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.. THE SOVIET PROGRAM

MONOGRAPH IX SPACE

CIA/SI 32 59 21 August 959

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE . . Scientific Intelligence Report

THE SOVIET SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAM

MONOGRAPH IX SPACE MEDICINE

NOTICE The conclusfons, judgments, and opinions contained tn this finished inteufgtnce report are based on extensive scientiftc intelligence research and represent the flml and consid- ered views of the Ome of SCienHftc InteUi- gence.

CIA/SI 3s59 21 August 1959

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY .__ . I I OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE I i. I

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I .L-... PREFACE

This monograph, one of a special series on the , presents intelligence on Soviet research activities and capabilitia in the field of space medicine. The information is .. based on public statements made by responsible Soviet scientists . and officials, published ScienWc reports on Soviet achievements . in space medicine research, and intelligence reports on Soviet activities in this field. The cutoff date for the information contained in this report is 1 May 1959. L The complete series of 12 monographs on the Soviet space research program is listed below. Monographs II through XII are designed to support the conclusions found in Monograph I, which is sn overall evaluation of significant Soviet space research capabilities. Monograph I will be published last. Monographs for the Soviet Space Research Program: I Estimate 1959-74 VII Telemetry, Communica- tions, and Reconnais- II Objectives sance Instrumentation Vm around Support Facili- ILI Organization, Planning, ties and Control M Space Medicine IV Space Vehicle8 X Space Biologp and v Propulsion system XI Astronomical Aspects XII Current Ststus of Prog- VIGuidance and Control rem .... co ...... -- ...... -._ .

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CONTENTS

Page PREFACE ...... iii CONCLUSIONS . .... 1 SUMMARY ...... 1 DISCUSSION ...... 2 Introduction ...... 2 SovietEflortinSpaceMedicine ...... 3 Objectives and Magnitude of Effort ...... 3 Probable Soviet Goals ...... 3 Major Achievements to Date ...... 4 Trends and Estimated Capabilities ...... 4 Bio-Medical Implications ...... 4 Military Implications ...... 4 Soviet Resources ...... 7 Organization. Planning. and Control ...... 7 Nature. Extent. and Adequacy of Facilities -dr Present and Future Research. Development. and Testing 7 Space and Upper Atmosphere Mflcine ...... 8 Functional Areas ...... 8 Acceleration and Deceleration ...... 8 ...... 8 SpinningDuringLaunchingPhase ...... 8 Nutrition ...... 9 High-Frequency Magnetic Fields ...... 9 Extraterrestrial Environments ...... 9 ...... io ...... 10 Preconditioning ...... 10 Selection of Animals in Vertical Research . 11 Rocket Flight Physiology ...... 11 Toxicological Hazards (Fuels) ...... 11 Vibrations ...... 11 Acoustics Research ...... 12 Physiological Acoustics ...... 12 Pathological AcousticS ...... 12 Biomedical Observations in Space (Sputnik 13 .! XI) . . I Sealed Cabin Equipment and Experimental Ap I paratus ...... 0-4.n . :om57758 . CONTENTS -Continued

Page Training of Experimental Animals ..... 13 Results of Research with “Laika” ... 13 Human Factors Engineering ...... 14 Deceleration Devices ...... 14 Space Flight Equipment ...... 14 . Bio-Energetics and High Temperature EXfects . . 14 Bio-Mechanics in Space Pvght ...... 14 HermeticCabinofSovietSpaceVehicle ..... 15 ‘ Superclean Environments ...... 15 Rsdiation Shielding Technique (Sputnik III) . . 16 systems Biology ...... 16 Recovery Techniques ...... 16 VerticalRocketa (AnimalBearing) ...... 16 Recoveryof Soviet ManfromSpace ..... 16 Water Impact Area ...... 17 Theoretical Research ...... 17 Fundamental Understanding of the Cytochrome SystemandOxygenActivation ...... 17 Vapor Formation Phenomena ...... 17 Psychophysiological Basis of Visual Sensations . . 17 UHFElectromagneticRadiation ...... 18 Biophysical Ekploration of Cerebral Functions . . 18 PsychologyandSensoryDeprivation ...... 19 Sbo-Soviet Bloc Support 19

I APPE3IDIX C-Quotation ...... 13A APPENDIX D-Terms and DeAnitions ...... 17A REFERENCES...... - ...... 23A

TABLES 1. Postulated Bio-Medical Goals of Soviet Space Program . 3 2. Vertical Rocket Flights ...... 5 3. Sputnik-II Orbital Flight (Lab) ...... 6 4 . Physfological AcousticS ...... 12 5. Physlologfcal ACOUS~CS...... 12 6. Measurements of Sky Luminance at Selected Altitudes . 18 vi . .. I i. !

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1. FIGURES

Following Page 1. Parameters of Space Flight from Human Factors Point of View ...... 2 2. Stressea of Space Flight from Human Factors Point of view...... 2 3. Possible Solutions to Human Factor Problems ... 2 4. Space Flight Organization ...... 8 5. Breakdownof OrganieedResearchAreap. .... 8 6. Acceleration Time Curve ...... 8 7. OverloadFactors (Positioning) ...... 8 8, Vibrastand (Vibration Studies) ...... 12 9. Propulsion Temperatures ...... 14 10. Operational Propulsion Temperatures ...... 14 11. Bio-Hands ...... 10 12. Soviet Man in ...... 18 13. Visual Impression of Unlit Satellite in a Planetary SWOW ...... do 14. Visual Objects (kigh Albedo) Shown in Full Sunlight . do 15. Visual Objects (Almost ‘‘New’’) Against Planetary 8egment...... do 16. Visual Impression of an Illuminated System. ... do

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.... THE SOVIET ,SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAM

MONOGRAPH IX SPACE MEDICINE

CONCLUSIONS . 1. The Soviets have an advanced research man preconditioning, use of drugs, study and program in space medicine that is being ag- control of human responses to space condi- gressively pursued on a broad base. This pro- tions, and exploration of pertinent aspects of gram encompasses not .only the medical and cybepetics (mainly the theory of feedback or biological aspects of work and survival in a automatic control including the working but also the human fac- processes of the nervous system and sensory tori engineering oi the environment itself. organs). 2. Soviet space medicine research has been 5. Soviet medical research provides the characterized by early exploitation of large- USSR with a sound basis for the selection scale rocketry to test animal survival and and training of candidates for flights into life-sustsining systems under space and space- outkr space and is now adequate for the real- equivalent conditions. It is likely that the istic development of manned space capsules Soviets bypassed experiments with high- suitable for re-entry and recovery. altitude manned balloons. 0. There is no known medical obstacle to 3. High-altitude rocket research has prob- prevent the Soviets from orbiting a human ably given the Soviets an initial lead in the being for. short periods during late 1959 or study of cosmic radiation effects on living early 1960. It is believed that the Soviets organisms. We believe exploitation of their will take a calculated risk on the combined satellite program has provided them with data physical and physiological stresses affecting on the effects of other forms of radiation upon the . living organisms in . 7. The wealth of knowledge acquired by the 4. There is evidence of unique physiological USSR in the fleld of space rnedidne, plus the research applicable to control of environ- apparent boldness And breadth of Soviet re- mental stress factors which might affect func- search, should permit continued Significant tional characteristics of the human operator advances in space medicine and related flelds in space vehicles. This research includes hu- during the next 5 to 10 years.

SUMMARY Soviet research advances in space medicine products were largely due to native Soviet are the result of a thorough and well-planned conceptual efforts. The space program gained pr-ram. Although Soviet exploitation of impetus by emphasizing scientific training foreign literature was comprehensive, the end along with wellcoordinated use of Soviet C01057758 .-- --

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civilian and military competencfes in the bio- Sputnik II filght; however, Sputnik II ha8 medical and human factors engineering flelds. probably given the Soviets an initial lead in quantitative data from analyses of radiation The exploitation of available largegcale measurements programmed for this experi- rocketry for animal expedmentation made it ment. There are indications that the Soviets possible for the Soviets to arrive at an ex- will attempt to avoid radiation haz;srds by planation of specific biological phenomena. orbiting below or above the radiation belt. Although vertical-type launchings with 8uc- Whether or not any protection will be gained cessful animnl recoveries were brief rocket by moderate but conventional shielding L flights, the associated bio-medical investdga- open to question. tions provided approximate qualitative and quantitative eflects similar to those in actual Since 1955, the Soviets have intensified orbiting space vehicles. The “Laika-aatellite” physiological research on the control of en- combination probably provided the Soviets vironmental stress factors. This important wi& undisclosed quantitative data on the work which concerns the functional charac- combined effect of acceleration, noise, vibra- teristics of the human operator in space ve- tion and weightlessness during the launching hicles includes studies on acceleration, weight- and orbital flight. lessness, bioengineering, saturation, development of a sealed cabin, vibration and Assessments of statement8 and voluminous acoustics, theory of controls including the publications by Soviet experts indicate that working processes of the nervous system and they are conducting bio-astronautical research sensory organs, and other aspects. (human under very high priority. As a result, Soviet factors engineering) directly and indirectly scientific efforts wlll be marked in the coming related to the launching of manned vehicles. years by demonstrated improvement and 80- phistication of space suits, ejection devices, The placing of man in space for extended parachuting systems and automatic controls periods is probably one of the next steps in for experimental flights necessary for func- the Soviet space program. Currently, the So- tional manned space flight. viets are capable of recovering man from a vertical or near-vertical launching which con- The hazardous effects resulting from radia- stitutes a sub-orbital buildup capability. So- tion is a basic problem which should be de- viet criteria for personnel selection, the ad- termined prior to man’s venture hto space. vanced degree of training of specific individ- Vertical rocket flights to high altitudes have uals (test pilots), and Soviet statements con- probably provided the Soviets with data on cening intent to put man into space, latent biological radiation ef!ectS, although mani- no such data have been OPBcially released. No fest an intensive and logical program for the speciAc data have been released on the char- accomplishment of their space fight objec- acteristics of radiation experienced during the tives.

DISCUSSION

INTRODUCTION areas of medical research interest in the USSR. The Soviets have intensifled their in- Soviet determination place man to into vestigations on matters such as (1) phystcb- space has resulted in focusing attention on chemical connected wth Oxygen the fum&na characteristics of man as re- lam to .external factors which may aid or deficit, (2) VlbratiOn mdhigh-inted9 SOUd, impede his activitdes h space. and (3) psychophysiological inquiries into the The stresses (figures 1, a, and 3) posed by mowphenomena by which man is ofiented space flight comprise one of the priacipal to his sur~oudbgs. 2’ - ... . .

I flaw 1. Piramaten d rpaa (IIIM lrom human hcton pornt of vbw. .. .. ,CO 1057 7 5 8

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a me wetsare also giving consideration to and favorable deceleration during the nose food, ~gen,and water requirements. Micro- or forward section's fall from high altitude ' &- and protein derivatives are being is indicated. sbaed 88 potential sources of nutritional re- Placing man in space is one of the next I-qmmtsfor prolonged space travel. The steps in their program and it is probable that k? &deb recogniee that certain plants might be Soviet scientists will accomplish this shortly i ideal sources of oxygen for man in a sealed after the preliminary experimentation related ; environment, because they would provide him to orbital flight recovery is successfully com- . with the necessary oxygen and also absorb pleted.s 4 . carbon dioxide waste. Distillation of waste In general, the successful results of opera- products and of involuntary water loss (per- tional safety systems employed under varied j spiration, etc.) is proposed as a future source environmental Conditions of vertical flights 3 of water supply. demonstrate imprQvement, if not sophistica- The efXects of partial , cosmic rays tion, of Soviet space suits, ejection devices, and other types of electromagnetic parachuting systems, and automatic controls :" that are likely to be encountered by man in for experimental flights necessary for the 1 space have also been considered. The Soviets achievement of manned space ' have approached these problems by subject- ' Probable Soviet Goals ing man and animnln to experimental situa- ! tions in an attempt to induce adaptation to An assessment of hundreds of statements these conditions through the process of con- by Soviet experts indicates that Soviet space- ditioning.- flight efforts will be intensifled in the coming Although the chronic effects of certain years. Our postulation of the biemedical environmental factors, such as zero , goills and time elements of the Soviet space are not known,there is little doubt that Soviet program are given in table 1. . Scientists can alter animal and human re- sponses in order to adapt to the extended or TABLE 1 temporary stress conditions that are experi- POSTULATED BIOMEDICAL GOALS enced in launching, brief orbital flight, and OF re-entry. SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM Manned Flight SOVIET EFFORT IN SPACE MEDICINE 1. DeveloD. test. and' launch IQY and IQC Satel- lites. (1857-5Q) Objectives and Magnitude of Mort 2. Develop test, launch and recover life-carry- ing (&al) satellit&. (Orbital) (1919-60) The Soviet8 have not stated or relem an 3. Develop, test, launch, and recover life-carry-* ofacial time schedule or their specillc objec- inR (-1 racket. (Vertical) (1969-603 4. Dtkelop, ht, launch, and recover life-carry- tive~or motivations for manned space flight. ing (man) . (Orbital) (1960-61) However, repeated assertions, opinions, and 5. Develop rocket-powered manned vehicle. (1961- of 63) predictions* Soviet scientists, engineers, 6. Develop and orbit a lar manned conveptlonal and military experts indicate a Soviet inten- . (19d) tion to place and sustain man in space, with Manned Interplanetmy Fllght deliberate re-entry and recovery. 1. Develop, test, and fire a lunar-impactlng racket.-(lQBQ) Early Soviet experiments using dogs as test 2.. Develop, test, and fire an instrumented soft- subjects during vertical rocket flights are the landing lunar rocket, including instrumented bioastronalitical experimentation. (1980) forerunners of mal recovery experiments 5. DeveloD. test. and-launch a satellite around ' in orbital flights.' Their present parachute- the moon. (i959) . 4. Develop, test, and launch a satelllte around type recovery system from vertical fiights the moon, returning to . (Recoverable) gives reasonable assurance of the preserva- (lD63-64) 5. hvelop; test, and launch a manned lunar tfon or the animal's Me. However, a need for rocket from space station. (Recoverable) (1970 additional work to imure better stabmation at earliest) ' 6. Astrobiology "on-site" activities. (1970 at ear- See Appendix C - Quotations. nest) An authentic manned space vehicle must range of space environments and space qdv- be designed around the biophysical and psy- alent conditions in civilian and WtW op chological requisites. Compromises and spe- erations. Soviet investigators will increase ciahation of human-factors engineering de- their observations. on biological eflects of sign, however, will have certain advantages radiation, artificial environment, orientation for longer trips (interstellar fUght), because in space, optical'factors, gravity zero, ELEI well there are Weight-SaVing retlnements (algae as on temperature and pressure tolerances. photosynthetic process, ineft gss dynamics, During the next few years, the Soviets will etc.) that can be made. continue to use anjmals for extremely high Radiation presents one of the basic prob- altitude research, employing primatea such as lems which must be salved prior to man's monkeys and chimpanzees. The orbiting of venture into space. Vertical rocket flights to a human being for a period of hours to days high altitudes have probably provided the will depend on the perfection of an ejectable Soviets with data on latent biological radia- "sealed capsule" for re-entry and/or the re- tion efXects although serial blood counts and ignition of reserve fuel for reentry of a extensive follow-up examinations of'the ex- manned rocket. perimental animals within one day following It is expected that the Soviet investigators recovery revealed no immediate harmful ef- will modify animal and human responses so fects. No specific data have been released on that space travelers may adapt themselves the nature and intensity of radiation experi- during launching, orbital flight, re-entry and enced during the Sputnik II flight. There are recovery. indications that the Soviets will attempt to avoid radiation hazards by orbiting below or The USSR will make significant advances above the radiation belt in an appropriate in establishing the effects of phydcal factors trajectory. Whether or not any protection (temperature, motion of the air, atmospheric will be gained by moderate but conventional and barometric pressure, radiation, ionization shielding of the subject is open to question. of air) on biological systems. The Soviets will continue tp emphasize Major Achievements to Date achievements in space medicine in their prop- The Soviets have emphasized research re- aganda effort against the Free World. lated to stress factors, such as extremely high MQitaty Implications-The USSR is cur- altitudes, through the evolvement of basic rently (1959) training military airmen to tol- research applicable to aeromedicine. Included erate the adverse conditions which they may in this research is sigIWlcant work in accel- meet in space flight. A member of the Soviet eration, weightlessness, bioengineering, oxy- delegation to the Eighth International Astro- gen saturation, the development of a sealed nautical Congress, held during August 1957 cabin, and many other aspects directly re- in Barcelona, Spain, pointed out that Soviet lated to the launching of manned missiles or studies on the ef€ects of space travel'on hu- satellites.eT To date, the Soviets have man beings already are far advanced. These achieved some notable results. (See tables 2 studies, simulating extremely high altitude and 3) conditions, were devised following space ex- plorations using animal subjects. Scientists Trends and Estimated Capabilities of the USSR and all other countries now have Bio-Medical Z?npltccrt~- Exclusive of conffnnstion that living creatures can survive material achievements, accelerated Soviet ex- in a space vehicle for extended periods. ploratory research in aeromedicine and space Space research programs in the sovief medicine will result in an increased under- Union will include the military medical sci- standing of the fundamental mechadsms ences, giving researchers new substantive that underlie human performance and be- ways to resolve old problems and new oppor- havior in space and will encompass the broad timities for experiments in environments,

4 (Umd promre rult rlthout mWcabln)

0. Blo6d.nrl- Y#. 3. PUI.. rad (85-1 OO/ mln.) 4. Urlualyb

(a) Accel- crntlon

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I (lennth) wlth removable corer and idtl.m wkh. 1. Food and wabr rupply- 3-llter metal cont.lner. 3. contalnlng7-day ratlon necemary -gelathow amount material of water and nutrltlre In(lndlentr tautomatlc feeder trough and wa-

er-commutation unit wlth llnemurt. cOemclent of amplldca- 8. Tolerance to noh of opemWg ummbly. 16. 7. c).loric meammmentr and general 10. Combined effect of accelera- food compolrttlon. tlon. noh and ribratton. 7. Remark 8. Meuurement of energy 11. Complete nelghtleun~. mratr (vuied Wlthln llmltr3aG 11. Central nerrour rtrtem

8. 14. fio explcdva decom mlon terlor). -adwte -truc&n pro- 0.7-day programming of air regen- eration wrtem. veawby meteoric msch.nlul materhl. d.rmpa 10. ventilation (undelectric motem). 11. Controlled mlmd body heat bpn- clal heat-conductlng ween). 11. Controlled prurnrre rel. (no rho above mm ~lnacrmL). noh and vlhtlon. 13. Tolerance to vlbratlon 1- up to 10 g. (Vlbratlon cawed greater .functional changer than dld 14. and X-ray8 from min. 17. RotrU!tsd -tow tartlng Of In- rtnunsntatlon under vlbratom and .ccelera$lve condltlolu. . su& Bs a near-perfect , intense solar of the Ministry of Defense and the successor expasure, or bombardments by cosmic and to the 7th Main Administration of the Min- other radiations. Problems of major military istry of Aircraft Industry. When a research signitlance in space medicine will continue problem has lpen established, it is sent to to be attacked with considerable success by the Academy of Sciences, and the directors Soviet Scientfsts. assign the project on a priority basis to a research establishment or to an individual SOVIET RESOURCES scientist. The *capabilities of all research establishments are considered in meeting the Organization, Plamkg, and Control needs of aviation and space medicine. Mill- The permanent Interagency Commission wry medical institutes, medical councils, and on Interplanetary Communications was estab- scientiflc councils attached to the Aca;demg' lished in 1055 under the Astronomical Coun- of Sciences, and ministries throughout the cil of the Academy of Sciences, USSR. The USSR work together to coordinate the re- Commission (we 4) which coordinates search. [ and directs all research concerned with space problems, is headed by Academician L. I. E)edo~and is CmpOSed Of Outstanding mi- entists including - of diverse specialties, medical Nature, Extent, and Adequacy of Facilities for scientists wifhin subordinate Scientifk Coun- Present Future Research, cils. The membership Council has and Develop of this ment, and Testing included such 'outstanding medical scientists as che late L. A. OrbeU and K. M. Bykov. Advanced investigations on space prob- - lems ** are underway at the Institute of Biolo- gical Physics, Academy of Sciences, Moscow; the Central Scientific Research Institute of Aviation Medicine, Moscow, and at least 25 other major institutes. An unknown number of subordinate laboratories are engaged in problems related to space Uht. At least 100 Soviet scientists have published signficant papers related to basic and applied aspects of space

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L. SPACE AND UPPER ATMOSPHERE MEDICINE viets may well intend to alter or modify normal vestibular function by drugs or sur- Functional Areas gery, substituting visual and touch receptors Acceleration and Deceleration -New con- in order to prevent serious physiological dls- cepts on the biological efTects of acceleration, turbances of circulation, digestion, respw- if confirmed and extrapolated from current tion and mental function, which ordinarily animal experimentation, will enable the USSR accompany weightlessness and to simulate and eventually solve many bio- (Symptoms of sickness caused by weightless- engineering problems associated with racket ness normally appear in 40 seconds or less, and space flight. The Soviets probably will whereas the stress effect from motion sickness lead in the study of acceleration efltects on takes 15 to 20 minutes to develop.) As early both peripberal'sensory nerve functions as as 1955, Soviet studies in exposures to sub- well as motor behavior, thereby increizSing gravity were unique in that they isolated the efaciency of various techniques for post- stimulus-sensation relationships, as physiole poning tu reduchg the adverse physiological gical and fflWi0- to dlsorienta- effects of acceleration under space flight con- tion in space, adaptation to dil3cult meteor- ditions. (See flgure 0.) Soviet scientists have ological conditions, etc. This research solved drawn special attention to transverse acceler- some biophysical problems associafed with ations by vertical rocket recoveries and their weightlessness in Adaptation to launching and orbiting of the Sputnik II dog, altered sensation was generally prompt and Laika. The horizontal positioning (figure 7) effective and, therefore, these Andings could of the dog (perpendicular to the direction of point the way to the solution of some of the acceleration) minimhed substantial displace- more important problems of space medicine. ment of blood from vital organa such as the The Soviet8 have made functional tests of and increased the resistance of the liv- the semi-circular canals (inner ear) in a state ing animal to overloads by a large factor. of zero gravity on animals under rocket flight The Soviets claim that a 10- to 12-fold accel- conditions.m The longest space flight to date eration overload is fully permissible for man. by an animal was that of the dog in Sputnik XI. The Soviets point out that only the involun- The vehicle was under zero grahty, but the tary delay in breathing, produced by rocket acceleration force actually experienced by the acceleration limits the pennisaible time of animal was dependent upon the rotation rate action of an overload.ap of the satellite and her location relative to Also in overcoming the acceleration prob- the & of rotation- and these factors are lem the Soviets may be using preliminary not known with certainty at present.= wgen-saturation techniques to saturate not Other Soviet research airpcusses anti-gravity only the red cells but the plasma. By such devices which could possibly diminbh aide a method, the Soviets claim that during the efkcts such as red-outs or black-outs during launching phase of perhaps 4 to 8 minute6 violent stresses. Vehicles incorporating such man could presumably go without breathing. devices would generate their own gravitational fleld, would quite independent from Some other desirable eiTects of this "no- which be breathing" technique could any external gravitational or non-graVita- be postulated: ti- fle1d.W' 1) Counteraction of any tendency toward hyperventilation. Spinning During Launching Phcrae - The I Soviet ability to stabilize their animcrl-carrg- 2) Help in counteracting overload of the ing , thereby eliminating or reducing right side of the heart during the rapid accel- spin to tolerable levels during the launching eratiOl,l. I phase, demonstrates an appreciable lead in Weightlessness-Soviet studies of man in space biological experimentation over the .I. ..^ the Weightless state (high-speed aircraft ma- . Rocket flight stabilization was neuvers) were reported in 1956.s The So- of primary importance in safeguarding ani- ..1 .. 8

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ACCELERATION TIME CURVE nB

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ACCELERATION i I i f ! 0 300 SECONDS I TIME 1 2 3 4 5 MINUTES ---. ---. i FIRST BOOSER SECOND BOOSTER SPACE SHIP I I - ! I

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mala in the vertical rocket flight launched in High-Frequency Magnetic Fieelds - Since Awt1958, to a calculated altitude of 240 1955, Soviet biophysicists have emphasized mutical des.- Adequate stabilization the problem of investigating the functional -'enabled the Sovlets'to use animals to effects exerted by alternating magnetic fields test life sus- systems in space and un- on the human organism.'w1 With the con- a~ 8paCe equivalent conditions to a greater tinuing development of rocket, missile, and degm than has been possible in the United satellite capabilities, the objective8 of this States. The United States, however, has con- medical research may tie in with magnetic ducted more prolonged space equivalent ex- acceleration of matter for possible space flight periments using manned balloon flights. propulsion The Soviets have made reference to this and other ionic propulsive phenomena; 'Nutrition-soviet interest in exploring also, some evidence of this development has &a exploiting space has stimulated nutri- recently come into view, for example, the tional research. The Soviets have emphasized production of high-energy particles in intense research on problems related to substantial pitched sparks as related by I. V. Kurchatov supplies of conventional food, as well as to (Nucleonia, 14,37/1956). water and oxygen for space flights lasting as long as two years. They consider that the Recent Soviet data have been reported on weight of these essentials for a crew of four the effects of magnetic flelds on 128 persons men will approach 11 tons, which accounts who were exposed routinely to such flelds set far their search for methods of diminishing up by high-frequency currents. The Soviets such a tremendous payload for any future made the following conclusionS concerning cosmic The Soviets are aware of this stress hazard: the j-fflty that green algae could be a) Functional changes in the central placed in capsules or concentrated and, along nervous' system appeared in people who with the required water supply, might fuLtlll worked near high-f requency currents. minimal nutritional requirements for pro- b) Change8 were transitory and not in- longed survival in .space. The Soviet choice clined to be progressive. of the algae group of chlorella is important c) Women apparently are more sensitive because it contains most of the essential food than men to the action of a high-frequency substances (such as proteins, carbohydrates, induced magnetic field. fatty acids, vitamins-and minerals) &d can be readily assimilated. Extraterrestrial Environments -In De- cember 1956, a multidisciplinary conference Other Soviet laboratory research on nour- was held at the State Astronomical Institute ishment under conditions of prolonged space- imeni Shternberg under the auspices of the - flight has included cultivation of both special Interagency Commission on Interplanetary seaweed, containing a large quantity of pro- Communications, Academy of Sciences, USSR. tein, and mollusks, from which a nutritious A. 0. Karpenko, scientific secretary of this fat can extracted. According the be to ' Commission, noted that this WBS the first time Soviets, approximately 200 liters of sea- such a gathering had been held in the Soviet weed-enough to nourish a man for 6 Union. The conference approved a research months-can be raised inside a space ve- plan for the Institute of Biological Physics of hicle. They have concluded that the plants the Academy of Sciences, USSR and also not only solve the nourishment problem of passed a resolution on the necessity of form- . spacemen, but also help to create normal at- ing a special Institute of Cosmic Biology. mospheric conditions.a* ** l60 The research plan included basic as- In addition to the problem of dietary sus- pects of supportive biological research. tenance, the Soviets have also been concerned Nepr evidence from Polish astronomer Jan With the stress ef?e!cts of which are Gadomski indicates that at least four other hportant in determfning the best diet for suns are better equipped ta support human maintenance of efficiency. We on their respective planets. This scientist e01057758- -......

has analyzed the living conditions surround- The Soviets have not released any quanti- ing the 59 stars lying within 17 million light tative data on the nature and intendity of years of earth. Gadomski found that 16, or known or unknown radiation sources. There 27 percent, were similar to our sun in terms are indications that the Soviets will attempt of such “We potential” factors as heat and to avoid the radiation hazard by orbiting be- light. Also, he estimated that four actually low or above the radiation belt in an appro- surpass the sun in liveability bands where priate trajectory. However, the hazard of planets could support human life.6”1 cosmic radiation remains an open question, since there is no effective way of shield- The nature of space research and medi- known this ing against it. Still unknown also is the rela- cal evidence also support the view that the tive biological effectiveness of cosmic goal (RBE) Soviets’ ultimate k Mterplanetary flight radiation compared with other rather than a more limited objective. as known forms of radiation. Results from Sputnik 11, Znfedh-Two prominent Saviet micro- which did not travel quite so far out in space biologists, in a discussion on the possibility but went to higher northern and southern that terrestrial might acquire latitudes, should be roughly compatible with extraordinaty pathogenic characteristics for Explorer N results. Physical measurement man under space-travel conditions, have indi- indicates that dosage from unshielded cosml& cated that Soviet scientists are indeed study- Is low, and most researchers feel there will be ing the possible role of under sim- no measurable adverse ef!ects for short 9 ulated and/or actual space-travel conditions. pure times, although genetic or local tissue Such studies might include the course of eflects for prolonged exposures are possible. latent or acute infection in passengers on In terms of dosage, cosmics provide at most space vehicles, changes in the characte&tics about 25 mr per 24 hours, up to about 10,000 of microorganisms when exposed to extra- miles. As one approaches the sun this dose terrestrial environments, and the possible ex- should increaae slowly, since the 10 percent istence of human pathogens on other astral due to solar activity will be increasing on the bodies.“‘ Soviet virologbts Zhdanov and basls of the I/+ law, except for sudden varb Petersen clajm that space selectees will not tions from solar flares, etc. For all practical saw from heightened pathogenicity of sap- purposes, however, the rate of 25 mr per 24 rophytes or of present in the human hours should be a satisfactory flgure for vo9; organism. New horizons are opening up in ages no closer than half-way to the sun. Soviet studies on viral disease morbidity of One other possible radiation hazard should be would-be human and animal space trbvelers. mentioned. There have been many observa- 0864 tions indicating the presence of neutrons hi Radfution -Vertical rocket flights to high space. To date, no data have been obtained to permit any evaluation of this hazard. I . altitudes (appro-ately 270 statute miles), together with successful recovery of the ex- Precmciitioning - one unique feature O! perimental animals, have probably enabled the Soviet space medical program is perhaq the Soviets to derive data on latent biological the degree to which space animals are prq radiation effects, although no such data have conditioned, It quite possible that tbt ofEcially released. However, blood is- been serial vestibular apparatus of the Sputnik test dol countq and extensive follow-up examination of the experimental animals within one day was altered or modifled by surgery or drUd following .recovery revealed no harmful prior to its prolonged space flight in ordd effects. Sputnik II has probably given the to study the positioning sense of the d 1 Soviets an initial lead in quantitative data through other sensory organs. Since t$ from analyses of radiation measurements pro- sensory vestibulg apparatus is responsibj grammed for the experiment. for signallng the position of the body in space environment, disruption of this app8 For more extensive discussioa (Van Allen data) see Monograph N of thls serles. ratus could provide significant data for fU 10 3 ,e0 10 537 F

Figure 11 BIO-HANDS

BWCK-OWRAM OF THE BIOCURRENT MANIPOUTOR I. AMPLIFIER 2. MCTIFIEI $. IIITLPRATOR 4. YIWIPUUTOI on problems of weightlessness. scientists have meticulously regimens of compensating f&rlterea position sexbe by adapting test &@ala to new types o! coordinations and by *&i6ntng animals to other orienting $&p, such as sight and touch. Presumably, Space vehicles are subjected to vibration Waxranimal could be oriented through use of and acoustic excitation, the magnitude and &t and touch without vestibular assistance, frequenciesof which are primarily determined vuld not have much difaculty a weight- ‘it in by the power plant used. Highest magnitude less state and would not be liable to motion of vibrations occurs during boost or launch sicknees and accompanying digestive and cir- and lasts about 10 seconds. As a vehicle * culator$ disturbances. However, this tech- reaches altitudes where air density is very nique of altered responses cannot be extrap- low, the aerodynamic acoustic energy de- olated directly to humans, and further re- creases and the power plant acoustic energy search along these lines is undoubtedly in is not propagated by the aid of the rest of Pgie8s. the vehicle. Selection of Animals in Vertical Rocket Many space travel problems remain un- RMeUTCh-h April 1958 interview with solved by Soviet and Western scientists, and Anatoly Karpenko, ScientiAc Secretary of the the biological data acquired from Sputnik I1 Interagency Commission on Interplanetary clearly indicate the need for continued and Coqunications of the Academy of Sciences, expanded research to minimize hazards of USSR, revealed the following three reasons space flight. I fqr the Soviet preference for dogs in space flight experimentation: Toxicological Hazards (Fueb)--The evo- 1) acceptably high order of neurological lution of high-heat fuels and Soviet develop epStun. ment of the boron hydrazine compound, 2) easily and quickly trained for a passive pentaborane, are important from a toxicolo- . role. gical standpoint. The Soviets plan to pro- 3) readily taught to be content with un- duce large quantities of borane compounds, usual environments. and the increasing availability of these mate- rials, along with the high toxicity of borane The use of trained dogs provides the So- hydrides lead to a considerable number . viets with many answers about the emotional of accidents resulting from the Soviets’ reactions resulting from the stresses of rocket handllng of these compounds during their in- flight and orbital weightle8sness. Also, to dustrial development and end use.67-T1 some extent, these experiments indicate the permanency of original infrahuman condi- Vibratiorw -Some unusual physiological . Moning and the degree to which the dogs studies which indirectly apply to acceleration were conditioned spontaneously by the forces are underway in the USSR. It appears that of the vertical rocket flights.d6 humans and dogs are undergoing vibrational testing (figure 8) to determine the efpects of vibration as a receptor irritant of visceral or- gan~.~~~*According to the Soviets, a num- ber of new facts have been discovered 88 a result of the experiments on humans. The subjects usually were placed in a reclining or I Welghtleasness afTectin the nerve centers was mgested a8 ‘the caw d the‘ accelerated heart ra and respiration on 27 Apdl 1968.

11 transverse position and vibrations * of Bingle istics of a sound signal. These responses may frequencies (100 cycles) with amplitudes have important application to man-vehicle ranging from the very low of 0.1 mflllmeter systems and feed-back mechanisms involved (.004 inch) to a high of 1.5 millimeters (.04 with information theory. BeCaUSe of man’6 inch) were employed. It was tentatively potential as an instrument, a data processor, concluded that the local action of vibration and 8’ computer, along with high reliability, has a generabed but Werent functional the human operator may prove to be a vital, effect on the internal organs, the motor versatile and economical part of the most analysor, and the response mechanisms of complex space vehicle system. each test subject. Acovstics Research--The USSR has a TABLE 4 wellqualified group of scientists and tech- PHYSIOLOGICAL ACOUSTICS nicians engaged in infrasonic, sonic and ub Laboratory of Physiology of Hearing, trasonic research and development. Active InatitUte of Physlologp imeni 1. P. Pavlov, Academy programs exist for studying wave Wudon of sciences USSR, through some types of biological and physical Leninmd - 1958 (Director- 0. B. OeIshunl) media; they include work on medical acous- ASPECTS OF HEARING tics, psychological acoustics, signal analysis, 1. Threshold Measurements on Humans and information theory. 2. Electrical Measurements on hhmki 3. P~~oph~~olo~Studies of Dynomlc Behavlm It is believed that until recently a serious defLciency in Soviet laboratory instrumenta- TABLE 5 tion exfsted, which, together with a more rig- orous classical education, tended to stress PEYSIOLOGICAL ACOUSTICS basic theory. It is not believed that back- 81. Methods Studled and Intercompared for Abao- wardness in instrumentation development is lute and Differential Threshold Measurements on any longer deterring progress. The Soviet Human Hearing 1. DIrect “Verbal” Response program in this area is comparable to that 2. Non-Verbal Response of the advanced nations of Western Europe 3. Electroencephalogram (EEQ) and is capable of producing original contribu-\ 4. Galvanic Skin-Resistance Response tions in selected areas.76 1. Conditioned Eyelid Response 8. Condltioned Finger Response Physiological Acoustics Some of the So- - Pathological Acoustics - eoviet studies on viet basic physiological studies, Using spe- the cumulative effects of noise on the hu. cific experimental techniques (table 4), may man organism appears to be sided. lead to .improved design in space vehicle many Aa equipment.’bTs These studies included fun- early as 1955, such investigations .were 8c. damental research auditory conditioned corded a priority by the Academy of 8cienceu on USSR7@Currently, the Soviets point out reflexes (table 5). For example, the Soviet8 the described simple to sound detrimental eflects of noises upon the central reflex responses nervous system arbitrarily tht stimuli weaker those to which verbal and refer to than reaction of the organism to noise is ‘‘nOidt responses can be obtained, which indicated a disease”.8m need for revision of the differential and ‘ab- solute auditory thresholds as established in The Soviets state that noises oi great19 the West. “he Soviet use of Werent reflex magnitude (120-130 decibels) are harmful rekponses, divided into basic groups, makes it However, they also indicate that noise of 90- possible to discrimfnate certain character- 100 decibels, depending upon ita spectral corn position, can lead to functional breakdown b * Acceleration by vibration increases logarlth- mially with the am Utude at a constant frequency. the gray-matter (cortical) dynamics, therebl For exanipb vfbraion at 100 c cles er second exerting an hfluence upon the psyche, weak - .. with M ampfitude of 0.12 lnches w& produce lff 0’s. enlng 0 forces produced by vlbratton are Merent at attention, and causing clinical symp lo different points wlthln the body. toms (fatigue, insomnia, fear). i 1’ 12 -

. . . . . - Figure 7. Ovarload factors tposlElonln6) "Th; mot awnfortlblr pltlon of M. body durlnl ascent Is thm "lylng poaltlon". In thls posltlon htlgua wlII b mlnlmel. Tho hatchad amshobn the rate of loading within awry cub." Soviet research directly bears upon commutation units, amplifiers and pick-ups e since it helps to explain the for registering the physiological functions fawatal mechanisms WdergoW phySi- and motor reactions of the animal. alterations whkh occur in ground bance crews and test subjects during A supply of gelatinous material containing .&& the necessary amount of water and basic nu- hkphases Of launching and flight UP to tritive ingredients adequate for a May ra- orbital and escape Veldties. tion was contained in a 3-liter metal con- 1) c: I ‘k? Biomedical ObservattonS in Space (Sputnik tainer. ii)-).-soviet use of an artificial satate tor Laika wore a light, woven garment attached pb&al experimentation (1957) provided to small restraining metal chains which re- bd dRith physiological data from a highly stricted the animal’s mobility while per- G&d dog in an orbiting space vehicle. mi€kg her to stand, Sit, or recline, and to biomedical point of view, the So- move back and forth along the longitudinal orbital satellite conditions which axis of the cabin. See table 3 for other quali- , if not duplicate, those which will tative data. enced during lnterplanetary fight. Training of Experimental Animals-Ten bioastronautfcal research With a dogs were selected for the preparatory train- atelute provides important types of informa- ing period of several months. From this tdbir.firstly, the development of a sealed group, “Laika” was chosen for the Anal orbital cabin system for regulating its functioning experiment. The Soviets considered the ini- which will satisfy conditions required for sus- tial phase of training complete when the ani- taining life of an anima at all stages of the mal had spent 20 days in its conflning cage orbital flight; and secondly, the study of the without undue signs of agitation and exhibited biological efltects of the stress factors of orbital no general or local ill efltects. The ftnal train- space flight. ing phase consisted basically of conditioning ’ ?e adequate study of biological influences and influencing the resistance of the animals of certain other stress factors (radiation and to various environmental facbrs experienced reentry) will be realized only with the in a sealed cabin (noise, acceleration, vibra- lauiching of satellites which permit equip tion, positioning, etc.) . A detailed breakdown ment and animals to be safely recovered. of the Soviet traintng schedule is available in table 3. Sealed Cabin Equipment and Experimental Apparatus -Soviet demands for economy in Results of Satellite Research with “Laika” Wight and dize influenced the construction -The Soviets divided this experiment into Of an aluminum, airtight cabin for “Laika” three basic periods: the preflight period, the in the Sputnik I.I experiment. The sealed launching and escape into orbit and the or- cabin, reenforced by a sturdy frame, was a bital flight of the satelUte. Durfng the pre- flight Laika’s condition in the Sputnik cylindrical container 840 meters in dia- period, wad meter and 800 millimeters in length provided II cabin was completely satisfatory and essentially the same as that observed during With a removable cover and inspection hatch. previous laboratory experiments. The animal cabin contained equipment for The Soviet qualitative analysis of the elec- air regeneration (highly active chemical trograms (7 separate recordings) during the ~PoUnds),temperature regulation (small launching of the satellite (3 November 1957) m-onal electric motors; special heat- revealed no pathological deviations from the Cmducting screens), food troughs and auto- normal. The period of orbital flight produced matic feeders, a sanitary arrangement (de- complete weightlessness with no essential OdOFizatian and absorption reservoir contain- change in the physiological functions of the ing activated carbon and specially dried animal. No clear biological effect of the ac- m-1, and electronic medical apparatus, tion of space radiation on Laika was observed. - 1s L. k0 1 05 7 7 5 8 1 I CONF Human Factors Enpineering ranges. No physiological disturbances were Deceleration Devices-As early a noted in the experimental animals as a result as 1957, of their cabin environment. Soviet writer reported the construction of a so-called aerodynamic or rocket “carriage” Living alga, suggested already as a poten. which simulates the physical conditions of tial partial food source, could also serve aa flight velocities and aerodynamic forces. This an 0, source during prolonged fflghts. hoxlzontal device, 85 reported, does not refer Bfo-Energetics and High Temperature to any known Western sled. The physical fects-Some Soviet researeh is devoted description includes a special railroad path the analysis of human adaptation and toler of 3 to 7 kilometers length (1.8 to 4.2 miles) ances to the increased temperatures with some auxiliary mechanisms. Acoording occur in flight vehicles traveling at to this report, devices of existing design can reach a speed up to meters per second speeds. Relative humidity, barometric pre 1500 and (about 3800 miles per hour) with acceleration sure other environmental conditions being studied as important stress factors forces up to 100 g.e4e6 Soviet utilization of such a vehicle would aid them in determining In orbit, a potential vehicle skin tempera of from 300” zero exists. the performance limits of their present ejec- to lOOPC below tion seats and to obtain physiological data for ternal tempefatures should be maintaine establishing tolerance to deceleration tween 10” and 3OO.C for human habitatio human In the quest for higher speeds and th from extremely high speeds. Such experi- mentation could also lead to the development covery of man, Soviet scientist$ may of new escape techniques and radically &countered a number of operational changed protective equipment for advanced perature ‘problems such as heat transfer Soviet space vehicles. the high temperatures of present. and fu propulsion mediums (figures 9 and 10). Space Flight Equipment -In order to portant aerodynamic heating &ects oc maintain an adequate environment for short course, on re-entry. The vehicle skin manned space flight, the Soviets are experi- perature increase during ascent is only menting with a hermetically sealed cabin 600”F,but it is a major design proble with oxygen provided from pr keep the skin from actually melting, vapo These cabins include an air ronditioning and ing, or burning away during re-entry. circulatory system, temperature control de vices, and sensitive equipment for measuring The Soviet development of microthe the internal environment of the cabin. De- tors, with dimensions amounting to f vices for the measurement of physiological of a millimeter is very signiflcant. viets claim great precision for this data from the test subject, including pulse, measuring skin temperatur blood pressure, respiration, and temperature isms. With these devices, are in use.eegs curves are recorded with a Excess CG is removed from the cabin at- one second. By using this method of mosphere by the use of chemically absorbent urement, the Soviets a llme; excess water is removed by hydroscopic of hitherto unknown silica gel. Ventilated space suits with at- physiology of respiration an tached sealed plastic helmets are worn by Bfo-mechanics in Space Flight - A experimental animals. Soviet vertical rocket radio-broadcast recently claimed dev data support the conclusion that their present in the USSR of an ‘‘iron arm” run system is completely adequate for maintain- bra,in.ealOO Photographic evidence ing a habitable atmosphere in a cabin con- 11) does not indicate that this speciflc #. taining two dogs for at least 6 hours. Tem- operates as the result of brain-wave $t *. peratures recorded from the experimental missions. The described technical advan I‘ animals and the cabin were within normal probably the mechanical translation of 14 I nceaw I Figure 9

]e ]e -. ... --. sarem 1 PROPULSION TEMPERATURES .... .^ ._. I a poten.f. (May ahinternal vehicle temperature) "... I serve 1tS. 1 batwe E!; .. . evoted 4; md toler~ . Type Temperature ranges Comments th8h.e Fahrenheit CHEMICAL REACTION

oblem to' HEAT TRANSFER

A Soviet

lvmce is of elec- .kO 1 0 5'277 5 8

OPERATIONAL PROPULSION TEMPERATURES' ' 'HIOH TEMPERATURE" PROBLEMS START AT 200" FAHRENHEIT (MAY AFFECT INTERNAL VEHICLE TEMPERATURE)

TEMPERATURE, FAHRENHEIT 0 5,OOO l0,Ooo 15,000 10 K) HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

AIRFRAMES FOR MANNEDAlRCRAn NOZUEVANES AND TURBINE DUDES AIR- FOR QUIDED MISSUS - AFIERWRNER AND W€TCOMWmRS - NUCLEAR HEATED UQHT GAS RoQun

CHEMICAL ROCKETS

RE-ENTRY BODIES

PHOTON ROCKETS

r b 7- b- b- C01057 1

s4v-. *..I.mqthematical logic and systemS biology 88 :. ab@portive~llnke between the sort of biological *':--that are actually used by humans ' $n&.the machine analogies to be exploited for tuture. research.

4H&dc<,-e, q &.! - - CaMn of Soviet Space Vehf- .'"(&?-The1,. 1 Soviets suggest an atmosphere &qmed of equal parts of oxggen and helium for future space cabin8,'0~1oa and have con- Sidered ita thermal conductivfty, ability to fbnn isotopes, proneness to spontaneous com- bution, and other physical and chemical PrOpsrtieS. According to the Soviet 5dings, helium possessea considerably greater thermal COndUctiVitp than ni@og&, thereby providing normal temperature maintenance in the cabin. ' The. disadvantage of using helium is its -_ __-- .. tendencJr to escape from imperfectly sealed capsules. However, such an inert component Superclean Environments --Soviet research - Of the alr .in a space vehicle is preferable for on supercleanliness is only of peripheral f 6 weight and other considerations. The weight ' For further inionqation 'see.Monograph VII of of the air oi a space station of 18,400 ma thir series. -. - 16

I.. ' ' kOl0'577.58 . I

... medical interest, but it is a primary factor cations in space medicine from the standpoinl (confamhation of delicate mechanical and of the statistical characteristics (pitch, ampli- electrical systems by minute particles of dirt, tude, and frequency) of speech."' These ap dust or airborne microorganisms) and indi- proaches lend value to the development 01 cator of the fabrication of high precision com- telernechanics and the operation of mecha . .. ponents (space vehicle flight control; radar nisms at a distance through spoken and tone detection; information control; inertial navi- signals.118 gation systems). The Soviets appreciate the importance of supercleanliness and have Recovesy Techniques - Vertical Rocke worked out the theoretical aspects of con- (Animal Bearing) -Soviet animal reco tamination, even in very small particle-size experiments differ from those ranges. There is evidence of Soviet States. In the United States, some ments using vertical rocket flig dust-free rooms. Also, they have developed some equipment which is suitable for m8in- been carried out for several years and taining superclean conditions, and their sis has been given to experiments us standards are comparable to those prescribed gondolas attached to high flying in the West.l0T Soviet recovery studies also Mered from carried out in the United States in the toll Radiation Shielding Technique (Sputnik ing respects: 11' IZZ) -Analysis of the excess weight (over a) The dogs were not anesthetized 88 we 800 lbs.) in Sputnik 111 suggests the passi- the monkeys used .in the United States. bility that the USSR is actively investigating specilk radiation shielding techniques. Pre- b) Pressure suits were used on expe viously, the Soviets have claimed that they mental animals for the Arst time. I know the quantity and quality of radiation in c) The dogs supplied with an ejectable r space (to the bits of Sputnik's flights) and covery apparatus were exposed for its radiochemical effect on internal gas mix- hour to the environmental stress of tures of hermetic cabins.1M1oo In addition, atmosphere. the Soviets mention the possibility of using I Recovery of Soviet Man from Space It a series of thin layers a radiation shield- - 1 as believed that the problem of recovery is ing technique.11o Their recent research on remaining major obstacle to the Sovie is I boron derivatives possibly relevant to the ing a man in space. In attempting ! I' synthesis of materials suitable for shielding, ! this problem the Soviets are guided such as the use of boron-10 (non-radioactive results of animal experiments held be isotope) in various matrices. Laboratory 1949 and 1958. The Soviets detail the f I tests on neutron absorption indicate that a ! ing steps for safely recovering a man given thickness of WS isotope is slightly over gpwe: 116 116 5 times more efYective than natural boron, 20 times better than lead, and 500 times better a) At an altitude of 330,000 feet the roc than concrete. By the use of such materials, head containing the man separates from I the danger of neutron-induced vehicular con- rocket. The rocket head then free-falls tamination and the resultant biological haz- 115,500 feet in 116 seconds. -:.. L ards can be lessened. This would not, how- b) At some altitude above 115,600 feet, ever, solve the primary cosmic ray shielding I small stabilization parachute (possib problem nor that for the bombardment by nozzle-valve type) is deployed to reduce ', very energetic protons or electrons. bling and to orient the rocket head in a !I sired attitude during descent. i i. Systems Bfobgy- The study of cybernetics may give the Soviets new means .of making c) From 115,500. feet to 92,000 feet 11i: . accurate investigations of many biological stabilization parachute sharply decreaks i.ii. problems resulting from environmental fac- * See appendix A (Biographic Data) , 11, for f0 tors. This Soviet research has possible appli- possible candidates. Soviets may hope to alter the metabolic proc- esses of living organisms in those situations involving ezkxmely high altitude. Vapor FomLatkm Phenomena-As early as 1950, the Soviets considered that the phe- nomenon of m&98 vapor formation in tissues of the organism represented a littl-xplored domain of high altitude physiology. At the present time, world literature reveals little research on this space flight problem. The beginning of this type of Soviet research in 1950 was related to determhhg the peculiari- ties of the development of vapor formation in the living organism at various altitudes, times, and locations. The Soviets termed this phenomenon a “decompression tfssue emphy- sema.” They attach particular signifkance to this problem as the phenomenon can cause not only temporary, reversible physiological changes but also leaves traces of deep, irre- versible pathological damage in the structure ightlessness to trans- of internal organs and tissues.m 3 column without the force of The 1954 Soviet claim of lowering body need a certain time for adap temperature axtificially (hypothermic tech- ing a graeity fleld. niques) by 5” to 12OC for complete protectbn ;p ’* 0 against vapor-formation phenomena is of con- IxWater Impact Area - In the latter part of siderable importance when considered with IQ~, the Soviets proclaimed Lake a Baikal other Soviet research on mild hypothermia, &a sci- nature reserve for furtheixance of effects of cold acclhatization, and ventricu- 6Uc and biological achievements.118 research Iar %brilIati~n?~-*~This Soviet high alti- Because of the proximity (East, down-range) tude may revelant, primarily, this vast lake to rocket launching areas, research be to d preorbital flight rather than longer orbital this disclosure suggests an attempt to cover- flight periods. Up and control restricted areas, possibly for a future water impact recovery. This technique Psychophysiobgical Barsis of Visual Sensa- Would constitute a decided safety factor for tions -Major Soviet emphasis continues to human recoveries. be assigned to research and development in the areas of optics and vlsion.i2G1*z The So- meoretical Rcsearch viets are concentrating their visual studies on depth discrimination, spatial perception, pundamentd muierstanding of the We and sense organs as well as on artificial in- Oxygen Swtem and Activatkm-h f ormatioll-handling ‘ devices.lSo the field of biochemistry, the Soviet scientists These studies, important to active surveil- have been studying the cytochrome system lance in space flight, indicates an attempt to 5 tun- (Porphyrins and other iron complexes), which identify basic visual mechanisms. Compre- -. .. a de-; is essential to oxygen activation in cellular hensive data on the organism’s capability to p raphation. The degree -to which this basic recognize multiple objects in a spatial fleld of et the refmarch can be applied to the stress problem decreased luminance existing at extreme alti- @S the of Oxygen activation in space flight is open tudes have not hitherto been compiled. (See to question at this time.11@-1= Possibly table 6 and figures 13-16 for hypotheticril Or four through understanding these enzymes, the situations.)

17 b0 16577 58

TABLE 6 radar beams have achieved power densi which have not been adequately appraised MEASUREMEWX‘S SKY LUMINANCE OF determining the parameters of hum AT SELECTED ALTITUDES ances and biological effects hazards. EqmvbLnoTFoo~Cm~s ALmz (feet) by N. N. Livshits on the role of the n 1,140 10,000 system in reactions to UHF electr 910 . 20,000 flelds shows that the 700 50,OOo . 490 40.000 are other than sim Recent U.S. -rim (Sun olevatdon of a*,a ‘int in the sky at 46’ azimuth to the sun and elevation above the thls particular Soviet finding, yet the horlson) E* of the changes in the reticuleendoth The biomedical objective of Soviet investi- tem (RES) and the mechanism gations on visual systems at various altitudes which radiation acted is compl appears to be related to spatial transparen- known. Thermistor temperature cies (space perception, spatial orlentation, menta @dicate that there is no physiolo distortion) Le. factors af!ecting man in space. temperature rise in a live animal. The determination of transparencies is of ma- we are aware of dn~ya few U.S. scien jor strategic signifkame to manned inter- who are working in the same general flel planetary flights. Livshits. These U.S. scientists speculat “To see” has several distinct meanings to their data that electromagnetic the Soviets, depending on whether lighted or appropriate frequency and approp might cause a variety of mental non-llghted objects are intended. To see such an object (Merentrate its presence from cluding obliteration of memory, stimulati its of memory, possible selective recall, an absence), it must be difl[erentiated from its cinations. These experimental data surrounws or background. As altitude in- corroborate the of phenomena crew, luminance (lux) decreases and dis- type tant or close objects “appear” out of place or cursorily described fn Soviet lite not at all to normal vision (lack of substan- biological effects of ultra-high tlal frame of refaence). In dark outer space, (UHF) magnetic flelds. The fac external objects brightened by the solar rays Soviets are interested in this whole cannot be determined accurately by the hu- highly significant to astronautical a man eye, thereby inhibiting accurate percep (communication, radar, ground crews) tion of objects in the navigational areas of well as to its possible applications to gene orbital and interplanefary space vehicles. proces’ses (mutagenic effects). ~lso,the probability of misleading sensory in- formation arising from weightlessness may Biophysical Exploration of Cerebral be an added visual problem. tions-The Sovlets report the use of ographic procedures for dete If men in Soviet space vehicles require a oxygen tension in the brah current status display of position and mo- of chronic stress. Such research tion, it appears to be withln Soviet capabilities viet interest in new analytical to make a device which, together with con- combinations of stimulating and ventional data handling components, can pro- electrodes, and use of electrochemical vide accessory visual information within the nomena to record key events in cerebral extreme @e and resolution requirements of tabolism.1*1s6 Becak the depolariz space navigation. rate of a polarographic cathode is d UHF Electromagnetic Radiation -Astre upon the applied potential used, it nautical operations will subject personnel to vides a means of studying the presenc hazardous environmental conditions such as electqo-reducible substances other than various electromagnetic radiahons. Modern gen in the brain. ' SOVIET MAN IN SPACE . .. CAPSULE

-.li , ,.a!* I. . r,

I rntivitie$' .. %S) 4: . gene+. ,

I. II Funo If polar- ARTIST'S conception of a rnan.com ing n of tly capsule aa it appeared in Red gar. Drawing is annotated to identify equip nditiona ment dirursed In accompanying ar(icler Oxygen control panel (a oxy en and :ah80. pnaurixation e uipnent b)) cakn dim wtrodes, oxide clbrorber~c), electronic instruments (d)) radio nceim (e)) watw tupply (Or am electric batted- (PI. al phe- Figurr 12 3ml me= .. . ahation pendent rlso pro- lence of 6 its appeerance alone. Approach or recession could be inferred from chanpas-in ap- , parent skr.

E;;,'' ' VISUAL OBJECTS (HIGH ALBEDO) SHOWN IN FULL SUNLIGHT

Fiqure 14. B.cruao ot gl?n. thr eackground of a& ia largely lost to the eye. From Its shadow, rn can that thr cyllnder is nqar the ring. But how far am !. saa 1 .. they? How am they moving relative to th.e observer? :,. - .. . I ' &ro 15. Thoro or. no clnr from rurfacr dotail on tho vehlcio. Manifestly, the '. cylinder is nuror to us th8n the ring. How much nearer?

VISUAL IMPRESSION OF AN ILLUMINATED SYSTEM

Figure 16. Tho prominonce of background stan will dopond upon the brightnorr 8nd color of the lights. if 811 consecutive contour lights were I known, st8ndard dls- tmco .part, the exp.rloncod observer could infor the altitude, size, distrnco and di~placernontof the two bodies.- - CO10

Western &erimental evidence and the evi- dence of former prisoners indicate that there is a level of sensory deprivation below which the sequelae may be psycho~ogic~llyserious. This level naturally varies between individ- uals and seems to depend on a number of factors, such 88 whether or not the test sub- ject will be required to adopt a passive role. 4s in the past, Soviet selection of personnel will be based on the established ability of the subject to withstand extreme environmental conditions.

SINO-SOVIET BLQC SUPPORT The USSR has received a minimum of serv- ice support from the European satellites and Communist China during the IGY and IOC programs. However, there are indication8 that Czechoslovakia, Poland and Communist China intend to increase their capabilities for supportive space re~earch.18@-~40 The new astronautical commission recently established by the Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences has agreed to coordinate and establish certain branches of research related to the space flight field. This commission will participate at future International Astro- nautical Federation meetfngs. The Chaizznan of the Commission, Rudolf Peek, reports that Czechoslovakia will not take an active part in the launching of satellites or high altitude rockets in the .foreseeable future, but that their animal conditioning and toler- conditions already exist for research in real awareness of these prob- branches closely connected with astronautics. will probably used by the be There have been a number of reports of to reduce anxiety, discomfort, ad questionable validity that claim the existence udjustment problems that cannot be of an active space program ih Communist by selection, training, and conditioning. Chi~.'*~-144According to theee reports, an

f Ths actual conditions under which the flrst eiTort is going forward to launch a satellite, hUan test subjects will be required op or even a Moon rocket, from the territory of crate must be, to some extent, conjectural Communist China,' probably with Soviet htil the dewand performance of the man- assistance. The objectives behind my such work, if it is actually taking place, are mat- qgvehicle is known. It seems certain, ters of speculation, but Communist China's

+ will however, that the test subject be deprived desires for prestige and international recog- of ~y of the normal sources of sensory nition would probably be a large factor. The stimulation resulting from weight factors re Communist Chinese are apparently cooperat- P-g his confinement in a srnal) cornpart- ing with the USSR in the program of observa- meat. tion of saviet ~atellites."~ - 19 NEXT 12 PAGES

DENIED-IN-FULL ' 1. Aleksandr NESMEYIWOV, President of the USSR Acadeqy of Sciences, delivered the following statement before the annbl meeting of mabere of the Academy on March 26, 1959. "There is no doubt", he declared, "that such gigantic @S~SS a8 the attainment and exploration of the moon and, subsequently, of the nearest planets will be accomplished before the current seven-year' plan ends. !he latest accomplishments of Soviet scientists will contribute to the solution of this problem." I& 2. Academician A. NESMMANOV; President of the Acade~lyof Sciences, USSR, announced that, "The Seven-Year plan (1959-1965) for the development of science devotee considerable attention to elaborat- ing new means of astronanlcal investigations with the aid of new powerful optical arid radio-technical instruments and with the use of space rockets and artificial satellites. l~2J 3. Prof. Dr. B. Kaaysh I. SATPAYEV, Director of the Academy of Sciences, Kazakh SSR, stated, "We look upon the launching of the sputniks, and the connection of all the sciences associated with it as the begin- . - ning of a new era - in the life of the human being." .l& 4. Prof. Leonid Ivanovlch SEDOV, speaking at the Ninth Inter- national Astronautical Federation Congress in Apleterdam, 25-30 August 1958, said, "~nimslexperiments were a national issue to the Soviets. The nation which is first in solving space navigation problems will be the first to launch a meulned sbkllite, and ... the Soviet Union was resolved not to lose ita chance to be first in this. 9 5. An article entitled "Man Before the Start Into the CosmOS" by Candidates of Medical Sciences, Ye. and A. GEROV, published in Izvestia, 5 Oct 58, includes the statement, "Science at present can see no principal difficulties it is necessary to overcome in.order to insure mmls sojourn into cosmic 6. A. ALEKSANaROV, in an article entitled "Man and Cosmos", published in Meditsinskly Rabotnik, 31 Dec 1957, states: "The importance of aetrobiologg is gaining momentum. Astrobiology is a theory of adaption of a living organism to new, cosmic dimensions of technology and new methods of travel; it concerns itself with organic life in astral domains." '

Ee further stated that: "The ultimate aim of all rocket launchings . of all explorations of upper regions of atmosphere, stratosphere, and . interplanetary space is to have humans travel safely from one point to another at some fiture time." -19- .. t I C01057758 .

In discussing space flight problems to be solved, he said, "The most important problem is re-entry. Humans will be sent into outer space only when this problem is solved." 7. An unidentified member of the USSR Academy of Sciences stated, in May 1958, that the Presidium had established a new Biophysics Society in recognition of the increasing importance of biophysics. He further commented that pbysics had been the most important science of the last generation, but that biophysics will be the most important science for the next twenty'to forty years. lJ6/

9. Prof. K. PLA!FCWOV, Doctor of Medical Sciences, recently wrote gn article entitled, "Man on the Road to the Cosmos" in Soviet Aviation for 30 June';&g58p.%: vhihh Wclhted, "The main role in the accomplishment of manned interplanetary flight belongs to the Scientists and engineers .. . but, in the solution of the psychological problems of man's flight in the cosmoa, the important role is played by the investi- gations of medical workers. I' 1581

t 11. hatole Alexevitch DORODNSTSM, Chief, Physlcsl Sciences Institute in Moscow, said, at the First International Congress of;Aero- nautical Sciences in Madrid, Spain, 8-13 Sep 58, that: "There is no question that the Soviets have .the cability to perform manned ballistic flight or manned satellite flight, Lack of confidence in sumrival . .I prevents them from doing it, not a lack of hardware capacity. When they do put one up, it will probably be a two-nuan vehicle." 1601 12. Academician Leonid SEWV, quoted in an article about the launching of Sputnik I11 in Pravda, 18 May 1958, said, "The launching of a satellite carrying a human- being will be preceded by a number of biological experiments in the cosmos. !Phe main obstacle for this experi- ment is not of biological nature, but is the complexity of the task of making the satellite return to earth. 1611 -14A- i 1 I C0105

13. Viktor Borisovich (Bartsev?), candidate of medical sciences, in an interview reported on Moscow radio, 3 Sep 58, stated, "The research made on the second artificial earth satellite was aimed at Insuring normal conaitions for man during flights both to the higher strata of the atmosphere and beyond."

14. Academician A. B. lwsMEyAloOV, President of the Academiy of sciences, USSR, wrote a rep0r.t entitled "A Biological Experiment in Space", -Pravda, 4 Oct 58. In this he discussed the biological experiment in Sputnik 11 and concluded tbat "The principal value of the biological experiment is the fact that the data obtained will seme as the basis for man's penetra- tion into the interplanetary space."

15. Chernigovslry, Member of'the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in an article in K&somtolekaya FVavda in July 1958 discussing the results of the observations made by means of Sputnik I1 and its biological experi- ment writes, "unfortunately the data relating to the action of cosmic radiation on a living organism are still unreliable. This phenomenon may be Judged only after an animal has been successfUu returned from the cosmo~. This is essential because the action of cosmic radiation may appear not at once but after the lapse of some time." 164/ 16. At a press conference celebrating the launching of Sputnik I11 on 15 May 58, Fedorov, a member of the Soviet IGY Cclnmrittee and a corresponding menher of the Soviet Academy of Sciencee, said, "The tasks of this satellite do not include the studies of biological phenomena. In the future, such research using animals will continue." a 6 C01057758

19. V. PARIN, member of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, author of an article entitled, "Prior to Incursion of Man Into Outer Space," published in Izvestia, 2 Nov g,says, "Long ranbe plans for flights into , outer space consist of the developnent of devices which will guarantee .. - a. return of animals to earth. Experiments to develop such devices are I important, because if animals can be returned to earth, evaluation then will be possible of harmfill effects of cosmic radiations not only on the animals themselves, but also on their descendants." 16e/ 20. An article on the results of the research carried out by the three Soviet sputniks, in the 27 April 19% issue of Pravda, Includes the statement that "!Chmough and prolonged exadnation of an animal after its fli@t" into space wow be needed to determine the effects of'cosmic radiation. "The purpose is to insure safe flight of mcul in COEWC space." @/

21. In an article in Nauka i Zhizn', Mey 1958, dealing with I satellites and future manned cosmic flights, Fedorov said that "Physiolo- gists consider it necessary to conduct repeated and more detailed experi- ments on animals before undertaking a fli@t by man. " 170/ 22. In the 5 September 1958 issue of Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, V. Mallin, Candidate of Medical Sciences, inan article entitled "Physiok loglca~llInvesti.gationsin the Upper Atmosphere" said that the launching of the research rocket contairiing two dogs to an altitude of 450 km 011 27 August 1958 was one of a wries of achievements which are the result of systematic Soviet research in the fields of medicine and biology carried on in rockets during the.past 10 years. He explains, "Medical " end biological experlmenta with animals are important, because discoveries cdn be made which may help find ways bs;.pfct+pn&$ybWbimaoanr~cannbB:: sent In a rocket into Space, both into the upper atmosphere and beyond it8 limits, with safety and witlaout impairing his normal vital activities." 171/

-16A- TERMS AND DEFINITIQPJS

Adqtatbn - Change in sensitivity to a stimulus following continuous exposure to the same stimulus.

Aeroembolism - The formation of gas bubbles (principally ) in body tissues after 4DcpcmW?W?CQ~%%QnsrOWlWw~ephWC:: pressure, as in high-altitude flying without benefit of a or pressurized cabin; the illness brbught on by the presence of these bubble 8 . Aeropause - An upper region of the atmosphere in which the atmosphere ceases to function for manned or unmanned flight. , Anoxia - An absence of oxygen in the blood, cells or tissues of the body. Often' confused with hypoxia. Astrobiology - A branch of biology concerned with the discwry or study of .life on other planets. Astronaut - One concerned with flying through space, or one Who navistes through space. Astronautics - (1) The art, skill, or activity of operating space vehicles. (2) In a broader sense, the ark or science of designing, building, and operating space vehicles. Binocular Parallax - 'Ehe effect whereby an object viewed against a more distant background is seen "in slightly. different positions by the right and left eye. The fusion by the.brain of the two not quite identical pictures underlies our appreciation of depth, -or "Bolidity". Bioacoustics - The branch of science that deals with the percep- tion of bound and the effects of sounds 'on living organism. ' Biodynamics - The study of the motion of the forces acting upon bodies in motion, or in process of changing motion, as these motions or forces affect life. Biosatellite - A satellite designed to carry an animal or plant, or a satellite' that carries an animal or plant. b' L C01057758 ..

I

Blackbut - Disappearance of vision with accompanying sensation of blackness that may end in uncon.aciousness. Central nervous system - The brain and spinal cord, exclusive of the peripheral (sensory and motor) nerves. eomplex reaction time - Discrimination of motor response from different sensory stimuli. ! Conceptual advances - Recognition of unperceived relationships between natural phenomena, which opens up new tistas for research.

Cosmic ray - Any ray of hi& penetrative power produced, according to tentatively accepted theory, by transmutations of atoms in interstellar space. Cytochrome - a chemical colngound that plays a majar role :.. in intracellular oxidations and oxygen actfvation. ' Dark Vision - scotopic or night vision. In darkness, the sensitivity of the eye gradually increases many million-fold over its daylight level. This adaptation also involves a qualitative change, resulting in the effective loss of centrrrl vision. Increased seaeiitivity is &'ta!t&d at the price of detail and color discrimination. Depth perception - Direct appreciation of 'the distance of a given object or objects from the observer, or of the relative distance from front to back in the perception of solid objects. . ElectrodyrJamics - Phenomena of electricit7 in motion; also the eclence treating of the action of elactric currents on themselves and on one another. - The"outermost fringe or layer of the earth's.';atPopL.phere where collisions between molecular particles are so rare that only the force of gravity will return escaping molecules to the upper atmosphere. Fatigue - A scientifically inexact term referring to the varioua effects of physiological exhaustion, boredom, loss of motivation, and whatever else may be present as an explanation of loss of efficielicy * following prolonged exert ion. Hyperventilation - The process of breathing rapidly to produce an excess of oxygen and a lack of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. Human factors engineering - The art or science 'of designing, building, or equipping a8 aircraft or space vehicle to the ;anthropometric, physiological, or psychological requirements of a person. -18A-

.--

.,.4 ..id...... , .I . . . . . , ...... _..&' ___"_.. ersonic - Of or. pertaining to the speed of .an object moving at.=T- mhch or greater speed in relation to surrounding medium. Hypoxia - Oxygen deficiency in the blood, cells, or tissues of the body in such a degree as to cause psychological and physiological disturbances. Hypoxia may result from a scarcity of oxygen in the air being breathed, or from an inability of the body tissues to absorb oxygen under honditions of low barometric pressure. In the latter case, water vapors from body fluids increase in the sacs of the lungs, crowding out the oxygen.

Illusion - A misinterpretation of certain elements in a given experience, so that the experience does not represent the objective situation, present or recalled, when compared to another standard. Iaert,lal midance - A kind rrf guidance $or a missile or pilot- less alrcrsft, effected by means of mechanisms that automatically adJust the m~ssileafter launching to follow a given flight path, the mechanisms measuring inertial forces during periods of acceleration, integrating the data obtained with already-knm position and velocity, then signal- in.6 the controls to effect the desired direction and altitude. Interplanetary space - That part of space conceived, from the standpoint of the earth,',to'have its lower limit at %he upper limit of translunar space, and extending sous several billion miles beyond the I limits of the solar system. j Ion en&e - A projected species of reaction engine in which thrust i6 to be obtained. from a stream of ionized atomic particles supplied by atomic fission, atbmic fusion, or solar energy. b -Law - The namc of the female dog carried as a passenger in Sputntk 11. Law, of the Husky breed, approximately 45 pounds in weight, about 2b inches high, survived alive in the satellite from the 3rd to the 10th or 11th of lOavsmber 1957. The Russians announced that she was alive on the loth, and dead OD the 11th.

., "Mechta" - Russian word meaning "dream". Artff iclkl.' p$AMt: . No. 1, launched on 2 January 1959. bWePlent tiqs - Time elapsing between the beginning and completion of a mowment; it includes primary and secondary movement times but not reaction ti=. .. Negative fi - physiologically, g forces are defined as "pOSitiVe" if they act from head to foot and "negative" if they act from foot to head (A man hanging upside-down experiences 1 g negative).

. ~ Cold57758

Neutral density filter - a filter which produces equivalent attenuation of Illumination throughout the visible spectrum so that, although. the brightness of the scene viewed is reduced, its color values are unaltered...... Orbital velocity - The average velocity at which an earth satellite or other orbithg body orbits. Outer space - (1) In contexts of currently developing practical aero space autivities, the space above the earth's atmosphere, or above its effectik atmosphere. (2) Space beyond the Units of' the eblar system, as in "an intruding metem ftm.tm&m*spac~Y" Payload - That which is carried in a rocket vehicle to obtain the results for whfch the vehicle is. launched. In a guided missile, the payload is the warhead'intended to damage or influence the enemy; in a sounding rocket the payload comprises the instruments, animal, or mechanisms sent aloft to obtain data; In a satellite rocket carrier, the payload is the satellite. Bessure breathin6 - Methods of producing passive inhaling and active exhaling (reversing nom1 process) by increasing pressure exerted on the lunge by an external respirator-type device. Pressure cabin (comparable to U.S. cockpit and/or cabin . pressurization system) - A pressure cabin, in which the necessary pressure of the air and its exchange is maintained by means of boost from the atmospheric air. Pressure cabin of regeneration t;ype (comparable to U.S. development "sealed'cabin") - A pressure cabin, in which the necessary I pressure of the air and its exchange are maintained by regeneration .! appliances, not using the surrounding atmospheric air. Psychophysical methods - Standardized procedures for pre- senting stimulus material to subject for judging, and for recording hie reactions; originally developed for determining functional relation- ships between physical stimuli and correlated sensory responses, but now used more widely.

P. 8. i. - pounds per square inch (enviromental pressures) Receptor - Sensory ending of a neuron leading from the periphery toward the central nervous system or a specialized cel4 in connection with a neuron, which is so specialized as to have a low threshold for other sorts of stimuli, and which when s%imulsted Initiates an bqyzlse or impulses in the associated nerve.

.. -- .

I -Redout - In negative (foot to head) G-forces, the motion of blood is toward the head. Above*:3 G the retinal vessels became engorged and vision is lost because of obstruction of light path to the retina by the excess blood. The light filtering through the blood eves a sensation of redness 80 the ghenosaenon is called redout. (Some researchers believe that redout is caused by the draggitlg of the lower eyelid up over the eye BO that the ligbt is filtered through the eyelid tissue.)

Redundancy sygtem I. manual of automatic control mechanism (component for component) ensuring successful recovery. t

' Re-entr5; - The action involved when an object comes back into the atmosphere after being rocketed to altitudes above the atmosphere.- Space bioloa - A branch of biology concerned w'ith life as it may exist in space. Space oabin - A pressurited and cllmatized cabin for use in space flight. Space laboratory - (1) A space vehicle carrying sensing and .measuring instruments, recording equipnent, radio-transmitting equipment and other related instruments, used as a means of obtaining scientific data on conditione in the upper regionn of the earth's atmoophere or in outer space. (2) A vehicle that s~~~sc.Ws8scond~~~~n~~o~"a~~ space vehicle. Space medicine - A new field of medical science that studies the human factors involved in space flight and provides, for the first time, a link between medicine and those that deal with matters of an extraterrestrial nature. Medical problems in space flight stem, in the first place, from the environment of space itself and from the process of movement through this environment. Space vehicle - A contrivance that carries sombstb&ng into or through space, either returning to the earth or not. A space vehicle 'may be manned or unmanned, but is conridered( to be under m'6 control. in at least a part of its fnlght. The term is broad enough to include objecgs otherwise called guided or ballistic missiles if they are being considered to be carrying something through space. Sputnik - A Russian word meaning "satellite." If capitalized, a manmade moon launched by the Russians, the first on 4 October 1957, the second on 3 November 1957, and the third on 15 May 1958. Telemeter - A remote control device for quantitative measure- ments, such as blood pressure or respiration. -2LA- *' ' C01057758

I

. . . .. Terrestrial space - Space comparatively ne& the earth in which the attraction of the earth is predominant. Vestibular organs - the organs of ba-ce in the inner ear. and otoliths, ...... --. They are the utricle saccule, containing the which respond to linear g, and the semicircular canals, which are stimulated by angular accelerations of the head. ,I Zero uravitx - A condition existent when the centripetal gravitational attraction of the earth or Qther spatial body is nullified by inertial (centrifugal) forces.

-22A- UNCLASSIFIED FtEFEmNcEs

1. DC-2180, Preliminary hsults of Scientific Investigators Carried Out with the Aid of the First Soviet Artificisl Esrth Satellites and Rockets. Part 111, Medico-Biological Investigation with

.Rocketa. Source : ~ Sbornik.. Statey (Collected Reports), Acsdemy of Sciences, no 1, 1956, U . 2. IGY Monograph, BiologicaJ. Experiments on Rockets and the Artificial Earth Satellite, VI I. Yazdovekiy, 1958, U 4. Sptbial Report on the International Astronautical Federation Congress, Amsterdam, Holland, Aug 58 - Contract BD (KG) - 1955 Rask 11, U 5. Hearings before the Special Committee on Space and Astronautics, U.S. Senate, 9.3609, 13-15, Part 2, U 8. Fresenkm, V. O., "Problem of Aetronautics," Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kazakh~koySSR, v 11, no 1, Jan 55, p 3-11, U 9. Priroda, v 44, no 6, Jun 55, p 11-18, 'U

* 10. Vechernyaya Moskva, 16 Apr 55, p 1, U ll. Vestnik Akadernil Nauk Kazakhekoy SSR, no 2, Feb 57, p 94-97, U 12. International Symposlum on the Origin of Life, Academy of Sciences, USSR, The International Union.of Biochemistry, Moscow, 19-24 Aug 57, U

13 Rand Research Memorandum, Casebook on Soviet Astronautics, EM-1760, Part I, 21 Jun 56, U

15 e The Reporter, 31 Oct 57, p 14, U 17 C. E. Slmmonde, Technical Education in the USSR (Society for Cultural Relations With the USSR, London, 19579, U 18. "Report of the Dalegation of British Ueers," Publs . InstitUte of Mechanical Engineers. (London, 1957'), U 19 RaM Research Memorandum, Casebook on Soviet Astronautics, RM-1922, Part 11, F. J. Krieger, 21 Jun 57, U 20. Rand Research Memorandum, Casebook on Soviet Astronautics, RH-1'160, Part I, 21 Jun 56, p 9, U 23. 'fbld.- Reference 19, p 86, U 24. eS ce Handbook: Astronautkcs and its Applications, 85th Congress, -2%- I!' C01057758 !e

.. ..

.... _- -. ...

28. CIA. FDD u-633, "Methods of Physiological Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, v 39, no 5, I 29. voyenno-hkditsinskiy ~hurnal,no 2, P 51-56, Feb.55, U 30. Aviation Week, 6 Jan 58, U 32. FBIS, no 1, USSR and EE, 2 J& 58,-etrer

39. n.aCazeta, Kiev, USSR, no 235, p 4, COl 6-7, OCt %, u 41. Gigiyena Mai Rwfessionalniye Zaboleveniya, no 6, Nov/I>eC 57, P 27, u

44. Voyenno-Meditsinskiy Zhurnal, no 5, May 55, U 45 Trudy Instituta Biolonicheakoy Fiziki, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1955, no I, U

46 Biophyeice, Y 2, no 3, 1957, p 372-384, U 47 Gigiyena, no 10, p 32-37, IT 48. Izvestlya Akademii Nauk, SSSR, Seriya Geofizicheskaya,.no 1, Jan 58, P 46-53, u. 49 Zhurnal Eksperimental'noy ITeoreticheskoy Flzikl, v 33, no 6, (12) DW 57, p 1417-1427, U

-2kA-

. .. .,. ,. . x :. , . .I , ' . ',' .-.. 50 Gigiyena i Sanihriya, v XXIII, no 1, Moscow 1958, p 21-27 U

51 * JpRs.("Y) L-269, 30 Jul 58, U t 52 -Ibid. Reference 12, U . 53 Vestnik Akademii Nauk KBzakhskoy SSR, no 2, Feb 57, P 94-97, u 54. Tikhov, 0. A., Astroblologiya. Moscow, p 68, v 55 Tikhm, 0. A. , "Astrobiologiya" (Astrobiologg) . Tekhnika- Molodezhi ,p;:'aO: I fl223if2W v

56 9 Ti-, G. A., "IVovaya Nauka. Astrobiologiya." (New Science- astrobiology). laaka i Zhizn' 51, 18: p 15-18, U 57 "Man and Cosmos", by A. Aleksandrov, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, no 105, (16441, 31 Dec 57, P 3, U 58 CIA. FDD, SIR no 1, 21 Feb 58, U -60. Transmittal of document, Jan cadomski, Astronomical Observatory, Warsaw, I2 Dec 57, U 61. IAF Meeting, Ameterdani, Aug 58, U 62. Moscow News, 4 Jan 58, U 63 Daily Report, USSR and EFi, 15 Nov 59, 22 Jan 59, 64. Moscow, a,in English Hellschreiber to Europe, 20 Jan 59, U 66. Daily Report, no 83, p cc 7-10, 29 Apr 58, U 67 -USSR, Jan 58, U 69. Aeronautical Engineering Review, Aug 57, U 72 Reflektornoye Vzaimodeystvise Ukomotornoy i Vistseral'noy Sistem '. i beflex Interaction Between bcosnotor and Visceral System), State Publishing House of Medical Literature, Leningrad Section 1957, Chapter 3, p 108-119, U 73 SIR, PB 131693. T-9, 31 OCt 58, p 74-80, U 74 Pravda, Leningrad, 30 Sep 58, p 4, U

78 Akugtlcheskly Zhurnal, Y 11, no 2, 1956, U -2%- C01057758

79. Biofizika, v 1, no 1, Jen 56, U 80. CIA. FDD, SIR, no 2, 14 Mar 58, U 81. Meditsinskiy rabotnik (Medical Worker), no 88-96, 1-29 Nov 57, U

'82. Flzlologicbnyy Zhurnal (Physiological Journal), v 4, no 3, Kiev, hy/J~n58, p 408-420, I1 83. JPRS (rw), L-340, cso-1745, PB 141216 T, 1958, w

85. Veetnik Vozdushnogo Flota (The Herald of the Air Fleet), no 11, 1957, B 56-64, U 87. Soviet News, no 3727, 14 Nov 57, p 111-112, U 88. -Ibid. Reference 1, U 89. -Ibid. Reference 87, U 90. USSR, no 1 (16), Jan 58, U

95. Gigiy;ena i Sanltarlya, Moscow, no 7, p 3-11, Jul 54, U 96. IR-1797-%, AF 118729, U 98. FBIS.-75-1958, 17 Apr 58, dtlb- 99. FBIS-178-1958, 1.2 Sep 9,- 100. Izvestiya, no 214, 6 sep 58, .U 101. +Soviet S utniks, "Soviet Ne&'' Booklet, no 25, London, 102. SovetakeJra Aviatsiya, 18 Jun 58, p .3, U 103. CIA. FDD, SIR, 25 JU 9,P 77-79, u 105. FBIS, no 215, USSR and EE, 4 Nov 58,-W0- .... - . .. ..

.. ..

!

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106. The Current Digeat of the Soviet Rem, v 10, no 44, p 19, U I . 108. CIA. FDD, SIR no 25, 25 Jul 58, p 77-79, U log. Sovetsksya. Aviataiya, 18 Jun 58,'P 3, u 110. SIR, Sunrmary 1360, tr. of Kryl'ya Rodiny, no 12, Dec 56, p 10-12, U 111. Xeniteki, D. N., "Cybernetics in Biology," Biofizika (Biophysics), v 2, no 2,'1957, P 133-149, U lla . Oarshunl, 0. V., "Discrimination of Complex Stimuli by the Auditory Analyzer of hian with Increasing Amounts of Information," !Che Journal of physiolo~,no 58,. p 11, lov 57, U 113 Swiet &ewe, no 3709, U. Oct 57, p 27, U 116. Veetnik Vozdushnogo Flob, no 7, 1958, U L 1I 118. Soviet Weekly, 16 Oct 58, U 119. CIA. 00-W-31780, Jan 56, "Scientific-Medicine, Hypoxia, Aviation Medicine," Vrachebnop DeLo, no 1, 1956, -4330-

,120. Bykov, B. Ma,. ?!he Biochemical Substrate of Neural 'PrOPhiCltyj'' Fiziologicheskiy Zhurnal' SSSR L. M. hchenov, v 40, no 5, 0 121. Elpiner, I. E., "On the Biological Effects of Supersonic Waves," ZhuPnal CIbshchel Blolonii, 54, P 15, no 1, U 122. JPRS 1216-11,24 Feb 59, U

124. The Annals of the Academy of Science, USSR, no 3, 1957, U 1.26. CIA. FDD, U-3,055,816, u W. ~ovyy~[hirurgicheekiy Arkhiv (Hew Surgical Archives) , no 4 (208), Jul/Aug 57, Kiev, p 51-55, U

128. Biofirika; Y 3,.no 1, p 42-46, 1958, U 129. Biofizilca, v 3, no 1, p 46-51, 1958, U 130. Maaokhin-PorsImyakov, 0. N., Entam. CJbzor., 36:1, 1958, U -27A- 58 .

131. Mazokhin-Porehnyakov, G. N., Biofizika, 1:1, 1956, U 132 Voprosy Psikhologii, no 1, Jan/Feb 58, p 3-15, U 133 Journal of Higher Nervous Activity, v 7, no 4, p 626-628, 1957, U 134. MEDEC-ZN, Walter Reed Institute of Research, Walter Reed Amy Medical Center, 31 Oct 57, U 135 Biofizika, v 1, no 6, 1956, p 585-592, U 136. -Ibid. Reference no 1, U 137 -Ibid. Reference no 101, 'U 138. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v 72, Art. 4, p 165-214, 10 Apr.58, U

139 Daily Report, USSR, grid: EE, Feb 3, 1959, -0W3- 140. Prame, id English to Europe, 30 Jsn 59, (1900 Cra) , U 141. "Periscoping the World," Newsweek, v 52, no 3, 21 Jul 58, p 12, U 142. "What's News," The Wall SkreetJaurnsl, 30 Sep 58, p 1, U

143. "Red Chinese Space Projects Going Forward," Los Angeles Times, 4 Rov 58, part I, p 11, u 144 From CR?e Who Fled - A bok at Science In Red China, U.S. News and World Report, v 45, no 19, 7 Nov 58, p 107, U . 145. Astronautics and , 85th Congress, 2nd session# m=mgs , on H.R.. 118 1; L. V. Berber, p 1043, U

146. Ch&rnov, V. N. , and Yakovlev, V. I. "Research on the Flight of 8 '. Living Creature in an ArtifNal Earth Satellite," Artificial Satellites of the Earth, Vol. I., 1958, U 148. Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota, no 7, 1958, U 149. Nauka I Zhizn', no 11, Nov 58, U 150. , v 11, no 3, P 74-77, Jul 59, U 151. FBIS #a-59, USSR and =, 27 Mar 59,- 152. CIA. 00-~-3,056,227, 1 -C @, u -28A- ,162. FBIS jf172-58 USSR and EE, 4 Sep 58, -8?B-- L '164. FBI9 #145-58, 28 Jul '58,-0WQ- 165. FBIS #98-58, USSR and EE, 20 MW 58,-

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