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Cross-Layer Designs for Link Adaptation

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Cross-Layer Designs for Link Adaptation Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Carthage Higher School of Communications of Tunis Cross-Layer Designs for Link Adaptation A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information and Communication Technologies By Ms. Asma Selmi Defended on the 1st of December 2016 before the committee composed of: Chair Prof. Ridha Bouallegue Professor at SUPCOM, Tunisia Reviewers Prof. Mohamed Slim Alouini Professor at KAUST, Saoudi Arabia Dr. Mohamed Lasaad Ammari Associate professor at ENISO, Tunisia Examiner Dr. Le¨ılaNajjar Atallah Associate professor at SUPCOM, Tunisia Supervisor Prof. Mohamed Siala Professor at SUPCOM, Tunisia Co-Supervisor Prof. Hatem Boujemaa Professor at SUPCOM, Tunisia Academic year: 2016/2017 Abstract To pursue the rapidly growing demand for high data rates, new radio communication systems are appealed to efficiently manage power and spectral resources and channel impairments through adaptive techniques. Link adaptation (LA) techniques, namely Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) and Power Control (PC), are used at the physical (PHY) layer to take care of the instantaneous channel quality variations, through appropriate processing prior to data transmission. The channel quality variations could also be handled after data transmission through the use of the Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) protocol at the data link (DL) layer. This thesis focuses on the optimal combination of all of these three LA techniques, since they synergically and nicely complement each other. Such challenge requires the use of cross- layer approaches for throughput efficient LA. In particular, we propose cross-layer designs for a maximized average throughput efficiency (ATE), targeted to single-antenna as well as to multi-antenna systems. In a first stage, the basic ARQ protocol is optimally combined with both adaptive modulation (AM) and PC techniques. More specifically, the proposed cross-layer allows to jointly select the optimal power level and the appropriate modulation scheme (MS), as a function of the fading channel, to achieve the highest ATE, under an appropriately fixed average transmit power constraint. To do this, a numerical resolution process was developed, which simply relayed on a set of full-fledged throughput efficiency curves corresponding to the MSs supported by the system, to select the optimal transmit parameters. Thanks to a one-shot proposed numerical resolution approach, the proposed combination scheme is found to be generic for any ARQ scheme, regardless of the actual channel statistics and the desired target average transmit power. The performance analysis shows a significant reduction in average transmit power in comparison to a conventional joint AM-ARQ scheme for a preset ATE. Then, we extended this scheme to incorporate coding rate adaptation in addition to constellation size adaptation. i A type I hybrid ARQ was considered where an error-correction is employed in addition to the error detection. The numerical maximization of the ATE was carried using a Lagrange multiplier parameter, which is intimately related to the desired average transmit power and to the usually unknown channel statistics. To keep the proposed combination scheme independent of channel statistics, we developed an iterative algorithm for blindly estimating and tracking the appropriate value of the Lagrange multiplier, to meet as much as possible the required average transmit power. The proper operation of the proposed tracking loop was validated through a Monte-Carlo simulation approach, modeling in a realistic way channel variations and tracking loop behavior. Then, we studied the convergence behavior and capabilities of the proposed algorithm as a function of the mobile speed. In a second stage, aiming to improve the offered throughput of a basic ARQ scheme, we wisely redistributed the transmit power budget among potential transmission attempts, such that the resulting throughput is maximized, for a fixed target average power per packet. To this end, a truncated ARQ (T-ARQ) was assumed, and a heuristic algorithm, banking on a dichotomic search, was used for the optimization of the distribution of the available power budget among the different transmissions. This enhanced version of the T-ARQ protocol was then combined with AMC and PC techniques, according to the combination scheme previously developed. In a third stage, we tackled the problem of QoS-sensitive packet wireless communications. In this context, we developed an efficient cross-layer design that maximizes the ATE by optimally combining AMC, PC and basic ARQ, while fulfilling an error performance constraint in ad- dition to the constraint on the average transmit power. More specifically, both optimal AM switching thresholds and appropriate transmit power are derived as a function of the channel state, while guaranteeing the required QoS in terms of packet error probability. Finally, we extended the proposed PC-AMC-HARQ cross-layer design, previously developed for SISO systems, to MIMO systems, in order to exploit the spatial multiplexing gain. To this end, we assumed known channel state information (CSI) at both the transmitter and the receiver and decoupled the MIMO channel into parallel eigen-subchannels using singular value decomposition (SVD). For each eigen-mode, the optimal transmit power level as well as the appropriate modulation and coding scheme (MCS) are jointly selected, as a function of the fading state of the subchannel, in order to achieve the highest ATE for the whole MIMO system, for a fixed total average transmit power. We finally analyzed the achieved ATE improvement for both ordered and unordered eigenvalues cases. ii Keywords: Link Adaptation, Power Control, Adaptive Modulation and Coding, Error Control, Automatic Repeat reQuest Protocol, Hybrid ARQ Protocol, Forward Error Correc- tion, Throughput Efficiency, QoS-based Communications, MIMO, Spatial Multiplexing, Sin- gular Value Decomposition. iii List of Abbreviations AM Adaptive Modulation AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest ATE Average Throughput Efficiency CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise CSI Channel State Information CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check DL Data Link EMA Exponential Moving Average FEC Forward Error Correction FIFO First-In-First-Out GBN Go Back N HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest HARQ-I Type I Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access HSP High-Speed Packet HSPA High-Speed Packet Access HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet Access i.i.d. independent identically distributed iv IP Internet Protocol LA Link Adaptation LTE Long Term Evolution LOS Line Of Sight MIMO Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme MS Modulation Scheme NLOS Line Of Sight NR Numerical Resolution PC Power Control PDF Probability Density Function OSI Open Systems Interconnection PEP Packet Error Probability PHY Physical PSD Power Spectral Density QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QoS Quality of Service QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying SISO Single-Input-Single-Output SIR Signal to Interference Ratio SNR Signal to Noise Ratio SR Selective Repeat STBC Space-Time Block-Coding STTC Space-Time Trellis-Coding SVD Singular Value Decomposition SW Stop and Wait T-ARQ Truncated Automatic Repeat reQuest TCP Transport Control Protocol UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access Wi-Fi Wireless-Fidelity v WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks vi Contents Abstract i List of Abbreviations iv Contents vii List of Figures xi List of Tables xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation ...................................... 1 1.2 Contributions................................... 2 1.3 Organization .................................... 4 2 Link Adaptation Techniques and ARQ protocols 6 2.1 Introduction.................................... 6 2.2 RadioPropagationEffects . ... 7 2.3 PowerControl.................................... 8 2.4 AdaptiveModulationandCoding. ..... 9 2.5 Automatic Repeat Request Protocols . ....... 10 2.5.1 SW-ARQProtocol .............................. 11 2.5.2 GBN-ARQProtocol ............................. 11 2.5.3 SR-ARQProtocol .............................. 13 2.6 HybridARQ ..................................... 13 2.7 Cross-LayerDesign............................... 14 2.7.1 PHY/DL Cross-Layer Design . 16 2.8 Conclusion ...................................... 16 3 Cross-Layer Design for Link Adaptation in ARQ-based Systems 17 vii 3.1 Introduction.................................... 17 3.2 GenericSystemModel .............................. 18 3.2.1 Transmitter.................................. 19 3.2.2 WirelessChannel............................... 19 3.2.3 Receiver.................................... 20 3.2.4 Adaptive Modulation and Coding System . 20 3.3 Cross-LayerDesign............................... 21 3.3.1 ProblemStatement.............................. 21 3.3.2 Numerical Resolution Process . 23 3.4 Numerical and Simulation Results . ...... 24 3.4.1 BasicARQThroughputEfficiency . 24 3.4.2 OptimalTransmitPower . 25 3.4.3 Average Throughput Efficiency Analysis . ..... 28 3.5 Conclusion ...................................... 30 4 Realistic Cross-Layer Design for Link Adaptation in HARQ-based Systems 31 4.1 Introduction.................................... 31 4.2 SystemModel..................................... 32 4.2.1 Transmitter.................................. 33 4.2.2
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