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Adaptive Communication: a Systematic Review Journal of Communications Vol. 13, No. 7, July 2018 Adaptive Communication: A Systematic Review Abdullah Alqahtani1, Nahier Aldhafferi1, Atta-ur-Rahman2, Kiran Sultan3, and Mohammad Aftab Alam Khan2 1 Dept. of CIS, College of CS & IT, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia 2 Dept. of CS, College of CS & IT, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, P.O. Box 1982, Saudi Arabia 3 Dept. of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Email: {aamqahtani, naldahfeeri, aaurrahman}@iau.edu.sa, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Adaptive communication is one of the hottest areas according to varying CSI of the sub-channels. It is done of research for last two decades or so. This technique is in such a way that the overall throughput of OFDM recommended for many 3rd Generation (3G) and 4th system is maximized while satisfying certain number of Generation (4G) communication standards like WIFI (IEEE constraints most likely the desired BER and total transmit 802.11n/b/g) and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16/e) etc. These systems power available at transmitter etc., at the same time. So, it are mainly Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a constrained optimization problem and the concept of (OFDM) based communication systems. In OFDM systems there are several subcarriers that may exhibit different channel adaptive communication ultimately leads to the optimum state information. In adaptive communication, the various utilization of resources in a communication system transmission parameters like code rate, modulation scheme and environment. Different terminologies like link adaptation, power are adapted with respect to the channel state information adaptive resource allocation, dynamic resource allocation at different subcarriers, so that the overall throughput of the and optimum resource allocation are also referred in the system may be maximized while satisfying certain constraints literature to the same phenomenon. like bit error rate and total transmit power, at the same time. In From an extensive literature review it is observed that this paper, a comprehensive review of adaptive communication Adaptive coding and modulation is one of the hottest techniques along with their pros and cons and future directions is presented. areas of research in wireless communication especially in Wireless Broadband Access (WBA) like IEEE802.11 Index Terms—Adaptive communication, ACM, OFDM, 3G, (WIFI), IEEE802.16/e (WiMAX) etc. Adaptive 4G, 5G modulation and adaptive coding is used to maximize throughput and minimize the BER for OFDM environment. I. INTRODUCTION For sake of clarity literature review is categorized into Adaptive communication has gained attention of most following adaptive communication techniques observed of the current and future communication systems. Many in the literature. 3rd generation (3G) and 4th generation (4G) systems • Adaptive Modulation have employed it as the main feature of communication. • Adaptive Coding These systems are mainly Orthogonal Frequency • Adaptive Coding and Modulation Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based systems. In OFDM • Adaptive Loading systems, one large data stream is divided into several low • Adaptive Coding, Modulation and Loading data rate streams. Then these streams are modulated over different subcarriers that are orthogonal in nature. These II. GENERAL REVIEW subcarriers exhibit different channel conditions during transmission. So, a wide range of channel state As described in the previous section, review will be information (CSI) is observable over the entire spectrum. presented the way adaptive communication evolve in the In this way, using similar and/static communication literature over past three decades or so. parameters may end up with worst resource utilization. A. Adaptive Modulation This is because some of the subcarriers may be okay with Initially the concept of adaptive communication was those parameters especially those where CSI is better but started with adaptive modulation in late eighties. In this those with poor CSI may end up with huge Bit Error Rate way the modulation scheme was chosen according to the (BER). Hence, this situation demands adaptive channel state information (CSI). For example, if channel communication. conditions are good then a relatively high modulation Adaptive communication is a technique in which scheme like 64QAM, 128 QAM or 256 QAM different transmission parameters like code rate, (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) may be used and if modulation symbol, power and subcarriers etc. are chosen channel conditions are poor then a low modulation scheme like binary phase shift keying (BPSK) may be Manuscript received January 3, 2018; revised June 22, 2018. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] used. So, when a range of such modulation schemes is doi:10.12720/jcm.13.7.357-367 available, then some criteria must be there to govern how ©2018 Journal of Communications 357 Journal of Communications Vol. 13, No. 7, July 2018 to choose the optimum modulation scheme for a given optimization problem and propose efficient solution for CSI. encoded systems, like Fischer (1996) [5]. Adaptive modulation based OFDM systems can be Link adaptation is also used for better results. It is categorized into two classes. First uncoded adaptive based upon different approaches, like the one based upon modulation system and second one is coded adaptive imperfect channel estimation by Ye et al. (2002) [6]. So, modulation system. in this paper rather than taking the assumption of Channel 1) Uncoded adaptive modulation systems State Information (CSI) to be known at transmitter and In these systems the performance of adaptive systems receiver, more realistic approach is proposed. How the was investigated in an uncoded environment. That means, knowledge of CSI affects the performance, is investigated without existence of any practical forward error by comparing non-adaptive OFDM, adaptive OFDM with correction (FEC) scheme, several algorithms were imperfect CSI and 100% known CSI. proposed for adaptive communication by varying the In channel estimation slow and fast fading channels are modulation scheme with respect to the channel state also dealt and performance degradation is observed as information, especially in nineties. Since modulation was well due to poor channel estimates. Most of the equations the only parameter to be optimized so traditional in this paper were referred to the work done by Chung et optimization techniques were used for this purpose like al. (2001) [7]. There it is shown that efficiency of Lagrange multiplier etc. adaptive modulation is nearly same for discrete and Kalet (1989) [1] proposed adaptive modulation for continuous rate adaptation, as well as, under the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) instantaneous average BER constraint. Also, they derived system. In this way switching technique was utilized to expressions for optimal power, rate and BER adaptation choose the modulation scheme for the next transmission for different modulation schemes. This paper interval, given certain channel state information. Chow et comprehensively covers the gain with and without al. (1995) [2] examined the same idea for Gaussian adaptive modulation under various circumstances and slowly varying dispersive fixed links. various adaptive techniques. Later, Cyzlwic (1996) [3] investigated same idea for SNR estimation is one of the key issues in adaptive wideband radio channels. In this scheme it was found that OFDM since the decision for adaptation is based upon the the required signal to noise ratio (SNR) for a target bit instantaneous channel conditions. Received SNR error rate (BER) of 10e-3 could be reduced from 15dB to estimation is another name given to channel estimation. 5dB by using adaptive modulation compared to fixed This is because many adaptive algorithms follow modulation in OFDM based radio channels. consideration of received SNR for adapting the Sastry et al. (2010) [4] proposed a fuzzy system based modulation scheme. adaptive modulation scheme for OFDM system using In his MS thesis, Kant et al. (2007) [8] investigates non-data aided SNR estimation. The term non-data aided various link adaptation schemes for IEEE 802.11n. In this referred to as this scheme did not require any training dissertation it is shown that a fast-adaptive coding and data prior to estimation. In this paper, received QAM modulation scheme exploits instantaneous knowledge of modulated signal was divided into its real and imaginary channel state information to rapidly adapt the parts, then using fuzzy system deviation of each part was transmission parameters according to the change in calculated that resulted in SNR estimation. Basically, the channel statistics. relationship between the deviation of the received symbol Different techniques are investigated in literature for from its original position in the constellation and received SNR estimation, e.g., this task is mostly accomplished by SNR was found. That is, a received symbol, which is sending training sequences called pilot signals. This deviated from its original position in constellation, decreases effective channel capacity. An adaptive reveals a specific SNR at the subcarrier. A curve was technique is introduced, which is based on tracking the found that depicts the relationship between deviation and time variation of the channel to adapt the number and signal to noise ratio. Now once given the deviation, one distribution
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