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Hong Kong Independence Movement 2050 WMHSMUN XXXIV Hong Kong Independence Movement 2050 Background Guide “Unprecedented committees. Unparalleled debate. Unmatched fun.” Letter From the Director Dear Delegates, As strange of a year it has been, it is my pleasure to welcome you to WHMSMUN XXXIV as the director of the Hong Kong Independence Movement, 2050. My name is Jeronica Tran, but I go by Nica, and I am a first-year student at the College of William and Mary. I plan to major in philosophy and later pursue law school. It is an honor for me to be here with you all at WMHSMUN, easily one of the best I have ever been a part of. However, I am also very biased on that. My passion for Model UN came in high school. I am a painfully extroverted person, so I instantly fell in love with the collaborative aspects of conferences. It was an amazing experience to connect with people from all over the world who were so passionate and driven. I hope that you can find that kind of feeling here. As your director, I expect that you take the opportunity to embody a completely different person. This is a committee based on creativity, it would be an absolute shame for you not to take advantage of that. I see our committee as the blend between international politics and theater. The more you act in your roles, the better the experience will be. I hope that you can embrace this essential aspect of committee If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact me. Nica Tran [email protected] Background Guide – Hong Kong Independence Movement Introduction Background In 1997, the region of Hong Kong was transferred to China from the United Kingdom after 156 years of British control.1 This was a result of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, a treaty signed between the United Kingdom and China stipulating the sovereign and administrative arrangement of Hong Kong after 1997, when the lease of the New Territories was set to expire.2 This transfer immediately and severely affected Hong Kong’s previously prosperous economic state. These financial crises were further magnified by various epidemics such as the Avian flu outbreak and the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) outbreak.3 This was said to be due to China’s failures in use of the “One Country, Two Systems” principle. In true practice, China’s “One Country, Two Systems” principle declares that Special Administrative Regions (SAR) can continue to have its own governmental system, legal, economic and financial affairs, including trade relations with foreign countries, independent from Mainland China.4 Debate and protest did not begin until Beijing began to try and influence Hong Kong’s government. The Mainland started to use the region’s finances to fund projects such as implementing Chinese Nationalist ideals into Hong Kong education and a direct railway from Beijing to Hong Kong.5 Hong Kong feared that China would soon overtake them completely, so they successfully rejected and protested these projects. 2014 marked the start of the Hong Kong Independence Movement when the Mainland’s congress set a restriction on Hong Kong’s ability to elect their Chief Executive due to previous pushback from Hong Kong. This restriction made it so that candidates had to be screened by a Beijing-controlled nominating committee before entering the election.6 That infringement on Hong Kong’s rights as a SAR prompted their most historic protest: a 79-day protest named the “Umbrella Revolution”.7 Following that failure of the “One Country, Two Systems” principle, more controversies rose as China continued to encroach on Hong Kong. In 2019, Hong Kong held one of its largest protests to date, protesting an amendment bill from China that would allow the extradition of fugitives to mainland China.8 Hong Kong’s 2024 protest was its largest to date. This protest changed the way China and Hong Kong would interact. In 2024, China put further restrictions over Hong Kong’s government in attempts to silence the independence movement and keep Hong Kong within its grasps. The protest, dubbed the “Phoenix Rain Revolution”, reached an end after 189 days. This treacherous 189 days resulted in a promise that 2 Background Guide – Hong Kong Independence Movement amendments would be made to the Sino-British Joint Declaration, allowing freedoms after the agreement is said to end in 2047. It took about 8 years to get that debate into office and within those 8 years, China increased restrictions over Hong Kong’s government. And for 10 stalling years after that, it seemed that this empty promise had silenced the independence movement. Modern Day It is now 2050, 3 years after the Sino-British Joint Declaration was said to end. The Hong Kong Independence Movement has gained huge traction since its start. In 2020, it was supported by about 17% of Hong Kong’s population and opposed by over 50% of the population.9 Now over 75% of the population support Hong Kong’s complete independence while less than 10% oppose this. After 18 years of nothing promised, the independence movement took a swift turn and developed into an organized movement with community leaders all around Hong Kong and scheduled meetings/government protests. This strengthened movement has typically been peaceful, posing little to no threat to China itself (other than the secession of Hong Kong). It is now at the strongest it has ever been in 30 years. The movement has helped in the attempt to reform the Hong Kong government and revisit Sino-British Joint Declaration. China is losing its grasp over the region. Hong Kong Plans to Secede From China There is word that if the Hong Kong government does not push back against China and break off as an independent nation, the independence movement will overtake the government and fight against China. Over the years, the movement has grown to develop both a bigger, stronger national and international presence. Within their some of their organizations are now militias that are said to be more powerful than the Hong Kong Police Force. Tensions grow the longer China waits to amend the Sino-British Joint Declaration. More and more protests have begun to break out over the past 3 years. Those protests have grown more and more violent. The impending threat of war has interested the support of aerospace companies, most notably SpaceX and Boeing, seeing this as an opportunity to get to the top of their industries. This kind of support for the movement means two possible outcomes: a war in which China has the opportunity to themself as the strongest world power or Hong Kong proves its worth as an independent nation or a peaceful negotiation. 3 Background Guide – Hong Kong Independence Movement Hong Kong is becoming a stronger region every day. As the movement grows, so does the region’s ability to act as an independent nation. China has implemented and increased military around Hong Kong. Even though they call for peace between China and Hong Kong, nations are flocking to sides. All Hong Kong has to do now is come up with a comprehensive, peaceful way of deliberating this with China. Hong Kong’s independence is no longer a pipe dream and may threaten China’s political position in Asia. Questions to Consider 1. What adjustments could and would be made on the Sino-British Joint Declaration? Would those changes be enough? 2. What would be the most peaceful, effective way for Hong Kong to secede China? Should they secede China at all? 3. Does Hong Kong have the means and ability to successfully secede from China? What would happen if it falls after seceding? What would happen to China if Hong Kong does succeed? 4. Is there a true threat of war? If so, are the countries joining truly concerned with Hong Kong’s succession or are there ulterior motives? If not, what is the potential and effect of China completely invading Hong Kong? Additional Resources 1. Little, Becky. “How Hong Kong Came Under 'One Country, Two Systems' Rule.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 3 Sept. 2019, www.history.com/news/hong-kong-china-great-britain. This source gives a great, in-depth look into Hong Kong’s transition from British rule to Chinese sovereignty. It describes the Sino-British Joint Declaration and what it truly did for all parties. Most importantly, it details the aftermath of this transfer and the negative effects it had on Hong Kong, especially economically. 2. “Hong Kong Profile - Timeline.” BBC News, BBC, 24 June 2019, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia- pacific-16526765. A quick and easy timeline for all of the important dates throughout Hong Kong’s history. It starts in 1842, the time China gave it to the United Kingdom, and ends in 2019, the latest Hong Kong protests. It does not give you details but it provides a baseline if you are confused about when and where events start. 4 Background Guide – Hong Kong Independence Movement Dossier Jian Zhuang, Chief Executive of Hong Kong The current leader of Hong Kong. They understand the influence of the movement but are controlled/restricted by China. Because of their diplomatic position, they fear that secession may not be successful and look more for peace. This peace could be found in adjustments to agreements between China and Hong Kong, getting transferred under another nation’s control, etc. They are being protested by the movement and their people for not speaking for the majority and actively rejecting China’s infringements on Hong Kong. Their power over the people has been undermined by the leaders of the movement, so now they must attempt to take control.
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