travaux traitant de la question. Notre étude porte principalement sur l’analyse de la langue et de la culture matérielle pour appréhender les relations nouées entre ces deux groupes car les premiers contacts entre eux ont été caractérisés par des échanges linguistiques et des échanges d’objets matériels. C’est essentiellement par les travaux historiques menés sur les ports basques, par les cartes anciennes, par les récits de voyage français, qui font souvent référence aux Basques, et par les collections d’objets provenant de sites basques et autochtones en Amérique du Nord que nous pouvons mieux connaître les activités des Basques et leurs relations avec les Premières Nations. Nous avons donc privilégié une approche multidisciplinaire et transversale qui mobilise l’histoire, la linguistique et l’archéologie dans un même travail de synthèse. iii Abstract The Basques were among the first Europeans to be in contact and to trade with the Native people of north-eastern North America. Little is known or understood of their activities and relationships with the First Nations in the 16th century in so far as few printed records of their activities have survived and the scholarly works dealing with the topic are scarce and far between. The study focusses on language and material culture because the first contacts between these two groups are characterised by the exchange of words and material objects. The aim of this study is to reach a better understanding of the activities of the Basque and their relations with First Nations through historical research carried out in Basque ports, maps of the period, French travel accounts, which often refer to the Basques who preceded them, and collections of objects from Basque and First Nations archaeological sites in North America. This study is, therefore, a multidisciplinary undertaking which combines history, linguistics and archaeology in a single analytical work. iv Laburpena (en Basque) Euskaldunak lehenengoetarikoak izan ziren Ipar Amerikako ipar-ekialdeko Lehen Nazioekin harremantzen eta salerosketan aritzen. Haien XVI. Mendeko arrantza eta harremanen aztarna idatziak eskasak dira, idatziriko idazki gutxi geratu baitira eta ikasketa oso gutxi baitaude gai honi buruz. Hizkuntz eta kultura materialaren trukaketa izanen dira bide Euskaldun eta Lehen Nazioetakoen arteko harremana ulertzeko, horiexek izan baitziren haien harremanari hasiera eman zioten bi kontaktu motak. Gehienbat euskal portuei buruzko idazki notarioak aztertzen dituzten lan historikoak, mapa zaharrak, frantsesen bidai liburuak eta euskal zein Lehen Nazioen indusketa lekuetan aurkitu diren zenbait objektu landuko ditugu, euskaldunek Ipar Amerikako ipar-ekialdean zituzten zereginak eta bertakoekin zuten harremana hobe ulertzeko. Lan hau, beraz, jakintza-alor anitzeko lan bat izanen da, historia, hizkuntza eta arkeologia aztertuko dituena, analisi lan bakarrean. v Table des matières Résumé ....................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ..................................................................................................................... iv Laburpena (en Basque) ............................................................................................. v Table des matières .................................................................................................... vi Liste de figures ........................................................................................................ viii Remerciements ........................................................................................................ xiii Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1 : Le contexte des échanges / Le Pays Basque et le nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord au XVIe siècle ......................................................................... 8 1.1 Le Pays Basque ........................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Le nord-est du Canada au XVIe siècle .................................................................... 17 1.2.1 Les Algonquiens .................................................................................................. 20 1.2.3 Les Iroquoiens ..................................................................................................... 23 Chapitre 2 : Activités des Basques en Amérique du Nord selon les sources écrites ........................................................................................................................ 30 2.1 Le XVIe siècle : les hypothèses sur l’arrivée des Basques dans le nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord ....................................................................................................... 30 2.1.1 Les motifs du voyage ........................................................................................... 30 2.1.2 L’arrivée des Basques en Amérique du Nord ...................................................... 33 2.1.3 Voyages non officiels .......................................................................................... 39 2.2 Les activités des Basques au XVIe siècle dans l’est de l’Amérique du Nord ....... 39 2.2.1 La pêche et la construction navale à la fin du Moyen Âge.................................. 40 2.2.1.1 Construction navale ...................................................................................... 41 2.2.1.2 La chasse à la baleine ................................................................................... 49 vi 2.2.1.3 La pêche à la morue ...................................................................................... 56 2.2.2 Le commerce et la traite ...................................................................................... 65 2.2.2.1 Le chaudron de cuivre .................................................................................. 65 2.2.2.2 Haches et couteaux de fer ............................................................................. 67 2.2.2.3 Perles de verre .............................................................................................. 68 2.2.2.4 Les peaux ...................................................................................................... 70 Chapitre 3 : L’étude des contacts par l’étude de la langue ................................. 72 3.1 Emprunts linguistiques ............................................................................................ 72 3.1.1 Mots importants par leur sens .............................................................................. 72 3.1.2 Termes reliés au commerce ................................................................................. 73 3.1.3 Noms des Premières Nations en basque .............................................................. 77 3.2 Le pidgin basque-algonquin .................................................................................... 80 3.3 La toponymie basque au XVIe siècle dans le nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord .. 85 Chapitre 4 : Le contact et le commerce par l’analyse des objets de traite ........ 98 4.1 Sites basques ............................................................................................................ 101 4.1.1 Red Bay ............................................................................................................. 101 4.1.2 L’anse à la Cave ................................................................................................ 111 4.1.3 L’Île aux Basques .............................................................................................. 125 4.2 Sites autochtones ..................................................................................................... 138 4.2.1 Hopps ................................................................................................................. 138 4.2.2 Mantle ................................................................................................................ 151 4.2.3 Ball .................................................................................................................... 163 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 177 Bibliographie .......................................................................................................... 187 vii Liste de figures Figure 1 Localisation du Pays Basque. Xabi Otero ...............................................................
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