Geology of Gas and Oil Under the Netherlands

Home , Aalburg, Akkrum, Groningen gas field, Rijswijk, Werkendam, Zechstein

Geology of Gas and Oil under the Netherlands Geology of Gas and Oil under the Netherlands Selection of papers presented at the 1993 International Conference of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, held in The Hague

Edited by H.E. Rondeel Institute of Earth Sciences, Vrije Unlversiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

D.A.J. Batjes The Hague, the Netherlands

W.H. Nieuwenhuijs Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands

The Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands· KNGMG Kluwer Academic Publishers DORDRECHT I BDSTON I LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Geology of gas and 011 under the Netherlands I edlted by H.E. Rondeel. D.A.J. BatjBS and W.H. Nleuwenhuljs. p. em.

1. Natural gas--Geology--Netherlands. 2. Petroleu.--Geology• -Netherlands. I. Rondeel. H. E. II. Batjes. D. A. J. III. Nl euwenhu 1 jS. W. H. TN897.N4G46 1996 553.2'85'09492--de20 95-25226

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-6541-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-0121-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0121-6

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.

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©1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utiHzed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Contents

Preface Introduction Petroleum Geological Circle (PGK): Synopsis: Petroleum geology ofthe Netherlands - 1993 Mark Moody-Stuart: Resources and resourcefulness 1 C.W.M. Dessens: The role of oil and gas in the Dutch energy policy 7 Jacques Halfon: New oil and gas - Technology leads the way 11 J.N. Breunese & EB. Rispens: Natural gas in the Netherlands: exploration and development in historic and future perspective 19 H. Veld, W.J.J. Fermont, H. Kerp & H. Visscher: Geothermal history of the Carboniferous in South Limburg, the Netherlands 31 J.P. Verdier: The Rotliegend sedimentation history of the southern North Sea and adjacent countries 45 M.C. Geluk, A. Plomp & Th. H.M. van Doom: Development of the Permo-Triassic succession in the basin fringe area, southern Netherlands 57 Epetis N. Veenhof: Geological aspects of the Annerveen gas field, the Netherlands 79 S.V. Crouch, W.E.L. Baumgartner, E.J.M.J. Houlleberghs & J.P. Walzebuck: Development of a tight gas reservoir by a multiple fracced horizontal well: Ameland-204, the Netherlands 93 Harm W. Frikken: CBIL logs: vital for evaluating disappointing well and reservoir performance, K15-FG field, central offshore Netherlands 103 Harm W. Frikken: Sub-horizontal drilling: remedy for underperforming Rotliegend gasfields, L13 block, central offshore Netherlands 115 Jan M.M. van de Sande, Tom J.A. Reijers & Neil Casson: Multidisciplinary exploration strategy in the northeast Netherlands Zechstein 2 Carbonate play, guided by 3D seismic 125 G. Remmelts: Salt tectonics in the southern North Sea, the Netherlands 143 Hans Dronkert & Gijs Remmelts: Influence of salt structures on reservoir rocks in Block L2, Dutch continental shelf 159 R. Ames & P.E Farfan: The environments of deposition of the Triassic Main Buntsandstein Formation in the P and Q quadrants, offshore the Netherlands 167 K. Purvis & J.A. Okkerman: Inversion of reservoir quality by early diagenesis: an example from the Triassic Buntsandstein, offshore the Netherlands 179 J. de Jager, M.A. Doyle, P.J. Grantham & J.E. Mabillard: Hydrocarbon habitat of the West Nether- lands Basin 191 Alvaro Racero-Baena & Stephen J. Drake: Structural style and reservoir development in the West Netherlands oil province 211 D.G. den Hartog Jager: Fluviomarine sequences in the Lower Cretaceous of the West Netherlands Basin: correlation and seismic expression 229 Abraham N. Bruijn: De Wijk gas field (Netherlands): reservoir mapping with amplitude anomalies 243 L.S. Goh: The Logger oil Field (Netherlands offshore): reservoir architecture and heterogeneity 255 R.H.B. Rijkers & M.C. Geluk: Sedimentary and structural history of the Texel-Usselmeer High, the Netherlands 265 Preface

In October 1993 an International Conference was sponsored in The Hague by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, the European Association of Petroleum Scientists and Engineers and the Geological Survey of the Netherlands to elicit 'New Views on Old World Oil- Technology Leads the Way'. Together with the hosts, the Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands, we had planned from the outset with the support of Shell to select for publication a compendium of papers on the Geology of gas and oil in the Netherlands. The conference was a real milestone, and we have embodied the keynote addresses together with the wide-ranging views on production and opportunities from the Carboniferous to the Cretaceous herein. From the first producible oil found near the Royal Dutch/Shell offices followed the highlights of discovering the Schoonebeek Oil Field in 1943 and the Groningen Gas Field in 1959; today tenacious exploration harnesses ever smarter technology. Enhanced imaging with 3D, direct hydrocarbon indicators, basin modelling, high-resolution sequence prediction and advanced drilling techniques all playa part. Technology is moving quickly and here in the Netherlands it is being utilised to good effect. The stratigraphic sequences, the structural complexity, new niches for exploration, are all intricately hidden below a Quaternary cover. This volume makes a noteworthy addition to the oil and gas story of the Netherlands. It was a privilege to be part of the organising community for the conference. Many thanks to all the geoscientists who made it possible, and congratulations to the editors for putting together a volume that every discerning bookshelf would like to embrace.

Dave Loftus Technical Program Chairman Introduction

The exploitation of natural gas resources in the Netherlands contributes nowadays a direct revenue to the State of seven to nine milliard guilders per year. The present Special Publication of the Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands (KNGMG) provides an insight into the subsurface geological conditions that allow to produce the gas. It also shows how these conditions are investigated and how the knowledge thus gained governs the production, not only of gas but also of oil. The book finds its origin in the 1993 International Conference of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, held in The Hague. On the occasion of this Conference, the Petroleum Geological Circle (pGK) of the KNGMG compiled the 'Synopsis: Petroleum geology of the Netherlands - 1993' of which 4000 copies were distributed. It is this 'Synopsis' that initiated the idea to assemble the contributions on the country's petroleum geology presented at the Conference. The Synopsis now constitutes the first of the articles collected. Where possible, these are arranged in stratigraphic order. One article on a related subject was added. Invitations to authors were aimed from the outset at coverage of the petroleum geology of the Netherlands. No wonder that most contributions come from the Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij (NAM) and the Geological Survey of the Netherlands (RGD). Papers were further handed in by scientists of Amoco, Continental Netherlands Oil Co., Exxon Exploration Co., Shell Research and the Delft University of Technology. These contributions are placed in a wider economic and technological context by the keynote addresses of the Conference, which with the Synopsis now form the first part of the book. These addresses originated at the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands, at Elf Aquitaine and at the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies. The book fills a gap in the geological literature on the Netherlands by bringing together up-to-date contributions to the petroleum geology of the country. It addresses a wide range of subjects. These include the characterization of reservoirs in single gas and oil fields by means of 3D seismic and borehole logging, the hydrocarbon habitat of the West Netherlands Basin and the regional Rotliegend facies distribution. The stratigraphic nomenclature in the book reflects the transition during 1993 from the 'NAM & RGD' nomenclature published in 1980, to the revised nomenclature compiled by the Geological Survey. The editors owe many thanks to the authors for their contributions and to the reviewers for their comments. They particularly mention the staff members of the NAM and RGD, who produced and reviewed the bulk of the present volume's content. They gratefully acknowledge the financial support by Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij, which allowed for most of the colour prints in this publication. They thank Exxon Exploration Company for financing the printing of the 'RotIiegend' maps. Finally, they mention J. Halfon and P.J. Grantham, who did not live to see their contributions published.

Harm Rondeel Dick Batjes Willem Nieuwenhuijs Synopsis: Petroleum geology of the Netherlands - 1993

by Petroleum Geological Circle

c/o Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands P.O. Box 157,2000 AD Haarlem, the Netherlands A PGK

This publication is financed by Shell Intemationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V.

This preprint is issued on the occasion of the International Conference and Exhibition of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, The Hague, the Netherlands, 17-20 October 1993 Preface

It is a pleasure for the Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands (KNGMG) as the host society of the AAPG International Conference, to present to you the first-ever Synopsis on the petroleum geology of the Netherlands. The initiative for this publication came from the very active Petroleum Geological Circle (PGK) of our Society, notably from Dick Batjes and Willem Nieuwenhuijs. Why did it take a conference of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists to make the Dutch write a synopsis of their own petroleum geology? I think there are several reasons for this. The first might be that in a small country like ours, almost all geologists know each other. Some, therefore, think they know everything their colleagues know. And others who know nothing always have a friend who knows something. So why write it down at all? The second reason is the opposite of the first: maybe you know a few things you do not want your colleagues to know. So why make them aware? Or maybe we were just too busy with our own wells to see the whole of the hydrocarbon province. The important thing about the AAPG Conference is that it has provided the incentive to take off for a bird's eye view of our own achievements. And as it happens so often, when you try to explain to others who you are, you discover yourself. This booklet offers you a taste of the extensive knowledge of our subsurface geology, obtained by a fortunate mix of chance discoveries and tenacious exploration, and of course, aided by an enormous technological development. How far have we got since the years around 1910, when the first shows of oil were discovered in the Netherlands, although "there is some doubt whether these shows represent natural oil or are grease used for drilling" as W.A. Knaap and M.J. Coenen put it in our Society'S 1987 anniversary volume Seventy-five years of Geology and Mining in the Netherlands (1912-1987). The first discovery of oil in the western Netherlands was made by accident during demonstration drilling in your host town The Hague in 1938, and the first real oil field in this area is located only eight kilometres from the head office of Royal Dutch/Shell. At present, 114 gas fields and 19 oil fields are producing. How long will we be able to keep up the race between new discoveries and exhaustion? We certainly will need the New Views on Old World Oil and Technology leading the way. The first step in developing new views is the compilation of an up-to-date overview. This booklet serves that purpose. We are grateful to Ab van Adrichem Boogaert, Dick Batjes, Manfred Epting, Jan de Jager, Willem Nieuwenhuijs and Ed van Riessen for compiling this fine piece of work. We thank the Geological Survey of The Netherlands and the Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij for preparing the figures, and Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij for their generous financial support, which made printing possible.

Salomon B. Kroonenberg Chairman Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands

Synopsis: Petroleum geology of the Netherlands - 1993

Introduction Mining legislation (adapted from Schierbeek (1987»

This Synopsis is intended to give a concise overview The exploration for and production of oil and gas are of the petroleum geology of the Netherlands. It is covered by two different regimes, one for the onshore meant primarily to provide the participants of the (,Territory', including the territorial waters to the 3- AAPG Conference, to be held in The Hague in nautical-mile boundary) and one for the offshore October 1993, with the basics of this geology. Those (Dutch part of the continental shelf). who wish to know more than these basics, either with The onshore regime is governed by: the intention of extracting additional oil and gas, or - the Napoleonic Mining Law of 1810 (Mijnwet out of a more academically oriented interest, may 1810), still in its original French text, no benefit from the bibliography. authorised translation being available (relic of the These days, most new reserves are found in and French occupation); amended in 1988, around existing fields. If we wish to increase - the Mining Law 1903 (Mijnwet 1903), on which recoverable reserves we will first need to understand the Mining Regulations 1964 (Mijnreglement the reservoirs that contain our current assets. Only 1964) are based; amended in 1988, then can technology be applied and lead the way. - the Minerals Exploration Act 1967 (Wet opspor• This Synopsis addresses first the mining legisla• ing delfstoffen 1967). tion and the history of exploration and production, The offshore regime is governed by the Mining from the earliest oil shows to cumulative production Law Continental Shelf 1965 (Mijnwet continentaal and remaining reserves, and then the surface geology plat) and its three most important general administra• and the hydrocarbon plays. These subjects are tive orders (Koninklijke Besluiten): presented in tables, figures and a brief accompanying - ex article 12, the terms and conditions under text. All but one of the figures have been prepared by which non-exclusive reconnaissance permits as the Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij and the well as exclusive permits for exploration and Geological Survey of The Netherlands. Much of the exploitation of hydrocarbons may be granted; information given is based on the report "Oil and gas specified in general administrative orders of 1967 in the Netherlands, exploration and production and 1976, 1992", issued by the Ministry of Economic Affairs. - ex article 26, the Mining Regulations 1967 At a later stage, this Synopsis will be published in (Mijnreglement 1967). 'Geologie en Mijnbouw', the journal of the Royal The sole political responsibility under both Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands. It regimes rests since 1946 with the Minister of is intended to be the opening article of a special issue Economic Affairs. on the petroleum geology of the Netherlands, The main features of the licence types which can containing a selection of contributions presented at be granted under the on- and offshore regimes are this AAPG Conference. summarised in Table 1. They were described in detail by Roggenkamp (1991). Figure 6 shows the licence situation.

S3 S4

Exploration and production history metres of oil and 2.06 trillion cubic metres of gas (Fig. 5). Of these reserves, 21 million cubic metres of The history of exploration and of the beginning of the oil and 1.93 trillion cubic metres of gas are con• production of oil and gas is summarised in Table 2 sidered 'proven'. and Figure 2. A detailed account was presented by Knaap & Coenen in 1987. Highlights were the Surface geology discovery of the Schoonebeek oil field in 1943 and of the Groningen gas field in 1959. The Schoonebeek The Netherlands is located in the southeastern part of field, which has produced 39 million cubic metres of the Cenozoic North Sea Basin. The edges of this oil up to 1993, is the largest onshore oil accumulation basin are close to the country's eastern and southern in continental western Europe. The Groningen gas borders (Fig. 1). The sediments at the surface are field is a giant with an expected ultimate recovery of almost exclusively Quaternary (Fig. 7). The thickest some 2.74 trillion (1012) cubic metres of gas. At the Quaternary (600 m) occurs in the northwest. Tertiary end of 1992, ca. 1.37 trillion had been produced. and older sediments are only exposed in the extreme The Ministry of Economic Affairs publishes an east and south of the country, where the edges of the annual review of the licence situation, of seismic basin were uplifted and eroded. The southeast of the surveys and drilling activities, of volumes of oil and Netherlands, moreover, is affected by a SE-NW gas produced and of estimated reserves. Table 3 and striking fault system, which formed a number of horst Figures 3 to 6 have been prepared on the basis of the and graben blocks during the Tertiary and Quaternary 1992 review. The survey and drilling statistics given (Fig. 10). These faults are still active. in this review are summarised below. Figure 3 shows The landscape essentially consists of a Holocene the 3D seismic coverage. coastal barrier and coastal plain, and inland of a low• lying, mostly flat area of Pleistocene deposits cut by Seismic surveys 1992 Territory Cont. shelf a Holocene fluvial system. 2D line krn 388 1799 The coastal barrier is interrupted in the south by 3D sq. km 1307 4173 the estuary of the Rhine, Meuse and ScheIdt, and in the north by the tidal inlets of the Wadden Sea. The Drilling 1992 (wells/m) barrier bears dunes and is locally up to ten kilometres wide. In places it had to be reinforced by dikes. Exploration 1 ~}/ 36900 19}1 176331 The coastal plain covers about half of the country Appraisal and consists mainly of clay and peat. Much of it Production 12/32892 15 /61095 would be flooded in the absence of dikes. Not only Total 24/69792 35/137426 the distribution of land and water is strongly in• fluenced by man, but also the present-day limited Of the thirty exploration wells drilled, thirteen extent of peat, for instance, is artificial. In the past, found gas and two oil and gas. The other fifteen are peat was exploited as fuel, both in the coastal plain recorded as dry. and further inland where moors covered parts of the Table 3 lists the volumes of oil and gas produced Pleistocene. in 1992 by eleven operating companies. Figure 4 At the surface, the Pleistocene is largely sandy and shows the annual production volumes. of glacial, fluvial and aeolian origin. Ice-pushed The country's cumulative production at the end of ridges locally reach heights of a hundred metres, but 1992 amounted to 97.9 million cubic metres of oil most of the Pleistocene occurs as flat-lying land. The and 1.85 trillion cubic metres of gas (Fig. 5). Holocene alluvial valleys of the Rhine and Meuse Remaining 'expected' reserves, according to the systems, so clearly expressed in the Pleistocene area, Ministry's review, are estimated at 61 million cubic merge downstream with the coastal plain. In many S5

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Fig. 2. Location map, history of oil and gas exploration and production. S7

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Fig. 3. 3D seismic coverage. S8 places the rivers are straightened artificially and and Early Tertiary inversion period (see inversion virtually everywhere they are confined by dikes. areas in Figs. 10 and 11). Structures formed or Pre-Pleistocene sediments are only exposed near modified during this inversion are often found to be the borders of the country. In easternmost Gelderland water-bearing; the Carboniferous coals had generally and Overijssel, these sediments include various expelled all the gas during deeper, pre-inversion, Mesozoic and Tertiary formations, whereas those in burial. However, in previously less deeply buried Zeeland are Pliocene. In one small valley in the hills areas, renewed gas generation may have filled of South Limburg, Tertiary sands, clays and lignites structures in Tertiary times. and Cretaceous chalk are eroded down to their The Lower Jurassic, marine Posidonia Shale has Carboniferous substratum. only been preserved in the West Netherlands and Broad Fourteens Basins, and further north offshore, Gas and oil plays in the Central Graben. This oil-prone source rock has charged several Upper Jurassic and Lower The Netherlands is mainly a gas-producing country. Cretaceous clastic reservoirs. Some of these reser• The Carboniferous coal measures, which occur in voirs contain gas as well. large parts of the subsurface, are the main source Other source rocks, such as the wide-spread, basal, rock for the onshore and offshore gas fields shown in marine Zechstein Coppershale or the mainly humic Figure 6. intervals in the Jurassic-Cretaceous Central Graben The overlying aeolian and fluvial desert Subgroup also contribute to oil and gas charge, but sandstones of the Permian Rotliegend form excellent are of local significance only. reservoirs sealed by thick Zechstein evaporites (Figs. For a further introduction into gas and oil plays 8 and 9). Even excluding the giant Groningen field, reference may be made to Zijp (1987). the Rotliegend sandstones form by far the most important gas reservoir, both onshore and offshore. In the eastern Netherlands, commercial gas accumula• tions also occur in Carboniferous sandstones and in Zechstein carbonates, particularly where these carbonates are developed in platform-edge facies with good porosities. Only where Zechstein salts are Acknowledgements absent or breached, can the Carboniferous gas migrate to higher reservoirs, such as the terrestrial The Petroleum Geological Circle is much indebted Triassic sandstones or the fluviomarine Upper to: Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous reservoirs. the Geological Survey of The Netherlands for Most structures developed during the Late Jurassic Table 3 and Figures 4, 5, 7 and 8. -Early Cretaceous rifting event in northwestern the Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij B.V. for Europe, during which the N-S oriented Central Table 2 and Figures 2, 9, 10 and 11. Graben and the NW-SE oriented Broad Fourteens - the Geological Survey of The Netherlands and the and West Netherlands Basins were formed. The Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij together for smaller Central Netherlands Basin, Terschelling Table 1 and Figures 3 and 6. Basin, Vlieland Basin and Lauwerszee Trough were formed at the same time (Fig. 10). Charge modelling the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for Figure 1 has shown that most of the gas was generated during ('Compact geography of the Netherlands', The the Jurassic and Cretaceous, the amount of gas Hague, 1985,43 pp). greatly exceeding the capacity of available traps. Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V. Charge was interrupted during the Late Cretaceous for financing the publication of this Synopsis. S9

Bibliography The Netherlands - Geol. Mijnbouw 62: 305-318. Ministerie van Economische Zaken (Ministry of Economic Bless, M.J.M., J. Bouckaert & E. Paproth 1983 Recent Affairs) 1993 Olie en gas in Nederland; opsporing en exploration in Pre-Permian rocks around the Brabant winning 1992/0il and gas in the Netherlands; explora• massif in Belgium, the Netherlands and the Federal tion and production 1992 , 105 pp. ' s-Gravenhage (The Republic of Germany - Geol. Mijnbouw 62: 51-62. Hague; published yearly). Bodenhausen, J.W.A & W.F. Ott 1981 Habitat of the Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij & Rijks Geologische Rijswijk oil province, onshore, The Netherlands. In: Dienst 1980 Stratigraphic nomenclature of The Bling, L.V. & G.D. Hobson (eds.) Petroleum Geology Netherlands - Verh. Kon. Ned. Geol. Mijnbouwk. Gen., of the Continental Shelf of NW Europe, Inst. of 32: 77 pp, 36 encls. Petroleum, London: 301-309. Oele, J.A., AC.P.J. Hoi & J. Tiemens 1981 Some Burgers, W.F.J. & G.G. Mulder 1991 Aspects of the Late Rotliegend gas fields of the K and L blocks, Netherlands Jurassic and Cretaceous history of The Netherlands - offshore (1968-1978) - a case history. In: Illing, L. V & Geo!. Mijnbouw 70: 347-354, 8 encls. G.D. Hobson (eds.) Petroleum Geology of the De Jong, M.G.G. & N. Laker 1992 Reservoir modelling of Continental Shelf of NW Europe, Inst. of Petroleum, the Vlieland Sandstone of the Kotter Field (Block London: 289-300. KI8b), offshore, The Netherlands - Geol. Mijnbouw 71: Perrot, J. & AB. van der Poel 1987 Zuidwal - a 173-188. Neocomian gas field. In: Brooks, J. & K. Glennie (eds.) Doomhof, D. 1992 Surface subsidence in The Netherlands: Petroleum Geology of North West Europe. Graham & the Groningen gas field - Geol. Mijnbouw 71: 119-130. Trotman: 325-335. Dronkers, AJ. & F.J. Mrozek 1991 Inverted basins of The Ramaekers, J.J.F. 1992 The Netherlands. In: Hurtig, E., V. Netherlands - First Break 9: 409-425. Cermak, R. Haenel & V. Zui (eds.) Geothermal Atlas of Gdula, J.E. 1983 Reservoir geology, structural framework Europe. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Publ. I. and petrophysical aspects of the De Wijk gas field - Hermann Haack VerlagsgeseUschaft, Gotha: 81-83. Geol. Mijnbouw 62: 191-202. Roelofsen, J. W. 1991 Geology of the Lower Cretaceous Q I Glennie, K.W. (ed.) 1990 Introduction to the petroleum oil fields, Broad Fourteens Basin, The Netherlands. In: geology of the North Sea - Blackwell Scientific Spencer, AM. (ed.) Generation, accumulation, and Publications, Oxford, 3rd ed., 402 pp. production of Europe's hydrocarbons. Spec. Pub!. Harmsen, G.J. 1980 Steamflooding in a water drive European Assoc. of Petroleum Geoscientists Engineers, reservoir in the Schoonebeek field in the Netherlands - No. I, Oxford Univ. Press: 203-216. Proc. Tenth World Petroleum Congr. 3: 275-282. Roggenkamp, M. 1991 Oil & Gas: Netherlands Law and Hemgreen, G.F.W., R. Smit & Th.E. Wong 1991 The Practice. Chancery Law Publishing, London, 345 pp. stratigraphy and tectonics of the Vlieland Basin, The Roos, B.M. & B.J. Smits 1983 Rotliegend and Main Netherlands. In: Spencer, AM. (ed.) Generation, Buntsandstein gasfields in block K 13 - a case history - accumulation, and production of Europe's hydrocarbons Geol. Mijnbouw 62: 75-82. - Spec. Pub!. Europ. Assoc. of Petroleum Geoscientists Rijks Geologische Dienst (Geological Survey of The Engineers, No.1, Oxford Univ. Press: 175-192. Netherlands): Geologische Atlas van de Diepe Hemgreen, G.F.W. & Th.E. Wong 1989 Revision of the Ondergrond van Nederland (English version, Geological "Late Jurassic" stratigraphy of the Dutch Central North Atlas of the Subsurface of The Netherlands), scale Sea Graben - Geol. Mijnbouw 68: 73-105. 1:250000: Sheet I Vlieland-Terschelling, 1991. Hoetz, H.L.J.G. & D.G. Waters 1992 Seismic horizon Explanation, 79 pp., 16 encls; Sheet II Ameland• attribute mapping for the Annerveen Gasfield, The Leeuwarden, 1992. Explanation, 86 pp., 15 encls. Netherlands - First Break 10: 41-51. Schierbeek, P. 1987 Remarks on the mining legislation and Kaasschieter, J.P.H. & T.J.A Reijers (eds.) 1983 Petroleum its application. In: Visser, W.A, J.I.S. Zonneveld & AJ. Geology of the southeastern North Sea and the adjacent van Loon (eds.) Seventy-five years of geology and onshore areas (The Hague, 1982) - Geol. Mijnbouw 62: mining in The Netherlands (1912-1987). Royal Geol. 1-239. and Mining Soc. of The Netherlands (KNGMG), The Knaap, W.A & M.J. Coenen 1987 Exploration for oil and Hague: 33-37. natural gas. In: Visser, W.A, J.I.S. Zonneveld & A.J. Van Adrichem Boogaert, H.A. & W.F.J. Burgers 1983 The van Loon (eds.) Seventy-five years of geology and development of the Zechstein in The Netherlands - mining in The Netherlands (1912-1987) - Royal Geol. Geol. Mijnbouw 62: 83-92. and Mining Soc. of The Netherlands (KNGMG), The Van den Bosch, W.J. 1983 The Harlingen Field, the only Hague: 207-242. gas field in the Upper Cretaceous Chalk of The Letsch, W.J. & W. Sissingh 1983 Tertiary stratigraphy of Netherlands - Geol. Mijnbouw 62: 145-156. SIO

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Fig. 11. Regional cross-sections. For legend of map see Figure 10. S12

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GAS, 1960-1992 100

80 I- ~ ] ~ j , ,I I I .. :m ::::': :.::.' (: ~:;:: iiii::: II :. :. 60 ,.•••.. g ::::. 40

.... •••••••• I···· 20 :;:: r ~:~i / H ...... ".-... Q :::: :::: :::: :::: ::: :::: :::: :::: ::.:: ::': :::: :== :::: :: ::' : :: > :::: =::: :::. :::: .:.: '.

..L ~crtilll m f ::: ~ :::: :::: I :~: I :~: ~:i:: J: : ~ : I' ~: J1: dl i~: I : ~ : I :~: ::( 1:( I} I :~: I :~: j::: ?:< ~: :>; o I I r I I I I 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1::: ':"':::'1 Territory _ Continental shelf

Fig. 4. Annual production of oil and gas. S13

millions m3 180.------.

160 OIL, 1945-1993 140

120

100

20 r nRRHnA o , d.r:n~[i]mmQUU~Hi. 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 on January 18t thousand millions m3 5000.------~

GAS, 1960-1993 4000

3000

2000 .. .. •••••••••••••••••••••.• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I

1000 C i If ••• ( ( ....i!i •••••••.•••••••••••• ~••• ~••••• !•••.••• o i _ m~ I I I , I , UI J U111 ....1-...... 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 on January 18t _ Cumulative prod. j:::::::::::::l Remain ing reserves

Fig. 5. Cumulative production and remaining reserves of oil and gas, shown by year. S14

l r (NO ','1 ~ r (.;,,'.(f"t'.Hl rl!t 1Tt·" l h' n l'."U D 1~ lh«hllUH" lie "IH ~". tc. •. , t S, .t ~ I! II fiJM If".J ,r 17M 0 111\'11 .~llp ,. ,fO'

0, "U LK""! J .... nt'IUlU'", 11 1 1}1 0 .11111 1 'tllt. L. II II.I"S It'd' 1', '10' ~ I "''' /., , If,l .. ~ , " ., 0 I-h·, .. ,jlllJ "'1 ' ... A B L D ",. I h " t' ,

C n:u'" \1"', . ~ ~ D Ou II at' lItJ " "'. •• 0 w.. QoIr,',1 '. ~ ' 4 ., 00 L.r', ~b· lll' " h , II

/,. ",-,,- • t•• ' .. 0 E F G

" H

•.

...... :: .. "".,•

." '.

-" ,"

Fig. 6. Licences, fields and offshore pipelines. Licence areas as per April 1st, 1993. S15

110 / 0 CIJ[

Dunt' .,"d e;lc/, S.mets

OldOI m~Hm • d 'lJO!>I'~

CI.fY upon pc",

PtE/STOCE E

50 ~.m COl' ISiinds an Oroo",dc OSlts

Icp . plJ,sh d de osfl

• Clctacf>ous. sanas .1nll' ImlCslo'h..... S

• Oldo, f"~' C!cpo~,ts • CalDOfJd('lOus ~ .lt1dSIOrl('S

Fig. 7. Surfacc gcology.

Van der Baan, D. 1990 Zechstein reservoirs in The Wong, ThE, Th.H.M. van Doorn & B.M. Schroot 1989 Netherlands. In: Brooks, J. (ed.) Classic Petroleum "Late Jurassic" petroleum geology of the Dutch Central Provinces. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 50: 379-398. North Sea Graben - Geol. Rundschau 78: 319-336. Van Lith, J.G.J. 1983 Gas fields of Bergen concession, The Zagwijn, W.H. 1989 The Netherlands during the Tertiary Netherlands. Geol. Mijnbouw 62: 63-74. and the Quaternary: A case history of Coastal Lowland Van Staalduinen, c.J., H.A. van Adrichem Boogaert, evolution - Geol. Mijnbouw 68: 107-120. M.J.M. Bless, J.W.Chr. Doppert, H.M. Harsveldt, H.M. Ziegler, P.A 1990 Geological Atlas of Western and Central van Montfrans, E. Oele, R.A Wermuth & W.H. Europe. Shell Int. Petrol. Mij., The Hague, 2nd ed., 239 Zagwijn 1979 The geology of the Netherlands - Meded. pp, 56 encls. Rijks Geol. Dienst, 31: 9-49. Zijp, F.R. 1987 Structural evolution, stratigraphic Van Wijhe, D.H. 1987 Structural evolution of inverted sequences and subsurface reservoir horizons. In: Visser, basins in the Dutch offshore - Tectonophysics 137: W.A, J.I.S. Zonneveld & AJ. van Loon (eds.) Seventy• 171-219. five years of geology and mining in The Netherlands Van Wijhe, D.H., M. Lutz & J.P.H. Kaasschieter 1980 The (1912-1987). Royal Geol. and Mining Soc. of The Rotliegend in the Netherlands and its gas accumulations Netherlands (KNGMG), The Hague: 269-284. - Geol. Mijnbouw 59: 3-24. S16

Time in Era Period Epoch Group or Productive rock units Tectonic events millions Formation of years Phases Oro- geny 2,4- Quaternary' Upper North Sea sands Neogene Upper North Sea 0 Savian 6 N Middle North Sea 0z Tertiary Pyrenean w Paleogene Dongen 0 Lower North Sea Laramide 65

Upper Ommelanden Ommelanden Chalk Subhercynian Cretaceous Texel Cretaceous Holland Holland Greensand Austrian zUJ Lower Various sandstone -- 0:: Vlieland Vii eland -' Cretaceous members Sandstone « Late 0 Delfland Subgroup 143- 6 Various ,Scruff Group Kimmerian N formations Central Graben Subgroup 0 Upper Jurassic en w ::2: Jurassic Middle Jurassic Brabant Mid Werkendam Middle Werkendam Kimmerian Lower Jurassic Aalburg 208- Sleen Early Kirnmerian Upper Triassic Keuper Triassic Middle Triassic Muschelkalk - --- Lower Triassic Buntsandstein Main Buntsandstein Pfalzian 245 Platten Dolomite(ZE 3 Carbonate) Upper Permian Zechstein -Main Dolomlte(ZE 2 Carbonate)

Permian Upper Rotliegend Siochteren C Sandstone -= Lower Permian Saalian 'c'" Lower Rotliegend >- ~ '90~ Q) I Stephanian .,!I.. c Asturian z 'w'" Westphalian Limburg Various sandstone units « ~ u Carboniferous i:i'.i (f) Namurian a: Sudetian ~ Dinantian 0 363- 6 Bretonian N 0 w Devonian --- ct-' 409- Ardennian z Silurian « Z 0 439- Cl UJ -'« Ordovician u

510- --- Cambrian

"--570

Fig, 8, Summary stratigraphy and tectonic events, S17

Table 1. Main features of exploration and production licences.

Territory Licence type Obligations, terms Duration

Priority declaration seismic exploration up to 18 months Drilling licence usually up to 4 wells, depending on up to 10 years, depending on permit conditions permit conditions and number of wells drilled Concession till 1976 various conditions perpetual from 1976 to mid 1988 state participation perpetual oil 50% gas 50% from mid 1988 state participation depending on development plans oil 50% gas 50%

Continental shelf Licence type Obligations, terms Duration

Reconnaissance licence seismic exploration to be specified, usually 6 months Exploration licence till 1976 expenditure obligation per km2 15 years (50% relinquishment after 10 years) from 1976 expenditure obligation per km2 + 10 years (50% relinquishment after 6 years) workprogram Production licence till 1976 state participation 40 years oil 0% gas 40% from 1976 state participation 40 years oi150% gas 50%

Table 2. Summary history of oil and gas exploration and production. For localities see Figure 2.

Early days 1923 First oil shows eastern Netherlands Corle (near Winterswijk) 1938 First oil shows western Netherlands The Hague (Mient) Start-up phase 1943 Oil discovery eastern Netherlands Schoonebeek - Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM) 1945 First significant oil production Schoonebeek - BPM, from 1947 onwards Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij (NAM) 1948 Gas discovery eastern Netherlands Coevorden - NAM 1951 First gas production Coevorden - NAM 1953 Oil discovery western Netherlands Rijswijk (near The Hague) - NAM 1954 First oil production western Netherlands Rijswijk - NAM Main phase 1959 Discovery Groningen gas field Slochteren-l - NAM 1961 First offshore well Kijkduin Zee-l (near The Hague) - NAM 1963 First gas production Groningen field Groningen - NAM 1964 First gas discoveries northwestern Netherlands Amoco, ElfPetroland, NAM 1968 Offshore gas discovery P6-Mobil 1970 Offshore oil discovery Fl8 - Tenneco 1975 First gas production offshore LIO (discovered 1970) - Placid 1982 First oil production offshore Ql (discovered 1979) - Union, now Unocal 1984 Gas discovery western Netherlands Botlek (near Rotterdam) - NAM 1993 Planned start of oil production northern offshore F3 (discovered 1974) - NAM SI8

MAIN HC SOURCE STRA TlGRAPHY ZONES ROCKS

Upper North Sea Gp.

---...... ,.,.---.-~ Basa l Dongen Tuffite .. * Chalk I I I I I * Holland Greensand * • Vlie land, Bentheim and other sst * • Delfland, C. Graben, * p Scruff and other sst • Werkendam sst * • Posidonia sha le

Keuper Muschelkalk • Triassic sst * Zechstein sa lt ZE3 Carbonate

ZE2 Carbonate * p ZEl Carbonate Coppershale * p Upper Rotliegend Siochteren Sst

~ Limburg _ c::::::::::: . * (incl. coal measures) .. . * Namurian Gas Oil Dinantian • * Major Source Rock ~ ·. · . 1 .· .· .· .· Devonian .1 P Minor Source Rock Fig. 9. Hydrocarbon plays. S19

MID NORTH SEA HIGH

SILVER PIT BASIN

RHENISH MASSIF o M III ll. JUI3SS1C CJ Main h-nhs, 1).1$ "' 1\ 1 ~ n d E, . Cretaceous baSlI 1!O P~ I I}() /O I • wl,houl Rothepcnd o Mlno f La. JU"I~~l - o Inlcrmcchalc hir;hs " Cr Inc J$ I,.,t;ins IJI:u(orms, alc. · • [Ir l' ,l l 1 Str no InvNSlOIl ., ...

Fig. 10. Mesozoic structural geology. S20

Table 3. Oil and gas production 1992. listed by operator.

OIL Territory Company Concession (Province) 103 m3 (st) NAM Schoonebeek (Drente & Overijssel) 379.3 NAM Rijswijk (S Holland) 907.3 Total Territory 1286.6

Continental shelf Company Production licence 103 m3 (st) Amoco P15a& b 188.8 Conoco K18a & b; L16a 1101.1 Unocal Ql 630.8 Total Continental shelf 1920.7

Total Netherlands oil 3207.3

GAS Territory Company Concession (Province) 106 m3 (st) Amoco Bergen (N Holland) 1167.5 Chevron Akkrum (Friesland) 139.3 Clyde Waalwijk (N Brabant) 274.0 Elf Petroland Leeuwarden. Zuidwal. Oosterend (Friesland) 2550.4 Slootdorp (N Holland) 53.4 NAM Groningen (Groningen) 46345.0 Drenthe (Drente) 5700.2 Schoonebeek (Drente & Overijssel) 3222.1 Other concessions 3152.1 NAMIMobil Noord-Friesland (Friesland) 3097.6 Total Territory 65701.6

Continental shelf Company Production licence 106 m3 (st) Amoco Pl5a&b 26.1 Clyde Q8 217.3 Conoco K18a & b; L16a 9.3 Elf Petroland K6-L7;L4a 3135.8 Lasmo J3-J6 220.2 Mobil P6;PI2 967.3 NAM K6; K8-KII; K14; K15; L2; LSa; LI3 7691.9 Placid K9a & b; K9c; K12; LID-LIla; LI4 3276.1 Unocal LIlb; QI 165.5 Wintershall K1Oa; L8a 1569.5 Total Continental shelf 17279.0

Total Netherlands gas 82980.6

Total condensate production: 637.6 x 103 m3 (st)

_ Natural gas and oil quantities are stated in standard cubic metres (m3 (st» at 1.01325 bar and IS ·C (ISO standard 5024-1976(E». _ The reported quantities of gas refer to hydrocarbons and associated non-combustible gases.