Index

‘t Hoen, 35 antiretroviral , 22 “3 by 5”, 29 Apotex, 155 301 Watch List, 34 apportionment, 44 3TC, 90 Argentina, 158, 342 A Article 30, 31, 42, 190 Ashraf Ghani, 292 Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Asians and Pacific Islanders, 79 324 Atripla, 317 , 48, 161 attempted murder conviction, 334 ABC approach, 129 Aurobindo, 159 absenteeism, 99 Australia, 55 Absolute Component Summed Index, 212 Avahan, 255 Abstinence, 14, 129 avian influenza, 58 abusive relationships, 328, 336 Awareness of HIV status, 313 accumulation, 118 AZT, 68 actors, 106 B actresses, 106 Actuarial projections, 81 bacillary angiomatosis, 8 adenovirus, 6 bacterial sexually transmitted infections, adequate remuneration, 42, 154 112 adherence to treatment, 315 balance between producers and users of administrative burden, 259 patented products, 207 adolescents, 133 balance of payments, 142 adult mortality, 123 Bangkok, 46, 312 Africa, 9 Bangladesh, 312 African Development Bank, 223 bargaining power, 18 African-Americans, 79, 303 Bayer, 155 age of consent, 329 Be Faithful, 129 aggravated assault, 335 behavioral change, 235, 305 Agricultural production, 30 behavioral responses to HIV/AIDS, 14 agricultural production process, 117 Bell, Devarajan, and Gersbach, 116 AIDS drugs, 31 Best Practice AIDS Standard, 250 AIDS prevention activities, 103 best practices, 225 airline traffic, 3 bilateral donors, 217 Al Gore, 30 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 255 alternative livelihoods, 330 Black Death, 6, 116 Aluvia, 51, 161 Black markets, 204 Amendment of the TRIPS Agreement, 194 blood donor screening, 271 American Convention on Human Rights, blood products, 270 344 blood supply, 271 Anand Panyarachun, 47 blood transfusions, 2, 8 Andhra Pradesh, 140 blood-borne transmission, 307 Anglo American, 32 Bloom and Mahal, 116 Antenatal Clinic data, 83 Boldrin and Levine, 170 anthrax, 16 Boldrin-Levine model, 181 anti-competitive practices, 42 Bono, 265

353 354 Index border measures, 338 Chad, 28 Botswana, 28, 118 charitable foundations, 249 Brazil, 10 Chennai, 136 Brazil Ministry of Health, 37 Chiang Mai, 46 breastfeeding, 311 Chikungunya, 5 Bristol-Myers Squibb, 317 child custody laws, 328 British Columbia, 345 China, 40, 144, 272 bubonic and pneumonic plague, 116 Chlamydia, 111 Bulgaria, 308 cholera, 6, 274 burden shifting, 104 Cipla, 158 Burkina Faso, 28, 139 Cipro, 155 Burundi, 28 circumcision, 306 Bush administration, 165 civil servants, 30 Business Strategies, 103 civil society, 223 business strategy, 252 classes of anti-HIV drugs, 315 classification system for insuring lives, 89 C climate change, 5 CAFTA-DR, 17, 165 clinical test data, 165 California, 95 Clinton, 35 Cameroon, 28, 130 Clinton Foundation, 52, 232 campaign contributions, 163 Clinton Foundation HIV/AIDS Initiative, campaign donations, 164 321 Canada, 16 codes of conduct, 345 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, collaborative research, 256 341 Colombia, 166 Canadian Commission of Inquiry on the combination therapy, 73 Blood System in Canada, 271 Combivir, 317 Canadian Human Rights Act, 342 commercial blood collection centers, 272 Canadian Human Rights Commission, 341 Commercial Market Strategies, 250 Canadian Immigration and Refugee commercial sex, 46 Protection Act, 338 commercial sex workers, 9 Canadian Minister of Health, 155 commercial sex workers (CSW), 37 candidiasis, 8 communal security, 30 capital labor ratio, 115 compensation for compulsory licenses, 191 capital per labor unit, 14, 116 compulsory licenses, 16, 17, 39, 153 Caribbean, 27 concentrated , 235 casual sex, 130 condition of entry, 276 catastrophic events, 97 Condom, 129 catastrophic risk securitization, 97 condom promotin, 14, 147, 305 Catholic Church, 258 condoms, 258 CD4 cell count guidelines, 315 confidentiality, 313 CD4 cell counts, 72 conflict, 312 CD4 cells, 7 Congo, 125 CDC, 6, 292 Congressional Budget Office, 145 Central African Republic, 28 consent to sexual intercourse, 334 Central America-Dominican Republic- consenting adults, 331 United States Free Trade conservative Christian organizations, 21 Agreement, 17, 233 Constitution of Botswana, 343 Central American governments, 162 Constitution of Colombia, 343 Central Asia, 28, 331 Constitution of Costa Rica, 344 cesarean delivery, 309 Constitution of India, 343 Index 355

Constitution of Venezuela, 343 development costs, 180 constitutional law, 342 development needs, 19 consultant fees, 253 development needs of WTO members, 196 cooling off, 95 Diabetes, 19, 70 copyright, 172 diarrhoeal diseases, 173 corrupt politicians, 167 differential pricing, 176 cost of a prevention program, 102 dignity, 277 cost of testing, 74 disability insurance, 104 cost of treatment, 39 discount rate, 94 cost of triple combination antiretroviral discrimination, 25, 234 therapy, 316 discrimination against HIV-positive Costa Rica, 165, 233 employees, 104 Cote d’Ivoire, 28, 99 Discrimination in Employment, 342 Country Coordinating Mechanisms, 240 disproportionate trade restrictions, 278 courts, 334 District of Columbia Health Department, 314 criminal assault, 334 DNA, 7 criminal law, 331 doctors, 105 criminal penalties, 333 Doctors Without Borders, 158 criminal prohibition of sex work, 330 Doha, 42, 156 criminal recklessness, 335 Doha Ministerial Conference, 157 criminal sanctions, 333 Doha Ministerial Declaration, 187 criminalization of HIV transmission, 332 Doha Round, 187 cryptococcal meningitis, 8 Dominican Republic, 28, 165, 324 cryptosporidiosis, 8 donor coordination, 223, 291 Cuba, 347 donor procedures, 222 cultural attitudes, 31 donor strategies, 222 cultural traditions, 328 donors, 222 cultural values, 9, 26, 326 downstream patenting, 180 cytomegalovirus, 8 Drug Resistance, 8, 269, 315 D drug-resistant mutations, 253 drug-resistant tuberculosis, 293 d4T, 90 duty to disclose HIV status, 335 DaimlerChrysler, 32 dysfunctional families, 330 Darfur, 286 Darren James, 106 E data protection, 166 East Asia, 27 David Ho, 324 Eastern Europe, 26, 28, 331 De Beers, 32 Ebola, 275 death benefits, 12 economic crisis, 158 Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and economic development, 13 , 16 economic growth, 2, 14, 89 democratic institutions, 39 economic inequality, 196 Democratic Republic of Congo, 7 economic rationale for patents, 169 Democrats, 167 economic security, 30 dengue fever, 275 economic welfare, 14, 127 denial, 36, 234 economics of HIV/AIDS vaccines, 324 dentist, 105 Ecuador, 345 Department of Insurance, 95 education, 14 developing country diseases, 172 education campaign, 46 Development Assistance Committee of the efavirenz, 40 OECD, 223 Egypt, 137 356 Index

El Salvador, 165, 233 Food and Drug Administration, 72 ELISA, 85 foreign aid, 15 employees, 11, 101 foreign direct investment, 249 Enabling Clause, 196 Framework Document of the Global Fund, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, 239 85 France, 33, 98, 171 epidemiological models, 13 Franklin D. Roosevelt, 73 EPIMODEL, 117 free trade agreements, 17, 153 equality of women, 327 functions of criminal law, 333 Equatorial Guinea, 28 fundamental freedoms, 277 estimated HIV/AIDS prevalence in India, funding practices, 225 81 funding strategies, 217 estimates, 78 future GDP growth rate, 118 estimating the cost of treating, 80 future pandemics, 23 Ethiopia, 28, 104, 312 G Europe, 29, 130 European Commission, 157 GATT Article XX, 276 European Community, 274 gay men, 134 European Convention on Human Rights, GBC, 250 344 GDP per capita, 117 European Union, 16 gender inequality, 312 exclusive marketing rights, 160 gender-based violence, 336 Executive Order, 35 General Accounting Office, 144 exhaustion of intellectual property rights, general population, 12 177 generalized epidemics, 235 exogenous shocks, 238 generic, 39 Exogenous Shocks Facility, 237 generic competition, 41, 316 exports, 15 generic drug manufacturers, 18, 194 external costs, 105 generic drugs, 18 extreme urgency, 42, 154 generic equivalents, 107 generic manufacturers, 18, 194 F George W. Bush, 35, 162 face value, 94 Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. United States Faith-based organizations, 130, 245 Plywood Corp., 43 family income, 123 Germany, 33, 171 Farmanguinho, 40 Ghana, 28 fast-moving pandemic, 107 , 317 FDA, 72 Gini coefficient, 115, 211 felonious assault, 334 Global AIDS Program, 293 female condoms, 330 Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS, fertility, 87 104, 250 fertility rates, 14, 124 global business community, 20 financial impact, 67 Global Coalition on Women and AIDS, financial incentives of pharmaceutical 282 companies, 172 global diseases, 18 financial instruments, 67 Global Diseases Detection program, 293 financial reserves, 106 Global Fund, 217 financial risks, 11, 68 Global Fund Evaluation Library, 244 first-line treatment, 315 Program, 255 fixed cost, 180 Global HIV Prevention Working Group, Florida, 95 256 Index 357

Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise, 256, 324 HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study, Global Joint Problem-Solving and 80 Implementation Support Team, HIV Nondiscrimination in Travel and 228 Immigration Act, 340 global patents, 203 HIV prevalence, 75 Global Statistics, 26 HIV transmission, 313 Global Task Team on Improving AIDS HIV/AIDS estimates, 12, 83 Coordination Among homogenous risks, 85 Multilateral Institutions and homophobia, 290 International Donors, 222 Honduras, 165, 233 Golden Quadrilateral, 136 Hong Kong, 145 Gonorrhea, 111 hospitals, 105 Growth theory, 115 Hughes Aircraft Co. v. United States, 43 Guatemala, 163, 233 14, 89 Guinea, 28 Human capital, 14, 89, 112 Guinea-Bissau, 7 human capital formation, 118 Guyana, 312 human capital investment, 121 H Human Development Index, 208 human resources, 316 H5N1 influenza, 1 human rights, 9, 277 HAART, 74 human rights law and insurance practices, haemorrhagic fevers, 275 71 Haiti, 28, 36 human rights legislation, 104 harm reduction, 314 humanitarian emergencies, 312 Hatch-Waxman Act, 320 Hawaii, 54 I health care, 11 ideological, non-scientific restrictions, 314 Health care costs, 340 IHR (2005), 273 health care infrastructure, 254 illegal immigration, 340 health care insurance, 104 Illinois, 95 health care reforms, 345 IMF, 235 health care staff, 105 Immigration Reform Act of 1990, 340 health infrastructure, 316 immune system, 8 health insurance, 11, 70 imported condoms, 130 Health Insurance Portability and imports, 15 Accountability Act, 94 inaccurate forecasts, 69 health measures, 277 INCAS trial, 73 health measures applied to travelers, 337 incentive compatible, 278 health tourism, 337 incentives to change sexual behavior, 15 healthcare professionals, 30 incidence rate, 38 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries, 237 incidence rates, 38 Henan province, 272 Income inequality, 14, 113 hepatitis, 8 incrementally modified drugs, 180 herpes, 8, 305 India, 5, 40 Hetero, 159 Indian generic pharmaceutical heterosexual, 79 manufacturers, 159 high prevalence rates, 107 Indiana, 95 Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy, 74 individual incentives, 113 high-risk groups, 12 Indonesia, 26 high-risk individuals, 39 inequality, 13 Hispanics, 79 , 123 358 Index infection rate, 19 James E. Clyburn, 34 inflation, 142 James Watt, 182 influenza, 6 Japan, 52 influenza epidemics, 1 Japanese tourists, 54 informed consent, 313 Jesse Helms, 339 inheritance laws, 328 John Holmes, 106 injection drug users, 9, 332 Jordan, 165 injection drug users (IDUs), 37 judicial education, 334 innovation, 17 judiciary, 334 insolvency, 70 K institutional policies and practices, 345 insurance companies, 11, 67 Kaiser Family Foundation, 256 insurance industry, 11, 67 Kaletra, 48, 161 insurance policies, 70 Kansas, 95 insurance risks, 12, 106 Kaposi’s sarcoma, 8 intellectual monopoly, 180 Kenya, 28, 100 intellectual property rights, 17 knowledge transmission, 118 intentional transmission of HIV, 334 Kolkata, 136 InterBank Offered Rate, 98 Korea-United States Free Trade internal costs, 105 Agreement, 166 international aid, 25 Krever Commission, 271 International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 324 Kwazulu Natal, 128 International Court of Justice, 266 L international exhaustion, 177 labor, 14 international exhaustion of patent rights, 33 labor force, 14, 116 international health law, 23, 281 labor participation rate, 14, 115 international health regulations, 273 laboratory capacity, 322 International Health Regulations of the lamivudine, 90 World Health Organization, 144 Lanjouw, 161 International Human Rights Conventions, Lassa, 275 344 Latin America, 28, 342 International human rights law, 23 law reform, 23 international law, 342 leadership, 38 International Monetary Fund, 217 least-developed countries, 157 international movement of people, 279 Lebanon, 286 International Organization for Migration, Leesona Corp. v. United States, 43 338 legal systems, 26, 326 international organizations, 217 lentivirus, 6 international , 153 Leon Brittan, 33 international rule of law, 163 Lesotho, 28 International Standards Organization, 254 LIBOR, 98 international traffic and trade, 274 Libya, 272 interruptions in treatment, 232 licensing fees, 177 intravenous drug users, 38 life expectancy, 14, 118 invasions of privacy, 335 life insurance, 11, 70 investment, 14 life insurance market, 86 Italy, 5, 98 litigation, 345 J living standards, 124 J shape, 87 loading factor, 74 Jagdish Bhagwati, 153 , 167 Jamaica, 324 Local Funding Agents, 240 Index 359

long-term life insurance, 94 mobile clinics, 46 lopinavir, 40, 49 model legislation, 95 Louisiana, 95 Monitoring and Evaluation, 229 low-income countries, 323 monogamous, 134 lymphoma, 8 monogamous relationship, 131 M monogamy, 134 monopoly, 154 macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS, 115 monopoly rights, 170 macroeconomic model, 13 monopsony, 177 Madagascar, 125 morbidity, 101 malaria, 6, 15 mortality, 14, 75 malaria risk, 136 mortality rate, 6 Malawi, 28 mortality risks, 85 male circumcision, 305 Mortality securitization, 97 Mali, 28 mosquito nets, 253 mandatory HIV testing, 333 Most-Favored-Nation obligation, 166 mandatory testing, 328 mother-to-child transmission, 143, 309 Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, 32 MSF, 285 manufacturing capacity, 18 MSM, 81 MAP, 217 multidisciplinary approach, 59 MAP program of the World Bank, 144 multifocal leukoencephalopathy, 8 Marburg, 275 multilateral negotiations, 16 marginal cost, 163 multilateral organizations, 164 marginal cost of production, 178 multinational companies, 254 marginal dollar, 142 multiple sex partners, 307 marginalized groups, 336 multi-sectoral approach, 223 marital rape, 328 Mumbai, 136 market-based incentives, 252 mycobacterium avium complex, 8 marketing approval, 154 Matrix Laboratories, 51, 161 N Mechai Voravaidya, 47 Namibia, 118 Médecins Sans Frontières, 285 national AIDS plans, 222 medical examination, 276 National Association of Insurance medical expenses, 14 Commissioners, 95 medically inadmissible, 338 National Cancer Institute, 72 men who have sex with men, 9, 79 national emergency, 39, 154 men who have sex with men (MSM), 37 national exhaustion, 177 meningococcal disease, 275 national governments, 254 Merck, 39, 317 National Institutes of Health, 72 Mexican public health insurance system, national regulatory, 153 93 national security, 30 Mexican treatment program, 91 needle exchange, 143 Mexico, 12, 90 needle exchange programs, 22, 223 Mexico’s National Supreme Court of needles as weapons, 336 Justice, 342 Neglected Disease Fund, 286 microeconomic channels, 118 neglected diseases, 18 middle-income countries, 93, 323 negotiating power, 51 migrants, 15 nelfinavir, 40 migration, 10 Nelson Mandela, 31 Mike Moore, 156 Netherlands, 174 military personnel, 30 Nevirapine, 71, 90 Millennium Development Goals, 238 new chemical entities, 154 Minnesota, 95 New Delhi, 136 360 Index new HIV infections in the United States, Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, 294 222 new infections, 22, 38 patent expiry dates, 317 New Molecular Entities, 180 patent obligations, 187 New York, 95 patent pool, 73 NGO, 10 Patent Reform Act of 2007, 44 Nicaragua, 165, 233 patent regulation, 167 Nkosazana Zuma, 32 patent rights, 9, 182 no grazing, 132 patent rights in developing countries, 172 Nobel Peace Prize, 265 patent term, 165 non-commercial public use, 39, 154 patentability, 171 normal exploitation of patents, 190 patented drugs, 38, 164 North Africa, 27, 80 patents, 153 North Africa and Middle East, 29 Pedro Chequer, 45 North America, 29, 130 penetration of life insurance, 86 North American Free Trade Agreement, people movement, 15 279 PEPFAR, 129, 217 North Carolina, 95 per capita income, 112, 210 North Dakota, 95 per capita income growth, 117 Norway, 157 Peru, 275 notification requirements, 274 Peter Mandelson, 49, 161 novelty, 319 Peter Piot, 205 nurses, 105 pharmaceutical companies, 10 NVP, 90 pharmaceutical lobby, 167 O Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association of South Africa, 33 objective risk assessment, 278 pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity, 157 objectives of TRIPS, 200 pharmaceutical patents, 15 obviousness, 319 pharmaceutical R&D spending, 173 Oceania, 27 Philadelphia, 105, 346 opportunistic infection rates, 38 Phnom Penh, 312 opportunistic infections, 8 PhRMA, 16 Oral Fluid Testing, 94 physical capital, 112 Oregon, 95 piracy, 172 organ transplants, 8, 272 plague, 2, 274 orphans, 231 Plavix, 48 Oster, 111 pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 8 outbreaks, 277 pneumonia, 173 overlapping generations model, 121 police, 47, 330 P police forces, 30 paid sex, 133 police practices, 329 Pakistan, 1 polio, 275 , 14, 147 political commitment, 48 Panama, 166, 233 political economy, 153 pandemic alert, 1 political leadership, 36, 258 papillomavirus, 8 politicians, 167 Paragraph 6, 158 population growth, 123 Paragraph 6 Decision, 161, 192 porn industry, 106 Paragraph 6 system, 162 poverty, 13, 111 parallel imports, 17, 33 poverty level, 211 parallel trade, 177 poverty level threshold, 210 Pareto efficient, 178 Poverty reduction, 14, 115 Paris Declaration, 225 Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, 237 Index 361

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, 237 regional trade agreements, 16 practice of businesses in Africa, 102 regulation of pharmaceutical patents, 167 pre-employment health checks, 103 regulatory capture, 15 pregnant women, 83, 129 regulatory review exception, 190 premarital sex, 133 Relative Component Summed Index, 212 premiums, 71 religious conservatives, 163 prevalence rate, 38 Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, 34 prevalence rates, 12 Republicans, 167 prevention, 9 research and development, 170 prevention programs, 102 research incentives, 17, 172 prevention strategies, 338 revision of HIV/AIDS prevalence, 81 price competition, 176 Rift Valley fever, 275 price concessions, 18 right to health, 341 price discrimination, 176 right to health care, 342 price discrimination strategy, 172 right to life, 341 price negotiations, 18, 160 rights of governments, 25 price reductions, 38, 321 rights of women, 25 priority watch list, 49 risk assessments, 20 prisoners, 302 risk avoidance, 347 private sector, 217 Risk Management, 346 Product RED, 252 Rite-Hite Corp. v. Kelley Co, 43 productivity, 99 ritonavir, 49 productivity of the workers, 101 RNA, 7 professionals, 15 Robert D. Putnam, 112 promiscuity, 130 Roche, 39 property laws, 328 Roll Back Malaria, 246 prophylactic measure, 31 royalties, 177 prostitution, 291 rule of law, 345 Pro-Tec Inc. v. The United States, 43 Russia, 312 public and private sector strategies, 107 Russian Federation, 29, 331 public health crises, 157 Rwanda, 22, 28, 104 public health emergencies, 276 Rwanda National Youth Council, 232 public health emergency of international S concern, 275 public health measures, 23 safe drug injection, 337 public health risk, 274, 276 , 337 public investment in pharmaceutical Saint Petersburg, 331 research, 173 salmonellosis, 8 Puerto Rico, 324 same-sex marriages, 328 purchasing power, 203 same-sex relationships, 328 Sanofi-Aventis, 324 Q Sao Paulo, 37 Qatar, 308 SARS, 5, 144 , 266 saving and investment, 147 scaling up, 29 R Scherer and Watal, 176 racial profile of HIV/AIDS, 79 science-based prevention, 21 Ramsey pricing, 176 scientific evidence, 278 Ranbaxy, 159 Scotchmer, 182 rape, 336 screening, 103 real wages, 124 screening of migrants, 337 reckless transmission of HIV/AIDS, 336 second-line treatment, 315 recreational drugs, 204 secret shoppers, 47 362 Index

Secretary of Health and Human Services, stavudine, 90 155 Stephen Lewis, 282 Securitization, 13, 97 sterile injection equipment, 327 Securitization of mortality, 13 Stigma, 234 security issues, 9 Stop TB Partnership, 246 Senegal, 312 Strait of Gibraltar, 136 Severe acute respiratory syndrome, 144 Sub-Saharan Africa, 11, 27 sex industry, 48 Sumatra, 1 sex trade, 46 Sunk cost, 181 sex trafficking, 291 supply chain practices, 254 sex work, 329 supply chains, 105, 254 sex workers, 48, 231 supply of capital, 14, 116 sexual intercourse, 131 Supreme Court of Canada, 71, 335 sexual orientation, 341 survival probabilities, 11, 74, 85 sexual partners, 132 survival rates, 86 sexual transmission, 305 sustainable development, 201 sexual violence, 312, 328 sustainable economic development, 198 sexually transmitted diseases, 25 Sustained funding, 227 sexually transmitted infections, 13, 112 Swaziland, 28 sharing of needles, 8 Swiss cohorts, 73 Sierra Leone, 28, 286 Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, 7 Swiss Re, 98 Sisters of Providence, 346 Switzerland, 33, 156 small and medium-sized enterprises, 104 syphilis, 6 smallpox, 6, 274 Syphilis, 111 SME, 104 T social attitudes, 326 social capital, 13, 14, 111 taboos, 25 social interactions, 113 Tamil Nadu, 140 social marketing, 253 Tanzania, 28 social network, 112 Tariff Preferences, 198 social strategies, 22 tax regime, 142 soldiers, 30 taxation, 14, 113 South Africa, 2 tea pluckers, 100 South Africa’s and Related Teachers, 30, 119 Substances Control Amendment teenagers, 50 Act, 34 terrorist attacks, 153 South African Antenatal Clinic model, 81 testing, 9 South African Constitution, 343 Texas, 95 South African Health Minister, 32 Texas Court of Appeal, 334 South African insurance industry, 12 Thabo Mbeki, 31 South African Medicines Act, 32 Thai Ministry of Public Health, 46 South and South-east Asia, 28 Thailand, 10 Southeast Asia, 26 Three Ones, 222 Spain, 171 Toronto, 347 Spanish Flu, 1, 136 toxoplasmosis, 8 Special and differential treatment, 187 trade, 136 spending power, 162 trade negotiations, 164 spitting, 334 trade restrictions, 274 St. Paul’s Hospital, 345 trade routes, 3, 136 statistical error, 83 trade sanctions, 33, 153 Index 363

tradeoffs, 142 United Nations Male Circumcision Work trade-restrictive health measures, 279 Plan, 283 transition period for least-developed United Nations Security Council, 30 countries, 188 United States, 2 transition period for pharmaceutical United States Leadership Against products, 160 HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and transition periods for least-developed Malaria Act, 287 countries, 19 universal access to treatment, 12, 323 transmission of human capital, 121 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, transparency, 291 343 transportation of goods, 15 unprotected anal sex, 329 travel restrictions, 277 unprotected oral sex, 335 travelers, 276 unprotected sex, 30, 335 treatment, 8 unprotected sexual intercourse, 334 Treatment Action Campaign, 342 Uruguay Round, 153 treatment failure, 322 US Agency for International Development, treaty interpretation, 196 129 Triomune, 316 US Constitution, 171 triple ARV therapy, 92 US Department of Homeland Security, 340 triple combination antiretroviral US foreign aid programs, 164 treatments, 11 US HIV travel restrictions, 339 triple combination therapy, 22, 315 US Immigration and Nationality Act, 338 TRIPS, 16 US , 163 TRIPS Article 28, 30, 177, 189 US Trade Representative, 17 TRIPS Declaration, 157 USAID, 129 TRIPS plus, 165 use of condoms, 31 TRIPS preamble, 200 USTR, 168 TRIPS Transition Period Decision, 160 V TRIPS Waiver, 160 vaccine, 323 TRIPS-plus FTA, 166 , 6 tropical diseases, 173 vectors, 324 truck drivers, 136 Vermont, 95 Truckers, 15 viatical market, 13, 95 tuberculosis, 6 Viatical settlement companies, 12 typhoid, 347 viatical settlement industry, 94 U Viatical Settlements, 93 Vienna Convention, 197 Uganda, 15, 28, 67 Vietnam, 26, 289 Uganda’s ABC program, 129 Viracept, 41 UK, 98 Virginia, 95 UN Declaration of Commitment on Visa Waiver Program, 338 HIV/AIDS, 282 vulnerable children, 231 UN Security Council, 30 vulnerable groups, 15, 148, 306 UNAIDS, 20 underwriting assumptions, 70 W undesired pregnancy, 309 W shape, 88 UNITAID, 323 wages, 15 United Kingdom, 56 waivers for developing countries, 19, 188 United Nations, 30 war, 14 United Nations International Guidelines on Washington, 95 HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, Washington, DC, 79 326 West Nile fever, 275 364 Index

West Nile virus, 5 WTO, 10 WHO, 1 WTO Agreement, 197 WHO Constitution, 265 WTO Agreement on Sanitary and WHO guidelines, 321 Phytosanitary Measures, 276 WHO recommendations, 266 WTO Ministerial Conference, 42, 156 WIPO, 187 WTO negotiations, 187 Wisconsin, 95 Y women, 9 World AIDS Campaign, 282 yellow fever, 6, 274 World Bank, 16, 217 Z World Bank Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Zambia, 28, 104 Program for Africa, 217 zidovudine, 68 World Bank’s Operations Evaluation Zimbabwe, 28 Department, 234 zoonosis, 7, 58 World Health Assembly, 266 Zurich Insurance Co v. Ontario Human World Value Survey, 113 Rights Commission, 71 About the Authors

Dr. Bradly J. Condon is a professor of international trade law and international business at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) and is a senior fellow, Tim Fischer Centre for Global Trade and Finance, School of Law, Bond University, Australia. He is a member of the Mexican National Research System. He has served as the director of the Centre for North American Business Studies at Simon Fraser University, Canada, expert witness before the Canadian Parliament, advisor for the Commonwealth Law Association, guest of the United States Con- gress on international trade issues and visiting professor in the Mexican delegation to the World Trade Organization. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World. He has also authored eight books and over 50 research papers.

Dr. Tapen Sinha is the ING Comercial America chair professor in the Depart- ment of Actuarial Studies at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de Mexico (ITAM) where he is also the director of the International Center for Pension Research. He has a concurrent appointment as professor at the University of Nottingham, UK. He is a research associate at the Centre for Risk and Insurance (CRIS), at the School of Business of the University of Nottingham. He is a mem- ber of the Mexican National Research System and the Mexican Academy of Sci- ences. He is a senior consultant with Cranes Software Inc. He has also published over 120 research papers and authored/edited nine books.