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Growing Currants, Gooseberries, and Elderberries in Wisconsin (A1960)

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Growing Currants, Gooseberries, and Elderberries in Wisconsin (A1960) A1960 GROWING CURRANTS, GOOSEBERRIES, & ELDERBERRIES IN WISCONSIN Ribes nigrum T ERYL R. ROPER, DANIEL L. MAHR, PATRICIA S. MC M ANUS C urrants, gooseberries, & elderberries are native to Wisconsin woodlands, fence rows, and fields. Fruit of these lesser known crops are often harvested from the wild and are prized for making jams, jellies, pies, and juice. Elderberries are sometimes used in home winemaking. These crops are generally hardy enough to be grown in all areas of Wisconsin and are well adapted for home fruit plantings. A limited number of improved cultivars are available from nurseries. In the fall or early spring before planting, thor- SITE SELECTION AND oughly mix additional organic matter with the PREPARATION soil. Well-rotted manure, compost, granulated Gooseberries, currants, and elderberries prefer peat, or other partially decomposed organic mat- cool moist locations; they will not thrive in hot ter are beneficial. dry places. They can be grown in partially shaded areas but should have good air circulation around the plants to reduce leaf and fruit disease prob- SOURCES OF PLANTS lems. Soils high in organic matter are ideal for Because of limited demand, recommended goose- these crops. Do not plant in poorly drained areas berry, currant, and elderberry cultivars may be where water stands for more than a day. difficult to obtain. One-year-old plants are best; older plants can be used but are often less vigor- If possible, obtain a soil test before planting. ous and not as desirable. Check reliable mail- Procedures for soil sampling and submitting sam- order nurseries for availability. For sources of ples for testing are outlined in Extension publica- these plants, see Extension publication Home Fruit tion Sampling Lawn and Garden Soils for Soil Testing Cultivars for Northern Wisconsin (A2488) or Home (A2166), which is available through your county Fruit Cultivars for Southern Wisconsin (A2582). Extension office. Apply and incorporate any phos- phorus or potassium recommended from the soil If you wish to start your own plants from a test the fall before planting. nearby source, currants, gooseberries, and elder- berries are easily propagated from cuttings or by Eliminate quackgrass and other troublesome layering. These procedures are discussed in perennial weeds by frequent cultivation or use of Extension publication Home Propagation Techniques non-residual herbicides such as glyphosate the (NCR274). These plants do not come true from season before planting. Before using any herbi- seed and must be vegetatively propagated. cide, read the package label to make sure the crop Currants you intend to treat is listed. are usually propagated from hardwood cuttings. In winter or early spring, take cuttings 6 to 8 inches long from the matured dormant growth of the previous season. Store cuttings in 1 Currants,Gooseberries,E& lderberries I N W ISCONSIN moist peat moss or sand in a refrigerator or other location cold enough to prevent growth. Do not store in a home freezer. In early spring, plant the cuttings 6 to 8 inches apart in rows with the top two or three buds 3'–4' above the soil. Press soil firmly around the cut- 6'–8' tings and water lightly and frequently. Rooted cuttings often can be transplanted in the spring following one season’s growth. Gooseberries can also be propagated by cut- tings but are well adapted to layering. To layer plants, bend down low-growing branches in early spring, pin the branches in place with a hooked wire or weight, and cover them with 2 to 3 inches of soil. Leave the base and tips of the branches exposed. Branches will usually root well in one season and can be cut from the plant and transplanted the following spring. Rooting of layered branches is generally enhanced by cover- ing the soil with sawdust or granulated peat to retain moisture. Elderberries are easily propagated by cuttings as described for currants. In early spring take 10- to 12-inch cuttings from live portions of the pre- F Plant spacing for currants and vious season’s growth and plant them 10 to 12 gooseberriesIGURE 1. inches apart in rows, leaving the top bud exposed. Firm soil around cuttings and water as needed to retain a moist, not soggy, medium for rooting. Cuttings can be transplanted to perma- Space currants and gooseberries 3 to 4 feet apart nent locations early the following spring. in rows 6 to 8 feet apart. Elderberries should be spaced 7 to 8 feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart to allow cultivation and air circulation in plantings. PLANTING AND SPACING In Wisconsin, spring planting is preferred for OLLINATION gooseberries, currants, and elderberries. Set dor- P mant plants as soon as they are received from the Currants and gooseberries are self-fruitful. Cross nursery, or transplant them directly from the pollination with other cultivars is not essential. propagation bed. Before planting, remove dam- Elderberries are essentially self-unfruitful. Two or aged or broken roots or stems and cut back the more cultivars should be planted near each other top portions to 8 to 10 inches, depending on the to provide for cross-pollination to ensure good size of the root system. Plant with the lowest fruit set. branch at or just below the soil line. Water thor- oughly after planting to settle the soil around the roots, and water weekly thereafter if rainfall is inadequate. 2 Pixwell. Hardy and moderately productive. SUGGESTED CULTIVARS Medium-sized fruit is pink and mild flavored Since only a limited number of nurseries propa- when mature. gate currants, gooseberries, or elderberries, the cultivars suggested here are chosen on the basis Elderberries of availability as well as their characteristics of Adams. good yield, fruit quality, and hardiness. Other Both Adams No. 1 and Adams No. 2 are unlisted cultivars may also perform satisfactorily suitable. Very large fruit compared to in a home planting. The home fruit grower may native plants. Plant is 8 feet tall, find testing of other cultivars to be fun and inter- vigorous, with strong canes. esting if time and space permits. Considered hardy. Ripens early August. Johns. Currants Exceptionally vig- Wilder. Vigorous, red- orous plant, growing 6 to fruited cultivar; moder- 10 feet tall. Less productive ately hardy and produc- than Adams, but fruit and fruit clus- tive. Berries are ters are larger. Moderately hardy. Ripens 10 to 14 somewhat larger than Red days after Adams. Lake. Ripens beginning in Nova. An outstanding cultivar. Fruit is large and early July. sweet. Plant is 6 feet tall, moderately hardy, and Red Lake. Vigorous, very productive. Use York as pollinizer. Ripens in hardy, productive cultivar. August, before York. Originated in Nova Scotia. Fruit is large, bright red when York. More productive than Adams cultivars mature, and of good quality. and as hardy. Largest berry of all cultivars; juicy, Mild flavor. Ripens over a 3-week sweet, purplish black. Excellent 6-foot-tall orna- period beginning in early July. mental with white flowers, black fruit, and White Imperial. An older cultivar. White, showy fall foliage. Last to ripen in mid- to late translucent fruit with pink blush is borne in loose August. clusters. Very rich, sweet flavor better than red currants. Winter hardy. Ripens mid-July. FERTILIZER Gooseberries If the site was prepared properly and phosphorus Hinnonmaki Red. and potassium were added based on the soil test, no additional phosphorus or potassium fertilizer A European gooseberry. Fruit should be required. Currants, gooseberries, and is large, purplish red, and elderberries will benefit from applications of sweet. The canes are mod- nitrogen. Young plants should receive 1 to 2 erately vigorous, but are tablespoons of a high nitrogen fertilizer like very spiny. For trial. ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, or urea Poorman. Hardy and annually in the spring. Older plants should moderately productive. receive 3 to 4 tablespoons of high nitrogen fertil- Red fruit is the largest of izer in the spring. Nitrogen can also be supplied any American type. by aged manures. Somewhat less thorny You can judge the need for fertilizer by looking at than most cultivars. the bush. If the bush is very vigorous, producing a lot of new growth, reduce the nitrogen by half 3 Currants,Gooseberries,E& lderberries I N W ISCONSIN or eliminate it altogether. If growth is moderate With elderberries simply prune out weak or bro- but the plants still appear thrifty, apply the rec- ken canes, leaving six to eight vigorous canes to a ommended amount. If few new canes are pro- plant. duced and growth appears poor, increase nitro- gen application by half. For more detailed Old neglected currant, gooseberry, and elder- fertilizer use suggestions, refer to Extension pub- berry plants can be renovated by removing old lication Fertilizing Small Fruits in the Home Garden canes and thinning out newer shoot growth to (A2307). initiate the sequence described for new plantings. Mature gooseberry and currant plants should have eight to ten bearing canes and four to six PRUNING new shoots to replace the oldest canes removed each year. Six to eight mature canes to a plant are Growth and fruiting habit of currants and goose- generally adequate for elderberries. berries are similar. Thus, pruning practices are essentially the same for both. Prune when plants are dormant—usually in early WEED MANAGEMENT spring just before growth begins. Wherever pos- Currants, gooseberries, and elderberries do not sible while pruning currants and gooseberries, compete well with weeds. Weed management remove canes drooping on the soil or canes begins by controlling perennial weeds before which shade the center of the plant. After the first planting the bushes. After planting, frequent season of growth, remove all but six to eight of shallow cultivation will keep weeds out of the the most vigorous shoots from currants and planting.
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