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Teacher Resource Set Title Ute Indian Tribe/Northern Ute People (Uintah and Ouray Reservation) Developed by Laura Douglas, Education ala Carte Grade Level 3-4 Essential Question How can primary sources help us learn about mistakes from the past and not make the same ones again in the future? What social and economic decisions caused the forced migration of the Ute people? Contextual Paragraph The Ute Tribe lives on the Uintah and Ouray Reservation in Fort Duschesne, Utah. It is the second largest Indian reservation in the US, and covers over 4.5 million acres. The tribe’s membership is 3,022 people. Over half of the membership lives on the Reservation. The Ute Indian Tribe are descendants of the Tabeguache, Yamparika, Parianuche, Uintah, Cumumba, Tupanawach, San Pitch, Pah Vant and Sheberetch bands. They were a nomadic mountain people and ranged throughout this area extensively, following the cycle of the seasons. The acquisition of the horse in 1640 allowed them to travel more easily over a wider range. For food, they hunted large game; gathered berries, nuts, roots and small game; and fished. For shelter, Utes built brush dwellings known as wickiups or used tipis. The family was, and is, the center of Ute life and includes immediate and extended family members. The decade of the 1870s brought about numerous changes in which the US Government, through a series of agreements and legislation, removed Utes from their traditional land. After the 1873 Brunot Agreement, whites interested in mining in the San Juan Mountains continued to push Utes off the land. Chief Colorow and his followers defended the traditional Ute way of life resisting the miners and others who claimed their land. In the spring of 1879, Colorow’s followers were pressured by local Indian agent Nathan Meeker to farm in a field they had traditionally used to race horses. Meeker misunderstood how important horses were to the Ute people and he brought about a confrontation with the band. Meeker was killed in the violence that followed. The events of 1879 were used as grounds for removing the Yamparika and Uncompahgre bands from Colorado onto a reservation in Utah known as the Uintah and Ouray Reservation. Colorow and his followers left Colorado reluctantly, though he never gave up resisting the invasion of the Ute homeland by white settlers. The National Register Nomination form for the Ute Memorial Site is located at: https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=cc284250-c10f-44d0-827b-dbbc72c3f9fd 1 Teacher Resource Set Contextual Paragraph Perhaps the most well-known Ute was Chief Ouray. He was born in 1833. His mother was Ute and his father was a (continued) Jicarilla Apache. Chief Ouray grew up near Taos, NM, near white settlers, so he learned to speak English. Chief Ouray joined the Tabeguache band of Utes in western Colorado during his teens, and became a chief by distinguishing himself in battle against the Arapahos. Chief Ouray worked very hard to keep his people out of war and helped them preserve their tribal identity, though he could not preserve their homeland. Chief Ouray’s second wife, Chipeta, was highly respected by both whites and Utes. Chipeta was born a Jicarilla Apache but was raised by the Utes. During her life, Chipeta used diplomacy to try to achieve peace with the white settlers in Colorado as they continued to encroach on Ute lands. Following the violence of 1879, Chipeta traveled with Chief Ouray to Washington, D.C. to testify before Congress when he worked to negotiate a treaty regarding reservation resettlement. Chipeta was respected by Ute people and was allowed to attend meetings of the council where no other Ute woman was ever accepted. 2 Teacher Resource Set Resource Set Native American Maps of Shrinking Portrait of Native Studio Portrait of Ute men at Ignacio, Native American (Ute) women and reservations American Utes and Ute Chief Colorow, CO, May 24, 1925 Land Theft Sale, by children sit in front whites in 1887 Bureau of Indian of a tepee, 1911 Washington, DC, Affairs Agents, 1911 1874 From left to right, Mrs. Allotment policy After the 1873 Brunot Chief Colorow, a Photograph of eight United States John Marshall drastically reduced the Agreement was Native American (Ute) Ute men in traditional Department of the (Meadow Lark), Kate, tribes’ land ownership. signed, Ouray, man is wrapped in a dress on horseback in Interior advertisement daughter of Luke subchiefs, and white woven blanket and front of a frame offering 'Indian Land Snow, Chipeta, widow The Ute tribal lands in friends were brought wears a decorative building on the for Sale.’ The man of Chief Ouray, Colorado went from to Washington, DC. necklace. Consolidate Ute pictured is a Yankton Scoop, Mrs. John 600,000 acres to a Indian Agency at the Sioux named Not Patterson, To-wee mere 73,000, and the “Front row, left to Photographed by reburial of Chief Afraid Of Pawnee. (Emma Naylor Buck), lands in Utah shrank right: Guero, Chipeta, William Henry Ouray. wife of Chief Buckskin from 4,000,000 to Ouray, Piah, second Jackson. Charlie, and Lucy 360,000 acres. row: Uriah M. Curtis, The men who served Thompson. Blankets Major J. B. as pallbearers are and headdresses Thompson, Gen. identified on the verso hang over the tepee Charles Adams, Otto of the photograph as, entrance. Mears; back row: left to right, Nanees Washington, Susan, (George Norris), (Ouray's sister) Joseph Prince, Johnson, Jack and Buckskin Charlie John.” (Charley), McCook, Pevaga, Pegary, and Antonio Buck. 3 Teacher Resource Set Note: Photographer's The original Ute The Brunot Colorow was a leader Among the items of The Dawes Allotment stamp embossed on domain (prior to Agreement of 1873 among the White traditional ceremonial Act of 1887, print.; Title inked on westward expansion) was between the Ute River (or Yamparika) attire they wear are authorized the back of print.; Vintage stretched across people and the US band of Utes. He and feather headdresses, President of the photographic print.; Colorado and Utah, government. This his followers defended hair pipe chokers and United States to Written on back of and into New Mexico agreement took 3.7 the traditional Ute way breast plates, a survey American print: "Indians-Utes and Arizona. The million acres of land of life and resisted squash blossom Indian tribal land and Biog.-Group Chipeta Treaty of 1868 was from the Ute miners and other necklace, medals, a divide it into sections etc."; R7001701112 signed by all seven Reservation in white settlers who staff, and rings. of 160 acres (called Ute bands and western Colorado and claimed their land. allotments) for Prior to the arrival of created a protected opened it up to mining The sign on the individual Indians. the horse, Ute people reservation covering the San Juan building behind them were more nomadic 20 million acres in Mountains. As reads: "Consolidated After assigning 160- and lived in structures western Colorado In expansion into Ute Indian Agency." acre allotments to like the wickiup. After exchange for all the Colorado continued, Two Euro-American each Ute family, the the horse arrived, the land ceded to the Utes and white women stand behind US government Utes used horses to United States, the Ute Coloradans continued them on the porch of placed the remainder carry their belongings. people received food to disagree and in the building. of the reservation in They could carry in the form of rations, 1881, most of the the public domain for more trade goods on trade goods, and northern Ute bands sale and settlement. horses than on foot. livestock. were forced to move White settlers The Utes also could to Utah. snapped up most of live in larger, more The 1873 Brunot the acreage. comfortable Agreement took the dwellings—tipis (like San Juan Mountain the one seen here), mining area and other which were too heavy traditional Ute to carry before they homeland. By 1972, had horses. Ute reservations covered only 433,000 acres. 4 Teacher Resource Set http://digital.denverlibr http://exhibits.historyc http://digital.denverlibr http://5008.sydneyplus http://5008.sydneyplus http://exhibits.historyc ary.org/cdm/singleite olorado.org/utes/utes_ ary.org/cdm/singleite .com/HistoryColorado .com/HistoryColorado olorado.org/utes/utes_ m/collection/p15330c home.html#reservatio m/collection/p15330co _ArgusNet_Final/Port _ArgusNet_Final/Port home.html#reservatio al/Portal.aspx?compo al/Portal.aspx?compo oll22/id/20053/rec/31 nlife ll22/id/19793/rec/159 nlife nent=BasicSearchRes nent=BasicSearchRes under Allotment ults&record=e16a07b ults&record=2e1d53e under Allotment 2-956a-4c43-a22d- 7-64f7-4b91-9827- ee460c2c9a2f b9ddd3aed0f3 5 Teacher Resource Set Group performing Ute Tribe of the Reservation Life Ouray and wife Dawes Act or Bridle Bear Dance c. 1900 Uintah and Ouray (Chipeta) 1870-1880 General Allotment Reservation Act Group of Ute men and This flag illustrates the Traditional Ute Studio portrait of Approved on February This is a headstall women performing the Great Seal of the Ute wickiups had Native American (Ute) 8, 1887, "An Act to (bridle) for a horse. Bear Dance on the Indian Tribe. freestanding conical Chief Ouray and his Provide for the This belonged to Uintah Reservation, frames and were wife Chipeta. Allotment of Lands in Chipeta. Utah. Two lines face A complete covered with skins, Severalty to Indians one another with men description of the flag brush or bark. After on the Various A complete on one side and can be accessed the Utes acquired the Reservations," known description can be women on the other. below. horse, they began as the Dawes Act, accessed at the URL Clothing includes building more emphasized severalty, below.
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