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The Marange Diamond Fields of Zimbabwe: an Overview

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The Marange Diamond Fields of Zimbabwe: an Overview THE MARANGE DIAMOND FIELDS OF ZIMBABWE: AN OVERVIEW October, 2011 “We have begun to see how this mineral wealth can become a curse – as it so often has been in Africa, as people are killed and communities destroyed in the fight for diamonds that will forever be marked with the blood of the innocent.” - Rowan Williams, October 2011, Harare. Marange diamonds Photograph: Working Group of Diamond Experts/Kimberley Process Miners dig for diamonds in the controversial Marange diamond fields of eastern Zimbabwe. Human rights groups report the government seized the fields by killing hundreds of prospectors and then forced countless people into hard labour. Photograph: Tsvangirayi Mukwazhi, Associated Press, 2006 A panner in the Marange fields scrapes through the dirt and stones trying to find diamonds CONTENTS 1 MAP OF ZIMBABWE AND THE MARANGE DIAMOND FIELDS NEAR MUTARE IN EASTERN ZIMBABWE .............................................................................................................................................. 1 2 THE RETURN OF THE BLOODY DIAMONDS: MINERS AT GUNPOINT IN ZIMBABWE - 19 SEPTEMBER 2009 .................................................................................................................................... 1 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2 4 BACKGROUND TO MARANGE MINING CLAIMS .............................................................................. 4 4.1 Operation Chikorokoza Chapera – November 2006 ............................................................... 6 4.2 November 2006 - October 2008: Chaos Reigns and Human Rights Abuses Continue ........... 6 4.3 Operation Hakudzokwi – October 2008 ................................................................................. 6 5 POWER, PATRONAGE AND ARMY OPERATIONS ............................................................................. 7 6 KIMBERLEY PROCESS – THE DEBATE RAGES ................................................................................. 10 7 THE MANAGEMENT OF DIAMONDS IN ZIMBABWE ...................................................................... 16 7.1 The Ministry of Mines and Mining Development (MMMD) ................................................. 16 7.2 The Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation (ZMDC) .................................................. 16 7.3 The Minerals Marketing Corporation of Zimbabwe (MMCZ) ............................................... 17 8 Joint Ventures through the ZMDC ................................................................................................ 17 9 Marange Resources formed by the ZMDC .................................................................................... 18 10 ORGANOGRAM 1: MARANGE RESOURCES FORMED BY THE ZIMBABWE MINING DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION ...................................................................................................................................... 18 11 Canadile dumped amid fraud claims ............................................................................................ 21 12 ORGANOGRAM 2: RESTRUCTURING OF MARANGE RESOURCES BY THE ZIMBABWE MINING DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION ............................................................................................................ 22 12.1 Three additional mining licenses granted ............................................................................. 22 13 CONTROVERSIAL RELATIONS WITH CHINA ................................................................................... 25 14 AIRSTRIP BUILT IN CHIADZWA ...................................................................................................... 26 15 BEYOND REASONABLE GREED – MASS SCALE CORRUPTION AND SMUGGLING .......................... 27 15.1 Police involvement in illegal mining and smuggling ............................................................. 29 15.2 Defence Forces involvement in illegal mining and smuggling .............................................. 30 15.3 Beneficiaries of illicit diamond trade .................................................................................... 30 15.4 Role of Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe ...................................................................................... 30 15.5 Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index for 2010 ................................. 31 16 HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES ............................................................................................................... 31 16.1 Beaten, brutalised, mown down from helicopters and buried alive .................................... 31 16.2 Operation Chikorokoza Chapera – November 2006 ............................................................. 33 16.3 Operation Hakudzokwi – October 27, 2008.......................................................................... 33 16.4 Soldiers speak out on the massacre...................................................................................... 34 16.5 Written testimonies and hospital records ............................................................................ 35 16.6 Response from Mines Minister Obert Mpofu ....................................................................... 35 16.7 Response from the Kimberley Process ................................................................................. 35 16.8 Human Rights Watch: Private mining companies perpetrating shocking abuses ............... 36 17 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION DUE TO UNREGULATED MINING ........................................... 36 18 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 38 18.1 Good governance could restore a decade of economic ruin ................................................ 38 Glossary of Acronyms ACR African Consolidated Resources ARDA Agricultural Rural Development Authority CIO Central Intelligence Organisation CRD Centre for Research and Development EPO Exclusive Prospecting Order GW Global Witness HRW Human Rights Watch KP Kimberley Process KPCS Kimberley Process Certification Scheme MDC Movement for Democratic Change Party MMCZ Minerals Marketing Corporation of Zimbabwe MMMD Ministry of Mines and Mining Development PAC Partnership Africa Canada RBZ Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe SADC Southern African Development Community SARW Southern Africa Resource Watch ZANU PF Zimbabwe African National Union–Patriotic Front ZELA Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association ZMDC Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation 1 1 MAP OF ZIMBABWE AND THE MARANGE DIAMOND FIELDS NEAR MUTARE IN EASTERN ZIMBABWE 2 THE RETURN OF THE BLOODY DIAMONDS: MINERS AT GUNPOINT IN ZIMBABWE - 19 SEPTEMBER 2009 Daily Mail (UK) journalist Dan McDougall and photographer Robin Hammond risked their lives to visit the Marange diamond fields of Eastern Zimbabwe: “The closer we get to the mining fields the purer the stones become and the more our translator warns us our lives are in danger. Even with our cover as diamond dealers we are out on a limb here. At each checkpoint the soldiers tell us that most of the dealers are black - Nigerians…. As we set off, in the darkness, everyone is terrified….. 'If we are caught they'll shoot us and bury us in the bush until our bones are ready to be taken away elsewhere,' our translator says….. Sometimes reporting from Africa is hard; unless you have seen it for yourself, you are wary of fully accepting any account at face value. But these wounds are unmistakable; they are raw and open and stand out against his skin. He sits in excruciating pain and tells us he is not finished. On his chest there are puncture marks from knives and through his kneecap a piercing hole - an open wound the size of a golf ball. 'The soldiers came here and found us at a digging site close by,' he says. 'We were working for them at that time but they told us we had produced no diamonds and we deserved to be punished…. I looked at my two friends… their legs were streaming with blood. One of them had died, and blood was streaming from his eyes and ears. I passed out.' ….. 2 Read the full article at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1213894/The-return- bloody-diamonds-Miners-gunpoint-Zimbabwe.html#ixzz1URPbYJQS Marange diamond exports approved – IDEX Online, 26 January 20111 © Copyright photo - Raul Sapora 3 INTRODUCTION Following the Marange story is like following game trails deep in the African wilderness. The paths are tortuous: intersecting, diverging, becoming increasingly distinct then blurring in the dense bush shrouding a cliff face or precipice - or even disappearing, seemingly without a trace, in the open veld. Those that deal in blood diamonds know how to cover their tracks… Or do they? The discovery of significant alluvial diamond deposits in the Marange area of eastern Zimbabwe [Manicaland Province] in June 2006 should have been a means of salvation for the virtually bankrupt country after ten years of chaos that saw world record inflation and the nation brought to its knees. Instead, it has led to greed, corruption and exploitation on a grand scale, the use of forced labour – both adults and children - horrifying human rights abuses, brutal killings, degradation of the environment and the massive enrichment of a select few. So what exactly is at stake? 1 IDEX Online, ‘Marange diamond exports approved’, 26 January 2011: http://gemmanews.wordpress.com/2011/01/26/idex-online-marange-diamond-exports-approved/
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