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A Monograph of the Ampulicidae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea)

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Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, V: A Monograph of the Ampulicidae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea) KARL V. KROMBEIN m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 298 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropo/ogy Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. S. Dillon Ripley Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 298 Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, V: A Monograph of the Ampulicidae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea) Karl V. Krombein SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1979 ABSTRACT Krombein, Karl V. Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, V: A Monograph of the Ampulicidae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 298, 29 pages, 24 figures, 1979.—Thirteen species-level taxa belonging to three genera are reported from Sri Lanka; five of these belong to the Ampulicinae, eight to the Dolichurinae. Four taxa are known so far only from Sri Lanka, five also occur elsewhere in the Indian subcontinent, three are widely distributed in the Oriental Region, and one is adventive from the northeastern part of the Oriental Region. Four of the endemic species belong to species groups that are widely distributed in the Oriental Region, and two have no known dose relatives. Six new species are described: Ampulex ceylonica, Trirogma regalis, Dolichurus lankensis, D. silvicola, D. albifacies, and D. aridulus. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SEMES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Krombein, Karl V Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, V. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 298) Bibliography: p. 1. Ampulicidae—-Classification. 2. Insects—Classification. 3. Insects—Sri Lanka—Classification. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 298. QU-SHno. 298 [QL568.A36] 591*088 78-32111 [595.7*98] Contents Page Introduction 1 Composition and Affinities of the Ceylonese Fauna 1 Biology 2 Treatment of Individual Taxa 3 Acknowledgments 4 Key to Ceylonese Ampulicidae 4 Subfamily AMPUUCINAE 6 1. Ampulex compressa (Fabricius) 6 2. Ampulex dissector (Thunberg) 8 3. Ampulex approximate Turner 8 4. Ampulex ceylonica, new species 9 5. Ampulex ruficornis (Cameron) 11 Subfamily DOLICHURINAE 12 6. Trirogma regalis, new species 12 7. Trirogma caerulea Westwood 13 8. Dolichurus taprobanae Smith 13 9. Dolichurus lankensis, new species 15 10. Dolichurus silvicola, new species 17 11. Dolichurus albifacies, new species 18 12. Dolichurus amamiensis Tsuneki and Iida 20 13. Dolichurus aridulus, new species 21 Literature Cited 24 Figures 26 Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, V: A Monograph of the Ampulicidae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea) Karl V. Krombein Introduction pressa (Fabricius) in his lengthy article listing Cey- lonese insects collected by Nietner. He also de- The Ampulicidae is one of the smaller families scribed on the same page a new species from Nu- of aculeate wasps in Sri Lanka. This monograph wara Eliya, Ampulex? annulipes, which is quite treats 13 species, five of which had not been col- possibly a bethylid for he gives the length as 1 lected prior to inception of the Smithsonian's Cey- line (=ca. 2 mm), much too small to be an am- lon Insect Project. Some species are quite uncom- pulicid. The first ampulicid described from Sri mon, being known from as few as a single pair Lanka was Dolichurus taprobanae Smith (1869). or two, so it is possible that future collecting may The preceding number in my series "Biosys- result in the discovery of additional species, espe- tematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps" is "IV, Ku- cially among the relatively small, black species of dakrumiinae, a New Subfamily of Primitive Wasps Dolichurus. (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)," Transactions of the Members of the family are sometimes called American Entomological Society, 1979, 105:67-83. cockroach wasps, because so far as is known, all COMPOSITION AND AFFINITIES OF THE CEYLONESE species capture cockroaches to serve as food for the FAUNA.—The 13 species of Ampulicidae known larva. One cockroach prey is provided in each cell from Sri Lanka are either wide-ranging species for larval food. Some species are readily identified (1, 7, 12) throughout the Oriental Region, or ap- in the field by their metallic blue or black and pear to be confined to the Indian subcontinent red integument and habit of running rapidly up (3, 5, 6, 8, 10), or, if endemic <4, 9, 11, 13), belong to and down tree trunks hunting for their prey. Other species groups known only from that region, and species run or flit swiftly over leaf litter, occasion- one species <(2) is adventive from the northeastern ally disappearing beneath the fallen leaves to search Oriental Region. The apparent high degree of for prey. endemism (31%) may just reflect the inadequacy of The earliest published record of an ampulidd collecting done elsewhere in the Oriental Region, from Sri Lanka was Motschulsky's (1863:24) in- for the three species of Dolichurus are small, black clusion of the widely distributed Ampulex COm- forms that are readily confused with the much more abundant small species of Larridae. Karl V. Krombein, Senior Entomologist, Department of The following tabulation of species includes Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. notes on distribution within Sri Lanka, the actual SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY distribution for the wide-ranging species and re- to D. albifacies, new species, from Sri Lanka, but marks on affinities. not a member of that species group. 1. Ampulex compressa (Fabricius): Occurs in 11. Dolichurus albifacies, new species: Occurs in both Wet and Dry zones and ranges from sea level both Wet and Dry zones in areas of very low to to at least 4000 feet; widely distributed in Oriental moderate rainfall and at low to moderate altitudes; and Ethiopian regions and now adventive in many not known to occur outside of Sri Lanka; belongs other areas; not at all closely related to other to species group ombrodes with two or three repre- Ceylonese species. sentatives in Taiwan and the Philippines. 2. Ampulex dissector (Thunberg): Adventive and 12. Dolichurus amamiensis Tsuneki and Iida: known in Sri Lanka only from Colombo; normal Occurs sparingly in the Wet Zone in areas of mod- range apparently Taiwan, China, and Japan; not erate to heavy rainfall and at low to moderate at all closely related to other Ceylonese species. altitudes; occurs also in Thailand, Taiwan, Philip- 3. Ampulex approximate! Turner: Occurs in pines, and Ryukyu Islands; not closely related to both Wet and Dry zones and at low altitudes; oc- other species. curs also in India (Bombay); not closely related to 13. Dolichurus aridulus, new species: Occurs only other Ceylonese species. in Dry Zone in areas of low rainfall and at low 4. Ampulex ceylonica, new species: Occurs only altitudes; not know to occur outside of Sri Lanka; in the Udawattakele Sanctuary, Kandy, 2100 feet, not closely related to other species. an area of moderate rainfall; not known outside The comprehensive article by Brinck et al. (1971) of Sri Lanka; belongs to a species group with three discusses the terrestrial habitats, division of Sri representatives in India, Singapore, and Taiwan. Lanka into Wet and Dry zones, and the several 5. Ampulex ruficornis Cameron: Occurs mostly ecozones. The map (fig. 7) showing annual rainfall at low altitudes and in areas of very light to moder- and division into Wet and Dry zones is especially ate rainfall; occurs also in India; an aberrant spe- helpful. cies with no known close relatives. BIOLOGY.—Williams (1942) provided detailed 6. Trirogma regalis, new species: Occurs in both rearing notes on
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  • Zootaxa,Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera

    Zootaxa,Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera

    Zootaxa 1668: 521–548 (2007) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera* MICHAEL J. SHARKEY S-225 Ag. Sci. Building-N, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA [email protected] *In: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (Eds) (2007) Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. Zootaxa, 1668, 1–766. Table of contents Abstract . 521 Introduction . 521 Hymenopteran Diversity . 522 Phylogenetic Position Within Holometabola . 523 Monophyly of Hymenoptera . 523 Review of Classical Hymenopteran Classification and Phylogeny . 524 Phylogenetic (Cladistic) Studies of Hymenoptera . 528 Symphytan Studies . 532 Apocritan Analyses . 534 Morphologcial Character Systems . 536 What We Think We Know . 536 Best Guess . 539 Current and Future Research . 539 Key Innovations and the Evolution of life history traits, a phylogenetic approach . 539 Acknowledgements . 543 References . 543 Abstract An overview of recent advances in our understanding of the higher phylogeny and classification is presented. Molecular and morphological cladistic and pre-cladistic studies are summarized. A superfamily-level classifi- cation of the Hymenoptera is offered to reflect recent advances in our understanding of the phylogenetic rela- tionships of the Hymenoptera. It differs from most recent classifications in the recognition of the Diaprioidea, to include Diapriidae, Monomachidae, and Maamingidae. Key words: Diaprioidea, taxonomy, cladistics, life history, Insecta Introduction Much progress has been made in our understanding of the phylogeny of Hymenoptera since the advent of cla- distic methods. Here I summarize recent influential studies and pre-cladistic studies are also treated, at least cursorily.
  • Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps, and Sawflies Of

    Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps, and Sawflies Of

    1 Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of western North America S. B. Archibald,1 Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn, Denis J. Brothers, Rolf W. Mathewes Abstract—Most major modern families of Hymenoptera were established in the Mesozoic, but the diversifications within ecologically key trophic guilds and lineages that significantly influence the character of modern terrestrial ecosystems – bees (Apiformes), ants (Formicidae), social Vespidae, parasitoids (Ichneumonidae), and phytophagous Tenthredinoidea – were previously known to occur mostly in the middle to late Eocene. We find these changes earlier, seen here in the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands fossil deposits of western North America. Some of these may have occurred even earlier, but have been obscured by taphonomic processes. We provide an overview of the Okanagan Highlands Hymenoptera to family level and in some cases below that, with a minimum of 25 named families and at least 30 when those tentatively assigned or distinct at family level, but not named are included. Some are poorly known as fossils (Trigonalidae, Siricidae, Peradeniidae, Monomachidae), and some represent the oldest confirmed occurrences (Trigonalidae, Pompilidae, Sphecidae sensu stricto, Peradeniidae, Monomachidae, and possibly Halictidae). Some taxa previously thought to be relictual or extinct by the end of the Cretaceous (Angarosphecidae, Archaeoscoliinae, some Diapriidae) are present and sometimes abundant in the early Eocene. Living relatives of some taxa are now present in different climate regimes or on different continents. Introduction that number (Gaston 1991; Sharkey 2007; Davis et al. 2010; Aguiar et al. 2013; Klopfstein et al. The Hymenoptera – ants, bees, wasps, and 2013).