VI SEMESTER B. Sc ZOOLOGY PRACTICALS STUDY of EMBRYOLOGICAL SLIDES
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The Rotated Hypoblast of the Chicken Embryo Does Not Initiate an Ectopic Axis in the Epiblast
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp. 10733-10737, November 1995 Developmental Biology The rotated hypoblast of the chicken embryo does not initiate an ectopic axis in the epiblast ODED KHANER Department of Cell and Animal Biology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel 91904 Communicated by John Gerhart, University of California, Berkeley, CA, July 14, 1995 ABSTRACT In the amniotes, two unique layers of cells, of the hypoblast and that the orientation of the streak and axis the epiblast and the hypoblast, constitute the embryo at the can be predicted from the polarity of the stage XIII epiblast. blastula stage. All the tissues of the adult will derive from the Still it was thought that the polarity of the epiblast is sufficient epiblast, whereas hypoblast cells will form extraembryonic for axial development in experimental situations, although in yolk sac endoderm. During gastrulation, the endoderm and normal development the polarity of the hypoblast is dominant the mesoderm of the embryo arise from the primitive streak, (5, 6). These reports (1-3, 5, 6), taken together, would imply which is an epiblast structure through which cells enter the that cells of the hypoblast not only have the ability to change interior. Previous investigations by others have led to the the fate of competent cells in the epiblast to initiate an ectopic conclusion that the avian hypoblast, when rotated with regard axis, but also have the ability to repress the formation of the to the epiblast, has inductive properties that can change the original axis in committed cells of the epiblast. At the same fate of competent cells in the epiblast to form an ectopic time, the results showed that the epiblast is not wholly depen- embryonic axis. -
Quain's Anatomy
ism v-- QuAiN's Anatomy 'iC'fi /,'' M.:\ ,1 > 111 ,t*, / Tj ^f/' if ^ y} 'M> E. AoeHAEER k G. D. THANE dJorneU Hntttcraitg Ilihrarg Stiiatu. ^tm fotk THE CHARLES EDWARD VANCLEEF MEMORIAL LIBRARY SOUGHT WITH THE mCOME OF A FUND GIVEN FOR THE USE OF THE ITHACA DIVISION OF THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE MYNDERSE VAN CLEEF CLASS OF 1674 I9ZI Cornell University Library QM 23.Q21 1890 v.1,pL1 Quain's elements of anatomy.Edited by Ed 3 1924 003 110 834 t€ Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003110834 QUAIN'S ELEMENTS OF ANATOMY EDITED BY EDWAED ALBERT SCHAFEE, F.E.S. PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOnV AND niSTOLOOY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON^ GEOEGE DANCEE THANE, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. IN. TflE:^VO£iTSME'S!f VOL. L—PAET I. EMBRYOLOGY By professor SCHAFER. illustrated by 200 engravings, many of which are coloured. REPRINTED FROM THE ^Centlj ffiiittion. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, AND BOMBAY 1896 [ All rights reserved ] iDBUKV, ACNEW, & CO. LD., fRINTEKS, WllITEr KIARS.P^7> ^^fp CONTENTS OF PART I. IV CONTKNTS OF TAKT I. page fifth Formation of the Anus . io8 Destination of the fourth and Arte Formation of the Glands of the Ali- rial Arches ISO MKNTAKT CaNAL .... 109 Development of the principal Veins. 151 fcetal of Circu- The Lungs , . 109 Peculiarities of the Organs The Trachea and Larynx no lation iSS The Thyroid Body .. -
Divergence of Ectodermal and Mesodermal Gene Regulatory Network Linkages in Early Development of Sea Urchins
Divergence of ectodermal and mesodermal gene regulatory network linkages in early development of sea urchins Eric M. Erkenbracka,1,2 aDivision of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved October 5, 2016 (received for review August 3, 2016) Developmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are assemblages of to study in sea urchins, whose lineages have undergone multiple gene regulatory interactions that direct ontogeny of animal body changes in life history strategies (8). Importantly, an excellent fossil plans. Studies of GRNs operating in the early development of record affords dating of evolutionary events (9), which has established euechinoid sea urchins have revealed that little appreciable change has that the sister subclasses of sea urchins—cidaroids and euechinoids— occurred since their divergence ∼90 million years ago (mya). These diverged at least 268 million years ago (mya) (10). Differences in observations suggest that strong conservation of GRN architecture the timing of developmental events in embryogenesis of cida- was maintained in early development of the sea urchin lineage. Test- roids and euechinoids have long been a topic of interest, but ing whether this holds for all sea urchins necessitates comparative have become the subject of molecular research only recently analyses of echinoid taxa that diverged deeper in geological time. (11–18). Recent studies highlighted extensive divergence of skeletogenic me- Research on the early development of the euechinoid purple soderm specification in the sister clade of euechinoids, the cidaroids, sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Sp) has brought into suggesting that comparative analyses of cidaroid GRN architecture high resolution the players and molecular logic directing devel- may confer a greater understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of opmental GRNs that specify Sp’s early embryonic domains developmental GRNs. -
Gastrulation
Embryology of the spine and spinal cord Andrea Rossi, MD Neuroradiology Unit Istituto Giannina Gaslini Hospital Genoa, Italy [email protected] LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1) To understand the basics of spinal 1) To understand the basics of spinal cord development cord development 2) To understand the general rules of the 2) To understand the general rules of the development of the spine development of the spine 3) To understand the peculiar variations 3) To understand the peculiar variations to the normal spine plan that occur at to the normal spine plan that occur at the CVJ the CVJ Summary of week 1 Week 2-3 GASTRULATION "It is not birth, marriage, or death, but gastrulation, which is truly the most important time in your life." Lewis Wolpert (1986) Gastrulation Conversion of the embryonic disk from a bilaminar to a trilaminar arrangement and establishment of the notochord The three primary germ layers are established The basic body plan is established, including the physical construction of the rudimentary primary body axes As a result of the movements of gastrulation, cells are brought into new positions, allowing them to interact with cells that were initially not near them. This paves the way for inductive interactions, which are the hallmark of neurulation and organogenesis Day 16 H E Day 15 Dorsal view of a 0.4 mm embryo BILAMINAR DISK CRANIAL Epiblast faces the amniotic sac node Hypoblast Primitive pit (primitive endoderm) faces the yolk sac Primitive streak CAUDAL Prospective notochordal cells Dias Dias During -
The Genetic Basis of Mammalian Neurulation
REVIEWS THE GENETIC BASIS OF MAMMALIAN NEURULATION Andrew J. Copp*, Nicholas D. E. Greene* and Jennifer N. Murdoch‡ More than 80 mutant mouse genes disrupt neurulation and allow an in-depth analysis of the underlying developmental mechanisms. Although many of the genetic mutants have been studied in only rudimentary detail, several molecular pathways can already be identified as crucial for normal neurulation. These include the planar cell-polarity pathway, which is required for the initiation of neural tube closure, and the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway that regulates neural plate bending. Mutant mice also offer an opportunity to unravel the mechanisms by which folic acid prevents neural tube defects, and to develop new therapies for folate-resistant defects. 6 ECTODERM Neurulation is a fundamental event of embryogenesis distinct locations in the brain and spinal cord .By The outer of the three that culminates in the formation of the neural tube, contrast, the mechanisms that underlie the forma- embryonic (germ) layers that which is the precursor of the brain and spinal cord. A tion, elevation and fusion of the neural folds have gives rise to the entire central region of specialized dorsal ECTODERM, the neural plate, remained elusive. nervous system, plus other organs and embryonic develops bilateral neural folds at its junction with sur- An opportunity has now arisen for an incisive analy- structures. face (non-neural) ectoderm. These folds elevate, come sis of neurulation mechanisms using the growing battery into contact (appose) in the midline and fuse to create of genetically targeted and other mutant mouse strains NEURAL CREST the neural tube, which, thereafter, becomes covered by in which NTDs form part of the mutant phenotype7.At A migratory cell population that future epidermal ectoderm. -
Animal Form & Function
Animals Animal Form & Function By far, most diversity of bauplane (body forms). And most variations within bauplane. Animals are Animated “ANIMAL” ≠ MAMMAL — Fascinating Behaviors Animal Cells • Eukaryotic • No cell wall No plastids No central vacuole • Multicellular: – extensive specialization & differentiation – unique cell-cell junctions Heyer 1 Animals Animals Blastulation & Gastrulation • Motile • Early embryonic development in animals 3 In most animals, cleavage results in the formation of a multicellular stage called a 1 The zygote of an animal • Highly differentiated blastula. The blastula of many animals is a undergoes a succession of mitotic tissues cell divisions called cleavage. hollow ball of cells. Blastocoel • Intercellular junctions Cleavage Cleavage – tissue-specific cadherins 6 The endoderm of the archenteron develops into Eight-cell stage Blastula Cross section Zygote • Extracellular protein the the animal’s of blastula fibers digestive tract. Blastocoel Endoderm – collagen 5 The blind pouch formed by gastrulation, called Ectoderm • Diploid life cycle the archenteron, opens to the outside Gastrula Gastrulation via the blastopore. Blastopore 4 Most animals also undergo gastrulation, a • Blastula/gastrula rearrangement of the embryo in which one end of the embryo folds inward, expands, and eventually fills the embryo blastocoel, producing layers of embryonic tissues: the Figure 32.2 ectoderm (outer layer) and the endoderm (inner layer). Primary embryonic germ layers Primary embryonic germ layers • Diploblastic: two germ -
Human Pluripotent Stem Cells As a Model of Trophoblast Differentiation in Both Normal Development and Disease
Human pluripotent stem cells as a model of trophoblast differentiation in both normal development and disease Mariko Horiia,b,1, Yingchun Lia,b,1, Anna K. Wakelanda,b,1, Donald P. Pizzoa, Katharine K. Nelsona,b, Karen Sabatinib,c, Louise Chang Laurentb,c, Ying Liud,e,f, and Mana M. Parasta,b,2 aDepartment of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; bSanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; cDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; dDepartment of Neurosurgery, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77030; eThe Senator Lloyd and B. A. Bentsen Center for Stroke Research, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77030; and fThe Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77030 Edited by R. Michael Roberts, University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, MO, and approved May 25, 2016 (received for review March 24, 2016) Trophoblast is the primary epithelial cell type in the placenta, a Elf5 (Ets domain transcription factor) and Eomes (Eomeso- transient organ required for proper fetal growth and develop- dermin), also have been shown to be required for maintenance of ment. Different trophoblast subtypes are responsible for gas/nutrient the TSC fate in the mouse (8, 9). exchange (syncytiotrophoblasts, STBs) and invasion and maternal Significantly less is known about TE specification and the TSC vascular remodeling (extravillous trophoblasts, EVTs). Studies of niche in the human embryo (10, 11). -
T-Brain Regulates Archenteron Induction Signal 5207 Range of Amplification
Development 129, 5205-5216 (2002) 5205 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 DEV5034 T-brain homologue (HpTb) is involved in the archenteron induction signals of micromere descendant cells in the sea urchin embryo Takuya Fuchikami1, Keiko Mitsunaga-Nakatsubo1, Shonan Amemiya2, Toshiya Hosomi1, Takashi Watanabe1, Daisuke Kurokawa1,*, Miho Kataoka1, Yoshito Harada3, Nori Satoh3, Shinichiro Kusunoki4, Kazuko Takata1, Taishin Shimotori1, Takashi Yamamoto1, Naoaki Sakamoto1, Hiraku Shimada1 and Koji Akasaka1,† 1Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan 2Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan 3Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan 4LSL, Nerima-ku, Tokyo 178-0061, Japan *Present address: Evolutionary Regeneration Biology Group, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan †Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 30 July 2002 SUMMARY Signals from micromere descendants play a crucial role in cells, the initial specification of primary mesenchyme cells, sea urchin development. In this study, we demonstrate that or the specification of endoderm. HpTb expression is these micromere descendants express HpTb, a T-brain controlled by nuclear localization of β-catenin, suggesting homolog of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. HpTb is expressed that -
Apoptosis in Amphibian Development
Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2012, 3, 669-678 ABB http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/abb.2012.326087 Published Online October 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/abb/) Apoptosis in amphibian development Jean-Marie Exbrayat, Elara N. Moudilou, Lucie Abrouk, Claire Brun Université de Lyon, UMRS 449, Biologie Générale, Université Catholique de Lyon, Reproduction et Développement Comparé, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Lyon, France Email: [email protected] Received 13 August 2012; revised 20 September 2012; accepted 28 September 2012 ABSTRACT divide to give the first two blastomeres which continue to divide becoming a morula. An inner cavity, the blasto- Amphibians and more particularly X. laevis are mod- coel, appears in the mass cell of the embryo, becoming a els often used for studying apoptosis during embry- blastula. During this period of cleavage, the size and onic development. Using several methods, searchers shape of embryos do not vary. Before mid blastula tran- determined the localization of programmed cell sition (MBT), zygotic genes do not express excepted deaths (PCD). Several experimental methods also those encoding for proteins implicated in membrane have been used to understand the regulatory mecha- building. Maternal mRNAs previously accumulated in nisms of apoptosis, throughout development, contrib- the oocytes remain present in the cytoplasm of zygote uting to elucidate the general action of several genes and they are distributed into the cytoplasm of blas- and proteins. Apoptosis occurs very early, with a first tomeres during cleavage. These maternal mRNAs encode program under control of maternal genes expressed for proteins which will be implicated in expression of before MBT, in order to eliminate damaged cells be- zygotic genes. -
Understanding Paraxial Mesoderm Development and Sclerotome Specification for Skeletal Repair Shoichiro Tani 1,2, Ung-Il Chung2,3, Shinsuke Ohba4 and Hironori Hojo2,3
Tani et al. Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2020) 52:1166–1177 https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0482-1 Experimental & Molecular Medicine REVIEW ARTICLE Open Access Understanding paraxial mesoderm development and sclerotome specification for skeletal repair Shoichiro Tani 1,2, Ung-il Chung2,3, Shinsuke Ohba4 and Hironori Hojo2,3 Abstract Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are attractive regenerative therapy tools for skeletal tissues. However, a deep understanding of skeletal development is required in order to model this development with PSCs, and for the application of PSCs in clinical settings. Skeletal tissues originate from three types of cell populations: the paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and neural crest. The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to the sclerotome mainly through somitogenesis. In this process, key developmental processes, including initiation of the segmentation clock, formation of the determination front, and the mesenchymal–epithelial transition, are sequentially coordinated. The sclerotome further forms vertebral columns and contributes to various other tissues, such as tendons, vessels (including the dorsal aorta), and even meninges. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these developmental processes, extensive studies have been conducted. These studies have demonstrated that a gradient of activities involving multiple signaling pathways specify the embryonic axis and induce cell-type-specific master transcription factors in a spatiotemporal manner. Moreover, applying the knowledge of mesoderm development, researchers have attempted to recapitulate the in vivo development processes in in vitro settings, using mouse and human PSCs. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art understanding of mesoderm development and in vitro modeling of mesoderm development using PSCs. We also discuss future perspectives on the use of PSCs to generate skeletal tissues for basic research and clinical applications. -
Archenteron Precursor Cells Can Organize Secondary Axial Structures in the Sea Urchin Embryo
Development 124, 3461-3470 (1997) 3461 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1997 DEV3652 Archenteron precursor cells can organize secondary axial structures in the sea urchin embryo Hélène Benink1, Gregory Wray2 and Jeff Hardin1,3,* 1Department of Zoology and 3Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1117 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA 2Department of Ecology and Evolution, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA *Author for correspondence: (e-mail: [email protected]) SUMMARY Local cell-cell signals play a crucial role in establishing terning sites within the ectoderm. The ectopic skeletal major tissue territories in early embryos. The sea urchin elements are bilaterally symmetric, and flank the ectopic embryo is a useful model system for studying these inter- archenteron, in some cases resulting in mirror-image, actions in deuterostomes. Previous studies showed that symmetric skeletal elements. Since the induced patterned ectopically implanted micromeres from the 16-cell embryo ectoderm and supernumerary skeletal elements are derived can induce ectopic guts and additional skeletal elements in from the host, the ectopic presumptive archenteron tissue sea urchin embryos. Using a chimeric embryo approach, we can act to ‘organize’ ectopic axial structures in the sea show that implanted archenteron precursors differentiate urchin embryo. autonomously to produce a correctly proportioned and patterned gut. In addition, the ectopically implanted pre- sumptive archenteron tissue induces ectopic skeletal pat- Key words: induction, gastrulation, sea urchin, endoderm INTRODUCTION mapping studies have shown that veg1 descendants contribute tissue to the vegetal regions of the archenteron by the late Progressive refinement of the embryonic body plan via local gastrula stage (Logan and McClay, 1997); by this time veg1 inductive interactions is a common theme among animal and veg2 descendants intermingle within the wall of the archen- embryos. -
Development of Chick Development of Chick
Unit 15 Development of Chick UNIT 15 DEVELOPMENT OF CHICK StructureStructureStructure 15.1 Introduction Fully Formed Gastrula Objectives 15.6 Neurulation in Chick 15.2 Structure of Egg of Chick Mechanisms of Neural Plate 15.3 Fertilisation Formation 15.4 Cleavage and Blastulation Morphogenesis of Mesodermal Derivatives 15.5 Gastrulation 15.7 Folding of Embryo Role of Hypoblast 15.8 Development of Extra- Fate Map Embryonic Membranes The Gastrulation Process: Development of Amnion and Formation of Primitive Streak Chorion Completion of Endoderm Development of Allantois Regression of Primitive Streak 15.9 Hatching Epiboly of Ectoderm 15.10 Summary Characteristic Features of 15.11 Terminal Questions Avian Gastrulation 15.12 Answers Comparison with Amphibian Gastrulation 15.1 INTRODUCTION Different animals have evolved a variety of strategies of development. However, since all animals are related, the basic mechanism of early development has been conserved in the course of evolution, and so there are some important similarities in early embryonic development of all metazoan animals as you have already learnt in Block 3. This unit speaks about development of chick as an example of an amniote organism. Recall that amniotes are those vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) that have a water sac or amnion surrounding the developing 163 Block 4 Developmental Biology of Vertebrates-II organism protecting it from the external environment. Chick has been one of the first model organisms to be studied in detail as it is easy to maintain and large enough to be manipulated surgically and genetically during all stages of development. You will study about strictly coordinated sequential changes that take place during the course of chick development viz.