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IBM Storage Speichertechnologien Unter Der Lupe

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IBM Storage Speichertechnologien Unter Der Lupe Kurt Gerecke Juni 2012 IBM Storage Speichertechnologien unter der Lupe © 2012 IBM Corporation IBM System Storage Agenda 1 Wir habe ein Geburtstagskind – Historie zum Aufwärmen ..... 2 Disk Technologien 3 Solid State Disks (SSD‘s) 4 Storage Class Memories und Positionierung 5 Millipede und optische Speichertechnologien 6 Tape Technologien 7 Speicherhierarchie 8 Nano-Technologien © 2012 IBM Corporation 1952: IBM Modell 726 erster Bandspeicher • 18.000 Lochkarten • 1.440.000 Characters • 1.44 MB • Acetat Plastikband mit Eisenoxydbeschichtung • 7-Spur Technik (6 x Daten, 1 x Redundanzprüfung) • Datenrate 7.5 Kbit/s, S/L-Geschwindigkeit 1.9 m/s • entwickelt in Phougkeepsie im Zuge der IBM 701 Entwicklung Photo 1951 Prototyp Photo 1952 IBM 726 in Betrieb 720 Meter Bandlänge 100 BPI 1953: IBM Modell 727 (728) • 24.000 Lochkarten • 1.920.000 Characters • 1.92 MB • 7 Spur-Technik 1958: IBM Modell 729 • 50.000 Lochkarten • 4.000.000 Characters • 4 MB • 7 Spur-Technik Bild: 729 Deutsches Museum München Modelle I bis VI • Erstes Tape Laufwerk mit Schreibkontrolle • Einlesen der Zeichen in ein Prüfregister 1961: IBM 7340 Hyper Tape Drives • Kontrolleinheit IBM 7640 • Für Rechner 7074, 7080, 7090 • Doppelte Übertragungsraten vs. 729 • 7-Spur-Technik • Höchste Datenrate WW • 170.000 Zeichen/s • 112.5 Zoll/s Tape Speed • Modelle 1 – 3 • 8 MB später 16 MB 1964: IBM 2401 Magnetbandsystem • speziell für System /360 • 9-Spur Technik • 800 BPI • 20 MB später 40 MB • erster ECC • CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check • Automatic Error Capture & Correction • Basis für spätere ECC‘s Löschschutzring 1970: IBM 3420 Modelle 3,5,7 • System /370 • 3803 Kontroller • 9-Spur-Technik • 800-1600 BPI • 120/200/320 Kilobytes/s •... 1973: IBM 3420 Modelle 4,6,8 • System /370 • 3803 Kontroller • 9-Spur-Technik • 1600-6250 BPI 1970/73: IBM 3420 Magnetbandeinheit • 470/780/1250 Kilobytes/s • Zuverlässigkeit • bis zu 8 x 3420-Einheiten an 3803 • 7-mal höher vs. 3,5,7 • Lebenszeit bis Ende der 80‘er Jahre •165 MB bei Modell 8 ... 1971: IBM 3410 Magnetbandsystem • technisch wie 3420 • Pultform Bauhöhe • komfortable Bedienung • horizontal von oben • kostengünstige Alternative .. für .. System/370 und /360 Benutzer •... 1974: IBM 3850 MSS • System/ 370 • Mass Storage System • erste Tape Library weltweit • ILM/ HSM – Basis für SMS • Kompression • zylinderförmige Bandpatronen • Eisenring • elektromagnetischer Greifer • 706 bis 4720 Slots • 35.3 GB bis 236 GB MSS 3850 Adressierung • 2 Bandpatronen = 3330 Platte • 50 GB per Patrone • 100 GB per 3330 Plattenstapel • 800 GB per 3330 Subsystem Bienenwabenförmige Zellen 1983: IBM 3430 Magnetbandsystem • System IBM 43xx, IBM 303x • System/38 • von oben bedienbar (wie 3410) • kompakte Bauweise • minimale Stellfläche • kostengünstig • letztes IBM Rollenband • A01 Tape Unit mit Kontroller • B01 Tape Unit • bis zu 3 x B01 an A01 • 9-Spurtechnik •Tape Speed 50 Zoll per Sekunde • 312 KB/s Schreiben/Lesen • Rewindzeit 2.7 Minuten • 152 MB 1984: IBM 3480 • Einführung der Kassettentechnik im Rechenzentrum • 200 MB Kapazität vs. 165 MB bei 3420 Modell 8 • 5 ½ Zoll Kassette • Erste MP Beschichtung mit Chromdioxyd • Modelle A22 (CU) und B22 (Drive Unit) • Modelle A11 (CU) und B11 (Drive Unit) 1986 • bis zu 8 Drives per CU 1986 IDRC: • Improved Data Recording Capability • Kompression 400 MB Kassette 1989: IBM 3490 Magnetbandsystem • System IBM ES/3090,9000,9370,308x,4381 • Leistungsstarke CU • dynamischer Pufferspeicher 2 MB •18-Spurtechnik, 38.000 BPI • 600 MB mit IDRC 1200 MB • ACL Automatic Cartridge Loader (integriert) • ESCON 1991: IBM 3490E Magnetbandsystem • System IBM ES/3090,9000,9370,308x,4381 • Leistungsstarke CU • dynamischer Pufferspeicher 8 MB • 36-Spurtechnik, 78.000 BPI • 1200 MB mit IDRC 2400 MB • ACL Automatic Cartridge Loader (integriert) • ESCON 1992: IBM 3495 ATL • Automated Tape Library • MVS/ESA, VM/ESA, .. VSE/ESA • Modelle L20, L30 und L40 • 13.5 TB bis 45.5 TB • 3490 und 3490E Laufwerke 1993: IBM 3494 ATL • Automated Tape .Library • MVS/ESA, VM/ESA, .. VSE/ESA, AIX/6000, OS/400, .. TPF 1995: IBM 3590 Magnetbandsystem • Magstar Baureihe • erste grosskapazitive Kassette • MR-Köpfe mit Track Following Servo • Luftkissenführung des Bandes - 1995 Modelle B • 10 GB • 128 Spurtechnik • 9 MB/s - 1999 Modelle E • 20 GB • 40 GB extended length cartridge • 256 Spurtechnik • Parity-Aufzeichnung • 14 MB/s - 2002 Modelle H • 30 GB / 60 GB • 384 Spurtechnik / Parity • 14 MB/s Die wilden 1990‘er: Wildwuchs der Tape Technologien IBM IBM 3480 Exabyte Mammoth 1 Mammoth 2 DEC Philips / Onstream ADR Hewlett Packard Sony DDS Tandberg Exabyte Travan 3M VXA 4mm SLR Tandberg Hewlett Packard VXA 8mm Seagate 2000: IBM LTO Produktportfolio • IBM 3581 Desk Top Laufwerk • IBM 3582 Autoloader • IBM 3583 Scalable Library • IBM 3584 Ultra Scalable Library IBM LTO Ultrium Produktentwicklung Jahr 2000 2002 2005 2007 2010 Generation I Generation II Generation III Generation IV Generation V Kapaztität 100 GB 200 GB 400 GB 800 GB 1500 GB Durchsatz 15 MB/s 35 MB/s 80 MB/s 120 MB/s 140 MB/s Schreib/Leseköpfe 8 8 16 16 16 Single port FC-4 Ultra 160, FC-4, Dual port FC-8, Schnittstelle FC-1, Ultra II FC-2, Ultra 160 Ultra 160 SAS 3Gb SAS 6Gb Full High Full High Full High Form Faktor Full High Full High Half High Half High Half High Media Type MP MP MP MP MP Tape Länge 609 M 609 M 680 M 824 M 846 M Write/Read 4 M/s 6,22 M/s 5,5 M/s 6,25 M/s 6,16 M/s High Speed Search 6 M/s 8 M/s 8 M/s 8 M/s 10 M/s Speed Matching No Yes Yes Yes Yes Spurdichte max. 384 512 704 896 1280 Linear Density 124 kbpi 188 kbpi 250 kbpi 328 kbpi 368 kbpi Anmerkung: Kapazitäten und Datenraten native ohne Kompression Enterprise Tape Entwicklung (nach Magstar) – 2003 IBM 3592 (Jaguar Gen.1) • erste Dünnfilmbeschichtung • Flat Lap Köpfe • Virtual Backhitch • PRML (Partial Response Maximum Likelyhood) • 40 MB/s, 60 GB und 300 GB Kassetten – 2005 IBM TS1120 (Jaguar Gen.2) • WORM Kassetten • Asymetrische Verschlüsselung (Encryption) • 104 MB/s, 100 GB und 500 GB Reuse • 700 GB Kassette – 2008 IBM TS1130 (Jaguar Gen.3) • GMR erste Generation • 160 MB/s, 128 GB, 640 GB und 1 TB Reuse Media Reuse • 1 GB Buffer • High Speed Search mit 12.4 m/s – 2011 IBM TS1140 (Jaguar Gen.4) • GMR dritte Generation JA JB JC • 32-Spurtechnik 300-640GB 700-1600GB 4000GB * • 250 MB/s, 500GB und 4 TB, Reuse 1.6 TB •native ohne Kompression, Kapazität abhängig von Laufwerksgeneration • Neue Barium/Eisen-Beschichtung • 8 Gbit/s Fibre IBM Tape Historie im Überblick Zeitgesteuerte Spurnachführung Flanchless Erster ECC Kassetten-Memory-Chips Guiding Error Correction Code 1st with ESCON 1st tape 1st read/back 1st to deliver 1st with LTO 1st with LTO4 1st with 8 Gb/s system drive LTO Fibre Fibre 1952 1964 1989 1995 2000 2002 2004 2007 2010 IBM 726 IBM 2401 IBM 3490 IBM 3590 LTO Gen1 LTO Gen2 LTO Gen3 LTO Gen4 LTO Gen5 1959 1984 1999 2003 2005 2008 2011 IBM 729 IBM 3480 IBM 3590E 3592 Gen1 3592 Gen2 3592 Gen3 3592 Gen4 1st with FICON st st 1st read/write 1 cartridge and Fibre 1 tape 1st 1 TB 4 TB drive drive encryption capacity capacity Parity MP Aufzeichnung Beschichtung Flat Lap Köpfe PRML Virtual GMR GMR Compression Dünnfilm Backhitch 1. Gen. 3. Gen. IDRC IBM System Storage „Magnetplatten“... das war eine der grössten Erfindungen der Welt!! Die neue Plattenrotunde „Live“ zu sehen im IBM Museum: Haus der Geschichte der IBM Daten- verarbeitung Sindelfingen Bahnhofstrasse 43 1984: RAMAC 350/355 wird zum “International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark“ Technologie Welt Kultur Erbe © 2012 IBM Corporation IBM System Storage Hard Disk - ATA, SATA, FATA, SAS (2.0), FC-Platten - 2 ½ Zoll vs. 3 ½ Zoll Formfaktor - GMR (Giant Magneto-Resistance) - Performance Entwicklung 1000 <= 7200 RPM IO Rate per GB und 100 Hard Disk Drive Generation IOPS 10 Desktop Seit 1990 um Faktor 100 5400 & 7200 15k RPM 1 schlechter 10k RPM 0,1 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 - Performance heute RPM Latency (ms) Seek (ms) IO/s * FC/SAS 15000 2 4 167 FC/SAS 10000 3 5 125 SATA/SAS 7200 4.2 9 76 * 100% Random © 2012 IBM Corporation IBM System Storage Solid State Disk (SSD) Preisentwicklung Zeit SSD Preis ($) SSDs mit DRAM 2003 21 GB 2.5“ SLC 11000.- seit 1976 für Hochleistung 2006 32 GB 2.5“ MLC 1000.- 100x höhere Kosten als Disk 2010 32 GB 2.5“ MLC 100.- 2012 160 GB 2.5“ MLC 80.- SSDs mit Flash SLC = Single Level Cell 1 Bit (0/1) per Zelle höhere Lebensdauer, schneller, teurer MLC = Multi Level Cell Multiple States per Zelle (00/01/10/11) geringere Lebensdauer, günstiger eMLC (Enterprise MLC) SSD Hybridkonfigurationen Zellenabsicherung durch CU Standard (Flash) und Hochleistung (DRAM) Lebensdauer SLC vergleichbar SLC und MLC © 2012 IBM Corporation IBM System Storage SSD Hersteller mehr als 200 Anbieter © 2012 IBM Corporation IBM System Storage Hybrid-Systeme Sequentielle Workload SSD mit eMLC Flash • als RAM Erweiterung • In Memory DB • In Memory Apps • als eigene Tiering Klasse • als Cache Erweiterung Disk SAS 2 ½ Zoll • alle RPM Varianten Automatisches Tiering © 2012 IBM Corporation IBM System Storage SCM (Storage Class Memories) vs existierender Technologien SRAM Cost NOR FLASH DRAM NAND FLASH HDD STORAGE CLASS MEMORY SCM Technologien: Performance PC-RAM (Phase Change), MRAM (Magnetic RAM), FeRAM (Ferroelectric RAM) Solid Electrolyte RAM, RRAM (Resitive RAM), STT-RAM, Racetrack Memories © 2012 IBM Corporation IBM System Storage PCM Phase Change Memories - Phasenwechselspeicher 1950 Erforschung von Chalkogeniden Querschnitt durch eine PCM-Zelle Optische Anwendungen via Laser Obere Elektrode • CD-/ DVD-RW Polykristallines Chalkogenid Heute “elektrisch“ • mittels Stromstössen Heizer Programmierbarer • amorpher Zustand vs. kristalliner Zustand Bereich Untere Elektrode Multi Level PCM Chip • 90 nm CMOS Technologie • 100 x mehr Leistung zum schnellsten Flash Speicher • bis 40-fach höhere Kapazitäten • Write Latency nur bei 10 Mikrosekunden • miniaturisierbar (20 nm) Blütezeit ab 2015 (SSD‘s, Smartphones, Speicherkarten, USB) © 2012 IBM Corporation PCM Phase Change Memories - Phasenwechselspeicher 1) 1) Invented by IBM Fellow Dr.
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