744 Notes to Pages 541-8

16 Admiral Karl Donitz, Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days, trans. R.H. Stevens (Westport, Ct. 1976), 316 17 Nos 5 and 162 Squadrons, daily diaries, Dec. I 942 and Jan. I 943, DHist 18 Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote [BdU] war diary, I -4 Feb. 1943, DHist 7914.46; PRO, Adm 22311 6; F.H. Hinsley et al, British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations (New York 1979-84),11,543 19 No 1 Group weekly intelligence report, Feb. I 943, DHist I 8 I .003 (~423);U-4 14 and U-403 logs, 4 and 6 Feb. 1943, copy and translation, DHist 85/77, pt 31 and pt 32; 5 Squadron, operations record book [ORB]daily diary, 6 Feb. 1943, DHist 20 Roskill, War at Sea, 11, 201, 357-8, 366-8; Marc Milner, North Atlantic Run: the Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle for the Convoys ( 1985), 224 21 RCAF attack report, 24 Feb. 1943, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (DI 338); I Group weekly intelli- gence report, 5 March 1943, DHist I 81 .oo3 (~423) 22 RCAF attack report, 24 Feb. 1943, DHist 181.oo3 (DI338) 23 Ibid. 24 U-604 log, 24 Feb. I 943, DHist 85/77, pt 33; BdU war diary, DHist 791446 25 No 5 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 24 Feb. 1943, DHist 26 Ibid. 27 U-62I log, 24 Feb. I 943, DHist 85/77, pt 34; 5 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 24 Feb. 1943, DHist; RCAF Station Gander, daily diary, 24 Feb. 1943, DHist 28 Samuel Eliot Morison, History of Naval Operations in World War zz, I: The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939-May 1943 (Boston 1947), 338 29 Annis to D/AMAS(operations), 16 Feb. 1943, I - 15-35 pt 2, PAC,RG 24, v01. 5 177 30 Ibid. 31 Commander Task Force [CTF]24 to EAC and us Army Newfoundland Base Corn- mand, I 2 Feb. I 943, ibid. ; report of conference, 26-7 Feb. I 943, DHist I 8 I .003 (~96) 32 Report of conference, 26-7 Feb. I 943, DHist I 8 I .002 (~96);CTF 24 to Newfound- land Base Command, 2 Oct. 1942, DHist I 81.002 (DI23); EAC and I Group weekly intelligence reports, March-May 1943, DHist I 8 I .003 (~264)and (~423); I Group to EAC,30 March 1943, DHist 181.002 (0124); us Antisubmarine Command, 'Missions, Sightings, Attacks, Hours Flown, Nov. 1942-July 1943,' Maxwell Air Force Base, microfilm reel ~0934,fol. 003 I, copy in DHist 80/208; 'Review of Anti-Submarine Intelligence in Area 40 to ON, 30 to 60w, 3-31 May 43,' para. ga, reel BO 933, fol. 1568-9, ibid. 33 AOC I Group to AOC EAC,6 March 1943, DHist 181.002 (~96);Canning to Slessor, 27 May I 943, PRO, Air 2/8400 34 Lund, 'Command Relations in the Northwest Atlantic,' 41-8; Tucker, Naval Service of , 11,406-8; Great Britain, Air Ministry, Air Historical Branch, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War, Iv: The Atlantic and Home Waters, the Offensive Phase, February 1943 to May 1944,' nd, 2-3, DHist 791599 35 Air Force Combined Staff [AFCS]Washington to Air Force Headquarters [AFHQ], signal ~432,2 Feb. 1943, AFHQ to ROYCANAIRF,signal c477,4 Feb. I 943, s.28-1-2, PAC, RG 24, vol. 5270; Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' IV,7 36 Deputy CAS to minister, 4 Feb. 1943, Air Council minutes, 4 Feb. I 943, AFHQ to Notes to Pages 548-53 745

AFCS Washington, signal c479, 5 Feb. 1943, S.28-1 -2, PAC,RG 24, v01. 5270; Tucker, Naval Service of Canada, 11, 409; Air Ministry, 'The R.A. F. in Maritime War,' IV,7; CAS to chief of the naval staff [CNS],2 I Feb. 1943, Queen's University Archives, C.G. Power Papers, box 7 I, file ~2034;Naval Board min- utes, 22 Feb. I 943, DHist 37 Jurgen Rohwer, The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943 (Annapolis, Md 1978); J. Rohwer and G. Hurnmelchen, Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939- 1945, trans. Derek Masters ( 1978), 308-10; PRO,Adm 223116, fol. 73,77; EAC weekly intelligence report, 23 March I 943, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~308);Hin- sley , British Intelligence, 11, 750 38 'Report of Sub-committee on Command, Control and Responsibilities of Air Fort- es, 8-9 March 1943,' N.R. Anderson, 'Report on Convoy Conference 8-9 March 1943,' 1-15-350 Pt 3, PAC, RG 24, ~01.5177 39 Director of Operations Division to vice-CNSand CNS,5 March I 943, NSS I 27 I -24 pt I, PAC,RG 24, vol. 8080; CNS to commanding officer Atlantic Coast [co~c], signal 14402, 4 Feb. 1943, AFHQ to AFCS Washington, signal c479, 5 Feb. 1943, EAC to AFHQ,signal ~359,5 Feb. I 943, s.28- I -2, ibid., vol. 5270; COAC to secretary Naval Board, 8 Feb. 1943, DHist NHS 8000, 'Flag Officer Atlantic Coast' 40 'The Nineteenth Antisubmarine Squadron Diary,' I 132-4, Maxwell Air Force Base, microfilm reel ~0523,copy in DHist 80/207; chief of staff, Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command, movement order no 8, 3 I March I 943, 0884-7, reel B0993; ibid.; 'History of Antisubmarine Squadrons, ,' 0749, reel B093, ibid. ; I Group to EAC,signal AI 27,30 March I 943, DHist 18I .oo2 (DI24); 'Fleet Air Wing Seven History Narrative, ' 37-8, DHist 8011 5 41 RAF delegation Washington [RAFDEL]to Air Ministry, 20 March 1943, PRO,Air 201848. See also Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' IV,20. 42 Anderson to Breadner, 8 March 1943, citing Combined Chiefs of Staff memoran- dum 6111, 1-15-350 pt 3, PAC,RG 24, vol. 51-77 43 Anderson to Breadner, 9 March I 943, ibid. 44 Breadner to Portal, 9 March I 943, Breadner to Johnson, 10 March I 943, ibid. 45 Portal to Breadner, I I March 1943, ibid.; 'Extract from Minutes of c.0.s. (43) 2 I st Meeting held 25th January, 1943,' and minute to CAS,28 Jan. 1943, PRO,Air 81673 46 Air Ministry to RAFDEL, 19 March 1943, PRO, Air 201848 47 Portal to Breadner, 25 March 1943, I - I 5-350 pt 3, PAC,RG 24, vol. 5 I 77 48 Adjutant general us Army Antisubmarine Command HQ to commanding general Army Air Forces Washington, 16 May 1943, Maxwell Air Force Base, micro- film reel A0523, fol. 1259-60, DHist 801207; note by the chief of the air staff, Sir Charles Portal, 'Reequipment of Coastal Command Squadrons with Liberators,' ~u(43)93,PRO, Cab 8613 49 J. Rohwer and W. A.B. Douglas, "'The Most Thankless Task Revisited: Con- voys, Escorts and Radio Intelligence in the Western Atlantic, I 941-43 ,' in J .A. Boutilier, ed., The RCN in Retrospect, 1910-1968 ( I 982), I 87-234; USAAFGander periodic intelligence report, 1-8 May 1943, I Group weekly intelligence report, 10 May 1943, DHist I 8 I a03 (~308);5 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 4 May I 943, DHist; RCAF attack report, 4 May I 943, DHist I 8 I .003 (DI341) 746 Notes to Pages 553-9

50 RCAF attack report, 4 May 1943, DHist I 81.003 (DI341) 51 U-438 to BdU, signal of 5 May 1943, DHist 85/77, pt 41 52 RCAF attack report, 4 May 1943, DHist I 8 I .003 (DI342) 53 No 5 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 5-6 May 1943, DHist; I Group weekly intelli- gence report, 10 May 1943, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~308);comments by Commander Peter Gretton, NSS 8280 ONS 5, PAC,RG 24, vol. I 1329 54 AOC EAC to controllers, I 6 March I 943, AOC EAC to AOC I Group, I o May I 943, and Heakes minute, 24 May 1943, DHist I 81.002 (DI25) 55 BdU war diary, 3 May 1943, DHist 79/46 56 No I Group weekly intelligence report, 24 May I 943, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~308); review of anti-submarine intelligence, DHist 80/208; Hinsley, British Intelli- gence, 11, 636-7 57 Donitz, Memoirs, 339; BdU war diary, 6 and 24 May 1943, DHist 791446; Hilary St George Saunders, 1939-45, 111: The Fight is Won (London 1954, paperback edition 1975), 50-7 58 Saunders, Royal Air Force, 111, 57; Great Britain, Admiralty, Historical Section, Defeat of the Enemy Attack on Shipping, 1939-1945: a Study of Policy and Operations (BR1736 (51) (I), Naval Staff History Second World War; np [1957]), IA,App. 2; 10 Squadron, ORB daily diary, DHist 59 George Lothian, Flight Deck: Memoirs of an Airline Pilot (Toronto I 979), I 04-5; 10 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 10 May, 25 July 1943, DHist 60 ~ocincCoastal Command, messages, 7 May, I June I 943, DHist I 8 I .002 (~121);I Group to EAC, 23 July 1943, DWist 181.002 (~122) 61 Allied Anti-Submarine Survey Board to CNS,I 8 May 1943, CAS to ~ocinc,15 June 1943, s.28-6-7 pt I, PAC, RG 24, ~01.5274; Joint RCN-RCAF Anti-Submarhe Warfare Committee minutes, 22 June 1943, DHist I 8 I .002 (~145) 62 Allied Anti-Submarine Survey Board to CNS,I 8 May 1943, s.28-6-7 pt I, PAC,RG 24, vol. 5274; Naval Staff minutes, 3 June 1943, DHist; commander-in-chief Canadian Northwest Atlantic [cinc CN A] to NSHQ,signal I 6202, I 2 July I 943, DHist NHS 8000, 'Flag officer Atlantic Coast'; EAC HQ,daily diary, 20 July 1943, DHist 63 Canning to Slessor, 27 May 1943, PRO,Air 218400 64 Anderson to Slessor, 2 I June 1943, DHist I 8 I .oo9 (~6734) 65 Slessor to Anderson, 24 June 1943; ibid. 66 Allied Anti-Submarine Survey Board to CNS,19 May 1943, s.28-6-7 pt I, PAC,RG 24, vol. 5274; Heakes to Baker, 9 Bug. I 943, DHist I 8 I .oo9 (~4656) 67 EAC HQ to AFHQ, signal A295, I5 May 1943, DHist I 8 I .002 (~96);'Review of Antisubmarine Intelligence .. . 0001 z May 3, I 943 to 2400~May 3 I, I 943, ' 1568-9, Maxwell Air Force Base, microfilm reel ~0933,DHist 80/208; 'History of Antisubmarine Squadrons, 25th Antisubmarine Wing, ' 0723-6, ibid. ; 'The Nineteenth Antisubmarine Squadron Diary,' I 137-41, reel ~0523,DHist 801207; 'Fleet Air Wing Seven History Narrative,' 38-43, 'War Diary of Bombing Squadron One Hundred Three,' DHist 80115; minute on EAC HQ to I Group, signal A337, 1 Sept. 1943, DHist 74372 68 Canning to Slessor, 27 May 1943, PRO,Air 218400; 'Minutes of Meeting of A.M.A.S. Division with Members of Kauffman Board, 8 May 1943,' s.28-6-7 pt Notes to Pages 559-64 747

I, PAC,RG 24, vol. 5274; Peter Gretton, Convoy Escort Commander (London 1964), 153; 'Allied Anti-Submarine Survey Board Meeting Held at I 500 Hours, 7th May, 1943 in ,' PRO,Adm 1113756 69 'Operations-Naval Co-operation,' DHist I 8 I .om (~464);'ASW Training - D/F Homing - Comments on Exercises, ' DHist I 8 I .003 (~36);I Group to EAC, signal ~829,23 July 1943, I Group-EACteletype conversation, 24 July 1943, DHist 181 .009 (~4656);~ocinc EAC to I Group, Gulf Group, signal ~873,26 July 1943, DHist 181.002 (~122);secretary Naval Board, 'Daily Forecast of U-Boat Positions, ' 14 July I 943, NSS 89 10-9 pt I , PAC,RG 24, vol. 6895; McDiarmid to officer in charge Operational Intelligence Centre, 10 July 1945, NSS 8910-20 pt 2, ibid., vol. 6896 70 Martineau to cinc CNA,6 Aug. 1943, 7-6-2, PAC,RG 24, vol. I 1022 71 Canning to Slessor, 27 May 1943, PRO,Air 218400; Carl Vincent, Consolidated Liberator & Fortress (Canada's Wings, vol. 2; Stittsville, Ont. 1975), 31 ; Annis interview, 10 Sept. 1979, C.L. Annis biographical file, DHist 72 Great Britain, Air Ministry, Air Historical Branch, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War, 111: The Atlantic and Home Waters, the Preparative Phase, July I 941 to February 1943,' nd, 489-92, DHist 79/599; Coastal Command, Operational Research Sec- tion, 'A Review of s-Band ASV Performance in Detecting U-Boats,' report no 308, 2 Nov. 1944, PRO, Air I~/I33; Monthly Review of RCAF Operations, North America, I, Nov. I 943, I 2,11, June 1944, 6-8,11, July 1944, 2 1-3 73 'Eastern Air Command-Project "z" .. . Supply and Use of Same in Anti-Submarine Warfare,' DHist I 8 I .oo9 (DI5 19); Mark 24 Mine instructions, 4 June and 16 Sept. 1943, DHist I 8 I .003 (~4.42I); RCAF attack reports, 3 and 4 Sept. I 943, DHist 181 .oo3 (~1099)and (DI 100); 'List of RCAF Sightings and Attacks on U-Boats,' DHist 85/77, pt I 74 Alfred Price, Aircrafi versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-Submarine Aircrafr, 1912 to I972 (London I 973), I 07-8; "'z" Project-Equipment, ' DHist I 8 I .002 (~39);Deshaw , 'Report on Expendable Radio Sonic Buoys, ' 6 June I 944, DHist I 8 I .003 (~3302);Thomas to commanding officer [co] RCAF Station Dart- mouth, 7 Dec. 1944, DHist 181.003 (~3738) 75 BdU war diary, 25 June 1943, DHist 79/46; Admiralty, Operational Intelligence Centre, special intelligence summary, 28 June 1943, PRO,Adm 22311 5; NSS 8280-sc 135, DHist mfm 76 RCAF attack report, 3 July 1943, DHist 18 I .003 (~1347);u-420 log, 3 July I 943, DHist 85/77, pt 42 77 No I Group weekly intelligence report, 8 July I 943, DHist 18 I .oo3 (~308);10 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 4-5 July 1943, DHist 78 cinc CNA to ~ocincEAC, signal 1535z,6 July 1943, DHist 181.002 (~123) 79 Heakes to I Group squadron cos, I Sept. 1943, I-15-350 pt 5, PAC,RG 24, v01. 5177 80 BdU war diary, 10-16 Sept. 1943, DHist 791446; Donitz, Memoirs, 41 8-9; Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F. in Maritime War,' IV, 177 81 No 10 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 16- I 9 Sept., 20 Oct. I 943, DHist; RCAF attack report, 19 Sept. 1943, DHist 18 I .oo3 (~1349) 82 S.W. Roskill, The WaratSea, I939-I945,111: The Offensive, PartI, stJ June I943 748 Notes to Pages 564-9

- 31st May 1944 (History of the Second World War, Military Series; London 1960), 40 83 Coastal Command Review, 11, Sept. 1943, 6, DHist I 8 I .003 (~1096);u-270 log, 22 Sept. 1943, DHist 85/77, pt 47; BdU war diary, 22-4 and 27 Sept. 1943, DHist 79/46 84 RCAF attack report, 22 Sept. 1943, DHist 181 .oo3 (~1350);U-377 log, 22 Sept. 1943, DHist 85/77, pt 46; BdU war diary, 23, 26, 27 Sept. 1943, DHist 791446; Anti-U-Boat Division of the naval staff, 'Analysis of U-Boat Operations in the Vicinity of Convoys ONS I 8 and ON 202, 19th-24 Sept. 1943,' 15 Nov. 1943, 106, PRO,Adm 199/1491 85 RCAF attack report, 22 Sept. 1943, DHist 181 .oo3 (~1350);U-275 log, 22 Sept. 1943, Forstner (u-402) to BdU, signal 846, 2030 hrs, 22 Sept. 1943, DHist 85/77, pt 44 and pt 45; 'Analysis of U-Boat Operations .. . ONS 18 and ON 202,' I 07, I I 3- I 6, PRO,Adm I 991 I 49 I ; Coastal Command Review, 11, Sept . I 943, 6, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~1096);I Group weekly intelligence report, 23 Sept. I 943, DHist 181.oo3 (~308);Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' IV,179; Joseph Schull, The Far Distant Ships: an Oficial Account of Canadian Naval Operations in the Second World War (Ottawa I 952), I 8 I 86 RCAF attack reports, 23 Sept. 1943, DHist 181.oo3 (~1352)and (~1353);BdU war diary, DHist 791446. See also Admiralty, Anti-U-Boat Division of the Naval Staff, Monthly Anti-Submarine Report, September 1943 (CB 04050/43(9), I 5 Oct. 1943), 7. 87 Senior officer ~3 Group, report of proceedings, nd, section 3, DHist 81/520/8280 o~s18 88 Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' IV, 182-8 89 RCAF attack report, 26 Oct. 1943, DHist I 81 .oo3 (DI354) 90 BdU war diary, I 5 Nov. I 943, DHist 79/46 91 Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' IV, 194-5; RCAF attack report, 8 Nov. 1943, DHist 18 I .oo3 (DI356); Orr to secretary DND for Air, 22 NOV.I 943, DHist 181.003 (DI 123)

CHAPTER I 6: SECURING THE LIFELINE, 1943-4

I Great Britain, Air Ministry, Air Historical Branch, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War, IV: The Atlantic and Home Waters, the Offensive Phase, February 1943 to May 1944, ' nd, App. xiii, DHist 79/599. The basic source on the anti-sub- marine war in the Canadian Northwest Atlantic, October 1943 to July 1944, is the war diary of the commander-in-chief, Canadian Northwest Atlantic for those months, NSS 1000-5-I 3 pts 20-22 and NSC I 926- 10211, DHist . For a more detailed account of the operations described in this chapter see Roger Sarty, 'The RCAF and Anti-Submarine Warfare, October I 943-May I 945, ' unpublished narrative, 1984, DHist. 2 'Comment on Eastern Air Command Anti-Submarine Effort,' 17 Feb. 1943, s.28- 5-1 I pt I, PAC,RG 24, vol. 5272; Eastern Air Command [EAC]Operational Research Section [ORS], 'Comments on Anti-Submarine Effort, I 941-42, EAC,' I 5 March 1943, DHist 771540; air member for air staff [AMAS]to deputy air mem- Notes to Pages 569-73 749

ber for air staff (operations) [D/AMAS(~PS)],26 March 1943, with enclosures, S. 19-17-4 Pt I, PAC, RG 24, ~01.5233 3 AMAS to D/AMAS(~PS),26 March 1943, with enclosures, s. I 9-17-4 pt I, PAC,RG 24, ~01.5233 4 Secretary Naval Board, 'Daily Forecast of U-Boat Positions,' 14 July 1943, ~ss 8910-9, PAC, RG 24, v01. 6895; F.H. Hinsley et al, British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations (London I 979-84), 11, 551n; Patrick Beesly, Very Special Intelligence: the Story of the Admiralty's Operational Intelligence Centre, 1939-1945 (London I 977), I 69; air officer com- manding [AOC]EAC to AOC I Group, signal ~178,20 March 1943, DHist 181.003 (~123) 5 See, for example, de Marbois to assistant chief of the naval staff [ACNS],'Sweeps by No I Group V.L.R.and L.R.A/C during U-Boat Hunt Vicinity Flemish Cap, 2311 2143-911144,' 27 Jan. 1944, DHist NHS 1650 - 'Salmon. ' 6 Wilhelm to AOC EAC, 9 NOV.1943, S. 19-17-4 Pt 2, PAC, RG 24, VO~.5233 7 W. A. B. Douglas, 'The Nazi Weather Station in Labrador, ' Canadian Geographic, 101, Dec. 1981-Jan. 1982,42-7 8 Naval Service Headquarters [NSHQ]to commander-in-chief Canadian Northwest Atlantic [cinc CNA],air officer commanding-in-chief [~ocinc]EAC et al, signal 2 I54Z, 28 OC~.1943, NSS 89 10-20 Pt I, PAC, RG 24, ~01.6896; U-537 log, I7 OC~. 1943, DHist mfm 831665, vol. I 5 9 NSHQ to cinc CNA,~ocinc EAC et al, signal ooozz, 28 Oct. I 943, ~ss8910-20 pt I, PAC, RG 24, ~01.6896 10 Air Force Headquarters [AFHQ]to EAC,signal x320 ~2308,29 Oct. 1943, s.28-9-3, ibid., vol. 5274 11 U-537 log, 31 Oct. 1943, DHist mfrn 831665; RCAF attack report, 3 I Oct. 1943, DHist I 8 I .003 (DI355); I Group weekly intelligence report, 4 Nov. 1943, DHist I 81 .003 (~308);5 Squadron, operations record book [ORB]daily diary, 3 I Oct. 1943, DHist; de Marbois to ACNS,'Operation Salmon: Air Cover during Escape Interval,' 27 Jan. 1944, DHist NHS 1650 - 'Salmon'; Alfred Price, Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-Submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1972 (London 1973), 108 I2 RCAF attack report, 10 Nov. 1943, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (DI 357); ~ss8280 - HX 265, DHist mfm I 3 DHist I 8 I .003 (DI093); RCAF Station Torbay, daily diary, I I -I4 Nov. I 943, DHist; I Group weekly intelligence report, I 8 Nov. I 943, DHist I 8 I .003 (~308);senior officer w6, 'Operation Salmon 11, ' 16 Nov. 1943, 7-6-7, PAC,RG 24, ~01.I 1023; de Marbois to ACNS,'Operation Salmon .. . ' 27 Jan. 1944, DHist NHS I 650 - 'Salmon'; RCN-RCAFMonthly Operational Review, I, Dec. 1943, I 3; u-537 log, I 1-13 NOV.1943, DHist mfrn 831665 I4 U-537 log, 14-28 Nov. 1943, DHist mfrn 831665; Otter signals for 14-20 NOV. 1943, NSS 8910-20 Pt I, PAC, RG 24, ~01.6896; ZTPGU/I9379, I9 NOV.1943, PRO, Defe 31724; EAC proposed operations for 20- I Nov. 1943, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~3254);EAC weekly intelligence report, 25 Nov. 1943, DHist I 8 I .003 (~423) 15 Wilhelm to AOChlC EAC, 9 NOV.1943, S.19-17-4 Pt 2, PAC, RG 24, ~01.5233; RCN-RCAF Monthly Operational Review, I, Dec. I 943, I 3- I 4; Murray to secre- 750 Notes to Pages 573-6

tary Naval Board, I I Dec. 1943, 7-6-6, PAC,RG 24, vol. I 1023; de Marbois to ACNS,director of operations division [DOD],and director of operational research [DOR],27 Jan. 1944, DHist NHS 1650 - 'Salmon' 16 ZTPGU signals 20266-20747, 16 Dec. 1943-3 Jan. 1944, PRO,Defe 31725; Otter signals for 23 Dec. 1943-8 Jan. 1944, NSS 8910-20 pt I, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896 17 De Marbois to ACNS,'Sweeps by No I Group .. . ' 27 Jan. 1944, DHist NHS 1650 - 'Salmon'; EAC weekly intelligence report, 30 Dec. 1943, 6 Jan. 1944, DHist I 8 I .003 (~~$23);EAC HQ,daily diary, Dec. 1943 and Jan. I 944, DHi?'

18 U-543 log, copy and translation, 30 Dec. 1943, 2-3 Jan. 1944, DHist ' j177, pt 53; commanding officer [co] HMCS St Laurent to captain (D) Halifax, reprt of proceedings, 10 Jan. I 94,co HMCS Swansea to captain (D) Halifax, 9 Jan. I 94, 7-6-7, PAC, RG 24, VO~.I I023 19 De Marbois to ACNS,'Sweeps by No I Group . . . ' 27 Jan. 1944, DHist NHS 1650 - 'Salmon'; Murray to secretary Naval Board, 13 Feb. 1944, 7-6-7, PAC,RG 24, VO~.I1023 20 RCM-RCAFMonthly Operational Review, 2, Jan. I 94, 29-33 21 Guthrie to ~ocincEAC, 3 Feb. 1944, s.28-3-1, PAC,RG 24, vol. 5270 22 z~PGu/21250,16 Jan. 1944, ~~~~~/21537,26Jan. 1944, ~~~~~121723, I Feb. 1944, PRO,Defe 31726; Otter signals for 2 1-5 Jan., 28 Jan.-6 Feb. I 94, NSS 89 10-20 pt I, PAC, RG 24, ~01.6896; EAC proposed operations signals for 23-4 Jan., 28 Jan.-5 Feb. 1944, DWist I 81 .oo3 (~3254);10 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 23 Jan.-3 Feb. 1944, DHist 23 flag Officer Newfoundland [FONF],war diary, Feb. 1944, NSS 1926-1I 213 pt I, DMist; EAC weekly intelligence reports, 10 and 17 Feb. 1944, DHist 181.003 (~423);DHist NHS 1650 - 'u-84'; Otter signals for 9-10 Feb. 1944, NSS 8910-20 pt I, PAC, RG 24, vol. 6896; McDiamiid to officer in charge, Operational Intelli- gence Centre [OIC], NSS 8910 pt 2, ibid. ; EAC proposed operations for 9 Feb. I 944, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~3254);5 and I I Squadrons, ORB daily diaries, 9- I 2 Feb. 1944, DHist; 128 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 9 Feb. 1944, DHist 24 RCAF attack report, 14 Feb. 1943, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (DI359) 25 FONF, war diary, Feb. I 944, NSS I 926- I I 213 pt I, DHist 26 Otter signals for 9-14 Feb. 194, NSS 8910-20 pt 2, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896; EAC weekly intelligence report, 10, 17 Feb. 1944, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~423);RCAF attack report, 14 Feb. 1943, DHist 181.oo3 (~1359);~~~~~122245, 15 Feb. 1944, PRO, Defe 31727; Air Force Routine Orders [AFRO]87444, I I 33/44 27 Otter signals for 15 Feb.-4 March 1944, NSS 8910 pt I, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896; EAC weekly intelligence report, 2 March 1944, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~423);u-539 log, 10 Feb.-4 March 194, DHist 85177, pt 54; ZTPGU~I 878, 6 Feb. 1944, ZTPGUI 21939,7 Feb. 1944, PRO,Defe 31726; DHist NHS 1650 - 'u-845' 28 No I Group weekly intelligence reports, 3 Nov. 1943-24 Feb. 1944, DHist 181.003 (~308) 29 ZTPGU signals 22514-22782, 22 Feb.-3 March 1944, PRO,Defe 31727; Otter sig- nals for 3-17 March 1944, NSS 8910-20 Pt I, PAC, RG 24, ~01.6896; EAC proposed operations and operations summaries for 4-21 March 1944, DHist 181 .oo3 (~3254);EAC weekly intelligence reports, 9 and 16 March 1944, DHist I 8 I .003 (~423);N. J. Chaplin, 'Operational Use of Radio Sono-Buoy Equipment Notes to Pages 576-9 75 I

by Canso "A" 9837, 18 March144,' nd, DHist 181.0o9 (~5985);co HMCS New Glasgow to captain (D)Halifax, report of proceedings, 25 March 1944,7-6-6, PAC, RG 24, vol. 11023; U-802 log, 17-22 March 1944, DHist 85/77, pt 55; NSS 8280 - SH I 25, DHist dm 30 EAC anti-submarine [A/s] operations intelligence summary, 26 March 1944, EAC HQ,daily diary, March 1944, DHist; u-802 log, 22-3 March 1944, DHist 85/77, pt 55; NSHQ to HMCS Wentworth, (R) CinC CNA, signals, 03352 23 March 1944, 0940Z 23 March 1944, I3302 23 March 1944, HMCS Wentworth to cinc CNA, (R) NSHQ, signal 03452, 23 March 1944, DHist NHS 1650 - 'Salmon'; de Marbois memorandum, 2 May 1944, director of warfare and training [~w~]/Tacticsto DWT, 2 May 1944, DHist NHS 8440 - 'w-10'; AFHQ to EAC HQ, signal HAC-569,23 March 1944, EAC operations summary for 23 March 1944, DHist 181.oo3 (~3254);145 Squadron, ORB,23 March 1944, DHist; Chaplin, 'Operational Use of Radio Sono-Buoy Equipment by Canso 9840, 161 Squadron, March 23,' nd, DHist I 8 I .009 (~5985) 31 EAC proposed operations and operations summaries, 26 March-I 3 April I 944, DHist 181.003 (~3254);U-802 log, 8-9 April 1944, DHist 85/77, pt 55; NSS 8280 - HX 286, DHist dm;NSHQ to cinc CNA,~ocinc EAC, signal 22542, 8 April 1944, NSS 8910-20 pt I , PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896; I Group weekly intelligence summary, I 3 April I 944, DHist I 8 I.003 (~308) 32 ZTPGU signals 23162-23492, 17-25 March 1944, PRO,Defe 31728; Otter signals for 16 March-7 April 1944, NSS 8910-20 pt I, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896; FONF,war diary, March I 944, NSC I 926- I I 213 pt I, DHist; EAC proposed operations and operations summaries for 19 March-7 April 1944, DHist 181.oo3 (~3254);EAC weekly intelligence reports, 23 and 30 March 1944, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~423);T.P. Boyle, 'Report on E.R.S.B.Investigating Action by Aircraft,' 27 March 1944, DHist 181.003 (~3300);Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote [BdU] war diary, 25-6 March 1944, DHist 791446 33 United States Fleet Anti-Submarine Bulletin, I, May 1944, 28-31, 11, June 1944, 2 1-3; William T. Y'Blood, Hunter Killer: U.S. Escort Carriers in the Battle of the Atlantic (Annapolis, Md I 983), I 60-2 34 FONF, war diary, March 1944, NSC 1926-1I 213 pt I, DHist; EAC weekly intelli- gence report, 23 and 30 March, 6 April 1944, DHist 18 I .oo3 (~423) 35 Chief of the air staff [CAS]to ~ocincEAC, I 2 April 1944, DHist I 8 I .oo9 (~32I 7) 36 EAC operational instructions BR operations, 'Hunt to Exhaustion ('Salmon'),' 20 Feb. 1944, co HMCS New Glasgow to captain (D) Halifax, report of proceedings, 25 March 1944, and attached minutes, ~w~/Tacticsto DWT, 10 May 1944, DHist NHS 8440 - 'w-10'; Coastal Command tactical instruction no 42, App. A,5 Jan. 1944, DHist 181.009 (~213) 37 U-548 log, 23 April-I May 1944, DHist SGR 11 240; Otter signals for 24 April-I May 1944, NSS 89 10-20, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896; EAC proposed operations for 23 April- I May I 944, DHist I 8 I .003 (~3254);5 and I I Squadrons, ORB daily diaries, 23 April-I May 1944, DHist 38 U-548 log, I May 1944, DHist SGR 11 240; EAC A/Soperational intelligence summa- ry, 7 May 1944, DHist 181.003 (~1555);operational research staff officer [ORSO]Halifax to chief of staff (operations), 6 May 1944, DHist NHS 1650 'Salm- 752 Notes to Pages 579-82

on'; 5, 10, and I I Squadrons, ORB daily diaries, 2-3 May 1944, DHist; EAC proposed operations for 2-3 May I 944, DHist 181.oo3 (~3254) 39 Officer commanding [oc] 10 Squadron to co RCAF Station Gander, 3 May 1944, DHist 181.003 (DI167) 40 HMS Hargood to FONF,signal o14oz, 3 May 1944, DHist NHS 8000 'Valleyfield' 41 Nos 5, 10, and I I Squadrons, ORB daily diaries, 3-5 May 1944, DHist; u-548 log, 3 May 1944, DHist SGR II 240 42 No I I Squadron, ORB daily diary, 6 May I 944, DHist; EAC proposed operations for 6 May 1944, DHist 181 .oo3 (~3254);u-548 log, 7 May 1944, DHist SGR II 240; DwT/Tactics to DWT and ACNS, 3 I May, 9 June 1944, DHist NHS 8440 - ' C-I '; FONF to W-2, signal o5131gz, May 1944, 'Signals, I .5.44 to 17.5.44,' naval secretary to commodore, RCN Barracks, Halifax, 28 Oct. 1952, 'LOSSof HMC Ships Valleyfield and Shawinigan,' DHist NHS 8000 'Valleyfield' 43 co HMCS New Glasgow to captain (D)Newfoundland, report of proceedings, I 2 May 1944, 7-6-6, PAC, RG 24, ~01.I 1023; DWT/T~C~~CSto DWT and ACNS, I5 June 1944, DHist NHS 840- 'c-1'; 5, 10, and I I Squadrons, ORB daily diaries, 7-12 May 1944, DHist; FONF to w-I I, signal 19442, 7 May 1944, signals, 9-1 I May 1944, DHist NHS 8000 'Valleyfield'; u-548 log, 7-9 May 1944, DHist SGR II 240; EAC proposed operations for 9- I 2 May 1944, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~3254) 4 Nos 5 and 10 Squadrons, ORB daily diaries, 30 May-5 June 1944, DHist; u-548 log, 17 May-24 June 1944, DHist SGR II 240; EAC weekly intelligence report, 8 June 1944, DHist 181.003 (~423);Otter signals for 30 May-5 June 1944, NSS 89 10-20 Pt I, PAC, RG 24, ~01.6896; ZTPGU/~~O~~,4 June 194, PRO, Defe 31740 45 EAC operations summaries for 2 I May-5 July 1944, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~3254);FONF, war diary, NSC I 926- I I 213 pt I, DHist; HMCS Wallaceburg, report of proceed- . in@, 16 June 1944, DHist NHS 8440 - 'w- 10'; EAC A/Soperations intelligence summary, 28 May-18 June 1944, DHist 321.009 (D~A);10, I 13, I 16, and 145 Squadrons, ORB daily diaries, May, June, July 1944, DHist; Otter signals for 8 May-5 July 1944, Nss 8910-20 pts 1-2, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896; U-107 log, DHist 85/77, pt 56; BdU memorandum, 'Submarine Situation I .6.1944,' and generally, BdU war diary, DHist 791446; United States Fleet Anti-Submarine Bulletin, 11, Bug. 1944, 22-3 46 Coastal Command HQ to AFHQ Ottawa, signal, I 823~6 Oct. 1943, PRO,Air 15135514094, encl. 51; Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' IV,191; Slessor to Johnson, 3 Nov. 1943, DHist I 8 I .oo2 (DI75) 47 EAC to Coastal Command HQ, personal for Slessor from Johnson, signal, 2018z I 9 Nov. 1943, DHist 181.oo2 (~175);Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' IV,218 48 Leckie to minister, 27 Nov. 1943, s.096-105 pt 5, PARC 826793; Cabinet War Committee minutes, I Dec. 1943, PAC, RG 2, series 7c, vol. 14, microfilm reel ~4875 49 No 162 Squadron, ORB daily diary, Jan. and Feb. 1944, DHist; EAC Marine Squad- ron, ORB daily diary, Feb. 1944, App. A,DHist; Jack Birt, 'RCAF Sailors Ride a Gale,' Star Weekly, 17 June I 944, 4-5; Sheard interview, 20 Jan. 1984, Terence Sheard biographical file, DHist Notes to Pages 582-5 753

50 T.W. Melnyk, Canadian Flying Operations in South East Asia, 1941-1945 (De- partment of National Defence, Directorate of History, Occasional Paper No I; Ottawa, 1976) 51 Samuel Kostenuk and John Griffin, RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft, 1924- 1968 (Toronto 1977) 52 Ibid. 53 Coastal Command, ORS,'Air Offensive against U-Boats in Transit,' report no 204, 12 Oct. 1942, PRO,Air 151732; Coastal Command, 'Manual of Anti-U-Boat Warfare,' May 1944, PRO, Air 151295 54 Denis Richards and Hilary St George Saunders, Royal Air Force, 1939-45,11: The Fight Avails (London ~ggq),107- 10; Hilary St George Saunders, Royal Air Force, 1939-45, 111: The Fight is Won (London 1954), 34-68; Coastal Command, ORS,'Air Operations in Support of Convoys I 942-May 1943,' report no 256, 24 Sept. 1943, PRO,Air 151732; Coastal Command, ORS,'Air Operations in Support of Convoys (Part 11) Sept.-Oct. 1943,' report no 266, 20 Dec. I 943, PRO,Air 151733; Eberhard Rossler, The U-Boat: the Evolution and Technical History of German Submarines (Annapolis, Md I 98 I), I 88-94 55 AFHQ,Air Historical Section, 'No. 407 Squadron: a Narrative History,' unpub- lished narrative, 1953, 93, 99- 100, DHist 74308; Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime Wq,' IV, I 31-2; RCAF Coastal Command ORB,Aug . 1943, App. B, and Sept. 1943, App. E, DHist I 8 I .003 (~886);Great Britain, Admiralty, Historical Section, Defeat of the Enemy Attack on Shipping, 1939-1945: a Study of Policy and Operations (BR1736 (51) (I), Naval Staff History Second World War; np [19571), IA, 262 56 No 405 Squadron, ORB daily diary, Oct. 1942-Feb. 1943, DHist; Great Britain, Air Ministry, Air Historical Branch, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War, 111: The Atlantic and Home Waters, the Preparative Phase, July I 94 I to February I 943, ' nd, 501 , DHist 791599; 405 Squadron, progress reports, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~3I I I); Coastal Command Review, I, Nov. 1942, 8; DHist I 81.003 (~3282) 57 No 41 5 Squadron, ORB daily diary, June-Aug . I 943, DHist; Air Ministry, 'The R. A .F. in Maritime War,' Iv, I 3 I ; Coastal Command Review, 11, Aug . I 943, 9; Admiralty, reports on interrogation of German prisoners of war (BR1907), copy in DHist 801582, item 41, 3 58 AFHQ,Air Historical Section, 'No. 422 Squadron: a Narrative History,' unpub- lished narrative, 1953, DHist 74333 59 Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' IV,72, 149, I 83; AFHQ,Air Historical Section, 'No. 423 Squadron, ' unpublished narrative [1953], 2 1-52, DHist 74 334; Form UBAT, RCAF Coastal Command ORB, Aug. 1943, App. E, DHist 18 I .003 (~886) 60 'No. 422 Squadron,' 26-8, DHist 74333; Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F. in Maritime War,' IV, I 87; Form UBAT, RCAF C0a~tdCommand ORB, OC~.1943, App. E, DHist I 81.003 (~886) 61 RCAF Coastal Command ORB,Dec. 1943, App. c, DHist 181.003 (~886);DHist I 8 I .003 (~3596) 62 Edwards to Power, 18 Aug. 1942, DHist I 81 .009 (~4741);Edwards to minister, 27 May I 943, DHist I 8 I .oog (~7I 9), pt I 754 Notes to Pages 585-8

63 Minister to ROYCANAIRF,signal x384c2 143, 17 Feb. 1944, DHist I 8 I .006 (~295). See also PRO,Air 2011325; and PRO,Air 151487. 64 Melnyk, Canadian Flying Operations in South East Asia, 33; Edwards to Bread- ner, I 3 June 1943, Edwards to Slessor, 29 June 1943, DHist I 81 .009 (~719), pt I ;Air Ministry (director general organization [DGOrg]) to Edwards, I 6 July I 943, DHist I 81.006 (~295) 65 DHist I 81 -003 (DI 192); 'No. 422 Squadron,' 32, 85, DHist 74333; RCAF Coastal Command ORB, NOV.I 943-Jan. 1945, App. c, DHist I 8 I .003 (~886);RCAF Overseas Headquarters, daily diary, I Feb. 1944, DHist 66 DG Org to Coastal Command HQ,26 Jan. I 944, PRO,Air I 5157511 37 67 Coastal Command HQ to 17 Group HQ, 2 March 1944, PRO,Air 151575, encl. 156 68 Pdo I7 Group HQ to Coastal Command HQ, signal ~~558,16 May 1944, group captain commanding RAF Station Alness to 17 Group HQ,28 May 1944, ibid. ; 422 and 423 Squadrons ORB daily diaries, 3 I Jan. 1944, 3 I Jan., and 30 April 1945, DHist 69 Macfarlane to director of personnel, 24 June I 944, DHist I 8 I .oo9 (~4I 63) 70 RCAF Overseas HQ,daily diary, 2 March I 94, DHist; 'No. 423 Squadron,' 64, mist 74334 7 I RCAF Coastal Command ORB, July 1943, Sept. 1944, and Jan. 1945, App. C, DHist I 8 I .003 (~886);DDO(P), 6 June 1944, 'Squadrons Nominated for Reception of RCAF Air Crews .. . ' DHist 181.009 (~6723);DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~93I); strength re- turns for 3 I July 1944 in ORBS of EAC bomber-reconnaissance and fighter squad- rons, DHist 72 AOC~~CEAC to Dartmouth controller, Yarmouth controller et al, signal, I 6 March 1943, DHist 181.002 (~125);J.D.F. Kealy, 'Command and Control of Naval and Air A/SForces. in the Northwest Atlantic 1943: a Study based on the Passages of HX 2291s~122 and ONS 1810~202,' unpublished narrative [1977], DHist; I Group to EAC, signal ~829,23 July 1943, I Group-EACteletype conversation, 24 July 1943, ~ocincEAC to I Group, Gulf Group, signal, 26 July 1943, DHist 181.003 (~122) 73 Kenyon to OBR,29 Sept. 1943, Williams to co RCAF Station Sydney, I Oct. 1943, DHist I 8 I .002 (~464) 74 Monthly Review of RCAF Operations North America, I (July I 943-May I 944), tables 3 and 4; EAC,'Six Month Summary of BR Operations in Eastern Air Command July to December, I 944,' report no 17, 2 I March I 945, 3, DHist I 8 I .OOZ (~379);J. W. Mayne, Operational Research in the Canadian Armed Forces during the Second World War (Department of National Defence, Opera- tional Research and Analysis Establishment, Report No ~68,June I 978), I, I 8, 24; EAC operational instructions BR operations, section P, App. 11 (March 1944), DHist 181.002 (~125) 75 The account of ONS 236 is based on the following sources: reports of proceedings for c.4, w.6, and W.2 groups, NSS 8280 - ONS 236, DHist mfm; EAC proposed operations and operations summaries for 2 I -5 May I 944, DHist I 8 I .003 (~3254);ORB daily diaries for 5 Squadron, 20-1 May 1944, I I Squadron, 21 May 1944, 10 Squadron, 22 May 194, 113 Squadron, 23 May 1944, 145 Squadron, 23-4 May 194, 160 Squadron, 24-5 May 1944, DHist; Otter signals for 8-22 May 1944, NSS 8910-20 pt I, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896. Notes to Pages 588-95 755

76 David Syrett and Alec Douglas, 'The "Reptile" Searches: Defence of Convoys by British and Canadian Aircraft during the Battle of the Atlantic,' Mariner's Mirror (forthcoming) 77 u-548 log, 2 1-4 May 1944, DHist SGR 11 240; BdU war diary, 27 May 1944, DHist 791446 78 Rutledge to ~ocincEAC, 22 March 1944, DHist I 8 I .002 (~98) 79 'No. 407 Squadron,' I I 1-12, DHist 74308 80 Coastal Command HQ,intelligence summary, I 2 Feb. 1944, RCAF Coastal Corn- mand ORB,Feb. 1944, App. B and App. E, Form UBAT,DHist I 8 I .003 (~886); Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F. in Maritime War,' IV, 457-9 8 I RCAF Coastal Command ORB,March 1944, App. E, Form UBAT,DHist I 8 I .003 (~886);'No. 407 Squadron,' I 16, DHist 74308; Air Ministry, 'The R.A. F. in Maritime War,' IV,463-4 82 No 162 (BR)Squadron, ORB daily diary, 22 Feb., 12 and 17 April 1944, DHist; RCAF Coastal Command ORB,Feb. and April I 94, App. E, Form UBAT,DHist 181 .oo3 (~886);'No. 423 Squadron,' 66-8, DHist 74334; 423 Squadron, ORB,24 April 1944, DHist; BdU war diary, 24 April 1944, DHist 79/46; Coppock to Douglas, 10 March I 986, DHist 83 '162 (RCAF)Squadron Operations with 18 Group from Wick,' unpublished narra- tive [1945], 3, DHist 7411; I 62 Squadron, ORB daily diary, summary for June 1944, Form UBAT,July 1944, DHist; Great Britain, Air Ministry, Air Historical Branch, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War, v: The Atlantic and Home Waters, the Victorious Phase, June 1944-May 1945,' nd, 2, 17, DHist 791599; ibid., IV,486-7 84 ' 162 (RCAF)Squadron Operations with I 8 Group from Wick, ' I 3, DHist 741; Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F. in Maritime War,' v, 17114; Remo to Roberts, 8 March 1946, 162 Squadron daily diary, June 1944, App.; DHist 771366 85 No 162 Squadron, ORB,July 1944, Form UBAT,DHist; Coastal Command Review, 111, July 1944, 8, 19; 'Questionnaire Regarding Forced Alighting of Aircraft on Water,' DHist I 81 .oo9 (~241) 86 No 162 Squadron, ORB,July 1944, Form UBAT,DHist 87 Denomy to air force historian, nd, ibid., June 1944; Coastal Command Review, 111, July 1944, 19-20, a useful account of the rescue that contains some errors; Hugh Halliday, Target U-Boat: Canadians with Coastal Command in the Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-45 (Stittsville, Ont. forthcoming); 'Crash Alighting of ,' DHist I 81 .oo9 (~2441) 88 '162 (RCAF)Squadron Operations with 18 Group from Wick,' 15-16, DHist 741; Coastal Command HQ, intelligence summary, I July 1944, RCAF Coastal Corn- mand, ORB,June 1944, App. B, DHist 181.oo3 (~886) 89 'Extract from Station and Squadron Commander's Conference held at Coastal Command Headquarters on 20th December, 194,' 162 Squadron, ORB,March 1945, App. A, DHist 90 Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' v, 37-8, 53-5, 58-61; 'No. 422 Squadron,' 56-8, DHist 74333; 'No. 423 Squadron,' 81-4, DHist 74334 91 No 162 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 4 and 6 Aug . r 944, DHist; Coastal Command HQ, intelligence summary, 5 Aug . 1944, Coastal Command HQ,narrative no I 9 and no 20,4 and 5 Aug . I 944, RCAF Coastal Command ORB,Aug . I 944, App. B 756 Notes to Pages 596-600

and App. H, DHist I 81.003 (~886);Coastal Command Review, HI, Aug. 1944, 2, 5; Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' v, 59 92 Admiralty, Defeat of the Enemy Attack on Shipping, IB,Table 12 (ii)

CHAPTER 17: THE DAWN OF MODERN ASW, 1944-5

I BCATP progress report no 5 I, 20 March 1944, DHist 7311558, vol. 8; 16I Squad- ron, operations record book [ORB]daily diary, July 1944, DHist; 'The History of Eastern Air Command, ' unpublished narrative [I9451, 809- I 3, DHist 742, vol. 4; RCN weekly state, 2 May-10 June 1944, DHist, NHS 1650 - 'DS' 2 U-802 log, copy and translation, 19 Aug.-3 Sept. 1944, DHist 85/77, pt 57; 5 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 22 Aug.-27 Sept. 1944, DHist; Otter signals for 23-7 Aug. 1944, Nss 89 10-20 pt 2, PAC,RG 24 vol. 6896. The basic source on the anti-submarine war in the Canadian Northwest Atlantic, Aug. 1944-May 1945, is the war diary of the commander-in-chief Canadian Northwest Atlantic [cinc CNA]for those months, NSC 1926-10211 , DHist. For a more detailed account of the operations described in this chapter see Roger Sarty, 'The RCAF and Anti- Submarine Warfare, October 1943-May 1945,' unpublished narrative, I 984, DHist. 3 u-541 log, 6, I I, 24,29 Aug. and 3-5 Sept. 1944, DHist 85/77, pt 58; RCAF Station Sydney, weekly intelligence report, 7 Sept. 1944, DHist 181.003 (~267);HJF 28 report of proceedings and supporting letters, NSS 8280 - 'HJF 28, ' DHist mfm; Eastern Air Command [EAC]operations summaries, 4-5 Sept. 1944, DHist 181.OO3 (~3254) 4 Otter signals for 3-5 Sept. 1944, NSS 8910-20 pt 2, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896; Naval Service Headquarters [NSHQ]sighting and attack reports, 4 Sept. 1944, NSS 8910-23 pt 3, ibid., vol. 6897; u-802 log, 4 Sept. 1944, DHist 85/77, pt 57 5 HNMS King Haakon VII, report of proceedings, NSS 8280 - 'QS 89,' DHist mfm; NSHQ sighting and attack reports, 8 Sept. 1944, NSS 8910-23 pt 3, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6897; u-541 log, 7-8 Sept. 1944, DHist 85/77, pt 58 6 EAC operations summaries for 8- I 3 Sept. 1944, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~3254);I General Reconnaissance School, daily diary, 8 Sept. 1944, DHist; EAC,daily diary, Sept. 1944, App. I I, DHist 7 U-802 log, 13 Sept. 1944, DHist 85/77, pt 57 ,,' 8 Ibid., 14-25 Sept. 1944; U-541 log, 18-27 Sept. 1944, ibid., pt 58 9 Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote [Bdu] war diary, translation, 22 Sept., I -6 Oct. 1944, DHist 791446; Otter signals for I -I 3 Oct. I 944, NSS 8910-20 pt 2, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896; commanding officer [co] HMCS Magog to captain (D) Halifax, 15 Oct. 1944, NSS 8340-381129, ibid., vol. 6790; sonobuoy report, 14 Oct. 1944, DHist I 81.003 (~3385) 10 U-122I log, Sept.-Oct. 1944, DHist 85/77, pt 59; BdU war diary, 26 Nov. 1944, DHist 79/446; master, Fort Thompson to Ministry of War Transport representa- tive Quebec, 5 Nov. 1944, NSC 834-3995, PAC,RG 24, vol. 679 I ; EAC operations summaries for 3-18 Nov. 1944, DHist 181.oo3 (~274) I I Joint RCN/RCAFAnti-Submarine Warfare Committee minutes, I 9 Sept. I 944, DHist I 8 I .009 (03 I 88); air officer commanding-in-chief [~ocinc]EAC to secre- Notes to Pages 600-3 757

tary Department of National Defence [DND]for Air, 4 Oct. 1944, cinc CNA to secretary Naval Board, 4 Oct. 1944, Curtis to Johnson, 17 Oct. 1944, s. 28-6-4, PAC, RG 24, ~01.5273 I 2 Great Britain, Air Ministry, Air Historical Branch, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War, v: The Atlantic and Home Waters, the Victorious Phase, June 1944-May I 945, ' nd, 83-5, DHist 791599 13 Ibid., 83; 423 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 3 Sept. 1944, DHist I4 No 407 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 4-5 and 29-30 Oct. 1944, DHist; Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' v, 95-6, 100; Admiralty, Operational Intelli- gence Centre [OK],special intelligence summary, I 6 and 23 Oct. I 944, PRO,Adm 223121; Air Force Headquarters [AFHQ],Air Historical Section, 'No. 407 Squadron: a Narrative History,' unpublished narrative, I 953, I 32, DHist, 74308; AFHQ,Air Historical Section, 'No. 422 Squadron: a Narrative History, ' unpub- lished narrative, 1953, 85, DHist 74333 I 5 Admiralty, OK, special intelligence summary, week ending 28 Aug . I 944, PRO, Adm 223121 16 Ibid., 7 Aug ., 23 and 30 Oct ., 6 Nov. I 944; Eberhard Rossler, The U-Boat: the Evolution and Technical History of German Submarines (Annapolis, Md I 98 I) 214-32, 240-6, 248-65 17 Douglas to Johnson, 14 Oct. 1944, PRO,Air 151345 I 8 Breadner to Power, signal c466, 30 June 1944, DHist I 8 I .006 (~3I 2); chief of the air staff [CAS]to minister, 8 Nov. 1944, s. 19-6-5 pt 6, PAC,RG 24, vol. 52 I 7; Leckie to Portal, liaison letters, 19 Nov. 1943, 17 May 1944, PRO,Air I 51356; RCN-RCAF Monthly Operational Review, Aug . I 944, 24, DHist; s. 34-5 I - I, PAC, RG 24, vol. 5346 19 Coastal Command, Operational Research Section [ORS],'A Review of S-Band ASV Performance in Detecting U-Boats, ' report no 308, 2 Nov. I 944, PRO,Air 151733; RCN- monthly Operational Review, 11, Dec. 1944, 20-2, DHist; direc- tor of signals to air member for air staff [AMAS],7 NOV.1944, acting AMAS to assistant CAS,9 NOV.1944, assistant CAS to AMAS,14 NOV.1944, director of signals to AMAS, I7 NOV.1944, S. I 9-6-5 Pt 6, PAC, RG 24, VO~.52 17; EAC equipment situation report no I 5, 30 April I 945, s.28-4-9, ibid., vol. 527 I ; AMAS Division, summary of activities for Jan., March, April I 945, DHist 791430, vol. 3 20 EAC ORS, 'Five Month Summary of BR Operations in Eastern Air Command January to May, 1945,' report no 21, 13 Aug. 1945, table 11, DHist I 81.002 (~379); AMAS to air member for supply and organization [AMSO],23 March 1945, director of aeronautical engineering [DAE]to AMSO,minute, 10 April 1945, s. I 9-6-5 pt 7, PAC, RG 24, ~01.5217 21 BdU war diary, 8 Oct. and 12 Nov. 1944, DHist 79/46; U-1221 log, 5 Nov. 1944, U-541 log, summary of operations Aug.-Nov. 1944, DHist 85/77, pts 59 and 58 22 U-1228 log, 3 Nov. 1944-5 Jan. 1945, U-1231 log, 12 Nov. 1944-2 Feb. 1945, DHist 85/77, pts 60 and 62; BdU war diary, Nov.-Dec. 1944, DHist 791446; ZTPGU signals 35045-6, 3 Jan. I 945, PRO,Defe 31740 23 EAC monthly operational report, Nov. 1944, EAC daily diary, DHist 24 EAC weekly intelligence report, 7 Dec. I 944, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~4863) 758 Notes to Pages 604-7

25 EAC anti-submarine operations intelligence summary, 24 Dec. 1944, EAC daily diary, DHist; EAC operations summaries for I 7-23 Dec. 1944, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~274);10 Squadron, ORB daily diary, I 8- 19 Dec. I 944, DHist; cinc CNA to commander-in-chief Atlantic, signal, I 520~I Dec. 1944, NSS 89 10-I 6611 o, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6901; BdU war diary, 28 Dec. 1944, DHist 79/46 26 ~~~~~133333,I3 Nov. 1944, z~PGu/33822,4Dec. 1944, PRO,Defe 31738; Otter signals, 4-20 Dec. 1944, NSS 8910-20 pt 2, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896, EAC opera- tions summaries for 4-24 Dec. 1944, DHist I 8 I .003 (~274);Michael Hadley , 'U-Boot-Begegnung vor Halifax: Die Versenkung von HMCS Clayoquot,' Ma- rine Rundschuu, March and April 1982, translation in DHist SGR 11 258 (an excel- lent account of u-806's cruise); u-806 log, 13-21 Dec. 1944, DHist SGR 11 257; commander of the port Halifax to cinc CNA,29 Dec. I 944, 7- I 2 pt I, PAC,RG 24, vol. I 1023; NSS 8280 - 'HHX 327,' DHist rnfm; 145 and I I Squadrons, ORB daily diary, and RCAF Station Dartmouth, daily diary, 2 I -4 Dec. I 944, DHist 27 U-806 log, 24-5 Dec. 1944, DWist SGR 11, 257; u-1231 log, 24-6 Dec. 1944, DHist 85/77, pt 62; EAC operations summaries for 25-9 Dec. 1944, DHist 181.oo3 (~274);Otter signals for 22-4 Dec. 1944, NSS 8910-20 pt 2, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896; Admiralty OIC,special intelligence summary, 27 Nov. I 944, PRO,Adm 22312 I 28 Otter signals for 22-6 Dec. 1944, NSS 8910-20 pt 2, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896; EAC operations summaries for 2-14 Jan. 1945, DHist 181.oo3 (~274);NSS 8280 - 'SH 194,' DHist mfm; I I Squadron, ORB daily diary, 4 Jan. I 945, DHist 29 NSS 8280 - 'BX I41 ,' DHist rnfm; EAC operations summaries for 15-23 Jan. 1944, DHist I 81.003 (~274);~~~~~135648, 23 Jan. 1945, PRO,Defe 31740; 10 Squad- ron, ORB daily diary, 24 Jan. I 945, DHist; 27th Escort Group report of proceed- ings, 24 Jan.-4 Feb. 1945, DMist NHS 840- 'EG 27' 30 Otter signals for 16-3I Jan. 1945, NSS 8910-20 pt 2, PAC,RG 24, vol. 6896; Admiralty OIC,special intelligence summary, 29 fan.-12 Feb. 1945, PRO,Adm 223121; DHist NHS - 1650 'u-866'; US Fleet Anti-Submarine Bulletin, 11, April I 945, 3 I -2, DHist; I o and I 60 Squadrons, ORB daily diaries, DHist 3 I S .W. Roskill, The War at Sea, 1939- 1945, 111: The Ofensive, Part zz, st June 1944-14th August 1945 (History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series; London 1961), 287; RCN weekly state, 2 Jan. 1945, DHist, NHS 1650 - 'DS'; Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' v, App. I, 20; EAC , monthly operational report, Jan. 1945, figure I, EAC,daily diary, Jan. I 945, DHist 32 Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War,' v, 197-8; 'Draft: a Forecast of the "U" Boat Campaign during I 945, Note by the First Sea Lord,' nd, PRO,Air 201 1237/x/~04895; 'Review of the Anti-U-boat War from 20th December, 1944, to 20th January, 1945,' 25 Jan. 1945, PRO, Adm 205/$4/x/~08723 33 RCAF attack report, 30 Dec. I 94, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (DMI 7) 34 Nos 10 and I 60 Squadrons, ORB daily diaries, March I 945, DHist; EAC operations summaries for March 1945, DHist 18 I .003 (~274);ZTPGU/~~ I 2 I, 10 March 1945, PRO, Defe 31742 35 Air Ministry, 'The R.A.F.in Maritime War, ' v, I 85; EAC operations summaries for 25-7 March 1945, DHist I 81.~3 (~274); EAC monthly operations reports, April and May 1945, EAC,daily diary, DHist; Admiralty OIC,special intelligence sum- mary, 26 March, 2 and 30 April 1945,' PRO,Adm 22312 I ; Admiralty, 'Fuehrer Notes to Pages 607-33 759

Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1945,' (London 1947); 78-9, 89, 107-8; us Navy, 'OP-16-2, PIW Weekly (German),' I 9 and 26 May 1945, DHist NHS - I 650 'U-Boats 1939-45' 36 Flag officer Newfoundland Force, war diary, April 1945, NSS 1000-5-20 pt 5, DHist 37 Naval Intelligence Division, 'Report on an Interrogation of some members of the crew of U-190 .. . ,' 22 May I 945, DHist NHS - 1650 'u-190'; naval secretary to commodore RCN Barracks, Halifax, 'Loss of HMC Ship Esquimalt,' 8 Nov. 1952, DHist NHS 8000 'Esquimalt'; 'Report of Proceedings - EG 28, 3rd April to 19th April, 1945,' DHist NHS 8440 - 'EG 28' pt I; RCAF attack report, 3 May I 945, DHist I 8 I .003 (DI366) 38 United States, Department of the Navy, Naval Security Group Command Head- quarters, 'Intelligence Reports on the War in the Atlantic 1942-5,' 11, 226-8, DHist rnfm 801206; S.E. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War ZZ,x: The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943 - May 1945 (Boston 1956), 330, 34-56; William T. Y'Blood, Hunter-Killer: U.S. Escort Carriers in the Battle of the Atlantic (Annapolis, Md 1983), 263-72 39 EAC operations summaries for April-May 1945, DHist I 8 I.003 (~274);EAC anti- submarine operations intelligence summaries, April 1945, EAC daily diary, DHist 40 Intercepted signal, BdU to all U-boats, 19452 8 May 1945, DHist, NHS - 1650 'U-boats I 945' pt 2; 'No. 407 Squadron: a Narrative History,' 146, 148, DHist 74308; 162 Squadron, ORB daily diary, June 1945, DHist; 'No. 422 Squadron: a Narrative History,' 96-107, DHist 74333; AFHQ,Air Historical Section, 'No. 423 Squadron: a Narrative History,' unpublished narrative, I 953, I 28-33, DHist 74334 41 DHist NHS 1650 'u- 190' 42 No 10 Squadron, ORB daily diary, 10 May 1945, DHist 43 ~~~~~135677,23 Jan 1945, PRO,Defe 31740

APPENDIX C: THE CLAYTON KNIGHT COMMITTEE

I Quoted in Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945 (New York 1979), I99 2 See ibid., Chap. 9, and Joseph P. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939-1941: the Partnership that Saved the West (New York 1976)' 63-74. 3 'Recruiting in the United States of America,' unpublished narrative [1gq5], DHist 747, vol. 3, 542; F. J. Hatch, 'Recruiting Americans for the , 1939-1942,' Aerospace Historian, XVIII,March 197I, I 2 4 Bishop to Thomas (former secretary to Clayton Knight Committee), I 2 Sept. 1944, Clayton Knight Committee Papers, DHist 80168, file 39. See also Clayton Knight, 'Contribution to Victory, 1939-1942,' ibid., file 2; and F. J. Hatch, The Aerodrome of Democracy: Canada and the British Commonwealth Air Train- ing Plan, 1939-1945 (Department of National Defence, Directorate of History, Monograph Series No I ; Ottawa 1989, 86-7, and, generally on this subject, 86-96. 760 Notes to Pages 633-9

5 Knight, 'Contribution to Victory,' DHist 80168, file 2; Hatch, 'Recruiting Ameri- cans,' 13 6 Knight to Rogers, 30 June 1942, DHist 80168, file 47 7 See Knight to LaGuardia, 20 Feb. 1940, ibid., file 5, and the list of contacts in ibid., file 4. 8 Knight, 'Contribution to Victory,' DHist 80168, file 2; Curtis to air member for personnel, 31 May r 940, 'Enlistments in the U.S.A. ,' HQ 45-10-2, PAC,RG 24, vol. 5368 9 Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 228-9; Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, I off, espe- cially 162 10 Hatch, 'Recruiting Americans,' 13; Canadian minister to the United States to undersecretary of state for external affairs, I 8 May I 940, copy in HQ 45- I 0-2, PAC,RG 24, v01. 5368; Knight to Edwards, 22 NOV.1940, DHist 80168, file 9 I I Clayton Knight interview, 17 June 1965, DHist 80168, file 3; Knight, 'Contribu- tion to Victory,' ibid., file 2 12 Knight, 'Contribution to Victory,' DHist 80168, file 2; 'Clayton Knight Committee Financial and Statistical Reports,' ibid., file 12; Hatch, Aerodrome of Democra- cy, 88 I 3 Hatch, Aerodrome of Democracy, 88-9 I4 Knight, 'Contribution to Victory,' DHist 80168, file 2; Knight interview, ibid., file 3 I5 See correspondence in 'Ferry Pilots, etc,' DHist 80168, file 14, and Clayton Knight Committee, 'General Regulations, ' April I 941, ibid., file 28. 16 'Clayton Knight Committee Financial and Statistical Reports,' DHist 80168, file I 2 I 7 Mudre to Renway (Los Angeles office), 6 Aug . I 940, ibid., file 6 I 8 Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 228ff, 264-5; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 249ff I 9 Hatch, Aerodrome of Democracy, 89-90 20 Ibid., 90 2 I See, for example, Richard Thorelsen, 'Canada's Open Society, ' Saturday Evening Post, I Feb. 1941, 18ff; 'Gateway to the R.A.F.- For U.S. Volunteers,' Sunday Mirror Magazine Section, 28 Sept. I 941, 6ff; Robert Tulley , 'Memphis Hell for Adolf, ' (Memphis) Commercial Appeal, I 7 Aug . I 94 I, all in DHist 80168, file 36. See also transcript of E.L. Benway radio interview, March 1941, ibid., file 4. 22 Armour to president and directors of Dominion Aeronautical Association, 21 May 1941, DHist 80168, file 4 23 Ibid. 24 Rogers to 'Air Marshal' [Knight?], 14 June I 94 I, ibid., folder 19 25 Hatch, 'Recruiting Americans,' I 5, and Aerodrome of Democracy, 91-2 26 Armour to president and directors of Dominion Aeronautical Association, 22 July I941 , DHist 80168, file 4;Hatch, 'Recruiting Americans, ' I 6 27 Hatch, 'Recruiting Americans,' 16 28 Ibid. 29 New York Sun, I 2 Aug . 1941, copy in DHist 80168, file 50 30 Oregon Journal, I 6 Aug . 1941, copy in ibid., file 36 3 I Hatch, 'Recruiting Americans,' I 6, and Aerodrome of Democracy, 92 32 Gene to Jack, nd, DHist 80168, file 7, pt I Notes to Pages 639-44

33 Knight, 'Contribution to Victory,' ibid., file 2 34 McNeil to Gilchrist, 4 Nov. I 941 , ibid., file 7, pt 2 35 Gene to Jack, nd, ibid., file 7, pt I 36 Juhan to Southwark et al, nd, ibid., file 8 37 Ibid., file 23 38 Hatch, 'Recruiting Americans,' I 6- I 8, and Aerodrome of Democracy, 92-3 39 Walsh memorandum, 5 Feb. 1942, in DHist 80168, file 31 ; Smith memorandum, 12 Feb. 1942, ibid., file 11 40 Smith memorandum, 2 June I 942, DHist 80168, file 30 41 Ibid., file 41

APPENDIX D: FERRY COMMAND

I H. Duncan Hall, North American Supply (History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Civil Series; London 1955), 105-9; H. Duncan Hall and C.C. Wrigley, Studies of Overseas Supply (History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Civil Series; London 1956), 4; W.K. Hancock, ed., Statistical Digest of the War: Prepared in the Central Statistical Ofice (History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Civil Series; London I 95 I), I 56n; Edward R. Stettinius, Jr, Lend-Lease, Weapon for Victory (New York and London I 944, 22 2 Hall and Wrigley , Studies of Overseas Supply, 109- 10; Hall, North American Supply, 170-3 3 Anderson to secretary Department of National Defence, 6 , s3-5-2, DHist I 8 I .oo3 (~4095);Griffith Powell, Ferryman: from Ferry Command to Silver City (Shrewsbury , England I 982), 20; D.C .T. Bennett, Pathfinder (London 19581, 121 4 A. J.P. Taylor, Beaverbrook (London 1972), 428; Sholto Watt, I'll Take the High Road: a History of the Beginning of the Atlantic Ferry in Wartime (Fredericton, NB 1960), 8, 14; S .A. Dismore, 'Atlantic Ferrying Organization (ATFERO):the Past, ' 22 May I 941, PRO,Air 81474, Air 217508, and Air 2016090; Great Brit- ain, Ministry of Information, Atlantic Bridge: the Oficial Account of R. A .F. Trans- port Command's Ocean Ferry (London 1945), 7; W.P. Hildred, 'Report on ATFERO,'I July 1941, paragraph 3, PRO, Air 217508; Powell, Ferryman, 20- I 5 J.R.K. Main, Voyageurs of the Air: a History of Civil Aviation in Canada, 1858- 1967 (Ottawa 1967), 163; K.N. Molson, Pioneering in Canadian Air Transport (np 1974), 233; D.H. Miller-Barstow, Beatty of the C.P.R. (Toronto 1951), 170-1; Burchall to Dismore, 7 Oct. I 940, enclosing unsigned copy of the agreement, DHist 74/799. See especially paragraphs I, 3, 4, and 5. For more detail on the development and history of the wartime ferry service, see C.A. Christie and F.J. Hatch, Ocean Bridge (Stittsville, Ont . forthcoming). 6 Bennett, Pathfinder, 97-100; Watt, High Road, 23; Powell, Ferryman, 25-6 7 Taylor, Beaverbrook, 414-45; Watt, High Road, 9 8 'Address by Dr P.D. McTaggart-Cowan on Early Trans-Atlantic Aviation in New- foundland Given at the CAHS Meeting, 18 Nov. 1975, ' transcript, 24-5, DHist 801350; Bennett, Pathfinder, 103-4; V. Edward Smith, '~brthAtlantic Ferry, ' 762 Notes to Pages 644-7

Aviation, May 1941, I 32-4; Bennett interview, 17 June 1976 (transcript), 5, D.C.T. Bennett biographical file, DHist; Watt, High Road, 45 9 Atlantic Bridge, 12-16; Bennett, Pathfinder, 103-6; Watt, High Road, 34-45; Re- ader's Digest, The Canadians at War, 1939145 (np I 969), I, I 14-I 6; Smith, 'North Atlantic Ferry,' 132; Newfoundland Airport watch log, copy, DHist 7911, vol. I 10 Bennett, Pathfinder, 107-10; 'Paper Dealing with the Past Functions of ATFERO under the Ministry of Aircraft Production and the Future Functions of the Royal Air Force Ferry Command,' 2 Aug. 1941, PRO,Air 218 I 35 I I Michael Bliss, Banting: a Biography (Toronto I 984), 295-309; Bennett, Pathfind- er, I 13-5; Ralph Barker, Survival in the Sky (London 1976), 49-58; Newfound- land Airport watch log, DHist 7911, vol. I 12 Bennett, Pathfinder, 107-8; British Air Commission to Ministry of Aircraft Pro- duction, I 7 July 1941, PRO,Air 191247; Powell, Ferryman, 33-4; Molson, Pioneering, I 73, 207; Dismore, 'Atlantic Ferrying Organization (ATFERO):the Past,' PRO,Air 217508; Watt, High Road, 100; Atlantic Bridge, 22; A.G. Suth- erland, Canada's Aviation Pioneers: 50 Years of McKee Trophy Winners (Toronto 19781, 35-6 I 3 Watt, High Road, 102; Bennett, Pathfinder, 97, I I 8; Dismore, 'Atlantic Ferrying Organization (ATFERO):the Past,' PRO,Air 217508; Molson, Pioneering, 237 I4 Bennett to Bowhill, 28 June I 941, PRO,Air 218 I 35; [Burchall] to H. S . [Self?], 26 Aug. 1940, Clayton Knight Papers, DHist 80168, file 14; Sinclair-Beaverbrook correspondence, 30 July-5 Aug . I 940, Lord Beaverbrook Papers (copies), DHist 74527, files AIO-I3; Air Member for Personnel Division, progress reports, I 2 Feb.-3 Nov. 1940, DHist 7311 I 74, vol. IB; Self to Westbrook, I Jan. 1941, PRO, Air 191247 I 5 Taylor, Beaverbrook, 4 I 430,467-9; Beaverbrook-Sinclair correspondence, Bea- verbrook Papers, DHist 74/527, files A and A I, and PRO,Air I 91247 and Air 191248; chief of the air staff to secretary of state for air, 6 Jan. 1941, encl. dated 7 Jan. 1941, PRO,Air 191247; Churchill to secretary of state for air, I March 1941, PRO, Air I 91248 16 Portal to us military attach6 London, I 6 May I 941, PRO,Air I 91249; Sinclair to Beaverbrook, 25 March 1941, PRO,Air 191248; president [Roosevelt] to former naval person [Churchill], 29 May I 941, PRO,Air 217508; reply to signal from president to prime minister, attached to Melville to Martin, 30 May 1941, former naval person to president, 3 I May 1941, and 'Notes of a Meeting Held on 2-6-41 to Discuss the Future Organization of Trans-Atlantic Ferrying in the Light of the Telegram from the President of the USA,' PRO,Air 811 369, Air 217508 17 Private secretary to the secretary of state for air to air member for personnel, 8 June 1941, PRO,Air 811 369; Hildred to Street, 29 Aug. 1941, PRO,Air 217509; Atlantic Bridge, 24; Bennett, Pathfinder, I 20- I ; Bennett interview, 5-6, D.C .T. Bennett biographical file, DHist I 8 Supervisory Board minutes, I 2 May I 941, App. I, 'Report No I 7 by the Chief of the Air Staff to the Members of the Supervisory Board, British Commonwealth Air Training Plan,' DHist 7311558, vol. 3; No 3 I Operational Training Unit, daily Notes to Pages 647-50 763

diary, May 1941-, DHist; FIO Hodgins, 'OTU'S under the BCATP:NO 3 I OTU,'unpublished narrative [1945], DHist 74/13; Atlantic Bridge, 25 19 P.Y. Davoud and K.C.B. Hodson biographical files, DHist; Newfoundland Air- port watch log, DHist 7911; squadron diaries, DHist; Bowhill to Sinclair, 15 Aug. 1941, PRO,Air 217509; Bennett, Pathfinder, 122 20 C. P. Stacey , Arms, Men and Governments: the War Policies of Canada, 1939-45 (Ottawa I 970), 367-70; Stanley W. Dziuban, Military Relations between the United States and Canada, 1939-1945 (United States Army in World War 11, Special Studies; Washington 1959), 149-52, I 83-4, 353-4 21 Bennett, Pathfinder, I 1-6-17;Watt, High Road, 121-2; Atlantic Bridge, 26-7; 'De- velopment of R.C.A.F.Station Goose Bay, Lab., ' 26 May 1942, s. I 7-4, DHist 181.oo9 (~2941);'North Atlantic Ferry Routes,' HQS 15-24-30 pts I -7, PAC,RG 24, vol. 5201; 'Record of Conference Held in the Air Ministry on Wednesday, 9th July 1941,' PRO,Air 217509; '6th Weekly Letter from Air Marshal Harris to C.A.S. Week Ending I 800 hours, Saturday, August and, 1941,' PRO,Air 451 I 2; Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War XI, I: Plans and Early Operations, January I939 to August 1942 (Chicago 1948), 342-4 22 Craven and Cate, Plans and Early Operations, 639-45; RCAF Station Goose Bay, daily diary, June-July 1942, DHist; Statistical Digest of the War, I 56-7; PRO, Air 38/23; 'Cumulative Monthly Receipts and Deliveries, ' in PRO,Air 245493, Air 251647, and Air 25/648 23 Air officer commanding [AOC]45 (Trans-Atlantic) Group to air officer cornmanding- in-chief [~ocinc]Transport Command, I o Oct. I 94, PRO,Air 251648 24 Ibid.; Hodgins, 'OTU'S under the BCATP:NO. 32 OTU,'DHist 7411 3; F. J. Hatch, The Aerodrome of Democracy: Canada and the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, 1939-1945 (Department of National Defence, Directorate of Histo- ry, Monograph Series No I; Ottawa 1983), 78-9 25 Statistical Digest of the War, 157-8; 45 Group, reports for Aug. I 943-Sept. 1945, PRO,Air 251647 and Air 251648; AOC 45 Group to ~ocincTransport Command, 4 July 1944, PRO,Air 251648. See also various reports and returns Sept. 1941-0ct. 1945 in PRO,Air 245493, Air 251647, and Air 251648. 26 PRO, Air 215340, passim; Sinclair to Beaverbrook, 2 Sept. I 941, and subsequent correspondence, Beaverbrook Papers, DHist 74527, file ~7;Beaverbrook to Sinclair 10 Oct. 1941, Sinclair to Beaverbrook, I 7 Oct. I 941, and further corre- spondence, PRO,Air 215362 27 Cabinet War Committee minutes, 2 I Oct. I 942, PAC,RG 2, series 7c, vol. I I, microfilm reel C4874; Bruce Robertson, comp., Lancaster: the Story of a Fa- mous Bomber (Letchworth, England 1964), 106, I 48; Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Debates, I 6 June I 943, 3696-7; Ewart Young, 'Trans-Atlantic Service,' Canadian Aviation, Feb. I 945, 59 28 No 41 2 (I 2 Cornm.) Squadron, daily diary, 10 Sept. 1939-30 Sept. 1941, DHist; McDougall to Pope, 30 Sept . I 942, DHist I 8 I .009 (~4907) 29 Leigh's unpublished memoir, PAC,MG 31 G II and DHist 77/13. See also Air Transport Command, daily diary, 5 Feb. 1945-3I May 1949, 'RCAF Transport Organization, 1939-45,' nd, DHist. 764 Notes to Pages 650- I

30 Dziuban, Military Relations, 63-4, 82; Hall, North American Supply, 300; Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, 167-74; Canadian Joint Staff Washington, RCAF Division, war diary, I Jan. 1942-Dec. 1943, DHist; secret organization order no 108, 3 Feb. 1943, 164 Squadron, daily diary, DHist; Air Force Headquarters [AFHQ], Air Historical Section, 'No I 64 (T) Squadron,' unpublished narrative, nd, 5-8, 164 Squadron permanent reference file, DHist 31 'AFHQ Sectional Histories,' sect. 4, 'Historical Record of Directorate of Air Trans- port Command,' DHist 801395; Air Transport Command, daily diary, 5 Feb. I 945-3 I May I 949, 'RCAF Transport Organization, I 939-45,' and 'Summary of Operations Performed by No 168 (H.T.) Squadron,' nd, DHist; 168 Squadron, daily diary, 17 Oct. 1943-21 March 1946, DHist; RCAF working file, 'RCAF Postal Services Overseas: 168 Heavy Transport Squadron,' DHist 32 For the various aircraft totals see Statistical Digest of the War, 152-7; 'Cumulative Monthly Receipt and Deliveries .. . North and South Atlantic to the U.K.,' nd, PRO,Air 38/23; monthly reports of 45 Group, PRO,Air 251647 and Air 251648. 33 Dziuban, Military Relations, 2 I 6, 35 I ; Deane R. Brandon, 'ALSIB: the Northwest Ferrying Route through Alaska, I 942- I 945, ' Journal, American Aviation His- torical Society, summer I 975; John Stewart, Canada, the United States, and the Air Corridor to Alaska, 1935-1942 (undergraduate thesis, Mount Allison Uni- versity, Sackville, NB, 1981), copy in DHist 811332 34 Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, 376; Dziuban, Military Relations, 186-7, 324, 334; K.C. Eyre, Custos Borealis: the Military in the Canadian North (PHD thesis, University of London, 198I), I I 2-20 Index

Illustrations are set in bold face type. Aeroplane, The 43, 66 Air Board: created 35,443; first meeting Abbott, D.C. App. A 45; composition 44-5,46; staffing new ABC-1 349, 383, 405, 477 organization 45-6; role of military ABC-22 353,360,361, 384,388-9,404, aviation unclear 46; negotiates transfer 405,406,412,4I3, 477 of surplus aircraft from Britain 46-8; ABC-Pacific-22 405, 4 I0 Air Board Act 46, 49; formation of accident' rates 241, 285 CAF 48-50; status of employees 52; , Admiralty: implements convoy system hears CAFA complaints 53-5; 378; relationship with Coastal developmental strategy 55; responsi- Command 389,468-7 1,477, 523, bilities assumed by DND 56-7, 69; 547, 557; Operational Intelligence opposes air force subordination to army Centre 470,479,486, 556, 601 ; forms 59; Air Board flying operations 1920-2 Allied Anti-Submarine Survey Board 66-8; 1920 trans-Canada flight 67; 539, 547; forms support groups 542; I 920 interdepartmental conferences Atlantic Convoy Instructions 545, 66,68; deterioration of aircraft 7 I, 95, 549, 554,558,587; Bay of Biscay 96; policy towards private sector 73; offensive 582; first sea lord 606; other relations with aircraft manufacturers refs 59, 109, 260, 385, 386, 389, 96; 1922 Arctic 105; other refs 57,

471 9 472-3, 488, 5039 537, 547, 553, 59,619 62, 63965,693 70,7I, 72, 554, 562, 570. See also 80, 90, 91, 93, 229 Advanced Flying Units 241, 270, 274 air bombers: no specialist category 225; Aero Club of Canada 39 category created 264; instructional Aero Club of Vancouver 223 shortcomings 276-7 aero-engines: Wolseley Viper 96; Rolls Air Council (British) 47, 223 Royce Eagle 97-8; Wright Whirlwind Air Council (Canadian): authorization and J4 99, 106; 97; composition 138; reformed to include Armstrong-Siddeley Lynx 99; MND for Air 347; other refs 225, 229, I Armstrong-Siddeley Tiger 42; Bristol 354, 360, 365 9 406 Pegasus 142; Bristol Mercury 142; Air Force Headquarters: CAF headquarters Jacobs 232; not manufactured in established 50; 1931 review of RCAF Canada 342,343,348-9 requirements I 24-5; small staff 139- Aeronautics Act 76 40; prewar air training negotiations 766 Index

201-2; preoccupied with BCATP 228; 235; and Canadianization 249, 585-6; reorganization of training staff 228-9; commissioning policy 250; Ottawa Air Equipment Branch 228; Pay and Training Conference 25 I ,252,253-6, Accounts Branch 228; Organization 260, 263; BCATP training assessment and Training Division 229; Directorate 270- I, 276; closes down air training of Training 229; wartime expansion plan 292-3; requests HWE aircrew for 229; Education Branch 242; impact of RAE 347; seeks to limit I-IWE expansion Pearl Harbor on defence planning 35 I - 348-9, 363; wants Canada to produce 5; 49 squadron plan 355-7; Plan aircraft for RAF 350,362,363-4,365- 'Vanquo' 358; modification of 6; Canadian disenchantment with 355, expansion plans 361 -2, 365-6, 368- 363-5; reaction to 49 squadron scheme 7 I ;Air Defence of Canada Plan, March 359; loan of Catalinas to EAC 385-6; 1943 367-8; assessment of air defence other refs 45,49, 63, 97, 122, 146, planning 37 I -2; command organiza- 193, 228, 229, 238, 244, 266, 290, tion 373; air defence of Central Canada 291, 351, 356,358, 370, 473, 537, 39 I -3; west coast defence planning APP. D 400; Air Defence of Canada Plan, I 944 Air Raid Precaution 5 I 2 424; passing of naval intelligence 520; AIR STATIONS accepts unified command on East Coast (Home War Operational Stations are 547-8; other refs 52, 58, 101, 134, listed in App. E) I37,148,n55,230,240,250,274, - Alliford Bay 3nq,403,404,420,422, 344, 348, 358, 382, 388, 394, 395, 424 403, 4089 409, 4139421,425,465, - Annette Island 321, 326, 332, 41 I, 491, 504,508, 510, 513, 515,521, 412,413,418,420,422 523, 525, 526,536, 549, 557,558, - Argentia 476,486, 491, 519, 526,

571 9 574, 575, 600,602,633,637 530,542,558 AIR FORCES - Beaulieu 583 - American: I st 504; 8th 290,647; I I th - Bella Bella 353,403, 404,420, 425 412, 418; 12th 647 - Bluie West I 581, 647 - TAF British: 2nd 395, 585 - Bobvood 391 3 395,476, 477,481, air gunners: no specialist category 224- 484,494, 509,510, 517, 519, 529, 5; first trainees 233-5, 237; age limit 530,531 raised 239-40; numbers trained 247; - Boundary Bay 424,425 instructional shortcomings 275-6; - Bowmore 585 other refs 586 - Buffalo Park 87 Air Ministry: transfer of surplus aircraft - Camp Borden: established as CAF to Canada 47-8; retains status 59; training base 6, 5 1-2; pilot training civil-military relationship 70; interest n5,92-3,95; shared by CAF and DFO in Canadian aircraft industry 144; Weir 53-4; CAFA convention 53-5,68; CAF air mission 144, 197-9; RAF short- ends training 59; main RCAF training service commissions for Canadians centre 89, 91; Siskin flight 122-3; 194-6; prewar air training negotiations prewar training base 148; first SFTS 201, 202-3; seeks increased Canadian formed 224; air-to-ground rocketry training capacity, Sept. 1939 203-7; course 291; other refs 5, ng, ng, 22, Riverdale negotiations 208, 2 I 3, 2 I 4, 37,489 52,57,63,66,75,80,91, 2 I 7, 2 I 8- I 9; transfer of RAF schools 98, 106, 113, 184 Index 767

- Castle Archdale 448, 449, 583, 585, 391; closed 395; other refs 381, 382, 59 I, 600- I 386, 480, 491, 494, 496, 507, 514, - Charlottetown 494,496, 502, 505, 531, 560 598 - House: 1926 season 103-5; - chatham 494, 502, 503, 504,506, other refs 14, 68, 95 507,509, 514,515 - Ottawa: Photographic Section 80, 89; - Chivenor 456, 582, 595, 601 Rockcliffe 41 2; other refs 66, 68 - Coal Harbour 353,403,404,409,420, - Patricia Bay 319,403,404, 409, 41 2, 424 413,420,422,424, 425 - Cormorant Lake I I, I I 5 - Pembroke Dock 601 - Dartmouth: placed on care and - Port Hardy 409, 424 maintenance 89; other refs 4, 37, 62, - Prince Rupert 353,403,404,420,42 I, 65,66,68,80, 117, 118, 303, 379, 424 380,381,382,386, 391,398, 430, - Red Bay 494 - 431, 476, 479,484, 4869 488,489, - Reykjavik 452,454,455,582,592, 490,494, 496, 500, 502, 514, 530, 647 531,560, 577,581,582,590,604 - Roberval 66,68 - Mmt 373, 494,496, 502,602 - St Angelo 585 - Elmendorf Field 414,416,418 - St Eva1 583 - Fort Glenn 334,415,416,419 - Saint John 39 I, 395,489 - Fort Greely 41 7 - Sea Island 403,404,412,413, 422, - Gander: 19 Sub Repair Depot 560; 486 hangar fire 457, 580; other refs 304, - Seal Cove 410 31% 386, 391, 443, 444,447, 448, - Sept Isles 598

476,485,486, 487, 494,496, 501 9 - Shediac 117 509,515, 5199 5309 5319 5419 546, - Shelburne 391, 395,53 I 549, 5519 554, 556, 558, 575, 579, - Sioux Lookout 66 599,603,604,607,609 - Smithers 424, 425 - GaspC: air and naval base 494, 496; - Stephenville 515 headquarters for 5 Group 5 10; other - Sullom Voe 595 refs 117, 386,391,458,493,498, - Summerside 494, 502, 598 5019 5079 514,515, 531 - Sydney: constructed 373, 382; - Goose Bay 306,307, 391,497, 515, working conditions 384; other refs 37, 582,647 386, 391,486, 489, 500, 501, 502, - Grand Prairie 94 507,5099 510, 514, 5319 560, 5779 - Greenwood 502 590,598, 604,607 - Haileybury 66 - Terrace 339,424 - High River 63, 68, 80, 89, 94 - The Pas 68 - Ladder Lake 87 - Tofino 338,409,424,425 - Limavidy 591 - Topcliffe 583 - Mont Joli 386,435,494,496,498, - Torbay 387,391,4329 446, 484,485, 500,502,506,507,508, 511,514, 486,491, 507,526, 530, 5319 5419 581 551 560, 579, 588, 590 - Morley 63,66, 67, 68 - Trenton prewar training centre 147-8; - Nome 415,418 other refs 25,33, 89, 90,g I, 177, - North Sydney: constructed 375, 380, 224,302 Index

- Ucluelet: range of operations 403; Hurricanes 349; loan of Catalinas from other refs 404, 409, 420, 425 RAF 350,385, 386,387, 390; Kitty- - Vancouver q, 8, 62, 66, 67,68, 80, hawk acquisition 35 I ; I 943 aircraft 90,933 118, 138,401,421 allocation 365-6; 1944 aircraft - Victoria Beach 6, 9, no, 68,80, 95, allocation 368; purchases for EAC 390; 99 purchase of PBYS 485; acquisition of - Wick 592, 595, 601 VLR Liberators 537-9, 549-5 I - Yakutat 327,413,414,418 AIRCRAFT,Types - Yarmouth: constructed 373,380; used - 27 I , 272 by USAAF to refuel 504; other refs 3n n , - Armstrong-WhitworthAtlas: purchased 381, 386, 391, 058, 490, 491, 500, by RCAF 122; other refs 29, 30, 126, 502; 506, 50795I0, 514, 515,517, 140, 143, 144, 149, 379,401

5209 541 9 577, 5909 598,604 - Armstrong-Whitworth Siskin: RCAF Aircraft Detection Corps: organized 380; purchase 122; Siskin Flight I 22-3; disbanded 398, 426; in Gulf of St otherrefs ao, 28, 126, 140, 148, I50 Lawrence 495,500,502-3,511,512- - Armstrong-Whitworth Whitley 146 14; other refs 327, 392, 403,405 - Auster 147 aircraft engines see aero-engines - : with Viper engine 96; other aircraft industry (Canadian): contraction refs 48951,679 95 of 89, 141; need to stimulate 95-6; - Avro 504K 10, 52,93 builds Montreal plant 97; slow - Avro 552 103, I04 to develop I I 3; Air Ministry interest in - 32,401 14;lack of aero-engine manufacturing - : shortage of 232; 342,343,348-9; production largely for Canadian-built Anson 11 238-9; RAF 346, 347, 350; other refs 35, 36, performance 495; other refs 1168, 1183, 191,248 231, 271, 272, 273,4699471,490, aircraft, procurement of: gift aircraft from 496,5029 505,514, 598 Britain 46-8; early procurement - : Canadian-built 350, problems 7 I -2, 98; 362, 649; other refs 147, n88 purchase 97-8; Vedette, Varuna, and - 286 Viper purchases 98- I oo; Fokker - Avro Viper 97, loo Universal purchase 106; de Havilland - B-9 I29 60 Moth purchase 106; problems with - Bell P-39 Airacobra 349, 350, 351, sole-source procurement I I 2; RCAF 354, 416 turns to us firms 113, 116, 143-4; - Bellanca CM-300Pacemaker I I 5, I 49 Keystone Puffer acquisition I I 6; - : purchase and Siskin and Atlas purchase 122; RCAF performance 141-2; other refs 34, standardized on British types I41 ; 126, 143, 149,348,401 prewar procurement of military aircraft - Boeing B- I 7 Flying Fortress I 29,484, 140-3, 145; difficulty of obtaining 496, 497, 501, 516, 530, 546, 549, aircraft from UK,us sources 25 I , 252, 553,554, 555, 558, APP. D 343,350,358-61,362, 4043,522-3; - 289,404 reason for Ottawa Air Training Con- - 142, 345, 38 I -2 ference 25 I -2, 259, 262; Digby - : performance 142, transfer at international border 346, 382, 422; used as fighters 403, 405; 382 ; obtaining Canadian-built other refs 296, 3119,320,324, 326, Index 769

329, 345,348, 350, 360, 362, 365, - Curtiss HS2L: MacLaurin's death 62; 386, 390, 404,408, 413,414,416, used in 1919 forest survey 65-6; I 920 418,420,421,486,487,489,491, trans-Canada flight 67; other refs 4, 495 12,37,66,95,96, 116 - Bristol Fighter 47 - Curtiss Jenny 6,40, 53, 72 - Cessna Crane 166, 271, 272 - Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk: arrive in EAC - Consolidated B-24Liberator: range and 390; arrive in WAC 404, 405; sent to performance 473,478,480, 562; very Alaska 41 5- 16; engage Japanese long-range (VLR)522, 532, 537-8, aircraft 417; shoots down Japanese 539, 5407 545,546, 548, 550-19 554, balloons 426; other refs 303, 325, 559,581; destroyed in hangar fire 580; 327,328, 329, 3309 333, 334, 349,

with 10 (BR) 394, 551, 556, 559, 560, 35 1, 354, 357, 362 9 365, 367, 368, 561-5956695739 574, 575, 577,578, 370,4II,420, 425, 435, 498 579, 580,581, 587, 590, 598,607,609; - de Havilland DH~:deterioration 95; other refs 190,311, 366, 367, 368, other refs 67, 98 370, 387, 395,398, 416,4179 442, - de Havilland DH~47,48 443,444, 445,446,447, 457, 458, - de Havilland DH~A:1920 trans-Canada 461, 474,478, 527, 529,5419 542, flight 67; other refs 47, 48, 52, 141 547,549, 558, 560, 566, 568, 573, - 147, 189, 357, 581,583, 595,600,602,604, 606, 360,362,367, 370,649 607,609,616, App. D - de Havilland Moth 75 - Consolidated CansolCanso 'A': - de Havilland 60 Moth 106 designation 346, 390, 485; per- - 162, 172, formance and range 433, 5 16, 5 I 7, 186,224, 283 532, 541, 549; attacks on U-boats - Douglas DB-7Boston 647 489, 542, 544, 553, 572, 593-5,608; - Douglas c-47 Dakota 425, 615, 650 other refs 327,336,337, 339, 340, - Douglas B- I 8~ Digby: transfer at inter- 346, 354, 357, 360, 362, 365-7, 369, national border 346, 382; range and 3709 3719 390, 394, 440, 452, 4539 performance 379-80,386,476,485,

454, 455, 458, 462 485 9 490- 1,496, 516, 533; attacks on submarines 48 I - 498, 50I-4,506,509-I0, 514, 519, 2, 501-2, 527-9, 530-1, 560; other 531,5339 5519 554, 560, 566, 573, refs 143,345, 381,384-59 390, 394, 576-7, 579-4323 586,588, 590, 592, 431,432,476,480,484,487, 494, 598-9,602-4,606-7 501,516,517,519, 521,5269530,

- Consolidated PBY Catalina: designation 531 9 540, 556 346, 390; loaned from RAF 350, 385, - Fairchild 7 I B: 1930 Arctic flight I I 3- 386, 387, 390; ordered from us 385; 15; other ref 287 performance and range 476,478,480, - Fairchild Cornell 179, 188, 283 481,522,532,542; other refs 350, - Fairchild FC-2:used in Beaufort Sea 3519 3909 418, 431,4349 448, 477, flight 113; other refs 18, 115, 117,

485, 487, 488, 491 9 492, 494, 504, 143,144, 150 509, 514, 517, 519,526, 529, 530, - Fairey IIIC 48, 67 - 558,581,582,583,586, App. D - Fairey Albacore 585 - Curtiss HI^ 48,95 - 169, 231, 246, 280, - Curtiss Hawk 122 498 - Curtiss Helldiver 366, 367, 369 - Fairey Swordfish 490, 564,588-9 770 Index

- Felixstowe ~3 3, 6, q, 9, no, 48, 95 560,568,577,581,586, 590,602, - : replaced 283; other refs 604 163, 224, 278, 280 - Martin B-10 129 - Fleet Fort 168 - Martin B-26 Marauder 348, 350, 35 I, - Fokker Universal: design and purchase 647 105-6; fitted with skis 108; starting in - Miles Master 11 272 Arctic conditions 109; other refs 16, - Mitsubishi 'Rufes' 41 7 111, I12 - Norseman 106, 149, 287 - Ford Tri-motor I I 6 - North American 25, 143 - Gloster Gauntlet 147 - North American Harvard 150, 160, - Avenger 577 165, 232, 241, 245, 259,303, 329, - Grumman FF-I Goblin 299, 349, 381 642 - Grumman Goose 296 - North American B-25 Mitchell 504 - Halifax 583 - North American P-5I Mustang 368, - 289,583,585 393 - Handley Page Heyford 147, 286 - North American Yale 164, 245 - Hawker Audax 146 - Northrup Delta 149, 296, 379, 380, - : purchased 142; 38 1,403, 494 first deliveries I 50, 287; Canadian- - Saunders Cutty Sark I I 3 built 354, 361, 362; other refs 34, - SE 5 47 144, 146, 147, 189, 286, 290, 300, - SE 5A 48, 52 3059 345, 347, 348, 349, 357,360, - Seversky P-35 143 363,3659 367, 370, 373,381, 393, - Short Singapore 146 420, 425 - : size of crew 586; - 146 other refs 146, 048, 009, 050, 469, - Keystone Puffer I I 5- I 7 472,583-4, 586, 592, 600 - : arrival in EAC 379; - Silver Dart 37 range and performance 380,433,469, - Sopwith Dolphin 47 510, 532; fitted with radar 475; - Sopwith Snipe 48 replaced by Venturas 560; attacks on - Stearman 163 U-boats 500,502, 503,504-5, 507, - Supermarine Amphibian 97 518, 519, 520-1, 527, 529,531, 572; - 146, 28 I other refs 290, 300, 345, 365, 38 I, - : performance 390, 394, 395,036,039,043,472, and range 142, 378-9,420- I ; other 484, 485, 489, 490, 491-294949 496, refs 143, 144, 150,298, 319, 345, 501,502, 504, 506-7, 509,514, 517, 3509369,386, 387, 390, 401,403, 519, 52I,526,529-30,560,579,580, 404, 4059 413, 494 581, 590,416, App. D - 521 - Lockheed P-38 Lightning 368 - Vickers Vancouver ;on, I 17,126,287, - Lockheed Lodestar 650 348,401 - : performance 509- - Vickers Vanessa I I 2 10; replaces Hudsons 560; attacks on - Vickers Varuna 99, I 12 U-boats 560; not fitted with Leigh - Vickers Vedette: design and procure- Lights 577; other refs 289, 313, 339, ment 98-100; 1930 Arctic flight I 13-

366, 367,368, 370, 3959421-2 9 425, 15; other refs 20, 112, 287 443, 44, 445, 446, 059, 514, 558, - Vickers Velos I I 2 Index 771

- Vickers Vigil I I 2 Annis, G/CC.L.: first EAC attack on - Vickers Viking: comes into service 96; U-boat 431,481-2; director of (BR) purchase 97; problems with 98; other operations 536,538; view of RCAF-RCN refs 10, 13, 103, 104 co-operation 545,547; other refs 442, - 286 525,575 - Vickers Vista I I 2 anti-aircraft guns I 33 - 593, 594 anti-submarine warfare: I 9 I 8 air patrols - 286, 456, 475, 37; First World War experience 468; 582-3,585, 592,600,607 Coastal Command's experience, 1939- - Vultee Vengeance 357 41 469-76; 'offensive tactics' 472, - : performance 142; 523-4, 526-9; RCN tactics in Gulf, unsuited to army co-operation role 147; 1943 513; formation of support groups other refs 289, 303, 345, 488, 491 542; defeat of wolfpacks 555-6; - : purchase and per- 'Stipple' and 'Tubular' messages 556, formance 141,142; other refs 30,144, 559, 587; aerial homing torpedo 148-9, 297, 375, 379 560- I ; 'Salmon' hunts 568-73, airships: gift from UK 48; R- 100, R-IOI 574-7; merchant aircraft carrier 564, 26984 588-90; Procedure 'B' 588, 591; airpower: Air Board's attitude towards' rocket attacks on U-boats 572 35,63-4; advances in aviation 37-8; Archer, w/c J.C. 583 J.A. Wilson's view of 43-4; Syke's 'Argentia' Conference 349, 35 I, 387, theory of 119; Douhet's theory of 639 I 19-20; Trenchard's attitude towards Armour, Stuart 637-8 120; RCAF officers' opinions on 120-2 Army see Canadian Army; British Aldwinkle, F/LR.M. 566 Expeditionary Force; and United States Aleutian campaign 41 2-20 Army Alexander, Maj .-Gen . 4 I 2 Arnold, Gen. H.H. : leads squadron Allied ~nti-SubmkineSurvey Board through Canada I 29; proposes Anglo- 539, 547,556-9 American air training meeting 253, American Airways 83 256-7; Amold-Portal agreement 359, Anakatok, Bobby 109- I I 360,365; refuses Canadian requests for Anderson, Sgt A. 15 Liberators 538, 550, 551 ; other refs EAC Anderson, A/V/MN.R. : combined 35 1 365 7 368 9 404-5, APP. c operations room 378; visit to UK ASDIC:better acoustic conditions off us 385-6, 387,477,485-6; objects to coast 578; other refs 468, 47 I, 493, patrolling in coastal waters only 388; 527,569, 574, 581,588,607 1943 Gulf defence plans 509-10; Ashman, F/L R.A. 326 chairs co-ordinating committee 509- Ashton, w/c A.J. 297 I I ; argues for VLR aircraft 550; other Ashton, Maj .-Gen. E.C. : visits Washing- refs 52, 3017 368,478,485, 490, ton I 30; opposes RCAF independent 5239 526, 539, 557, APP. A, 643 status I 35-6; agrees to equal status Anderson, Brig. T.V. 134-5, 343 I37 Anglo-American Combined Chiefs of associate minister of national defence for Staff 359, 360, 361,367,3687 547 air: chairs Supervisory Board 223 Anglo-American Joint Aircraft Atlantic Convoy Conference 548,549, Committee 351 550,558 772 Index

Atlantic Ferry Organization [ATFERO] 645 Bethune, H. Norman 52 Attlee, Clement 254, 263 Betts, Sgt W.H. nqo and Australians: numbers Biggar, Col. O.M. : appointed vice- trained in BCATP 208, 247, 293 ; BCATP chairman of Air Board 45; role in negotiations 210-11, 213,215, 217- formation of CAF 48-9; chairs I 8; first BCATP trainees arrive in Canada Committee on Civil Air Operations 72; 236-7; Air Training Conference 257, resigns 80; other refs 38,46, 47, 57, 258, 263; commissioning policy 263- 59, 62965 4; quality of Australian air training Billings, w/o J. 564 270, 272-4; other refs 75, 194, 205, Bishop, F/O A.A. 584 206, 209,220, 368 Bishop, AIM W.A. 45, 73, 144, 185, A.V. Roe Company 96 299, APP. c Bishop-Barker Company 73 Baird, ~/SgtG.D. 416 Blackett, P.M.S. 538 Baldwin, F/O O.G. 544 Bletchley Park 470, 488, 520, 542, 548, Baldwin, Stanley 132 556,5619 569, 574,604,608 Balfour, H. H. : Riverdale negotiations Boeing Aircraft of Canada 142 154, 207, 209, 210, 215; Ottawa Air Boomer, S/L #.A. 324,416,417 Training Conference 255, 260; closes Borden, Sir Robert: attitude towards CAF down BCATP 292-3 38; other refs 39, 46 Ballantyne, C.C. 45 Bowhill, AICIM Sir Frederick 619, 646 balloon-bombs 425-6 Bowles, Dr E.L. 538 Banting, Sir Frederick 384 Bowser, F/L E. H. 609 Barker, w/c W.G. 45,62,63,73,99, Brainard, Rear-Adm. R.M. 529-30 APP. A Brandy, Gen. G. 620 Barnes, Colin 526 Brant, Maj.-Gen. G.C. 353,496 Bath, F/O C.L. 116 Breadner, AIM L.S. : biographical sketch Batterbee, H.F. 198 63; appointed acting director 8 I ; Beamish, F/O F.V. 20 prepares I 936 defence appreciation Beatty, Sir Edward App. D 132; Wapiti purchase 141; replaces Beaverbrook, Lord 349, App. D Croil as CAS 237, 347; and Beck, P/O A.V. 595 Canadianization 248, 249; Ottawa Air Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote [BdU]: Training Conference 253, 256, 257; U-boat strength and losses 470- I, I940 expansion plans 247-8; 1941 472,475-6, 568; 'wolf-pack' tactics programme 348-9; debate on threat to 471 ; assigns schnorkel U-boats to North America 348-50; difficulties of Canadian waters 602-3; ceases obtaining aircraft from us and UK U-boat operations 609; other refs 350- I, 358-9, 360- I, 385; reaction 497, 507,569 to Pearl Harbor 353; 49 squadron Belanger, F/O M.J. 438, 439, 504-5 scheme 355, 356-7, 392; modifies Belgium and Belgians 258 expansion plans 36 I -2; Air Defence Bell-Irving , A.D. 144 of Canada Plan, March 1943 367-8; Bennett, A/v/M D.C.T. APP. D Air Defence of Canada Plan, I 944 Bennett, R.B. 87, 126, 199 369-70; defence of Newfoundland Beobachtungsdienst [B-Dienst] 488 382; defence of Alaska 412,415; need Index 773

forvLRaircraft 522,538,550-1; other 236-7; Ralston-Sinclair Agreement refs 14,229, 238, 269, 287-8, 291, 238; manpower pool and recruiting 299,30I,302,316,318,363,364, standards 239-40; expansion of air 366,372, 389, 395,404,4789 5049 observer training 240- I ; SFTS 539,547, APP. A, 638 expansion completed 24 I ; ITS training Bristol, Rear-Adm. A.L. 388,479,485, 242; EFTS training 242-4; SFTS training 529 244-5; wireless training 246; AOS British Civil Aerial Transportation training 245; B er cs training 245-6, Committee 38 246-7; aircrew trades adjusted 264; British Columbia: government of 41 ; instructional shortcomings 267-9, reaction to Japanese threat 341-2, 275-7; British assessment of training 354-594049 408-9 269-74, 277; A.R. Mackenzie's train- British Commonwealth Air Training Plan: ing experience 278-81; S.F. Wise's political considerations I 9 I -2; training experience 28 I -6; develop- suitability of Canada as training centre ment of OTUS 286-8, 290- I ; transfer 19I, I 95; RAF commissions for of RAF OTUS to Canada 288-90; closing Canadians 193-4; Air Ministry short- down BCATP 291-3; article 14 344, service proposal I 94-5; ' direct entry' 358,478; other refs 62, 248,484, scheme 196; 1938 Weir air mission 586. See also schools 144, 197-9; prewar training negotia- - Ottawa Air Training Conference: tions I 99-203; Sept. I 939 negotiations negotiations prior to 250-60; 204-7; Massey-Bruce proposal 205; American interest in 252-3; opening Riverdale negotiations 207- 19; article 260- I ; Combined Committee on Air 15 213-19, 293, 344; aerodrome Training 261-2; new BCATP agreement construction 220, 225; 1939 BCATP 262-3, 290; other refs 247, 273, 358, agreement 220, 222, 245, 248; 640 groundcrew training 220; aircrew British Expeditionary Force 23 I

output 221 9 233, 237, 247, 293; British Overseas Airways Corporation commissioning policy 22 I, 250, 256, 643 263-4; supervision and control 22 I-, Brooke-Popham, A/C/MSir Robert 154, 225; Supervisory Board 223,228,230, 207, 216, 217, 218, 219 291 ; civilian management of schools Brookes, A/V/MG.E. 301, App. A 223-4; course length and syllabus Bruce, Stanley 205 alterations 224, 233, 240- I , 242-3, Buchanan, Sgt C.S. 489 245, 246, 269; first SFTS opened 224; Buckner, Jr., Brig. -Gen. Simon B . 4 I 2, shortage of instructors 224-5, 237, 413,4149418 243-4; equipment shortages 228; Bulloch, S/LT.M. 539-41 recruit and instructor intake 230; Bumstead sun compass 109 recruitment of Americans 230- I, 240, Burchall, Col H. 643, 645 App. c; 'Zero Day' 231; acceleration Burden, H.J. 144 of school openings 232; shortage of Burston, F/O F.L. 572 twin-engine trainers 232, 239, 241 ; Busby, E.S. 45 RAF SC~OO~Sin Canada 235, 255, 259, Butler, F/LS.W. 592 273; ' Little Norway' 236; Free-French Butler, Brig.-Gen. William 41 2, 415, trainees 236; first Australian trainees 416,418 774 Index

Cabinet (Canadian): rejects military attitude towards aviation 37; formula- control of aviation 40; Air Board tion of aviation policy 37-44; forms legislation 4;formation of CAF 49; CAF 48-9; forms DND 55-6; 1926 separate aviation estimates 78; elections 72; wary of defence issues authorizes money for new aircraft 97; 78; cancels air mail contracts 87; cuts Canadian defence policy I 32; rejects aviation estimates 87-9; forms com- British air training proposals I 95-6; mittee on defence requirements I 23; accepts 'direct entry' and trained in rearmament I 34; prewar air training Canada schemes 196; BCATP negotiations 199-203; Sept. I 939 air negotiations 209, 211, 215, 216; training proposals 204-7; Riverdale creates MND for Air 22 I ; approves negotiations 207- I 9; transfer of RAF HWE expansion 290, 355; lack of schools 235; Canadianization 248-9; Canadian representation on Ottawa Air Training Conference 25 I - Munitions Assignment Board 360, 60; closes BCATP 292; reduces 364; defence of Newfoundland mobilization plans 343-4; dispatches 384; other refs 46,49, 57,71, 106, squadrons overseas 345, 347, 395; us- 143, 198, 199, 200, 201, 206, 251, Canada co-operation in Newfoundland 343, 369, 380 382-4; declares war on' 404; - Cabinet Defence Committee: defence of BC 400; reaction to Gulf of created 131 St Lawrence'sinkings 493,497-8,500, - Cabinet War Committee: 507-8, 5 I I - I 3; reduction in Gulf Canadianization 248-9; home convoys 503; other refs 143, 38 I defence concerns 354-5; concern Ltd 40, 96 with Munitions Assignment Board Canadian Air Force see Royal Canadian 359; authorizes removal of Air Force-Canadian Air Force Japanese-Canadians 408; Canadian Air Force Association: incor- reduction of Gulf convoys 503; porated 50; complaints of 53-5; other public relations in Quebec 5I 3; refs 58, 61, 77 cuts back HWE 581; other refs 2 16, Canadian Airways 87 251,2539 355,389, 393,405, 4109 Canadian Army: 1st Canadian Division 511 206, 2 17; First Canadian Army 370, Cabinet (UK) I 97,198,205,206-7,209, 395; commander-in-chief West Coast 211-12, 218 Defences 406,410; disturbances in BC Cagney, James 185 425; 15th Infantry Brigade 425; inter- Cairns, F/O D.J.R. 101 service co-operation 509- I I ; Reserve Caldwell, Sgt C.S. 53 Army 51 I, 512; other refs 192, 380, Cameron, G/C R.A. 270 382, 426, 495 Campbell, Sir Gerald: prewar air training Canadian Associated Aircraft Ltd 144 negotiations 203; Riverdale negotia- Canadian Aviation Bureau App. c tions 207,208,211-12, 216,218; Company other ref. 235 144, 364 Campbell, A/C H.L. App. A Canadian Corps (First World War) 35, Campbell, F/O J.K. 600 56, 191 Camsell, Charles 41 Canadian Defence Quarterly 43 Canada, government of: postwar concerns Canadian Flying Clubs Association I 22, ?c: creates Air Board 35, 44-5; Index 775

Canadian Forestry Journal 44 Pearl Harbor 353, 354,405; seeks Canadian Joint Planning Sub-committee representation on assignment boards 367 359; dispatch of RCAF squadrons to Canadian National Exhibition I 22 Alaska 41 2-13; public relations in Canadian Northwest Atlantic see Royal Quebec 5 I 3; other refs 349,350,37 I, Canadian Navy-Canadian Northwest 378, 390, 410, 424,509 Atlantic Chinese and China 123, 257, 258 Canadian Officers' Training Corps 92 Christie, Loring 195, 201 Canadian Overseas Ministry 46-7, 48 Churchill, Winston S .: seeks RCN escorts Canadian Pacific Airlines 224 for 'Torch' landings 503; opposes Canadian Pacific Railway Co 73, 643 diversion of aircraft for maritime Canadian Society of Forest Engineers 98 operations 537; other refs 178, 206, Canadian Transcontinental Airways 84 257,350, 387, 539,562,639, APP- D Canadian Women's Auxiliary Air Force ciphers and codes: Naval Cypher No 3 see Royal Canadian Air Force 488; Triton 520, 542, 548, 55 I, 561; (Women's Division) Hydra 537; Ultra and Enigma machine Canning, G/C P.F. 523, 525, 557, 558 548, 554,556,562, 607 Cap-de-la-Madeleine, PQ 283 civil aviation: Air Board's attitude towards Carnegie, A/C D.V. 270 35; transformation from water-borne to Carpenter, S/L F.S. 476 land-based 36, 73-4, 82-6; inter- Can-Harris, F/O B .G. 109 national regulation 39; need for Casablanca Conference 539, 547 Canadian regulation 39-40; adapting Chamberlain, Neville I 43, 204, 205, aviation to peacetime 41-4; DND made 206, 207, 212, 213, 215, 217 responsible for civil aviation 57, 59, Chapman, w/c C.G.W. 293-4 69; controller of civil aviation 58, 80, Chapman, Sgt J. 331 82, 85, 89; postwar expansion 72-4; Cheater, F/O A.P.V. 575 flying club training scheme 75-6; us Chennault, Maj .-Gen. Claire 416 expansion leads to Canadian growth Chennault, Maj. John S. 416, 417 82-3; development of Canadian air Chevrier, S/L J.A.J. 498 routes 85-6; effects of Depression chief of the air staff (RAF) I 19 89-90 chief of the air staff (RCAF): Croil becomes - civil-military relationship: Wilson's first CAS 63, 138; responsibilities for and MacLaurin's view of 43-4; under BCATP 221, 223; other refs 253, 520 the Air Board 46; in non-permanent chief of the general staff: MacBrien's CAF 49; CAFA c~mplainf~53-5; attitude to CAF 57-8, 59-61; I927 MacBrien's reversal of 68-9,70; 1923 reorganization 76-8, 79-80; parliamentary debate 69-70; air force reorientation of defence planning I 23; bears cost of aviation 71-2; RCAF 1935 memo on Canadian defence I 26- viewed as unfair competitor in civil 7; sympathetic to us 129-30; opposes sector 74-5, 87; 1927 RCAF reorgan- RCAF bid for equal status 135-6; other ization 76-80; little change in relation- refs 138, 193, 347-8 ship 80- I ; summary 90; other refs chief of the naval staff: supports full RCAF 36, 37,449 48,65 membership on Defence Council I 36; civil government air operations: early other refs 135, I 37, 347 proposals 41-4; established under Air Chiefs of Staff Committee: reaction to Board 45; Leckie appointed director of 776 Index

flying operations 46; first trans-Canada Combined Munitions Assignment Board flight 52, 67; Directorate of Flying 650 Operations 53-53 58, 59,63,64, 66-7; COMMANDS DFO air stations closed 59, 68; Saint - Royal Air Force: Maurice forest survey experiment 65- 233,264, 277,283, 284,505,5839 6; air stations established 66; 1920 585,649; Coastal Command: assess- flying operations 66-7; transportation ment of BCATP training 27 I ; ASW flights 67, 86; 192 I -2 flying experience 1939-41 469-76; relation- operations 68; air mail trails 84, 87, ship to Royal Navy 389,468-70,477, 90; anti-smuggling patrols 68, I I 7- I 8; 523, 547, 557; Area Combined Head problems with 1923 season 71 ; Com- quarters 469-70; Bay of Biscay mittee on Civil Air Operations 72, 80; offensive 473, 537-8, 551,5554, requests for RCAF air operations I 00; 558, 565, 570, 582-3; co-operation hazards of civil operations 103; 1922 with EAC 485-6, 490; tactics 502, Arctic expedition 105; 1930 Beaufort 523,569,570; range of operations 5 I 6; Sea flight I I 3; Morfee mercy flight operational research section 523, 525- I 15; dusting experiments I 15- I 7; 6,537-8; comparison with EAC 534-6; other refs 36, 65 use of VLR aircraft 537-8, 540; Air - aerial photography: generally IOI -3; Operations Section 545; issues I930 Arctic flight I I 3- I 5; other refs 'Stipple' and 'Tubular' messages 556, na, 68, 86, 115 559; 162 Sqn (RCAF)transferred to - Directorate of Civil Government Air Coastal Command 58 I ; RCAF Operations: formed 80; cutbacks in squadrons in Coastal Command 582- CGAO 87-9,90; other ref. 81 4,591-6, 600-1,607,609; - forest patrols: elimination of western Canadianization 5 84-7; other refs I 46, fire patrols 86; need for patrols 93-4; 233,289, 290,387, 389, 395,4219

extent of patrols 94; Rice River 465 9 467 478 9 479,480949 19 509 9 operation 95; Ready crash 103; 517,5199520,521,522, 539, 551, Norway House experience 103-5; 598,601,602,606,610; Ferry other refs 66, 67, 68, 86, IOO Command 288, App. D; Fighter - Hudson Strait expedition: Fokkers Command 233, 291 ; Flying Training purchased 106; sets up bases and Command 270; Transport Command patrols I 06-8; starting aircraft I 09; 609, 649 Leitch and Lawrence stranded 109; - Royal Canadian Air Force:Air Training Lewis and Terry lost 109- I I ; results Command: authorized I 38; re- I I 1-12; pictures 16-nq designated 228; Central Command - interdepartmental conferences: I 920 373; Eastern Air Command: authorized 66,68; 1923 71-2; 1932 86 138,373; 194oexpansion 347,380-2; Civil Service Commission 45 loan of Catalinas from RAF 350, 385, Clayton Knight Committee 23 I, App. c 386, 387, 390; reduced in size 370- I, Clement, F/LG.F. 609 394-5; 1939 mobilization 373-5; Colborne, F/L F.C. 542, 544 area of responsibility 375, 380, 388, Collard, A/V/MR.R. 225, APP. A 485, 5 I 6; begins operations 378-80; Collins, Dr W.H. 86 RCN-RCAF co-operation and command Collishaw, A/V/MRaymond 45 relationship 378, 382, 387-90, 393, Index 777

477-994959 510-11 9 93-49 525,533, Survey Board 556-9; receives more 545-9, 554, 57-89 559, 573, 578-9, modem equipment 560- I, 568; effec- 588, 591;us strategic direction 477, tiveness of VLR Liberators 565-6; 479; aerodrome construction 380, 'Salmon' hunts 568-73,574-7,579- 390- I ; EAC moves into Newfoundland 80,603-6;compares unfavourably 380- I, 387; equipment shortages with USN 580- I ; I 944 escort pro- 38 I -2, 390; poor performance against cedures 587-8; protection for ONS 236 surface raiders 384-5; U-boats move 588-91;Procedure (B) 588, 591; into western Atlantic 385-7, 390- I, searches for schnorkel U-boats 597-9; 476-7; need for VLR aircraft 387, modernization of equipment 602; 471, 478,522-3,532,548,581; operations in March-April 1945 607- squadron strengths and organization 9;summary of EAC operations 609- I o; 393, 394, 49 I, 524-5; radar stations other refs 146, 353, 354, 366, 369, and filter centres 393, 395-8; 391,392,424,4419 493,5199520, operational difficulties and short- 541, 542, 556, 576, 581,586,587, comings 465-6,47941,495-6, 592,600;North West Air Command 516-17,521,522-6,532-6,539-41, 422; NO 2 Air Command 425; No I 559-60,573-4,578-9,597,600; first Training Command 228, 391; No 3 EAC attack on U-boat 48 I -2; co-opera- Training Command 494;No 4 Training tion with Coastal Command 485-6, Command 422; Western Air Com- 490;Operation Paukenschlag 486-90, mand: established I 37-8, 373, 400- I ; 534;improvements in weapons and pro- RCAF coast watchers 322,406-8, 422; cedures 490-2; defence plans for Gulf I 940- I expansion 347,40I -4; AOC of St Lawrence 493-5; anti-submarine requests reinforcement 354,40I ;threat operations in Gulf 496-7, 498-500, of Japanese attack 354, 366,400,405, 501-3, 504-7; increased forces in Gulf 408,42I ; squadron strength on 503-4; summary of 1942 effort 509; mobilization 401 ;aerodrome construe- I 943 defence preparations 509- 10; tion 403,409-10,422; reinforced after communication improvements 5I o- Pearl Harbor 404,409;Canada-us I I ;public relations in Quebec 5I 2- I 3; co-operation 405-6; RCAF fear of I 943 Gulf operations 5I 3- I 5; attacks Japanese-Canadians 408-9; inter- on U-boats off Nova Scotia 517- 19, ervice co-operation 4 I o; I 942 west 520- I; first EAC U-boat kill 520- I; coast defence 420- I ; RCAF squadrons Sable Island patrol 52 I ; EAC criticized at Annette Island 4 I o- I I, 4 I 2,420, by RAF, RN observers 523-5, 539-41, 422; RCAF squadrons in Aleutian 559-60; EAC adopts 'offensive tactics' campaign 41I -20; HQ moves to 523-4, 526-30; operational research Jericho Beach 42 I ; I 943 expansion section 523,525-6, 533,538,569, and modernization 42 I -2; WAC radar 573-4; assessment of I 942 campaign stations 422,426;patrol range 532-6; RCAF lobbies for VLR aircraft extended 424; reduced in size 424-5; 537-9, 549-5 I ; Joint RCN-RCAF Anti- army disturbances 425; Japanese Submarine Committee 545,549,557; balloon bombs 425-6; other refs 353, USAAF-RCAF command relations in 356,369,371,380,3829 510,581 Newfoundland 545-6, 549, 558; United States Army Air Forces: 1st criticisms of Allied Anti-Submarine Bomber Command 490;Anti- 778 Index

Submarine Command 546 independent status 135-7; forms Commission of Conservation 68 regional commands I 37-8; foresees Construction and Maintenance Units: No problems of expansion I 38-40; RCAF 8 398 patterned on RAF 141; need for convoys: BX 23 517; BX 23~517; BX 27 Canadian 142; air 518; BX 141 606; cu 21 577; FONS 236 training negotiations 200- I, 204-5, 591; HX 84 384; HX 126 386; HX 132 214, 216; Leckie's seniority 229; 480; HX I 69 486; HX I 8 I 489; HX 204 removed as CAS 237, 347; concerns of 521iHX213 890iHX217 532;HX229 Canadian air defence 343; RCAF 548,583; HX 237 584; HX 265 572; HX expansion 344-6; other refs 92, 140, 286 577; HX 327 604; LN-NL 497, 142, 143, 146, 220,228,397, 399, 513; LN 6 501; LN 7 501; Munnansk 301, 352-3,400-1, App. A convoys 583; ON 26 481; ON 52 487; Cudemore, F/LC.W. a, 67 ON I13 519; ON 115 519; ON 127 Cuffe, A/V/MA.A.L.: as AOC EAC 490, 521-2; ON I42 530-1; ON 145 531; 498, 504, 521, 524, 525; answers ON 166 542; ON 202 562,564; ON 206 criticisms of EAC 524; other refs 52, 566,584; ON 208 566; ON 209 566; 3019 347, 350, APP. A ONS 5 553-5; ONS I 8 562,564; ONS 20 Currie, Gen. Sir Arthur 56 566,584; ONS 33 599; ONS 67 489; Curtiss Flying School 41 ONS 94 517; ONS 96 517; ONS I00 517; Curtis, A/V/MW.A. 52, 302, APP. A ONS 102 517; ONS 136 526; ONS 236 588-591; QS I5 498; QS 19 500; QS 33 Dandurand, R. 1154,199 502; QS 37 504; QS 39 505; QS 46 507; Davidson, R.D. IOI SB-BS 496; SC 34 480; SC 42 480-1; Dayton-Wright Co 97 sc 52 484; sc 63 487; sc 65 487; sc 94 de Carteret, Sydney 259,3011,App. A, 519; sc I04 526-7,532,538; sc 107 638 526, 527-30, 532, 538; SC 109 531; Defence Communication Limited 5 I I sc I 18 542; sc 122 548, 583; sc 135 Defence Council: RCAF becomes full 561; sc 143 566; SG 6 501; SG 12 530; member I 35-6; discusses interservice SH 94 604; SPAB 497; SQ-Qs 496, co-operation I 38 503,513; SQ 36 502-3; XB 25 517 Defence Purchasing Board 346 Cook, L.W. 115 de Havilland Aircraft of Canada 239 Cooke, F/OT.C. 452, 592 de Marbois, Capt J.M. 479, 573 costello, G/CM. 503-4, 585,623 de Niverville, A/V/MJ.L.E.A. 302, Coulter, Sgt R.A. 520 APP. A Coulter, R.M. 45 Denomy, F/OB.C. 594 Courtney, A/V/MSir Christopher 1154, Department of Agriculture 67, 68, 103, 207 113, 115 Cowley, A/CA.T.N. q, 1160, son, 356, Department of Customs and Excise 68 624 Department of External Affairs 6 I , I 29 Craig, Maj .-Gen. Malin I 30 Department of Finance 355 Crerar, Col. H.D.G. 132-3, 137 Department of Forestry 94 Crerar, T.A. 207, 212 Department of Indian Affairs 68, I I 3 Croil, A/V/MGeorge M. : biographical Department of the Interior: principal user sketch 63; believes Canada open to air of flying operations 68; minister of the attack I 30; campaigns for RCAF interior 7 I ; representation on Com- Index 779

mittee on Civil Air.Operations 72; Dickins, C.H. 645 other refs 40,46,68, 81,94, 105 Disarmament Conference, Geneva: Department of Labour 220 . generally 123; effect on RCAF 124; Department of Marine and Fisheries. 68, other ref. I 25 106, 108 Dixon, A/V/MW.F. 358 Department of Militia and Defence 35,. Dobratz, Kapitanleutnant Kurt 6 I o 37,409 44956 Dominion Aerial Explorations Co 68 Department of Mines 86 Dominion Aeronautical Association Ltd Department of Munitions and Supply 231, App. c 228,239,346,364,404,511 Dominion-Provincial Youth Training Department of National Defence: created Programme 220 56; responsible for aviation 56-7, 9, Dominions Office 198, 202, 203, 205, 68-9, 71; status of airforce 59-61, 208, 229 347; unemployment relief 89; aviation dominions secretary I 98 transferred to DOT 90; air training Donitz, Adm Karl: ceases U-boat schemes 194, 200-2; other refs 35, operations 398, 608; organizes ' wolf 58,599 61,769 79,809 86,87,90, pack' 47 I ; Operation Paukenschlag 113, 134, I379 221,508,633 486,488; German successes in Gulf of Department of the Naval Service 40,4I, St Lawrence 508-9; concentrates

44, 45 9 65 effort in mid-Atlantic 5 I 6, 5 19, 55 I ; Department of Railways and Canals 81, loses tonnage war 538-9,596; calls off 105 mid-Atlantic battle 555,558,562,565; Department of Transport: suggested 78; renews pack attacks in western created 90; co-operation in BCATP approaches 591 ; launches schnorkel 220, 225; other refs 520, App. D campaign 597, 601 ; other refs 477, depots: No I 80; RCAF Repair 80; 479, 4809 481 9 484,489-90, 497, I Manning 23 I, 278; 5 Manning 158, 501, 505, 5079522,527,535,541, 281; 3 Repair 413; 19 Sub Repair 560 545, 559, 566, 567,568, 573, 574, depth-charges: Mark vn 474,485, 49 I, 581, 592, 595, 603,610 527, 530; Mark VIII 474,485, 505, Douglas, A/C/MSir Sholto 601-2 527,53I ;Mark XI 474; Mark XIII pistol Douglas Co I 28

474, 491 9 527,534; Mark XVI 534; Douhet, Brig-Gen Giulo: theory of Torpex explosive 474,49 1, 509, 534; airpower I I 9-20 Amatol explosive 432,436,485,491, Drurnrnond, AIMSir Peter 271-2, 292

503,505 9 527 Duff, Sir Patrick, 292 deputy minister of national defence: Duncai, James S. 221, App. A,636 controls AED, CCA, and CGAO 80; DND Duncan, P/OR. 572 interest in us firms I 13; agrees to Dunlap, c/c C.R. 141 regional commands I 37; other refs 89, Duplessis , Maurice 508 135,138 Durston, A/V/MA. 550 Desbarats, G.J. 621 Desloges, S/L J.P. 513 Eayrs, James 132 Deville,, Edward 4 I, 46 Eden, Anthony 205, 207, 2 I I DeWitt, Lt-Gen John L. 404,411,413, Edwards, AIMHarold: wants balanced air 418,420 force 356; HU~Esquadrons to DWolf, Capt H.G. 525 370; wants Canadian wing in Coastal 780 Index

Command 585; other refs 52, 260, 140; No I Visiting 268; RAF Research 301, 347, QmApp. A, 633 272, 274 Embick, Lt-Gen Stanley 253, 256, 361, Floud, Sir Francis: proposes FTS in 392, 413 Canada 197-9; other refs 196, 200, Emergency Council 206, 210,212, 214 20I Empire Air Training Scheme 192. See Forde, Lt-Col E. I I 3 also British Commonwealth Air Fokker, Antony 106 Training Plan Foss, G/C R.H. App. A Empire Air Training Scheme Committee Fowler, C.R. 231, App. c 223 and French: demand security enigma see ciphers and codes against Germany I 23; Free French engines see aero-engines trainees in BCATP 236; Air Training Eicson Aircraft Ltd 97 Conference 258; other refs 180, 204, Evill, AIM Douglas 362, 363, 365 231, 470 Ewart, w/c F.J. App. A Francis, P/O G.E. 520 Fraser, F/O T.G. 150 Fairbairn, J.V. 154 Fullerton, S/L E.G. 150 Ltd I I 3, I42 Fairly, C.R. 351 Gaboury , Marcel 5 I 3 Federal Aircraft Ltd 232, 238-9 Gagnon, Onesime 512 Fkderation akronautique internationale Garland, E.J. 78 39 Garrod, AIM A.G.R. 236, 260, 269, 287 Fellows, F/L F.G. 592 Gentil, Richard 243 Ferrier, A/V/M A. 305, App. A George VI 150 finances: Air Board expenditure 45, 7 I ; German agent see Langbein Air Board salaries 46; value of gift Germany and Germans: withdraws from aircraft 48; rates of pay 51, 54, 92; Disarmament Conference I 23; with- 1923 aviation budget 69; splitting civil draws from League of Nations 127; and military aviation estimates 7 I -2, attack on France 23 I ; aircrew quality 79; grant to flying clubs 75-6; 1927 293; Nazi-Soviet Pact 343 aviation estimates 79; Post Office Gibbs, w/c S.R. 523, 525 appropriation for air mail 84; cuts in Gibson, C.W.G. App. A aviation estimates 87; 1922 aircraft Ginger Coote Airways 401 expenditures 97; estimate of defence Glen L. Martin Co 97 Costs 133; COS~of BCATP 207- I I, 2 15, Godbout, AdClard 500, 508 21 8, 262; cost of 49 squadron scheme Godfrey , A/V/M A.E. : highest ranking 357; DND expenditures App. B; pay RCAF officer to fire upon enemy 565; rates for transatlantic ferry pilots 635 other refs 7, 27, 203. -4, 205, 301, Fiset, Eugene 56 386,403, App. A Fisher, F/L J.F. 562 Godfrey , w/c J.M. 243 Flag Officer Newfoundland 394, 525 Gohl, FIO J.G. 417 Flavelle, Sir Joseph 40 Gooding, P/O H.O. 417 flight engineers: begin Canadian training Goodspeed, w/c E.B. 513 266; shortage of in RCAF 584 Gordon, H.F. 623 flights: Communications 80; Siskin Gordon, G/C J .L. : biographical sketch I 22-3; Test 140; General Purpose 63; I 923 interdepartmental committee Index 781

7 I -2; view of civil-military relation- 496, 5109 515, 517, 519,520,521, ship 77; heads CGAO 80; becomes first 522, 533, 541, 556,558,562,566, senior air officer 89; RCAF need for 588,600,607; 2 Group 42 I, 424; 3 aircraft 96-7, I 13; views on airpower Group 576,608; 4 Group 366,420, I 20- I ; reviews RCAF requirements 424; 5 (Gulf) Group 5 10, 5 14; 6 I 24; other refs 19, 55, 69, 8 I, 99, Group 146, 585 APP- A - Royal Navy: I st Escort Group 561 Gordon, G/CR.C. 146, 346, App. A - U-boat Groups: Group Leuthen 445, Gosport equipment 279 562; Group Markgraf 480- I ; Group Graham, George P. : committed to Raubritter 484; Group Ziethen 486; integration 59; I 923 aviation estimates Group Hecht 5 17, 5 19; Group Wolf 69-70; other refs 56, 59, App. A 5 19; Group Pirat 5 19; Group Graham, Mrs Stuart 66 Steinbrinck 5 I 9; Group Vorwarts Graham, Stuart 65-6 52 I -2; Group Wotan 526; Group Graham, P/O W. 518,519,520 Leopard 526-7; Group Veilchen Green, F/LJ.F. 565 527, 529-30; Group Pfeil 541; Group Green, S/L S.A. 302 Landsknecht 541 ; Group Haudegen Greer, F/OJ.M. 517 541; Group Fink 553; Group Amsel Gretton, Cdr Peter 559 553,555; Group Schliefien 566; Group Grey, Charles 43, 79 Siegfried 566; Group Jahn 566; Grirnrnons, F/LA. 322 Group Koerner 566; Group Tirpitz groundcrew: shortage of 53-4, 7 I ; rates 1-5 566; Group Seewolf 607 of pay 54; recruiting and training Guthrie, Hugh 46, App. A 91-2; BCATP training 220; other ref. Guthrie, A/CK.M. 370, 512-13, 574, 239 APP. A GROUPS Gwatkin, A/V/MSir Willoughby: interest - Royal Air Force: 4 Group 583; I 5 in military aviation 40- I ; appointed CAF Group 556; 17 Group 586; 18 Group inspector-general 46; addresses CAFA 595; 21 Group 270, 271, 272; 23 convention 54-5; wary of government Group 270,271, 272; 27 Group 48; policy 56; Air Board representation on 45 Group 649; 83 Group 370, 395 Naval and Military Committee 57; - Royal Canadian Air Force: I Group: independent air force status 59,60; area of operations 479,480,485,5 16; retirement 62; opposes military control state of readiness 484-5, 5 I 6; adopts of civil operations 69; other refs 3, 'offensive tactics' 526-9; Canadian- 48,619 App. A American co-operation 529-30, 53 I, 545-6, 549; shortage of aircraft 530; Hall Engineering Co 97 final I942 operations 530-1 ; winter Handley Page Co 63 deployments 53 I -2; operations in Hankey , Sir Maurice I 24, I 94 Jan.-Feb. I 943 54 I -5; operations in Hardegen , Korvettenkapitan R . 486 April-May I 943 55 I -4; lack of sea/ Harding, Dave I 22 air co-operation 554; faulty intelli- brris, A/C/MSir Arthur 271 gence 554-5; 'Salmon' hunts 572, Harris, Sgt D.D. 331 573-5,576, 580; Area Combined Harris, Lloyd 53 -4 Headquarters 587; other refs 387, Hartwig, Kapitanleutnant Paul 501 , 388, 389, 390, 394, 398,485, 4909 5039 504-5 782 Index

Hastings, Max 27 I Howe, C. D. : ship sunk on voyage to UK Hatch, F.J. 277 238; emphasizes quantity production of Heakes, A/V/M F.V.: AOC WAC 424-5, aircraft ,346, 351; other refs 219, 232, 427; Aoc 1 Group 545,546, 549, 239, 359,364,406,649 558, 562; other refs 203, 204, 305, Howes, F/O W. 46 318, 354,362, 363-43366, 388,389, Howsam, A/V/M G.R. 121-2, APP. A 479, APP. A Hudson Strait Expedition see civil Hearle, F.T. 207 government air operations Heeney, Arnold 2 17, 2 I 8, 259, 260 Hull, G/C A.H. 421 Heron, F/O P.W. 592 Hull, Cordell 41 I high commissioner for Canada see Humphery, G.E. Woods App. D Massey , Vincent Humphreys, F/O 488 high commissioner for United Kingdom Hutchison, Bruce 408 229 Hydra see ciphers and codes high frequency direction finding [HF/DF]

470,4959 507, 5209 521 9 533, 540, Ilsley, J.L. 251, 369, $03 558, 564, 569, 573, 574, 576, 577, Imperial Airways 643 580,604 Imperial Conferences: (1923) 70, 78; Hitchins, F.H. 52 (1926) 78984; (1930) 193; I932 Hitler, Adolf: forbids U-boat operations in Economic Conference 87; (I 937) I 37, N. American waters 39 I ; other refs 144,196 127, 131, 143, 194,383, 484, 54-4 imperial defence: CAF patterned on RAF Hobbs, S/L B.D. n3,99, IOI 58,60-I, 141; W.L.M. King avoids Hobbs, Capt. J.W. 66 commitment 131, 191, 196; UK wants Hoffman, Korvettenkapitan Eberhard to interest Canada in I 97, I 98-9; other 501 refs 35936,469 78 Holtring , Kapitanleutnant 54 Imperial Defence College 36, 63, 89, Home-Hay , F/L J. B . 67 124, I45 Home War Establishment see Royal India and Indians 247, 258 Canadian Air Force - Home War Ingrams, wlc R.R. 463,565 Establishment instructors: recruitment 230; shortage of Honorary Air Advisory Committee 144 224, 225, 237, 243-4; conditions of Hornell, F/L David 453, 594 service 24-4 Homer, Cpl A.J. n5 International Aeronautical Exhibition Hose, Capt Walter 46 113 Hosogaya, Vice-Adm Boshiro 4 I 4 International Commission on Aerial House of Commons (Canada): I 9 I 9 Navigation 38 aviation policy 38, 4 I ; I 923 aviation International Joint Commission I 23 estimates 69-70; I 927 aviation Italy and Italians 13I estimates 78-9; I929 aviation estimates 8 I -2; I 937 defence Jacobs Aircraft Co 232 estimates I 33-4; prewar air training Janowski, Werner 507 199-200; reaction to Gulf of St Japan and Japanese: Sino-Japanese War Lawrence sinkings 497-8, 500, 507- 123; withdraws from League 127; 8, 511-12 attack on Pearl Harbor 289, 34 I, 39 I, House of Commons (UK) 199 400,404,486,640; Aleutian campaign Index 783

342,358, 413-14,417,419-20; Kilbourne, Brig-Gen Charles I 28 activities off west coast of N. America Kincaid, Rear- Adm Thomas C . 4 I 9 408,420; 1942 Pacific strategy 41 I ; King, Adm E. J. 539,546, 547 balloon bombs 425-6; other refs 129, King, W.L.M.: attitude to aviation 55; 368,622,624,625, 626,627 appoints Graham MND 56; supports Johnson, A/V/M G.O.: station RCAF involvement in civil operations superintendent at Camp Borden 5 I -2; 78; favours splitting air force 79; career outline 62-3; first AOC WAC attitude to defence I 3 I -2; I 937 I 38,400- I ; heads Organization and defence estimates I 34; fear of imperial Training Division 229, 347; command commitments 191, 196, 198, 200; relationships of EAC 389, 546, 557, rejects Floud's proposal for FTS 197-9; 558; complains of WAC situation 401, prewar air training negotiations 199- 405; modernization of EAC equipment 203; assures British of rapid expansion 601-2; other refs 63,66,3oo, Son, 204; Massey-Bruce proposal 205-6; 406, 409, $78,550,572,574, 581, Sept . 1939 air training negotiations 600, App. A 206-7; Riverdale negotiations 208- I 9; Joint Canada-United States Basic 6 AOS in King's riding 225; Ottawa Air Defence Plan 1940 382,383,403 Training Conference 25 I, 254, 255, Joint Canada-United States Services 259, 260; visit to Washington 257-8; Committee 366 Ogdensburg meeting 348, 383; wants Joint RCN-RCAF Anti-Submarine Warfare HWE expanded 350; concerned for Corm-littee 545, 549, 557,600 home defence 355; reaction to Gulf of Joint Services Committees: Pacific Coast St Lawrence sinkings 497, 508; 354,401,403,405,408,409-I0, reduction of Gulf convoys 503; other 412, 424; Halifax 381, 382; Atlantic refs 48, 84, 133, 195, 204, 154, 160, Coast 382; Joint Service Sub-Com- 29'79 355, 3719 403,4129 636 mittee Newfoundland 382, 393; other kite balloons. 48 refs 196, 373, 393 Knight, Clayton L. 23 I, App. c Joint Staff Committee: estimates CanadianI defence costs 133; other refs 130,138, L'Action catholique 508 142, 150, 373, 493-4 La Flkche, L.R. 135, 200-1, App. A Jones, Rear-Adm G.C. 490 Lafond, F/O P.C.E. 575 Joubert de la FertC, A/C/M Sir Philip LaGuardia, Fiorella 633

387,478,486, 523 . Lane, Cdr H.A.C. 132 judge advocate general 60, 76 Langbein, German agent 507 Langmuir, F/L J.W.C. 553-4 Kahre, Bill 66 Lapointe, E. 154 Kauffman, Rear-Adm J.M. 556 Laurent , Edouard 507-8 Keable, Louis 507, 508 Laurentide Air Service Ltd 68, 97, 98 Keenleyside, Hugh 355 Lawrence, A/V/M T. A. : purchase of Fokker Keetley, P/O R.S. 437,438, 502,503, Universals 106; on Hudson Strait 508 Expedition 108- I 2; other ref. 274-5, Kennedy, G/C W.E. 627 APP. A Ke~y,G/C W.R. 301, App. A Lawrence, T.E. 63 Kerwin, S/L J.W. 416 Lay, Capt. H.N. 509, 525 Keystone Co I I 6 Layton, S/L M.S. 539-41, 587 786 Index

Noorduyn, R.B.C. 106 Pan American Airways 83, 643 Noorduyn Aircraft Ltd 150 Paris Peace Conference 38 North East Staging Route 651 Parker, Sgt R.L. 486 North West Staging Route 403,422,620, Parsons, A. 187 650 Patterson, F. 1187 Norway and Norwegians: ' Little Norway' Peace of Paris (Kellog-Briand Pact) I 23 236; Air Training Conference 257,258 Pearkes, Maj-Gen G.R. 410 Nugent, Col R.E. 261 Pearman, J.P.T. 523, 526 Pearson, L.B. 218 observers: first trainees 233-5, 237; Permanent Joint Board on Defence: alterations in training syllabus 240- I ; suggests meeting on air training 252-3; observer training 245-6; numbers reaction to Pearl Harbor 353; focuses trained 247; observer trade phased out on Atlantic defence 383; central N. 264 American defence 39 I ; recomrnenda- O'Donnell, F/OE. M. 583, 592 tions for Pacific coast 403, 405-6; Ogilvie, Neil 41 Alaskan defence 41 2; other refs 253, Olloway, P/OA.H. 3n 348,351, 361,367,384,385 Ontario Fire Service 94 pilots: recruiting for Air Board 45; age Ontario [Mental] Hospital, St Thomas limitations 49,50,92,239; altered role 220 from Air Board employment 70; flying Operational Training Units: absorb part of club training scheme 75-6; rates of pay service training syllabus 233; 92; interwar pilot training 92-3, 148; developement 286-8; other refs 262, shortage in BCATP 224-5; training 264, 269-70,482-4, 502 period altered 233, 241 ; BCATP flying - Royal Air Force: 4 OTU 586; 6 OTU training 242-5, 264; numbers trained 586; 31 OTU 288,290,490,496; 32 247; second pilots eliminated 264; RAF OTU 288-9,404,420,649; 34 OTU assessment of pilot training 269-74 289; 36 OTU 189,290; 131 OTU 586, Pinder, S/LF.G. 52 646 Plant, A/CJ.L. App. A - Royal Canadian Air Force: I OTU 1189, Point Edward naval base 510 290- I, 404; 3 OTU 42 I, 586-7; 5 OTU Pope, Lt-Col M. A. I 30 190, 425; 6 OTU 649; 13 Operational Portal, A/C/MSir Charles: Arnold-Portal Training Squadron 287,403,404,42 I agreement 359, 365; other refs 203, Orr, GIC W.A. App. A 204,302, 550,646 Ottawa Air Training Conference see Post Office Department: interest in air mail British Commonwealth Air Training 83-5; other refs 40, a,65, 8 I, 86 Plan Pouliot, J.-F. 508 Ottawa Car Manufacturing Co. Ltd 97 Pound, Adm Sir Dudley 35 I, 550 Ottawa Evening Citizen I 29 Powell, S/L G.J. 6~ Ottawa Journal 20 I Power, C.G. 'Chubby': Riverdale 'Otter' messages see Naval Service negotiations 2 I 7; appointed MND for Headquarters Air 22 I ,347; replaces Croil 237,347; Canadianization 249; commissioning Pacific Airways 74 policy 250; Ottawa Air Training Con- Pacific War Council 257 ference 251, 252-5, 256,260, 263; Palmer, F/LC.W. 583 reforms Air Council 347; home Index

defence 354-5; reassures Commons on Raymond, AIVIMA. App. A Gulf defences 500, 508; other refs Ready, Sgt J.M. 103 132,167, 231,235, 292,301,318, Reconstruction and Development Com- 349, 353,360, 364, 415,478,581, mittee 38 598,602, App. A, 638,644 Redpath, wlc R.F. App. A prime minister (Canada): chairs Cabinet Reid, Rear-Adm H.E. 378, 578, 580, Defence Committee I 3 I. See also 590 Borden, Sir Robert; King, W .L.M. ; Reid, W.T. 99 Bennett, R.B. Report on Civil Aviation, 192 7 8 I prime minister (UK) see Churchill, Reyno, S/LE. 326,41 I Winston S. Rhodesia and Rhodesians 247 Privy Council 634 Richardson, G/C G.T. App. A Procedure 'B' see anti-submarine war- Riverdale, Lord I 54, 207- I 9 fare; Royal Canadian Navy Robb, G/CJ.M. 200-1 Roberts, ~/SgtJ.E. 593 ' Quadrant' conference 562 Robertson, Norman 255, 259, 355 Quebec Airways 223 Robinson, S/LC. A. 463 Quebec Provincial Police 507, 5 I 2- r 3 Robinson, F/OE.L. 527 Rocky Mountain Forest Reserve 67 radar: TRU 393; CHL 393; EAC radar Rogers, Bogart 637 stations 393, 395-8, 5 I I ; IFF 398; Rogers, Sgt D.P. 520 MEW 398; Loran stations 398, 602; Rogers, Norman 154,210,215-16,217,

ASV 398, 475, 462,491 9 533, 560, 218,238,297, 344, App. A 570, 578, 582,601; us-Canadian Rornilly, Sgt E.M.O. 170 co-operation 406; WAC radar stations Rood, J.L. 556 422,426; airborne radar 43, as, Roosevelt , Franklin D. : denies Canada 521,522, 533, 540, 577,583,608; viewed as enemy 128; air training primitive nature 502; 'Microwave conference 257-8, 26 I ; Ogdensburg Early Warning' set 5 I I ; GL Mark III meeting 348,383; other refs 365,387, sets 51 I; ship-borne radar 527, 554, 412,539,632,637,6399 642,646 573; 3 cm ASD 560; ASG 560, 561; Ross, P/OL.T. 529 Metox search receivers 582-3; radar ROY,J.-S. 498, 500, 508, 512 for EAC 602; other ref. 569 Royal Aero Club 39 Radford, Capt A.W. 261 Royal Air Force: abandons Ontario radio units: I Radio Direction Finding training bases 37; provides aircraft to Operating Unit 5 I I ;No 75 398; No 76 Air Board 46-8; CAF patterned on RAF 398; No 77 398 58,59-6 I ; aircraft procurement Ralston, J.L. : I927 reorganization 79; practices, 98; short-service com- defends RCAF involvement in civil missions 193-5; interest in Canadians operations 8 I -2; BCATP negotiations 195-6; Canadian flying training centre 206, 210, 216, 218, 219; appointed 196-7; BCATP negotiations 209, 21 3- MND 238; Ralston-Sinclair Agreement 14; RAF regulation^ in BCATP 260; RAF 238, 248-9; confines himself to army officers loaned to BCATP 228, 229; matters 347; seeks Hurricanes for HWE transfer of RAF schools 235; falls 349; other refs 154, 364, App. A behind commissioning schedule 235; Raymes, F/OD.F. 527-9 opposes RCAF domination of army support role 29 I ; numbers trained in 1938 aircraft situation 143-4; BCATP 293; critical of EAC 522-3, complaints of Honorary Air Advisory 539-41, 559-60; leads in operational Committee I 4;officer exchanges with research 525-6; other refs 36,49,50, RAF 145-7; prewar service training 52, 58, 92-3, 118, 119, 120, 125, 147-50; mobilization I 50- I ; Medical 138, 141, 202, 223, 341, 362,477, Investigation Centre 1611; Women's

520, 536, 541, 550, 551 9 559,566, Division 1184,220, 31m; cornrnis- App. D, See also Commands; Groups; sioning policy 22 I ; Canadianization Squadrons 248-50; discipline of airmen overseas RAF-Canadaflying training scheme 5 I, 270- I, 274; Article I 5 squadrons 293; 191, 193, 213 Marine Service 314, ~~JJI,394, 403; RAF Staff College: Scott first Canadian to public relations 5 I 2- I 3; Operational attend 62; other refs 36,63, I 20, 145 research section 523, 526, 533; RCAF Royal Australian Air Force: granted use of Overseas Headquarters 526,585; Joint ' Royal' 6 I ; officers loaned to BCATP RCN-RCAFAnti-Submarine Committee 228; other ref. 360 545, 549, 557; RCAF squadrons in Royal Canadian Air Force: role during Coastal Command 582-4, 59 I -6, interwar period 35-6; granted use of 600, 607; Canadianization in Coastal 'Royal' 61-2; official birthday 62; Command 584-7; other refs 52, 6 I , initial officer corps 62; status settled 66, 73, 82, 129, 492,568, App. c, 63-4; responsible for civil aviation 65; APP. problems of 1923 flying season 71 ; - Canadian Air Force: formation and Biggar Committee 72; viewed as unfair status 35,48-9, 50; status under Air competitor 74; Ging club training Board Act 4,46; headquarters formed scheme 75; Auxiliary Air Force 77, 50; conditions of service, uniform and I 51; 1927 reorganization 76-80, 122; motto 50; shares Borden with DFO 53- reorganization has little real impact 5; impact of integration 56-9; adopts 80-2; Aeronautical Engineering RAF ensign 5,57; patterned on RAF 58, Division 80,8 I,89; effects of 'big cut' 59-61 ; debate on status 59-61 ; trans- 87-9, 123; 1932 reorganization 89; Canada flight 67; other refs 38,69,7 I phases out involvement in civil - Canadian Air Force (in UK) 35, 37, operations 90; Camp Borden training 46, 48 9 I -3; need to replace Air Board aircraft - Home War Establishment: BCATP 95, 96-7; Viking purchase 97-8; graduates posted to HW 22 I, 237, Vedette, Varuna, and Viper purchases 247, 350, 358; 1940 establishment 98- 100; Hudson Strait Expedition 230; strength on mobilization 343-4; I 05- I 2; turns to us for aircraft I I 3; main effort directed to BCATP and absorbs British doctrine on airpower overseas 34-5, 348; dispatches I 20-2; review of defence requirements squadrons overseas 345,347,370'38 I ; I 24-5; primary role in home defence 1940 expansion plans 345-6, 347-8; 125-6, 131; lack of military aircraft v# and us reluctance to allocate aircraft 126; RCAF moves to independent status 346-7, 350-1,358-61,362,363-4, I 34-8; problems of expansion I 38- 368,404-5; I94 1 programme 348-50; 40; formation of squadrons 140; impact of Peal Harbor 35 1-5; 49 prewar procurement of military aircraft squadron plan 355-8; modification of I AO-?: reaction to Munich crisis 147; ex~ansion~lans ?61-2.165-6.168- Index

71 ; air threat to Canada 366-7, 368- RCN-RCAFASW Committee 545, 549, 9; Air Defence of Canada Plan, March 557,600; 'Salmon' hunts 568-73, 1943 367-8; renamed Western 574-7, 579-80; poor state of training Hemisphere Operations 370- I ; air in CNA 578-9; Procedure '.B' 588, defence in Central Canada 391 -3; 591; other refs 43,343,367,492,500, single air victory 417; other refs 220, 506, 5199 522,523,531 228,235, 250,259,288,290,341-2, Canadian Northwest Atlantic: created 389,415,4679 484,581,587,650 384, 548; cinc CNA 571, 600,608; - RCAF vessels: Beaver 394,582; Eskimo other refs 559, 579, 606, 607,609 582. See also British Commonwealth Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps 228 Air Training Plan; Commands: Eastern Royal Flying Corps 60 Air Command, Western Air Command; Royal Military College 194 Schools; Squadrons; Wings Royal Naval Air Service 63 RCAF-Universityof Toronto Sub- Royal Navy: Fleet Air Arm 235, 253, committee on Personnel Selection 240 490; encounter with Bismarck 386; Royal Canadian Corps of Signals 108, escort operations 47 I, 475, 566; forms 113 support groups 542; other refs 41, Royal Canadian Engineers 77 341,378,380, 383,469,534,545, Royal Canadian Mounted Police: Royal 550, 556. See also Admiralty Northwest Mounted Police 44; anti- Royal Air Force 220, 228, smuggling patrols I I 7- I 8; other refs 360 68, 100, 105,426, 507, 508, 512 Russell, F/OA.H. 584 Royal Canadian Naval Air Service 37, 41,468 St Laurent, Louis 508 Royal Canadian Navy: McNaughton Saint Maurice Protective Association 65 opposes naval spending I 26; RCN-RCAF ' Salmon' hunts see anti-submarine co-operation and command relation- warfare; Murray, Adm L. W. ; and ships 143,378, 382, 387-90, 393, Royal Canadian Navy

477-9, 4959510-11 9 93-49 525, 533, Sarnpson, S/LF.A. 145-6 545-9, 554,55743,5599 573,578-9, Sanderson, F/OJ.H. 501, 530 588, 591 ; combined operations room, Sargent, F/LP.T. 584 East Coast 378, 382; placed under us Saunders, G/CH.W .L. 154 direction 387, 466; Newfoundland Sayre, P/OG.T. 520 Escort Force 387,472,477,480,48 I ; SCHOOLS flag officer Newfoundland 394, 525, Air Navigation Schools: I ANS 237, 579-80, 587; escort responsibilities 246; 2 ANS 246,285,289,490; 31 ANS 493; defence plans for Gulf of St 235; I Central Navigation School 169, Lawrence 494; escorts assigned to Gulf 170,246 513; attempt to trap u-536 514-15; Air Observer Schools: I AOS 233, 237; reaction to u-553 496-7; reaction to 6 AOS 225 U-I 32 498-500; Directorate of Naval Bombing and Gunnery Schools: I B & Intelligence 498; reduction in Gulf GS 237; 2 B & GS 156, 237; 4 B & GS convoys 503,509; commanding officer 237; 6 B & GS 247,310; 9 B & GS 180, Atlantic Coast 525; Western Local 500; 31 B & GS 169 Escort Force 525,59 I ; seeks control of Elementary Flying Training Schools: I Northwest Atlantic shipping 539; Joint EFTS 162,224; 4 EFTS 278; 7 ERS 244; 790 Index

9 EFTS 172,186,187; 11 EFTS 283; 17 63; position created 89; warns of EFTS 1163;18 EFTS 160; 19 EFTS 167, possible air attack I 30; associate $71, 1174,182; 31 EFTS 163 member of Defence Council 135; - Initial Training Schools: I ITS 159, president of Air Council I 38; other refs 231, 278; 3 ITS 282; 7 ITS 242 APP. A - Service Flying Training Schools: I SFTS Seward, A/CW.J. App. A 164,237; 2 SFTS 1164,1178, 185, 236, Seymour, M.A. 223 302,309; 6 SFTS 1173;7 SFTS 232; 8 Sheard, Terrence 363, 364, 368 SFTS 232; 9 SFTS 284; I2 SFTS 1166;I5 Shearer, A/V/MA.B. 301, App. A SFTS 175; 16 SFTS 1183,281; I9 SFTS Shekleton, G/CA. 280 175; 31 SFTS 235, 279-80; 32 SFTS Sherman, F/OL. 593 235, 236; 33 SFTs 235; 34 SETS 236; Shields, F/OJ.M. 116 36 SFTS 187; 41 SFTS 181 SHIPS, GOVERNMENT - Other schools: Special Flying School, - Canadian: Montcalm 106, I I I ; N .B . CAF 52; Special Flying School, RAF Maclean I I 2; Stanley 106 52; Ground Instructional School, Camp SHIPS, MERCHANT Borden 52, 80; Army Co-operation Arlyn 501 ; Athel Viking 605; Athenia School 146, 149; No 2 Technical 378; Awatea 236; Bayou Chico 489; Training School 148, 220; I Wireless Brilliant 53 I ; British Freedom 605; School 167, 233; 2 Wireless School British Prudence 489; Bulkail 590; 1168; No I Technical Training School Burgeo 496, 506; Caribou 496, 506, 181, 220; ~4,507,508; Carolus 506,508; Cherokee 230, 267, 275, 281; No 3 Flying 5 I 7; Coast Trader 420; Collamer Instructors School 244; No I Flying 489; Cornwallis 603; Cyclops 486; Instructors School 269; Empire Central Dimitrios G. Thermiotis 487; Donald Flying School 272-4; Air Armament Stewart 501 ; Empire MacAlpine 564, School 275; No I Aircrew Graduates 588; Empire Seal 488; Empire Union Training School 285; 3 I General 488; Empire Wildbeeste 487; Fort Reconnaissance School 235,496,505, Camosun 420; Fort Thompson 599; 598,646; I Naval Air Gunners School Friar Rock 487; Frisco 487; 311 Kelmscott 574; Kronprinsen 5 I 7; Schwerdt, Capt C.M.R. 510 Laramie 501 ; Larch 106, I I I ; Scott, G/C J.S.: hired by Air Board 46; Leto 496; Livingstone 598; Lord appointed AOC,CAF 55; biographical Strathcona 52 I ; Martin van Buren sketch 62; endorses flying club training 605; Nicoya 496; Nipiwan Park 604; scheme 75; argues for reorientation of Ocean Vagabond 52 I ; Pacific Pioneer civil-military roles 76-8; retires 8 I ; 5 I 9; Pan Pennsylvania 577; Polarland Viking purchase 97; Viper purchase 604; Port Nicholson 5 I 7; Queen 99; contracting out dusting experiments Elizabeth 556; Rose Castle 507; 116; other refs 46, 52, 63, 74, 80, Saganaga 52 I ; Samtucky 604; Seattle 92, 106, App. A Spirit 5 17; Sonia 5 17; Stockport 529; secretary of state for air (UK) 200. See Toorak 487; Tyr 489; Waterton 506; also Sinclair, Sir Archibald Watuka 576-7; Western Prince 238 Self, Sir Henry 35 I SHIPS, NAVAL Senate (Canada) 199 - American: Bogue 548, 598; Carol senior air officer: Croil succeeds Johnson 58 I ; Chatham 50 I ; Croatan 577,580; Index

Mission Bay 608 SQUADRONS - British: Biter 561; Castleton 584; - Royal Air Force Drury 584; Hargood 579-80; Hood 7: 146 386; Itchen 565; Jervis Bay 384; 13: 146 Lagan 584; Le Tigre 5 I 8; Montgomery 46: 147 572; Pelican 553; Polyanthus 564; 59: 595 Renown 562; Tay 554 86: 595 - Canadian: Charlottetown 502, 5 I 2; 120: 473,522,537, 537,539, 542, Clayoquot 604; Drumheller 584; 545,564, 581 Drummondville 498; Esquimalt 608; 144: 289 Grandmere 506; Magog 599; Moose 209: 145 Jaw 529; Napanee 52 I ;New Glasgow 224: 600 579; Ottawa 522; Outarde 408; 228: 583 Raccoon 502, 5 I 2; Restigouche 529; 281: 593, 594 St Croix 5 19, 564; Shawinigan 603; 333: 594 Trail 501; ValleyJield 580, 588; 612: 592 Vision 506 - Royal Australian Air Force - French: Biarn 381 455: 289 - German: Admiral Scheer 384; 461: 583 Bismarck 386; Deutschland 379; - Royal Canadian Air Force Gneisenau 384-5,5 I 2; Prinz Eugen (HWE squadrons are listed by Air 386; Scharnhorst 384-5, 5 I 2 Station in App. E) Sifton, Arthur 38-9, 45 1: 32, 140, 148, 150,287, 345, Silvercruys, Baron 260 347, 373,379,381, 513 Sinclair, Sir Archibald 238,249. See also I (CAC) detachment: 303, 394-5 secretary of state for air (UK) 2: moves to Halifax 143; squadron Skelton, O.D. 200, 201, 206, 2 I I, 2 I 6 training 149-50; other refs 140, Slemon, AIM C.R. 91, 92, 100, 145, 345, 375, 379 APP. A 2 (CAC) detachment: 488 Slessor, A/C/M Sir John 287, 350, 363, 3: organized 140; equipped with 550955743, 559 Wapitis I41 ; squadron training Small, S/L N.E. 435,438,504,505, 149; other refs 146, I 48, 375

520-1 9 5249541,542 3 (CAC) detachment: 403 Smith, H.F. 231, App. c 4: first WAC Cansos 42 I, 425; other Smith, F/O John K. 247 refs 118, 137, 140, 149, 150,336,

Smith, Sgt R.H. 488 401 9 403 Smith, Brig-Gen W. Bedell 361-2 5: equipped with Stranraers 142; SONAR see ASDIC early operations 378-9, 494; search sonobuoys 568,575,577,578,579,608 for u-553 496; operations in Jan.- South Africa and South Africans: in BCATP Feb. 1943 541, 542; attacks on 247; Air Training Conference 257, u-boats 553-4, 572,608; covers 258; quality of training 270; other ref. ONS 236,588-90; other refs I 17- I94 18,140, 146, 149, 150,2989 375, 146 381,386,387, 476,485, 489, 502, LAC Spooner, K.G. 172 503, 531,532,5489 551 9 554, 572, 579, 580, 598 792 Index

6: formed 140; equipped with 500, 501, 502, 504-5,506, 507; Sharks 141; other refs 149, 401, relative effectiveness 502,509,524, 403 42 I 426 535,540; operations off Nova Scotia 7:equipped with Bolingbrokes 142; 517,520-1; other refs 395,401, equipped with Sharks 404; other refs 435, 43'7,438, 490, 509, 514, 560, 140, 149, 404,405, 421 590 8: equipped with Bolingbrokes 142; 115: activated with Bolingbrokes 404; in Alaska 41 2-18; army dis- moves to Annette Island 41 I ; other turbances 425; other refs 140, 149, refs 3n9,326,405,418,420,421, 294% 320,320, 375, 379,381, 386, 425

405, 408942 I 3 425 9 486, 494 z 16: first long-range squadron 476; 9: 389, $04,420,421, 425 suspends training 48 I ; failure of 10: first Digby squadron 346, 379- leadership 566-7; other refs 387, 80,4311,432,476;poor performance 390,031, 030,484,485,487-8, 384-5,48 I ; patrol at extreme range 4949 496, 504,5269 5299 530, 531

386; disbanded 399; first EAC attack 117: 395,491, 494, 4969 4989 501 9 on u-boat 48 I -2; covers ONS 236 502,506,509,514, 515, 531,581 590; attacks on u-boats 487,527-9, 118: 299,303,379,381, 390, 393,

530-1 9 535,561-595669575; 412,413,422 re-equipped with Liberators 55 I, 119: 22,381-2, 386,395,486,489, 556, 559; trans-Atlantic flights 560; 491,494,4969 500, 501, 502,506, surrender of u-889 609; other refs 509,514, 572 140, 29'7, 375,386,442, 043, 44.0, 120: 401, 403, 42 I, 424 45, 056, 00'7, 04% 05'7,479, 484, 122: 421

490, 491 9 494, 501 9 521 9 5269 530, 123: 395 5319 540,560, 573,574, 5779 5789 124: 650 579, 5809 5829 5879 5989 599, 607 125: 395 I I: replaces-Hudsons with Liberators 126: 395 395; operations off Nova Scotia 51 8; 127: 3049 395 rocket attack on u-boat 572; other 128: 395 refs 140, 345, 379, 381, 386,398- 129: 395 9,426, 058,061, 484-594899 491, 130: 035, 498

500, 502, 514, 519, 531 9 579, 580, 132: 329,412,421,425 590 133: 305, $21,425,426 12: 140,649,650 135: 42 I, 422,425 14: 322, 327, 333,412,418,419-20, 136: 395 422 145: sinks u-658 527, 535; other 15: 140 attacks on u-boats 529, 53 I; other 18: 140 refs 395, 039, 406, 507, 521, 526, 70: 650 530,531,560, 577,590,602,604 110: 29'7, 345 147: 420,422,424 ZII:in Alaska 412-15, 417,419-20; 149: 339,421, 422, 424 other refs 137,324,325,328, 330, 150: 510 333,40I,403,404, 405,412,422 160: 515, 590 112: 31[, 345, 347 161: 033,458, 533,560,576-7, 598 113: operations in Gulf of St Lawrence 162: moves to Iceland 395,467, 58 I ; Index 793

operations in eastern Atlantic 452, as specialists 145; BCATP trainee output 453,454,455, 592-5,600,610; 1929220,221,233,237,247,293; Gander detachment 541, 55 I ; number of Canadians trained in Canada disbanded 399; other refs 49 I, 504, as pilots in First World War 193; 506,509,510,515,531-2,602,609 Americans in BCATP, Dec. I 941 240; 163: 421, 424 casualties in Attu assault 419; number 164: 582 of u-boats destroyed 466,467,470- I, 165: 42 I, 650 472-3,473-4,4754519; number of 166: 42 I, 650 ships sunk 470-1,472-3,476,494, 167: 650 5 19, 573, 596; EAC statistics for I 942 168: 311,618,650 534; convoy statistics for 1944 596; 404: 582,585 Americans recruited by Clayton Knight 405: 583 Committee 64 I ; aircraft ferried across 407: 456,582,583,585,586, 591, Atlantic 650 592,595,600- 1, 607,609 Stedman, A/V/M E.W. : biographical sketch 408: 289 63; view of civil-military relationship 413: 582,585,586 77; heads AED 80; and Vickers Ltd 415: 582,583, 585 96-7; urges aircraft development 422: 448, 451, 553,582,583-4, 585, planning 98-9; Vedette specifications 586,591,592,595,600,601,609 99; Washington visit 143; Riverdale 423: 448,451, 582,583-4, 585, 586, negotiations 208; recommends 591, 592, 595,600,609 extension of BCATP 250- I ; other refs 433: 489 61,629 95, 106, 150, 229, 299, 301, 438: 424 343, 347,526, APP. A 439: 395 Stevenson, A/V/M L.F.: becomes AOC WAC 440: 424 405; relocates WAC HQ 410; fears 441: 395 Japanese-Canadians 408-9; RCAF in 442: 424 Alaska 410,412,414,416,419; other 443: 395 refs 318,323,354,406,418,421,424, - United States Army Air Forces 478, APP. A 11th: 415, 416 Stevenson, P/O R.R. 561-2 18th: 419 'Stipple' messages see anti-submarine ~1st:476 warfare 56th: 416 Stirling, G. App. A 344th: 419 Stratemeyer, Maj-Gen George E. 538 404th: 416- 17 strengths and establishments: Camp 406th: 41 8 Borden, 1920 5 1-2; CAFA quotas 53; Stacey, Col C.P. 262, 409 CAF strength at integration 59; RCAF Stark, Adm H.R. 388, 389 strength, April I924 62; RCAF staff statistics: training at Camp Borden 52; with AED and CGAO, I927 80; On 1920 flying season 66; number of Hudson Strait Expedition 106; RCAF registered aircraft 73; CGAO flying strength, 1938 I 38-9; aircraft hours 82; miles of Canadian air routes strength, Sept. 1938 142-3; wartime 85; 1932 reductions in CGAO 86; 1920 RCAF establishment increased 230; forest production 93; I 924 Manitoba HWE strength on mobilization 343-4; aerial photography I o I ;officers trained EAC peak strength 394; Aircraft 794 Index

Detection Corps 398, 5 I 3; Coastal 553; U-645 566; U-656 489; u-658 Command 469,475, 606; u-boat 527, 529; U-661 527; U-669 583; strength 472, 569; Canadians in U-706 583; U-714 566; u-715 593; Coastal Command 584, 587; EAC U-741 592; U-754 489, 520; U-762 aircraft, 1945 602, 606 591 ; u-772 607; u-802 576-7,579, Stuart, Lt-Gen K. 410,413 597-9,603; u-806 604; u-845 Stuart, Rae 1186 574-5,576; u-853 607,608; u-856 SUBMARINES 5774580; u-866 606; u-875 607; - British: Unseen 4611 u-879 607; u-880 608; u-881 607, - German: Type VII 486,489,597; Type 608; u-889 463, 607, 609; u-980 IX 486,489, 527, 597; schnorkel- 593; u-984 591; u-1061 600; u-I 22 I equipped 545,597-8, 601,606-7; 599,603; U-1222 581, 588, 590; Type XXI 601, 606; u-30 378; u-43 U-I223 599; U-I225 594; U-1228 506-7,530-1; u-66 486; u-69 505-7; 603,607; u-1230 603-4; u-I 23 I 603, u-84 487; u-86 487; u-87 518; u-89 604; u-1232 604-6, 610; u-1235 608 519, 520; U-90 519; U-91 522, 548; - Japanese: I- I 7 408; 1-25 420,426; 1-26 u-96 488,489,522; u-106 487,506- 420 7, 530, 583; u-107 581; u-109 486; Sully, A/V/MJ.A. App. A,638 U-II I 479,480,481; u-123 486; Sun, Vancouver 408 u- I 24 5 I 7; u- I 25 486; u- I 30 486-7; Supermarine Co 97 u-132 498-500,501,519,520; U-155 Sutherland, Donald 70, App. A 489; U-165 43'7, 501, 502, 521; U-183 Swaine, Dr J.M. 116 530- I; u-190 607,608; u-2 I 3 507; Swinton, Lord I 95 U-215 518; U-221 526; U-233 581; Sykes, Maj-Gen Sir Frederick I 19, I 20 u-256 592; u-258 526; u-262 514- 15; u-263 583; u-270 564; u-275 Tackaberry, A/CS.G. 3011, 370, App. A 565; u-283 592; u-300 595; u-31 I tactics: u-boat tactics 466, 47 I, 5 I I ; 592; U-338 564; U-341 562; U-342 'offensive tactics' 472,523-4,526-9; 45% 592; u-374 484; u-377 564; Coastal Command tactics 502, 569, u-381 529; u-402 564; u-403 542; 570; RCN tactics in Gulf, I 943 5 I 3. See u-404 489; u-414 542; u-420 561-2, also anti-submarine warfare 566; U-422 565; u-432 517; u-438 Taylor, S/LC.J.W. 607 553; U-456 584; U-458 520; U-477 Technical Signals Unit, No I 602 592, 595; u-478 595; u-480 592; Tedder, AIMA.W. 195 U-$82 600; U-489 584; U-503 489; Terry, ~/SgtN.C. 109-1 I U-513 521; U-517 438, 501-3, 504- Theobald, Rear-Adm R. A. 4 I I 5, 512, 521; U-518 507, 530-1, 608; Thompson, Alfred 41 u-520 527, 529, 533; u-521 527,529; Thompson, Cdr C. 525 u-522 527; u-530 607, 608; u-536 Thompson, F/LG. A. 67 514-15; u-537 571-3, 576; u-539 Thurmann, Korvettenkapitan Karl 496, 574-5, 576; u-541 597,598-9, 603; 497 u-543 573, 576; u-546 608; u-548 Toronto Flying Club 224 579-80,580, 590,607,608; u-550 Toronto Telegram 508

577-8; u-553 4939 494,496, 497 9 498; Toronto, University of 526 u-604 544; u-607 527; u-610 584; torpedo: acoustic 462, 568, 578, 608; U-621 544; u-625 451, 592; U-630 aerial homing 560; Zaukoning homing Index 795

562, 579, 580, 599 Combined Committee on Air Training Towers, Graham 207, 2 I 2 262; assessments of BCATP training Towers, Adm J.H. 35 I, 360,365, App. c 270; other refs 223, 228, 229, 236, training: at Camp Borden 52; CAF training 238 ended 59; flying-club training 75; for United Kingdom Air Training Mission civil operations 82, 9 I ; RCAF officer 207-19 training with RAF 145-7; officer United States: policy towards civil specialization I 45; obsolescent nature aviation 82; growth of us aviation of RAF training 146-7; prewar service spurs Canadian development 82-3; training 148; accident rates 512. See possible air attack from Canadian also British Commonwealth Air temtory I 28-9; State Department Training Plan 128-9; gives RCAF access to us aircraft Trans-Canada Airlines 90, 556 143; interest in air training conference Trans-Canada Air Pageant, I 93 I I 30 252-8; Ottawa Air Training Conference Transcontinental and Western Air Express 258-9, 261; Washington ABC talks 83 349; defence of Newfoundland 382-4; Treasury (UK) 200, 201, 209 concern for central N. American Treasury Board 5 I I defence 392-3; War Department 406; Trenchard, Sir Hugh: attitude towards Navy Department 485; Clayton Knight airpower 120; other refs 47, 56, 57 Committee App. c; other refs 127, Triion see ciphers and codes 129, 131, 140, I44 'Tubular' messages see anti-submarine United States Army: may enforce warfare Canada's neutrality obligations I 29- Turner, Lt-Gen R.E. W. 47 30; establishes radar site? in Canada Tylee, Lt-Col A.K. 2, 3, 45, 48, 5 I, 392; other refs 129, 383, 408, 410, 67, App. A 547, 556 United States Army Air Corps I 29, 143, Uhlman, F/OJ.C. 113 415 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 258, United States Army Air Forces: Aleutian - 320,362,650 campaign 414-20; refuel at Yarmouth United Air Lines 83 504; forces at Gander 5 16, 53I ; United Kingdom, government of: rejects command relations in Newfoundland abolition of Air Ministry 59; UK 545-6,549, 557-8; other refs 360, potential source of aircraft 140- I ; 365,388,425, 476, 479,484, 495-6, wants to interest Canadian imperial 523,529,538,541,560,562, 610 defence 197, 198-9; prewar air train- us Joint Chiefs of Staff: assesses Canadian ing negotiations I 99-203; Riverdale aircraft requirements 361, 362, 372; negotiations 207- I 9; decides against discusses Alaskan situation 41 5; other cancelling BCATP 23 I ; transfer of RAF refs 360, 384 schools 235; negotiations for air train- : Hemisphere Defense ing conference 25 I -6, 258, 259-60; Plan No 4 (WL 51) 387, 388; Task accepts HWE expansion 350; seeks RCN Force 8 41 I ; North Pacific Force 419; escorts for 'Torch' landings 503; Anti- strategic direction of western Atlantic u-boat Committee 537, 538; other refs 477,479,484; Eastern Sea Frontier 47, 70, 75 490,5 16; escorts 91; air patrols 5 I 7, United Kingdom Air Liaison Mission: 519,526,541-2,561; Anti-Submarine 796 Index

Warfare Operations Research Group Welland Canal 68 526; u-boats sunk 534, 577,580-1, Western Hemisphere Operations see 606, 607, 608; forms Allied Anti- Royal Canadian .Air Force-Home War Submarine Survey Board 539,547; Establishment USN-RCAF-RCNcommand relations Western Ocean Meeting Point 5 16, 527 545-7, 549-50; CTF 24, 546, 549, White, Sgt A.S. 438, 504 559; develops aerial homing torpedo White, Sir Thomas 45 560; cinc Atlantic Fleet 608; other refs White, Thomas J. 633

341 9 352,358, 388, 389, 400,406, Whiteside, P/O D.E: 416 408, 418, 468,477, 492,505,517, Wilcockson, A.S. App. D 529, 545, 549, 556, 558, 607, 610 Wilhelm, J.O. App. A Wilkie, Wendell 636 v-I bomb 608 Williams, F/L E.M. 487 V-2 rocket 608 Willock, A/V/MR.P. 270-1 Vachon, Cpl Romeo 53 Wilson, Ellwood 66 Van Camp, S/LW.C. 518 Wilson, J.A.: interest in aviation 35; Van Vliet, S/LW.D. qq views on airpower 41-4; drafts Air 'Vanquo' plan 358 Board legislation 44-5; appointed V-EDay Riot 398 secretary 45; addresses CAFA com- Vest, Cdr J.P.W. 557 plaints 54; assistant director, RCAF Viau, F/LJ.M. 542 62-3,69; arranges Saint Maurice Vickers Ltd: offers to open Canadian experiment 65-6; view of civil- plant 96; bids on RCAF flying-boat military relationship 69,74-5; view of contract 97; builds Vedette 98-9; I 927 reorganization 80; expansion of problems as sole RCAF supplier I I 2- us aviation 82-3; strategy for I 3; other ref. 142 Canadian aviation 83; ~anadianair 649 routes 85-6; criticizes RCAF involve- Villeneuve , Cardinal 5 I 3 ment in civil sector 87; view of lumber Visiting Forces Act 229, 235 industry 93; relations with Vickers 96; Vogelsang , Korvettenkapitan Ernst 498 BCATP 220; other refs 23,45,46,47, 48975,809 89, 118, App. A Wahlroth, F/OArthur 284 Wilson, Morris 645 Wait, A/CFrank 100, App. A WINGS Wait, S/LG.E. 121 - RCAF: NO I wing, CAF in Britain 46; Wallace, ~/SgtM.S. 50 No I Wing, CAF (Camp Borden) 52, Walsh, A/CG.V.: reviews RCAF defence 55; 'x' Wing 414,415; 'Y' Wing 420; requirements I 24-5; lobbies in No 2 Wing 422 Washington 362, 538; other refs 282, - USAAF:25th Anti-Submarine Wing 301,361, 365,368, App. A, 640 546, 549 War Measures Act 39 Wimey, ~/SgtH.J. I 13-15 War Office (UK) 59-60, I99 wireless operator (air gunner): no War Supply Board 346 specialist category 224-5; first trainees Waterbury, P/OJ.C. 594 233, 237; WOAG training 246-7; Watson, LAC John 544 numbers trained 247; instructional Weaver, F/OBill 100 shortcomings 276; other refs 584,586 Weir, J.G. 197-8 Wise, F/OS.F. ~qq,281-6 Index 797

Wismann, Kapitanleutnant Friedrich- Young, F/L J .M. 487 Wilhelm 507 Yount, Maj-Gen Barton K. 257, 261-2 Women's Division see Royal Canadian Air Force Wood, Kingsley 2 I I Worth, Cdr G.A. 525