1291

About the Authors

Martin Abkowitz Chapter D.39 Webster, NY, USA Martin A. Abkowitz received his Ph.D. in Physics from Syracuse University in 1964. [email protected], During the period 1964–65, Abkowitz was Andrew Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow in Authors [email protected] Physics at the University of Pittsburgh. In 1965, Abkowitz joined the Webster Research Center (now the Wilson Center for Research and Technology) of Xerox Corporation where he was a Principal Scientist until retirement in 1999. Abkowitz is currently a Visiting Scientist at the University of Rochester. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society. He has 174 publications including 35 US patents. Abkowitz has made over 250 contributed and invited presentations at international conferences.

Sadao Adachi Chapter D.31

Gunma University Sadao Adachi received his Ph.D. from Osaka University and is Professor of Electrical Department of Electronic Engineering, Engineering at Gunma University. From 1980 to 1988 he was with NTT Electrical Faculty of Engineering Communication Laboratories, Japan. He has published and presented over 200 Gunma, Japan technical papers and 20 textbooks on semiconductor physics and technology. His [email protected] current research interests include physical properties of semiconductors and new functional materials.

Alfred Adams Chapter D.37

University of Surrey Alfred Adams studied at Leicester University, UK, and in 1964 Advanced Technology Institute embarked on postdoctoral research at the University of Karlsruhe, Surrey, UK Germany. His work on III–V semiconductors started in 1967 at the [email protected] University of Surrey where he is now a Distinguished Professor. He received the Duddell medal from the Institute of Physics in 1995 for proposing the use of strained quantum wells in III–V lasers and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1996.

Guy J. Adriaenssens Chapter A.7

University of Leuven Guy Adriaenssens received his Ph.D. from the University of Laboratorium voor Halfgeleiderfysica Washington, Seattle, in 1971. After a postdoctoral stay at the University Leuven, Belgium of the Saarland, Germany, he joined the University of Leuven, Belgium, [email protected] in 1973. His current research interests center on transport properties and the electronic density of states of amorphous semiconductors and chalcogenide glasses.

Wilfried von Ammon Chapter A.5 Siltronic AG Dr. von Ammon studied physics at the Technical University of Munich and the Research and Development University of Regensburg. In 1981, he received his Ph.D. in physics from the Burghausen, Germany University of Regensburg. In 1982, he joined Wacker Siltronic and has been working [email protected] in research and development since then. His main focus was on silicon crystal growth (floating zone and Czochralski method), silicon-layer growth by chemical vapor deposition, neutron transmutation doping, thermal treatment of silicon and behavior of defects in silicon. In 1994, he managed a research project in collaboration with Sematech, USA, to assess 400 mm technology for the decision on the next-generation wafer. During recent years he has primarily been working on the development and improvement of 300 mm crystal-growth processes and on defect engineering of the silicon bulk. 1292 About the Authors

Peter Ashburn Chapter C.22

University of Southampton Peter Ashburn received a Ph.D. degree in electrical and electronic engineering in 1974 School of Electronics from the University of Leeds and then joined the Philips Research Laboratories. In and Computer Science 1978 he joined the University of Southampton and is currently a Professor of Southampton, UK Microelectronics. His research interests include SiGe heterojunction bipolar [email protected] transistors (HBTs), ultimate CMOS and carbon nanotubes. He has published over 200 Authors papers in the scientific literature and has authored two books on bipolar transistors.

Mark Auslender Chapter C.21

Ben-Gurion University Mark Auslender received a Ph.D in solid-state theory in 1977. He was of the Negev Beer Sheva a senior researcher at Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Department of Electrical Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1991 he joined the and Computer Engineering Microelectronics Laboratory at the Department of Electrical and Beer Sheva, Israel [email protected] Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel as a grade A researcher. His present interests focus on micro- and nanometer-scale diffraction gratings, optical coherence in regular and disordered media.

Darren M. Bagnall Chapter C.22

University of Southampton Dr. Darren Bagnall is a senior lecturer in the School of Electronics and School of Electronics Computer Science at Southampton University. His research has and Computer Science included pioneering work on molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) and Southampton, UK chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for the development of new nano and [email protected] quantum devices based on ZnO, silicon and silicon germanium. He has published over 50 refereed papers.

Ian M. Baker Chapter D.36 SELEX Sensors Ian Baker received a Ph.D. in solid-state imaging devices at Southampton University and Airborne Systems Infrared Ltd. in 1973. His career in solid-state imaging has spanned the development of visible Southampton, Hampshire, UK imaging charge-coupled devices (CCDs) within Philips and second- and [email protected] third-generation infrared detectors at various companies. He has published over 75 papers and has over 30 patents in the field of electro-optics. His current interest is the development of advanced third-generation infrared detectors, including 3D imaging.

Sergei Baranovskii Chapter A.9

Philipps University Marburg Professor Sergei Baranovskii received his Ph.D. (1981) in theoretical physics from the Department of Physics Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Marburg, Germany Petersburg, where he worked as a senior researcher until 1990. Since 1990 he has been [email protected] working at the Philipps University Marburg, Germany, where he got a Habilitation in Theoretical Physics in 1995. His research interests are devoted to charge transport and optical properties of organic and inorganic disordered solids.

Mark Baxendale Chapter E.50

Queen Mary, University of London Mark Baxendale is a Reader in Nanotechnology at Queen Mary, Department of Physics University of London since 2002. The focus of his research is the London, UK physics and applications of carbon nanotubes. These applications [email protected] include molecular quantum electronic devices, probes for scanning probe microscopy and single-molecule detection. About the Authors 1293

Mohammed L. Benkhedir Chapter A.7

University of Leuven Mohammed Benkhedir received an M.S. in Physics from the University Laboratorium voor Halfgeleiderfysica of Annaba, Algeria, and holds a Lectureship at the Centre Universitaire Leuven, Belgium de Tebessa, Algeria. He is currently studying the electronic properties MohammedLoufti.Benkhedir and density of states in amorphous selenium by means of @fys.kuleuven.ac.be photoconductivity techniques at the University of Leuven, Belgium. Authors

Monica Brinza Chapter A.7 University of Leuven Monica Brinza received an M.S. in Physics from the University of Bucharest, Romania Laboratorium voor Halfgeleiderfysica and a Ph.D. from the University of Leuven, Belgium. Her current research interests Leuven, Belgium focus on the transport properties of materials for photovoltaic applications and the [email protected] electronic density of states of amorphous semiconductors and chalcogenide glasses.

Paul D. Brown Chapter B.17

University of Nottingham Paul D. Brown received a Ph.D. in Applied Physics from the University of Durham in School of Mechanical, Materials 1989. He is presently Reader in Materials Characterisation at the University of and Manufacturing Engineering Nottingham. His present research interests are concerned with the interrelationship Nottingham, UK between the structure, property and processing of structural, functional and [email protected] biomedical materials, assessed using a broad range of characterisation techniques, with emphasis on novel variants of electron microscopy.

Mike Brozel Chapter C.23

University of Glasgow For most of his career, Mike Brozel has worked on the growth and Department of Physics and Astronomy assessment of semiconductors. Present investigations include Glasgow, UK instrumentation for the mapping of bulk GaAs and novel structures for [email protected] silicon nuclear particle detectors. An author of over 100 papers, he was the co-author with G. E. Stillman of Properties of Gallium Arsenide,3rd ed. and recently co-authored a chapter on GaAs in Bulk Crystal Growth.

Lukasz Brzozowski Chapter D.45

University of Toronto Lukasz Brzozowski has extensive experience in optics, medical Sunnybrook and Women’s Research imaging, nanotechnology and product development. He is currently Institute, Imaging Research/ Department leading research on the development of a combined X-ray/magnetic of Medical Biophysics resonance imaging (MRI) system, and on the application of Toronto, ON, Canada [email protected] photo-excitable quantum dots for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Dr. Brzozowski was awarded the Governor General’s Gold Medal for the best applied Ph.D. from the University of Toronto in the year 2003.

Peter Capper Chapters B.12, B.14, B.15 SELEX Sensors Peter Capper has spent some 30 years in the infrared industry growing and and Airborne Systems Infrared Ltd. characterising cadmium mercury telluride (CMT) and other tellurium-based materials. Materials Team Leader He holds a patent in the bulk growth of CMT, has authored/co-authored over 100 Southampton, Hampshire, UK papers and given several invited talks at international crystal growth/infrared (IR) [email protected] conferences. He has edited/co-edited five books in IR materials and devices and crystal growth. 1294 About the Authors

Larry Comstock Chapter E.51

San Jose State University R. Lawrence Comstock, Ph.D, has over 28 years of experience in computer storage San Jose, CA, USA system development. He was an IBM engineering manager for 25 years and was Vice [email protected] President, Advanced Recording Technology at Maxtor Corporation. He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University, and is the author of several books and publications. Larry has been teaching courses to graduate students at Authors institutions such as Stanford University since 1993. He received the IEEE Fellow Award for Developments in Magnetic Storage and Magnetic Microwave Devices.

Ray DeCorby Chapter D.43

University of Alberta Ray DeCorby received his M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Department of Electrical the University of Saskatchewan in 1995, and his Ph.D. degree in and Computer Engineering Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 1998. Currently, he is an Associate Professor of Electrical and [email protected] Computer Engineering at the University of Alberta. His research interests include integrated optics on silicon platforms, photonic glasses and polymers, and integrated nonlinear optics.

M. Jamal Deen Chapter B.20

McMaster University M. Jamal Deen is Professor and Senior Canada Research Chair in Department of Electrical and Computer Information Technology at McMaster University, Canada. His research Engineering (CRL 226) work is documented in 14 invited book chapters, six awarded patents, Hamilton, Canada and more that 300 peer-reviewed articles. His current research interests [email protected] are in microelectronics and optoelectronics. Dr. Deen was a Fulbright–Laspau Scholar, an American Vacuum Scholar, won the Electrochemical Society (ECS) Callinan Award and the Distinguished Researcher Award from the Province of Ontario. He is a fellow of the IEEE, fellow of the EIC (Engineering Institute of Canada) and a fellow of the ECS.

Leonard Dissado Chapter A.10 The University of Leicester Professor Dissado was awarded a D.Sc. in 1990 by The University of London for his Department of Engineering work on the theory of dielectric response and electrical breakdown phenomena. His Leicester, UK research interests in dielectric response covers a wide range of materials from glasses [email protected] and high voltage insulators, to bio-tissues. He is also co-author of the book Electrical Degradation and Breakdown in Polymers.

David Dunmur Chapter D.38

University of Southampton David Dunmur received his D.Phil. degree from the University of Oxford in 1965. His School of Chemistry research over more than 30 years has been concerned with the physical properties of Southampton, UK liquid crystals, specifically their dielectric, optical, electro-optical and elastic [email protected] properties. He was founding editor of Liquid Crystals Today, and the 1999 recipient of the G. W. Gray Medal of the British Liquid Crystal Society. Professor Dunmur is an Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Sheffield, and currently a Visiting Professor at the University of Southampton. About the Authors 1295

Lester F. Eastman Chapter D.33

Cornell University Lester F. Eastman is presently the John L. Given Foundation Chair Department of Electrical Professor of Engineering at Cornell University. He joined the faculty of and Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering at Cornell in 1957, and also serves as a member Ithaca, NY, USA of the graduate fields of Applied Physics and Materials Science. Since [email protected] 1965 he has been doing research on compound semiconductor materials, high-speed devices and circuits, and has been active in organizing Authors workshops and conferences on these subjects elsewhere since 1965 and at Cornell from 1967. He has supervised over 100 Ph.D. theses, over 50 M.S. theses, and over 50 postdoctoral studies. In his research group effort is underway on molecular-beam epitaxy, microwave transistors, high-speed semiconductor lasers, and fundamental phenomena in compound semiconductor quantum electron and optical devices. In 1991 he was awarded the GaAs Symposium Award and the Heinrich Welker medal. He was awarded the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Fellowship in 1994, and the Aldert van der Ziel Award in 1995. The IEEE honored him with their 1999 Graduate Teaching Award and Third Millennium Medal 2000. He was recently elected Fellow of the American Physical Society, 2001 and received the University of Michigan’s William Gould Dow Lectureship award the same year. The biennial IEEE Cornell Conference on High-Performance Devices was renamed the IEEE Lester Eastman Conference in 2002. The Electron Devices Society has selected him for the 2002 recipient of the IEEE Electron Devices Society J. J. Ebers. Award. Distinguished Educator Award, 2003, for IEEE Microwave Theory and Technique Society.

Andy Edgar Chapter D.40

Victoria University Dr. Edgar is an Associate Professor in the School of Chemical and School of Chemical Physical Sciences at Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, and and Physical Sciences SCPS a Principal Investigator of the MacDiarmid Institute. His current Wellington, New Zealand research interests are storage phosphors for radiation imaging, and glass [email protected] ceramics for optoelectronic applications.

Brian E. Foutz Chapter D.33 Cadence Design Systems Brian E. Foutz is currently a Senior Member of Consulting Staff with Cadence Design Endicott, NY, USA Systems. Dr. Foutz’s current research focuses on ASIC design-for-test strategies. Dr. [email protected] Foutz is currently a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Mark Fox Chapter D.42

University of Sheffield Dr. Fox obtained his D.Phil. degree in physics from Oxford University in 1987. After Department of Physics and Astronomy post-doctoral work at AT&T Bell Laboratories, he was a Royal Society University Sheffield, UK Research Fellow at Oxford until 1998, when he took up his present post as a Reader in [email protected] Physics at Sheffield University. His research interests include low-dimensional semiconductor structures, quantum optics and ultrafast laser spectroscopy.

Darrel Frear Chapter E.55

RF and Power Packaging Technology Darrel Frear has an A.B. in Engineering Science from Dartmouth Development, Freescale Semiconductor College and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Materials Science from the Tempe, AZ, USA University of California, Berkeley. He is manager of Radio-frequency [email protected] (RF) and Power Packaging Technology Development at Freescale Semiconductor. Previously, Darrel was at Sandia National Labs. Darrel’s background includes materials research and development to enhance processing and reliability of electronic components. 1296 About the Authors

Milan Friesel Chapter C.24

Chalmers University of Technology Milan Friesel obtained his Ph.D. in Experimental High-Pressure Physics Department of Physics from Chalmers University of Technology in Göteborg in 1987. From Göteborg, Sweden 1988 to1991 he was guest researcher at the Max Planck Institute for [email protected] Metal Research in Stuttgart. Since 1994 he is Associate Professor in physics at the SIMS laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology. His Authors research interests are superionic conductors, metals and alloys, semiconductors and characterization by the SIMS technique.

Jacek Gieraltowski Chapter A.4 Université de Bretagne Occidentale Professor Gieraltowski holds a DSc. from Warsaw University (Poland) on the basis of 29285 Brest Cedex, France research done in a French CNRS laboratory in Meudon, Bellevue (Paris, France). He [email protected] has been involved in research on magnetic materials (ferrites, thin films and nanowires) for more than 30 years with numerous journal papers. After several years as a senior researcher in the Res. Lab. of Polfa in Warsaw associated with the Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw, he joined the department of Physics, in Brest (France) as an assistant professor working on the physics of ferrites and magnetic materials for microwave devices. Presently, he is full professor of Physics in Brest, working on fast switching magnetization problems for high density magnetic recording, giant magnetoimpedance sensors and the application of magnetism to biological and medical applications.

Yinyan Gong Chapter D.35

Columbia University Yinyan Gong is graduate student of Columbia University. Her Current research Department of Applied Physics interests are optical and electrical properties as well as microstructures of and Applied Mathematics wide-band-gap materials. She received a Guanhua fellowship from Shanghai Jiao New York, NY, USA Tong University in 1997/1998. [email protected]

† Robert D. Gould Chapter C.29

Keele University Dr. Robert Gould has received two doctorates from Brunel University, Thin Films Laboratory, Department of a Ph.D. degree in 1973, and a D.Sc. degree in 2000 for his contribution Physics, School of Chemistry and Physics to knowledge in the physics and technology of thin films. He spent four Keele, Staffordshire, UK years lecturing in Physics at the University of Science, Malaysia, before joining Keele University in 1980, where he is currently a Senior Lecturer in Physics. He has published extensive review articles on electrical conduction in both phthalocyanines and cadmium compounds, and also on high-field conduction in nanostructures. He also has research interests in insulating nitride films prepared by sputtering. Dr. Robert Gould died suddenly on March 16, 2006 and will be greatly missed by the scientific community. Editors.

Shlomo Hava Chapter C.21

Ben-Gurion University Shlomo Hava received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the of the Negev Beer Sheva University of Delaware in 1982. Since then he has worked at the Department of Electrical Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Ben-Gurion and Computer Engineering University of the Negev, Israel. Currently he is a faculty professor and Beer Sheva, Israel [email protected] head of the Microelectronics Laboratory at this department. His present research interests include micro- and nanometer-scaled diffraction gratings in optical elements and light emitters, and the effects of gamma radiation and vacuum on optoelectronic devices. About the Authors 1297

Colin Humphreys Chapter .1 University of Cambridge Colin Humphreys is the Goldsmiths’ Professor of Materials Science at Cambridge Department of Materials Science University. He is the Director of the Cambridge Centre for Gallium Nitride and has and Metallurgy published over 500 research papers, mainly on electron microscopy and analysis, Cambridge, UK semiconductors, superconductors and high-temperature alloys. He has received [email protected] various national and international medals and awards for his research. Authors

Stuart Irvine Chapters B.14, E.46

University of Wales, Bangor Professor Irvine is a Chartered Physicist and received his B.Sc degree in Physics from Department of Chemistry Loughborough University of Technology, Ph.D. in Physical Metallurgy and Science of Gwynedd, UK Materials, and D.Sc. in Physics, both from the University of Birmingham. His [email protected] research covers various aspects of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of compound semiconductor and oxide materials for applications such as solar cells, detectors and displays. This research has led to the development of new optical in situ monitoring devices that are now manufactured and sold worldwide. Previous appointments include Rockwell Science Centre and the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, Malvern where he carried out pioneering research in MOCVD of II–VI semiconductors.

Radu Ispasoiu Chapter D.42

Credence Systems Corporation Dr. Radu Ispasoiu received the Ph.D. degree in Physics in 1996 with Diagnostics and Characterization Group a dissertation on carrier transport in III–V semiconductor quantum well (DCG) structures. He is currently a Senior Research Scientist at Credence Sunnyvale, CA, USA Systems Corporation, Sunnyvale, California, where his work is focused [email protected] on the design, fabrication and characterization of avalanche photodiodes for single photon detection in the infrared (IR).

Minoru Isshiki Chapters B.16, D.34

Tohoku University Minoru Isshiki is a Professor at the Tohoku University in the Institute of Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials. He earned his Ph. Advanced Materials D. in materials science at Tohoku University in 1976. Dr. Isshiki is Sendai, Japan working on the purification of metals, single-crystal growth of bulk and [email protected] thin-film compound semiconductors and impurity effects on their properties.

Robert Johanson Chapter A.2 University of Saskatchewan Robert Johanson is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Department of Electrical Engineering Engineering at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. He obtained his A.B. Saskatoon, SK, Canada (honors) (1981), M.Sc. (1983) and Ph.D. (1991) from the University of Chicago, and [email protected] subsequently worked as a postdoctoral research fellow and a research associate at the University of Saskatchewan. His research interests include electrical and optical properties of amorphous semiconductors, and glasses. Dr. Johanson has published numerous journal and conference papers in this field, and is a member of the American Physical Society and the IEEE.

Tim Joyce Chapter B.14

University of Liverpool Tim Joyce has worked on semiconductor epitaxy since obtaining his B.Sc. in 1981 and Functional Materials Research Centre, was awarded a Ph.D. in Materials Science in 1991 at the University of Liverpool for Department of Engineering research in metalorganic molecular-beam epitaxy (MOMBE). Current research Liverpool, UK interests include MBE of group III–N and group III–V–N semiconductors. He is [email protected] currently chairman of the British Association of Crystal Growth. 1298 About the Authors

M. Zahangir Kabir Chapter E.48

Concordia University Zahangir Kabir received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical and Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and and Computer Engineering Technology (BUET), Bangladesh, in 1994 and 1996, respectively. From Montreal, Quebec, Canada 1996 to 2000 he was an Assistant Professor with the Electrical and [email protected] Electronic Engineering department at BUET. He recieved his PhD from Authors the University of Saskatchewan in 2005, and is currently Assistant Professor at Concordia Unversity in Montreal. His research interests are in the areas of imaging sensors, disordered semiconductors, and electronic materials and devices.

Safa Kasap Chapters A.2, A.3, B.19, E.48

University of Saskatchewan Safa Kasap is currently a Professor and Canada Research Chair in Department of Electrical Engineering Electronic Materials and Devices in the Electrical Engineering Saskatoon, SK, Canada Department at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. He obtained his [email protected] B.Sc. (1976), M.Sc. (1978) and Ph.D. (1983) degrees from the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London, specializing in amorphous semiconductors and chalcogenide glasses. In 1996 he was awarded the D.Sc. (Engineering) from London University for his research contributions to materials science in electrical engineering. He is a fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the Institute of Physics and the Institute of Materials. His research interests are in amorphous semiconductors, glasses for photonics, photoconductors, electrical, optical and thermal properties of materials, and related topics, with more than one hundred refereed journal papers in these areas. He is the author of Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices and Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, both textbooks are widely used by many major universities and professionals.

Alexander Kolobov Chapter E.49 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Dr. A. V. Kolobov obtained his Ph.D. from the A. F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute Science and Technology at St. Petersburg, Russia. Since 1994 he has been a senior researcher at the National Center for Applied Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan. His current Near-Field Optics Research interests include, but are not limited to, amorphous semiconductors, photoinduced Ibaraki, Japan [email protected] phenomena in solids, optical data storage and use of synchrotron radiation in materials science.

Cyril Koughia Chapters A.2, A.3

University of Saskatchewan Cyril Koughia received his Ph.D. from the A. F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Department of Electrical Engineering Petersburg, Russia and is a Research Associate at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Canada. His current research interests include the physical properties of amorphous [email protected] semiconductors and glasses used in photonics and electronics.

Igor L. Kuskovsky Chapter D.35

Queens College, Igor L. Kuskovsky is an Assistant Professor of Physics at Queens City University of New York (CUNY) College, CUNY. Research interests include optical and magneto-optical Department of Physics properties of quantum dots and nanowires, applications of low Flushing, NY, USA dimensional systems for bio-imaging, and microstructural, electrical [email protected] and electro-optical properties of wide-band-gap semiconductors. Previously, he has done extensive work on optical properties of II–VI wide-band-gap semiconductors. About the Authors 1299

Geoffrey Luckhurst Chapter D.38

University of Southampton Geoffrey Luckhurst was awarded his Ph.D. degree in 1965 from the School of Chemistry University of Cambridge having studied for his B.Sc. at the University Southampton, UK of Hull. His research into liquid crystals started in Cambridge and [email protected] continues at Southampton where he is the Emeritus Professor of Chemical Physics. His work is concerned with many aspects of this interdisciplinary field including the design of novel materials, their Authors molecular orientational order, the molecular dynamics, their macroscopic order and dynamics using both experimental and theoretical techniques. He is co-founder of the international journal, Liquid Crystals, was the recipient of the G. W. Gray Medal of the British Liquid Crystal Society in 2002 and was elected President of the International Liquid Crystal Society of which he is an Honoured Member.

Akihisa Matsuda Chapter C.26 Tokyo University of Science Dr. Akihisa. Matsuda has an M.S. degree from Waseda University, a Ph.D. from the Research Institute for Science Tokyo Institute of Technology, and is Chief Senior Researcher at ETL MITI Japan. He and Technology is also the Director of the Research Initiative for Thin-Film Silicon Solar-Cells AIST Chiba, Japan Japan. [email protected], a. [email protected]

Naomi Matsuura Chapter D.41

Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Naomi Matsuura received her Ph.D. from the University of Toronto in 2003 for the Department of Medical Biophysics, development of 2D and 3D periodic, three-dimensional nanoscale architectures using Imaging Research non-lithographic parallel patterning technologies. Dr. Matsuura is currently Toronto, ON, Canada a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Strategic Training Fellow in the [email protected] EIRR21st Program at Toronto’s Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, and is investigating the development of novel nanostructures for cancer imaging and therapy.

Kazuo Morigaki Chapter C.25

University of Tokyo Kazuo Morigaki received his Ph.D. in physics from Osaka University in Tokyo, Japan 1959. Since then, he has joined Osaka University, Sony Corporation [email protected] Research Laboratory, Centre d’Etudes Nucléares de Saclay, University of Tokyo (Institute for Solid State Physics), Yamaguchi University, and Hiroshima Institute of Technology. He is now Professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo. His current area of interest are light-induced phenomena and the electronic states of defects in amorphous and microcrystalline silicon.

Hadis Morkoç Chapter D.32

Virginia Commonwealth University Professor Hadis Morkoc received his Ph.D. from Cornell University, Department of Electrical and is currently the Founders Professor of Electrical Engineering and and Computer Engineering Physics at the Commonwealth Virginia University in Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA Virginia, where his research interest cover GaN and related III–nitride [email protected] semiconductors, ZnO and perovskite oxides, and quantum wells and quantum-dot structures. Professor Morkoç has authored and coauthored a number of books on optoelectronic materials and devices, such as Nitride Semiconductors and Devices, Advanced Semiconductor and Organic Nano-Techniques, Principles and Technology of MODFETS. He has published some 1300 technical articles in electronic and optoelectronic materials and devices from fundamental materials issues to device applications. Professor Morkoç is a Fellow of IEEE, Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science and a Life Fellow of the American Physics Society. 1300 About the Authors

Winfried Mönch Chapter A.8 Universität Duisburg-Essen Winfried Mönch received a Dr. rer. nat. degree from the Universität Göttingen in 1961. Duisburg, Germany He spent three years at the AEG-Forschungsinstitut before joining the RWTH Aachen. [email protected] There he qualified as university lecturer in 1968 and became Associate Professor two years later. In 1974 he was appointed Professor at the Universität Duisburg and retired in 1999. He was Walter Schottky Visiting Professor at Stanford University in 1981 and received the E. W. Müller Award 1984 of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. He Authors has authored two monographs on semiconductor surfaces and interfaces.

Arokia Nathan Chapter E.47

University of Waterloo Arokia Nathan is a Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University Department of Electrical of Waterloo, Canada. He held the DALSA/Natural Sciences and Engineering Research and Computer Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) industrial research chair in sensor technology, and was Waterloo, Ontario, Canada a recipient of the 2001 NSERC E. W. R. Steacie Fellowship. He currently holds the [email protected] Canada Research Chair in Nanoscale Elastic Circuits. His research interests lie in materials devices, and circuits pertinent to large-area electronics.

Gertrude F. Neumark Chapter D.35

Columbia University Gertrude F. Neumark is Howe Professor of Materials Science. Current Department of Applied Physics and research interests are electrical and optical properties of wide bandgap Applied Mathematics semiconductors, mainly ZnSe and III–nitrides. She is Fellow of the New York, NY, USA American Physical Society and has a listing by the American Physical [email protected] Society on the archival web site for Notable Women in Physics. She was awarded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) as Visiting Professor at Columbia University (1982/83), and is Panelist for the National Research Council (NRC) and NSF.

Stephen K. O’Leary Chapters A.3, D.33

University of Regina Stephen K. O’Leary is currently an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Faculty of Engineering Engineering at the University of Regina. Professor O’Leary’s research Regina, SK, Canada focuses on novel electronic materials and the electron devices that use [email protected] such materials. He is currently a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Materials Research Society.

Chisato Ogihara Chapter C.25 Yamaguchi University Dr. C. Ogihara received his Ph.D. degree in physics from University of Tokyo in 1988. Department of Applied Science He joined the University of Strathclyde in 1989, Gifu University in 1991 and Ube, Japan Yamaguchi University in 1993. His current research focuses on photoluminescence [email protected] and light-induced creation of defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon.

Fabien Pascal Chapter B.20

Université Montpellier 2/CEM2-cc084 Fabien Pascal is involved in a research group working in electronic devices (MOS, Centre d’Electronique MODFET, MESFET, TBH Si–Ge, TBH III–V) by means of their proper background et de Microoptoélectronique de I–V/C–V characteristics and noise spectral analysis. He is also working on the Montpellier technological qualification of contacts, semiconductor materials and carbon nanotubes Montpellier, France [email protected] based devices by the use of noise spectroscopy. He is author and co-author of more than 70 publications in international journals and conferences. About the Authors 1301

Michael Petty Chapter E.53

University of Durham Michael Petty obtained his Ph.D. from Imperial College, London for Department School of Engineering work on semiconducting II–VI thin films. His current research activities Durham, UK encompass nanoscale architectures of organic materials, e.g. build up by [email protected] techniques such as Langmuir–Blodgett deposition, self-assembly, and thermal evaporation. He has a special interest in the application of such thin layers to electronic and optoelectronic devices. He is currently Authors Co-Director of the Durham Centre for Molecular and Nanoscale Electronics.

Asim Kumar Ray Chapter E.54

Queen Mary, University of London Asim K. Ray B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc, FRSA holds the Chair in Department of Materials Functional Materials at Queen Mary, University of London. His London, UK research interests lie in thin-film technologies for fabrication of [email protected] nanostructures and chemical and biosensors. He is a fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, UK and the Institute of Physics (UK). He is a college member of the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, UK and an honorary editor of the Proc. IEE – Circuits, Devices, and Systems.

John Rowlands Chapter E.48 University of Toronto John Rowlands is a Professor of Medical Biophysics at the University of Toronto. His Department of Medical Biophysics research laboratories devoted to the study of X-ray imaging and positron emission Sunnybrook and Women’s College tomography are located in the Research Institute of Sunnybrook and Women’s Health Health Sciences Centre Sciences Centre. His research interests are the fundamental limitations of image Toronto, Canada [email protected] quality in radiation imaging.

Oleg Rubel Chapter A.9

Philipps University Marburg Dr. Oleg Rubel received his Ph.D. in material sciences from the Zaporozhye National Department of Physics Technical University in Ukraine in 2001. Since 2003 he has been working as and Material Sciences Center a member of the Central Technological Laboratory and of the Semiconductor Theory Marburg, Germany Group at the Philipps University Marburg. His current research activities include [email protected] theoretical aspects of transport and optical properties of crystalline, amorphous and organic semiconductors where carrier localization plays a dominant role, as well as atomic-scale characterization techniques for semiconductor heterostructures.

Harry Ruda Chapters A.2, A.3, D.41

University of Toronto Professor Harry Ruda received his Ph.D. from MIT in 1982 in Materials Materials Science and Engineering, Physics, and worked as an IBM postdoctoral fellow from 1982 to 1984, Electrical and Computer Engineering developing one of first theories for electron transport in selectively Toronto, Canada doped heterostructures. From 1984 to 1989 he was a senior scientist at [email protected] 3M Corporation, developed some of first models for electronic transport and optical properties of wide-band-gap II–VI semiconductors. Currently he is a full professor and chair in nanotechnology at the University of Toronto, and Director of the Centre for Nanotechnology. He has published over 170 papers in international refereed journals and holds 14 patents. His current research focuses on the fabrication and modeling of quantum functional nanostructures with applications in the fields of nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. 1302 About the Authors

Edward Sargent Chapter D.45

University of Toronto Ted Sargent is 2004-5 Visiting Professor, Nanotechnology and Department of Electrical Photonics, in the Microphotonics Center at MIT. In 2003 he was named and Computer Engineering one of the world’s top young innovators by MIT’s Technology Review. Toronto, Canada In 2002 he was honoured by the Canadian Institute for Advanced [email protected] Research as one of Canada’s top 20 researchers under the age of 40. In Authors his research he innovates devices for networking, energy, and medicine by applying colloidal quantum dots, photonic crystals, and other advanced nanomaterials.

Peyman Servati Chapter E.47 Ignis Innovation Inc. Peyman Servati received the B.Sc. degree from the University of Tehran in 1998, and Waterloo, Ontario, Canada his M.A.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, in [email protected] 2000 and 2004, respectively. His present research interest lies in disordered organic and silicon thin-film transistors (TFTs) and nanostructured materials. He was a recipient of the 2005 NSERC Doctoral Prize, NSERC Postgraduate Scholarship, and the Bronze Medal in the XXV I.Ph.O. competitions held in Beijing, China, 1994.

Derek Shaw Chapter A.6

Hull University Dr. Derek Shaw received his B.Sc. in physics from the University of Manchester in Hull, UK 1950 and his Ph.D. in meteorology form Imperial College London in 1955. After [email protected] spending several years in industry working on thermionic emitters and photoconductors he joined the Physics Department of Hull University in 1963. There he initiated research in semiconductor diffusion with specific interest in Si, Ge, AlSb, GaAs, GaSb, CdTe, CdS, HgCdTe and PbSnTe. In retirement his interest in HgCdTe continues in collaboration with SELEX Sensors & Airborne Systems.

Fumio Shimura Chapter B.13

Shizuoka Institute of Science and Dr. Shimura has been engaged in both fundamental and practical Technology science and engineering related to semiconductor crystal technology Department of Materials and Life and semiconductor device processing, and is the author of Science Semiconductor Silicon Crystal Technology. Fumio Shimura received his Fukuroi, Japan [email protected] Ph.D. degree in Applied Physics from Nagoya University, Japan in 1982. He is currently a professor at the Sizuoka Institute of Science and Technology and Adjunct Professor, North Carolina State University.

Michael Shur Chapter D.33

Renssellaer Polytechnic Institute Dr. Shur is Patricia and Sheldon Roberts Professor, Professor of Department of Electrical, Computer, Physics, and Director of Broadband Center at RPI. He is fellow of the and Systems Engineering IEEE, APS, ECS, World Innovation Foundation, and a winner of van Troy, NY, USA der Ziel Award and of several best conference paper awards. He holds [email protected] over 30 patents on solid-state devices and was listed by the ISA as a highly quoted researcher.

Jai Singh Chapter A.3 Charles Darwin University Jai Singh is Professor of Physics at the Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia School of Engineering and Logistics, and Fellow of the Australian Institute of Physics. He has held several visiting Faculty of Technology, B-41 fellowships, including the Max Planck Institute (Germany), Visiting Professor (USA), Darwin, NT, Australia JSPS Fellow (Japan), and Guest Professor (Denmark). His research interests are in [email protected] condensed-matter theory, covering areas of excitonic processes in crystalline and amorphous semiconductors, nanostructures, and designing of solar cells. He has written two books, edited one book and four conference proceedings, and published 140 research papers. About the Authors 1303

Tim Smeeton Chapter .1

Sharp Laboratories of Europe Tim Smeeton received his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in 2005 following Oxford, UK research into the nanostructures of InGaN quantum wells using transmission electron [email protected] microscopy and X-ray scattering techniques. He is now with Sharp Laboratories of Europe, where he is researching group III–nitride quantum-dot structures and devices. Authors

Boris Straumal Chapter C.24

Russian Academy of Sciences Professor Straumal is Head of the Laboratory for Interfaces in Metals at Institute of Sold State Physics the Institute for Solid-State Physics of the Russian Academy of Chernogolovka, Russia Sciences at Chernogolovka, Russia, and a Full Professor at the Moscow [email protected] State Institute of Steel and Alloys (Technological University) in the Faculty of Physical Chemistry. His research interests focus on grain boundaries, phase transformations, diffusion, thermodynamics, coating technologies, properties of coatings, crystal growth, and nanomaterials.

Stephen Sweeney Chapter D.37

University of Surrey Stephen John Sweeney is a Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in Advanced Technology Institute Semiconductor Laser Physics at the Advanced Technology Institute, Guildford, Surrey, UK University of Surrey, UK. He holds a B.Sc. (hons.) in Physics and a Ph. [email protected] D. in Semiconductor Laser Physics. His research interests are in low-dimensional semiconductors for use in lasers and other photonic devices with applications including communications, bio-sensing and solid-state lighting.

David Sykes Chapter B.18 Loughborough Surface Analysis Ltd. David Sykes graduated from the University of Warwick in 1970 with a B.Sc. in Loughborough, UK Physics and obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Aston in 1975. Following [email protected] postdoctoral positions at the Universities of Birmingham and York he moved to Loughborough University in 1978 where he remained until setting up LSA Ltd. in 1997. He is Director of Loughborough Surface Analysis Ltd. in Loughborough, UK which provides responsive, confidential, professional contract surface analysis service to industry and universities. Presently he is Chairman of the UK Surface Analysis Forum (UKSAF), Vice Chairman of the British Vacuum Council (BVC), Chairman of the ISO Technical Committee 201 Subcommittee on Data Management and Treatment in Surface Chemical Analysis (ISO TC201SC3), and Recording Secretary of the International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Application (IUVSTA).

Keiji Tanaka Chapter D.44

Hokkaido University After graduating from a master course at Hokkaido University in 1972, Professor Keiji Department of Applied Physics, Tanaka worked on photoreceptors at Canon Co. Ltd. for two years. Then, coming back Graduate School of Engineering to the university, and he was promoted to a professor in 1991. He is also head of the Sapporo, Japan research group on Photoelectronics in Disordered Materials of the Japan Society of [email protected] Applied Physics. He is interested in the optoelectronic properties of amorphous materials, specifically chalcogenide glasses, and applications. He received the first Ovshinsky Award in 2001. 1304 About the Authors

Charbel Tannous Chapter A.4

Université de Bretagne Occidentale Charbel Tannous holds a D.Sc. from Joseph Fourier University LMB, CNRS FRE 2697 (Grenoble, France) and a Ph.D. from the University of Sherbrooke Brest Cedex, France (Quebec, Canada). After being a Postdoctoral Fellow at Cornell [email protected] University (Ithaca, USA), he joined the Department of Engineering Physics, Montreal, where he worked on 1/ f noise in fractal circuits and Authors microelectronic device simulation. Later he joined the AGT research and development department in Calgary as a Senior Researcher working on wireless communications and nonlinear signal processing. After being at TRLabs and simultaneously Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Saskatchewan, he joined the Université de Bretagne Occidentale in Brest, France, as a Full Professor of Physics. Presently he is working on fast switching magnetization problems for high-density magnetic recording and giant magnetoimpedance sensors.

Ali Teke Chapter D.32

Balikesir University Ali Teke is currently an Associate Professor in the Physics Department Department of Physics, Faculty of Art and at the Balõkesir University, Turkey. He received his B.Sc. (1992) and Ph. Science D. (1997) degrees in the Physics Departments of the Middle East Balikesir, Turkey Technical University, Turkey and Essex University, UK, respectively. [email protected] His current research activities include the investigation of the electronic and optical properties of wide-band-gap semiconductors such as GaN and ZnO and exploring new devices for electronic and optoelectronic applications. He has published more than 30 journal and conference papers and chapters in books.

Junji Tominaga Chapter E.49 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Junji Tominaga received his Ph.D. in Materials Science from Cranfield Institute of Science and Technology, AIST Technology, UK, in 1991. After completing his Ph.D., he was a senior member of Center for Applied Near-Field Optics research staff at TDK Corporation and developed optical phase-change materials for Research, CAN-FOR rewritable CD and DVD. He joined AIST in 1997. Now, he is Director of the Center Tsukuba, Japan [email protected] for Applied Near-Field Optics Research, CAN-FOR, Japan. His current research interests are high-density optical data storage and nanophotonics in nanotechnology.

Dan Tonchev Chapter B.19

University of Saskatchewan Dan Tonchev is currently a Research Associate in Electronic and Photonic Materials Department of Electrical Engineering in the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Saskatoon, SK, Canada He is also a Professor in Chemical Technology at the Plovdiv University in Bulgaria. [email protected] He obtained his M.Sc. (1981) from the Moscow State University, and Ph.D. (1990) in materials engineering from the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria. His research interests are in the preparation and characterization of glasses and polymers. He has published more than 40 journal and conference papers and chapters in books, and has 14 patents (US and European). He is a member of the American Chemical Society.

Harry L. Tuller Chapter A.11

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Harry Tuller received his Eng.Sc.D. from Columbia University in 1973 Department of Materials Science and joined the MIT faculty in 1975. Current research focuses on and Engineering, Crystal Physics functional materials/MEMS integration and solid-state ionic-device and Electroceramics Laboratory optimization. He is Fellow of the American Ceramic Society, a von Cambridge, MA, USA [email protected] Humboldt awardee and recipient of docteur honoris causa of the Université de Provence, Marseille, France. He co-founded Boston MicroSystems and is a pioneer in micromachined SiC-based sensor arrays. About the Authors 1305

Qamar-ul Wahab Chapter C.24

Linköping University Qamar-ul Wahab has a Master and M.Phil. degree in Physics from Department of Physics, Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. He earned his PhD in and Biology (IFM) 1994 from Linköping University, Sweden in the area of silicon carbide Linköping, Sweden materials and devices. Currently he is working as an Associate [email protected] Professor at IFM, Linköping University and Senior Researcher at Swedish Defence Research (FOI). He worked with ABB Corp. Res. Authors from 1995–1998 in the SiC power-device program designing and fabricating 3 kV Schottky barrier diode in 4H-SiC. Current research interests are in modelling and simulations of microwave power transistors and amplifiers.

Robert M. Wallace Chapter C.28 University of Texas at Dallas Robert M. Wallace earned his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Pittsburgh in Department of Electrical Engineering 1988. In 1990, Wallace joined Texas Instruments and was appointed (1997) to manage Richardson, TX, USA materials research on advanced device concepts and the associated integration issues. [email protected] In 2003, he joined the University of Texas at Dallas as a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics. He has over 85 publications and 65 US and international patents.

Jifeng Wang Chapters B.16, D.34

Tohoku University Jifeng Wang received his Ph.D. degree from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Institute of Multidisciplinary Research 1992. After a postdoctoral fellowship at Nagaoka University of Technology he became for Advanced Materials an Assistant Professor at the same University. From 1995 until now he has been Sendai, Japan working at Tohoku University. His current research focuses on the growth of II–VI [email protected] compound semiconductors and environmental semiconductors.

David S. Weiss Chapter D.39

NexPress Solutions, Inc. David S. Weiss is a Scientist Fellow at NexPress Solutions, Inc. Rochester, NY, USA (a Kodak Company), in Rochester, New York. He received his Ph.D. in [email protected] chemistry from Columbia University, New York in 1969. His research interests focus on electrophotographic technologies with emphasis on organic photoreceptors. He holds 16 U.S. patents and is author on over 70 publications. He is co-author of Organic Photoreceptors for Imaging Systems.

Rainer Wesche Chapter E.52

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Rainer Wesche studied physics at the University of Constance, Centre de Recherches Germany. After completing his diploma in 1984, he was assistant from en Physique des Plasmas 1985 to 1989 (Ph.D. in 1988). From 1989 to 1993 he was a research Lausanne, Switzerland scientist at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland, where he led an [email protected] experimental study of high-current applications of high-Tcsuperconductors funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. Since 1994 he has been a research scientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne. His present research is in the field of applied superconductivity.

Roger Whatmore Chapter C.27 Tyndall National Institute Roger Whatmore is Professor of Engineering Nanotechnology, researching the use of Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland ferroelectrics in microsystems and nanotechnology. He has published over 200 papers [email protected] and 30 patents in the field. He is a Nelson Gold Medal and Griffith Medal winner, a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and a fellow of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. 1306 About the Authors

Neil White Chapter C.30

University of Southampton Neil White is Professor of Intelligent Sensor Systems in the School of Electronics and School of Electronics Computer Science at the University of Southampton, UK. He is a fellow of the and Computer Science Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) and the Institute of Physics (IOP) as well as Highfield, Southampton, UK a Senior Member of the IEEE. Professor White has published extensively in the field [email protected] of sensor technology and novel sensing materials. Authors

Magnus Willander Chapter C.24

University of Gothenburg Magnus Willander is chaired professor in physics at Gothenburg Department of Physics University in Sweden. He did pioneering works on Si/SiGe Göteborg, Sweden heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), polymer transistors, and laser [email protected] transistors. His interest in soft materials in the last five to six years led to the demonstration of the water transistor and its applications. Professor Willander combines experimental and theoretical research.

Jan Willekens Chapter A.7

University of Leuven Jan Willekens studied Physics at the University of Leuven, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Halfgeleiderfysica and is currently a Physics Tutor at the Faculty of Engineering of the Leuven, Belgium same University. He is using steady-state and transient [email protected] photoconductivity techniques to study photogeneration and electronic transport in disordered semiconductor structures with special emphasis on polymeric blends for photovoltaic applications.