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Residual Biomass of Gooseberry (Ribes Uva-Crispa L.) for the Bioremoval Process of Fe(III) Ions

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Residual Biomass of Gooseberry (Ribes Uva-Crispa L.) for the Bioremoval Process of Fe(III) Ions Desalination and Water Treatment 202 (2020) 345–354 www.deswater.com October doi: 10.5004/dwt.2020.26180 Residual biomass of gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.) for the bioremoval process of Fe(III) ions Tomasz Kalaka,*, Joanna Dudczak-Hałabudaa, Yu Tachibanab, Ryszard Cierpiszewskia aDepartment of Industrial Products and Packaging Quality, Institute of Quality Science, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland, Tel. +48 618569059; email: [email protected] (T. Kalak), Tel. + 48 618569382; email: [email protected] (J. Dudczak-Hałabuda), Tel. + 48 618569027; email: [email protected] (R. Cierpiszewski) bDepartment of Nuclear System Safety Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan, Tel. +81 0258479570; email: [email protected] (Y. Tachibana) Received 4 January 2020; 1 June 2020 abstract Gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.) residues were generated in processing in the food industry and taken for testing for the removal of Fe(III) ions from water in batch experiments. The biosorbent material was characterized using several analytical methods, including particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental composition (scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), specific surface area, and average pore diameter (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller adsorption isotherms), volume of pores, and pore volume distribution (Barrett–Joyner–Halenda), thermogravimetry (TGA, DTG), morphology (scanning electron microscopy), Fourier transform infrared analysis. Several factors, such as adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, pH, and contact time were analyzed to show an effect on the biosorption process efficiency. The maximum adsorp- tion efficiency was determined to be 88.5%. Based on the kinetics analysis, the bioremoval process is better described by the pseudo-second-order equation and the Langmuir model. In conclusion, gooseberry biomass can be an effective material for the efficient removal of iron(III) from wastewater and improving water quality. Keywords: Water quality; Bioremoval process; Gooseberry residues; Fe(III) ions 1. Introduction and cheap technologies should be developed to purify water from pollution, which is a huge challenge for modern Water accounts for about 71% of the Earth’s surface civilization [2]. and plays the most important role in maintaining life. Pollution of the environment, including oceans, seas, Moreover, freshwater only accounts for 3% of the total and lakes, rivers, is mainly caused by the progressing develop- is used for human consumption. Most of the freshwater ment of the industry. Among many types of contaminants, is transferred for agricultural purposes, hence its unavail- heavy metals are considered the most dangerous because of ability and sometimes lack in many places is a significant their toxic properties. In addition, metals are not biodegrad- social and economic problem [1]. Although access to clean able nor capable of bioaccumulation and even at low con- drinking water has been improving in recent years, several centrations (ppb) they are the cause of various diseases and million deaths a year worldwide are due to the consump- disorders which may lead to fatal effects. Nowadays, they tion of contaminated water or drought. In the interests of are removed from wastewater from various industries by environmental protection and the human population, new means of many conventional but also expensive methods. An alternative seems to be the biosorption process, which * Corresponding author. is a much cheaper method and can use different types of 1944-3994/1944-3986 © 2020 Desalination Publications. All rights reserved. 346 T. Kalak et al. / Desalination and Water Treatment 202 (2020) 345–354 biomass that are waste produced in industrial processing a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Hitachi S-3700N [3]. An example of biomass that can be used to bind heavy (Krefeld, Germany) with an attached a Noran SIX energy metal ions is gooseberry pomace generated in the food dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) microanalyzer (ultra- industry. In 2017, the global value of gooseberry production dry silicon drift type with resolution (FWHM) 129 eV, was estimated at around 169,369 tons and the greatest pro- accelerating voltage: 20.0 kV); (3) thermogravimetry ana- ducer was Germany (86,480 tons). The next countries were lyzed by setsup DTG (first derivative of thermal gravi- listed as follows: Russia (58,551 tons), Poland (9,457 tons), metric analysis), DTA (first derivative of temperature for Ukraine (7,820 tons), and the United Kingdom (2,538 tons). thermal phase transitions) Setsys 1200 (Setaram, Caluire, Production in Poland ranges on average between 14 and 20 France; temperature range 30°C–600°C; the rate of tempera- thousand tons/y and the area harvested oscillates around ture increase 10°C/min; gas flow rate of nitrogen 20 mL/ between 2 and 3 thousand ha [4]. Several products, such min); (4) the specific surface area and the average pore as jams, marmalades, juices, powders, sauces, wines, diameter by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method liqueurs, and others are made from gooseberry fruit. It is using Autosorb iQ Station 2 (Quantachrome Instruments, rich in beneficial elements to human health, such as pro- USA); (5) the pore volume by the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda teins, lipids, anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glycosides, cyan- (BJH) method using Autosorb iQ Station 2 (Quantachrome idin-3-rutinosides), carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins A, B1, Instruments, USA); (6) the morphology by a SEM EVO- B2, B3, B6, B12, C, minerals, and pectins [5]. In addition, 40 (Carl Zeiss, Germany); (7) the surface structure anal- volatile constituents, such as C6-compounds ((Z)-hex-3- ysis by a Fourier transform attenuated total reflection enal, (E)-hex-2-enal, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, (FT-IR ATR) spectrum 100 (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, USA). (E)-hex-3-enal) and esters (methyl butanoate, ethyl buta- noate, methyl (E)-but-2-enoate, ethyl (E)-but-2-enoate, 2.1.3. Fe(III) biosorption process methyl hexanoate) are reported in its composition [6]. These substances contain functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl, Biosorption efficiency of Fe(III) ions on gooseberry res- phenolic, sulfo, and amino groups) that are capable of bind- idues were examined in batch experiments at room tem- ing metal ions. The binding mechanism can take place by perature (T = 23°C ± 1°C). For this purpose, Fe(III) ions with means of ion exchange, complexation, and chelation reac- analytical purity (standard for AAS 1 g/L, Sigma-Aldrich tions. Furthermore, physical adsorption, redox reactions, or (Germany)) were used. The dried particles of gooseberry microprecipitation may occur. This process can also involve residues (2.5–100 g/L) and a portion of Fe(III) solution rang- all of these reaction mechanisms simultaneously [7]. ing from 2.5 to 20 mg/L at selected pH (2–5) were shaken at The purpose of the studies was to determine the phys- 150 rpm during 60 minutes. The pH of Fe(III) solutions was icochemical properties of gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.) adjusted using 0.1 M NaOH and HCl. Afterwards, the solu- pomace generated from the processing in the food industry. tions were centrifuged at 4,000 rpm to separate the phases. In addition, the aim was to study the efficiency of biore- In the final stage, after the biosorption processes the Fe(III) moval of Fe(III) ions from aqueous solutions by the biomass ions concentration (mg/L) was determined by the atomic under different conditions of adsorbent dosage, initial con- absorption spectrophotometer (F-AAS, at a wavelength centration, pH, and contact time. Moreover, the biosorption λ = 248.3 nm for iron) SpectrAA 800 (Varian, Palo Alto, kinetics, equilibrium, and the Langmuir and Freundlich USA). The triplicate measurements were conducted and isotherms were analyzed. average results were presented. The biosorption efficiency A (%) and capacity qe (mg/g) were calculated according to the Eqs. (1) and (2), respectively: 2. Experimental procedure 2.1. Materials and methods CC− A = 0 e ×100% (1) C 2.1.1. Gooseberry preparation 0 Gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.) residues were gen- ()CC− ×V erated during processing of the food industry in Poland. q = 0 e (2) The biomass was crumbled, sieved, and separated into indi- e m vidual fractions. Afterwards, it was dried at a temperature where C and C (mg/L) are initial and equilibrium Fe(III) ion of 60°C and stored in a desiccator prior to all experiments. 0 e Triplicate measurements were conducted and distilled concentrations, respectively; V (L) is the volume of solution water was used. and m (g) is the mass of a biosorbent. Kinetic and isotherm parameters were calculated using pseudo-first-order (Eq. (3)) and pseudo-second- 2.1.2. Gooseberry residues characterization order (Eq. (4)), Langmuir (Eq. (5)), and Freundlich (Eq. (6)) The gooseberry particles with diameters ranging from models in accordance with the equations, respectively: 0 to 0.212 mm were used in the studies. In the first stage kt =−1 (3) physicochemical properties of the biomaterial were ana- qqte()1 e lyzed using a variety of analytical methods, including: (1) particle size distribution analyzed by the laser diffraction qk2 t method using a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments q = e 2 (4) t 1+ qkt Ltd., UK); (2) the elemental composition and mapping using e 2 T. Kalak et al. / Desalination and Water Treatment 202 (2020) 345–354 347 qKC P, and Ti. Gooseberry is organic biomass, thus during the q = max Le (5) analysis the presence of the largest number of oxygen and e 1+ KC Le carbon atoms was observed. The content of elements was not estimated on the bases of measurements but was calculated 1 based on the number of counts in the EDS microanalysis. = n qKeFCe (6) The gooseberry material is not homogeneous, so depending on the position of the measuring point on the sample using where qt (mg/g) is the amount of Fe(III) ions adsorbed at any the SEM-EDS method, there may occur differences in the time t (min); qe (mg/g) is the maximum amount of Fe(III) quantitative and qualitative composition.
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