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Japan International Cooperation Agency JR 03-64 平成15年度 独立行政法人国際協力機構 準客員研究員報告書

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Japan International Cooperation Agency JR 03-64 平成15年度 独立行政法人国際協力機構 準客員研究員報告書 平成15年度 独立行政法人国際協力機構 準客員研究員報告書 March 2004 Institute for International Cooperation IIC Japan International Cooperation Agency JR 03-64 平成15年度 独立行政法人国際協力機構 準客員研究員報告書 Hinako Toki （土岐 日名子） March 2004 Institute for International Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ This report is based on the research findings by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) 2003 Associate Guest Researcher. The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect those of JICA. Full text of this report is available in PDF format from JICA web site: http://www.jica.go.jp The contents of this report may not be reprinted without permission from JICA. Published by: Research Group, Institute for International Cooperation (IFIC) Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) 10-5, Ichigaya Honmura-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8433 Japan FAX: +81 -3-3269-2185 E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary (in Japanese)....................................................................................... i Executive Summary (in English).........................................................................................vii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. ix 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 2. Conceptual Analysis of DDR .......................................................................................... 8 2-1 Definition of DDR....................................................................................................... 8 2-2 Components of DDR㧙Lessons from the Past............................................................ 9 2-3 From Reintegration to Development......................................................................... 13 3. Case of Mozambique ..................................................................................................... 15 3-1 Background and Nature of the Conflict .................................................................... 15 3-1-1 Internal Dynamics of the Conflict...................................................................... 17 3-1-2 Economic Downturn .......................................................................................... 19 3-1-3 Changes in the External Environment ............................................................... 20 3-1-4 Peace Negotiation .............................................................................................. 22 3-1-5 Post-Conflict Elections ...................................................................................... 23 3-2 General Peace Agreement for Mozambique ............................................................. 24 3-2-1 General............................................................................................................... 24 3-2-2 Military Aspect of the GPA ............................................................................... 26 3-3 Overview of the Peacekeeping Operation................................................................. 26 3-4 Design of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration .................................... 27 3-4-1 Planning of the DDR Program........................................................................... 27 3-4-2 Target Armed Forces ......................................................................................... 28 3-4-2-1 The Mozambique Armed Forces .................................................................... 28 3-4-2-2 Renamo........................................................................................................... 29 3-4-3 Implementation Structure .................................................................................. 30 3-4-4 Demobilization and Reintegration Procedure.................................................... 31 3-5 Implementation Process of Demobilization .............................................................. 33 3-5-1 Outcomes ........................................................................................................... 33 3-5-2 Constraints Related to Demobilization Process................................................. 33 3-5-3 Post-DDR Disarmament .................................................................................... 36 3-5-3-1 Operation Rachel ............................................................................................ 37 3-5-3-2 Swords into Ploughshares Project .................................................................. 38 3-6 Reintegration and Beyond......................................................................................... 39 3-6-1 Donor Involvement ............................................................................................ 39 3-6-1-1 The Reintegration Support Scheme (RSS) by UNDP .................................... 39 3-6-1-2 The Occupational Skills Development Program (OSD) by ILO.................... 40 3-6-1-3 The Information Referral Service (IRS) by IOM ........................................... 41 3-6-1-4 The Provincial Fund (PF) by IOM ................................................................. 42 3-6-1-5 The Open Reintegration Fund (ORF) by GTZ ............................................... 43 3-6-1-6 ISCOS Program .............................................................................................. 44 3-6-2 Efficacy of the Reintegration Programs............................................................. 45 3-6-3 Social Reintegration of Ex-Combatants ............................................................ 48 3-6-4 Towards Long-Term Development.................................................................... 49 3-6-5 Landmine Issues ................................................................................................ 52 3-7 Participation of Children and Women in DDR ......................................................... 53 3-7-1 Demobilization of Child Soldiers ...................................................................... 53 3-7-2 Reintegration of Child Soldiers ......................................................................... 54 3-7-3 Demobilization and Reintegration of Female Soldiers...................................... 55 3-8 Regional Aspects of the Internal Conflict................................................................. 56 3-9 Lessons Learned........................................................................................................ 58 3-9-1 General............................................................................................................... 58 3-9-2 Disarmament...................................................................................................... 59 3-9-3 Demobilization................................................................................................... 59 3-9-4 Reintegration...................................................................................................... 59 4. Case of Sierra Leone ..................................................................................................... 61 4-1 Background and Nature of the Conflict .................................................................... 61 4-1-1 From War to Peace ............................................................................................ 61 4-1-2 Post-Conflict Elections and Reconciliation ....................................................... 64 4-2 Overview of the Peacekeeping Operation................................................................. 66 4-3 Design of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration .................................... 67 4-3-1 Planning of the DDR Program........................................................................... 67 4-3-2 Disarmament Component .................................................................................. 67 4-3-3 Demobilization Component............................................................................... 68 4-3-4 Reintegration Component .................................................................................. 68 4-3-5 Resettlement Program........................................................................................ 69 4-3-6 Community Arms Collection and Destruction .................................................. 72 4-4 Implementation Process of DDR .............................................................................. 73 4-4-1 Phases of Demobilization .................................................................................. 73 4-4-2 Outcomes ........................................................................................................... 73 Table 4-1: Total Disarmed, by Group...................................................................... 74 4-4-3 Constraints in the Process.................................................................................. 74 4-5 Reintegration and Challenges Ahead ........................................................................ 76 4-5-1 Involvement of Donors ...................................................................................... 76 4-5-1-1 World Bank .................................................................................................... 76 4-5-1-2 UNAMSIL...................................................................................................... 77 4-5-1-3 The Department
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