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Species Delimitation in the Podospora Anserina/ P. Pauciseta/P. Comata Species Complex (Sordariales)

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Species Delimitation in the Podospora Anserina/ P. Pauciseta/P. Comata Species Complex (Sordariales) Cryptogamie, Mycologie, 2017, 38 (4): 485-506 © 2017 Adac. Tous droits réservés Species delimitation in the Podospora anserina/ P. pauciseta/P. comata species complex (Sordariales) Charlie BOUCHER, Tinh-Suong NGUYEN &Philippe SILAR* Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, LaboratoireInterdisciplinairedes Énergies de Demain, 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France Abstract – Podospora anserina is amodel ascomycete that has been used for over acentury to study many biological phenomena including ageing, prions and sexual reproduction. Here, through the molecular and phenotypic analyses of several strains, we delimit species that are hidden behind the P. anserina/P. pauciseta and P. comata denomination in culture collections. Molecular analyses of several regions of the genome as well as growth characteristics show that these strains form aspecies complex with at least seven members. None of the traditional morphology-based characters such as ascospore and perithecium sizes or presence of setae at the neck are able to differentiate all the species, unlike the ITS barcode, mycelium growth characteristics and repartition of perithecia on the thallus. Interspecificcrosses are nearly sterile and most F1 progeny is female sterile. As aresult of our analyses, the taxonomy of the P. anserina complex is clarified by lecto- and epitypifications of the names P. anserina, P. pauciseta and P. comata,aswell as descriptions of the new species P. bellae-mahoneyi, P. pseudoanserina, P. pseudocomata, and P. pseudopauciseta. We also report on the ability of species from this complex to form a Cladorrhinum-like asexual morph and to produce tiny sclerotium-like structures. Podospora anserina / Podospora pauciseta / Podospora comata / Lasiosphaeriaceae / Sordariales / Cladorrhinum-like /sclerotium-like /microsclerotium /spermatia Résumé – Podospora anserina est un ascomycète modèle qui est utilisé depuis plus d’un siècle pour étudier de nombreux phénomènes biologiques incluant le vieillissement, les prions ou la reproduction sexuée. Nous délimitons grâce à une analyse moléculaire et phénotypique les espèces cachées derrière les dénominations P. anserina/P.pauciseta et P. comata des souches de collections. Les analyses moléculaires de plusieurs régions du génome ainsi que les caractéristiques de croissance montrent que ces espèces forment un complexe avec au moins sept membres. Aucun des caractères utilisésusuellement tels que la taille des ascospores et des périthèces, ou la présence de setae au col ne peut différencier les espèces, au contraire des analyses du code-barres ITS, des caractéristiques de croissance et de la répartition des périthèces sur le thalle. Les croisements interspécifiques sont trèspeu fertiles et la plupart de la descendance F1 est femelle stérile. Il en résulte une clarification par lecto- et epitypifications des noms P. anserina, P. pauciseta and P. comata,ainsi que la description de quatreespèces nouvelles : P. bellae-mahoneyi, P. pseudoanserina, P. pseudocomata, and P. pseudopauciseta. Nous montrons aussi la capacité de ces espèces à former un anamophe de type Cladorrhinum ainsi que des microsclérotes. Podospora anserina / Podospora pauciseta / Podospora comata / Lasiosphaeriaceae / Sordariales /anamorphe de type Cladorrhinum /microsclérotes /spermaties *Corresponding author: [email protected] doi/10.7872/crym/v38.iss4.2017.485 486 C. Boucher et al. INTRODUCTION Podospora anserina,the “friendly mold”,isamodel fungus that has been widely used for over acentury to analyze various biological processes ranging from cell fusion, ageing, prions, sexual reproduction, differentiation and development to plant biomass degradation (Silar 2013). This species is acommon inhabitant of herbivore dung and appears to have acosmopolitan distribution (Table 1). In addition, to dung there is one report of its isolation as aplant endophyte (Matasyoh et al. 2011) and one strain deposited in the Westerdijk Institute Culture Collection has been retrieved from soil (Table 1, CBS 415.72). Presently,only the teleomorph is known as no asexual morph has been described. This species is pseudo-homothallic, meaning that it is formallyheterothallic, i.e.,with two different mating types (mat+ and mat-), but it produces asci with four ascospores carrying mat+ and mat- nuclei. The heterokaryotic thalli germinating from these ascospores are thus self-fertile. Ascospores are obliquely uniseriateinthe asci and measure about 20 µm × 35 µm. They have atypical cellular appendage (20 µm × 5 µm) located at the opposite of the germination pore and two non-cellular appendages at the opposite ends of the ascospore. The fruiting body produced is aperithecium with adiameter of about 0.3 mm with awell-defined neck ornamented with setae. As noted by Atkinson in afootnote of apaper by Wolf (Wolf 1912) as early as the beginning of the 20th century,the name of this species is somewhat uncertain. Indeed, it is mostly known in scientificpublications dealing with genetics, molecular biology biochemistry and genomics as Podospora anserina (Rahb.) Winter (Wolf 1912) or Podospora anserina (Ces.) Rehm (as for example in Rizet &Engelmann (1949) or in Esser (1956). Another infrequently used synonym is Pleurage anserina (Ces.) Kuntze (e.g.,Hodgkiss &Harvey 1971; Moreau &Moreau 1951). However, strains of this species are preserved under the name of Podospora pauciseta (Ces.) Trav.inmany culture collections including that of the Westerdijk Institute, and many taxonomists use this epithet in their publications. The species appears to have been described first as Sphaeria pauciseta by Cesati (see Botanische Zeitung 1852 vol. 10, pp 285-288) and later asecond time as Malinvernia anserina also by Cesati and reported by Rabenhorst (1857). Traverso validated the combination in Podospora, P. pauciseta (Ces.) Trav.(Traverso 1907), but some authors continued to call it P. anserina, as initiated by Niessl (1883) and Winter (1887). To confuse the matter, it is possible that P. anserina and P. pauciseta are two different species, afact hinted at by Mirza and Cain (1969). Original syntype materials of both P. pauciseta (as Sphaeria pauciseta Ces. under n° 1642 in the “Klotzschii herbarium vivum mycologicum sistens fungorum per totam germaniam crescentium collectionem perfectam – Centuria XVII”)and P. anserina (as Malinvernia anserina Ces. under n° 526 in the “Klotzschii herbarium vivum mycologicum sistens fungorum per totam germaniam crescentium collectionem perfectam – Editio nova Series Prima Centuria VI”)are available as dried dung. However,Lundqvist (1972) stated that he could not find the fungus on these authentic types. Moreover,atthe time of its first descriptions the fungus was collected directly from the wild and not cultivated in pure culture. Hence, the original types, including those of Cesati deposited in Rome’s herbarium, may contain additional species and unfortunately cannot anymore be used as reference for the fungus. To complicate further the situation, asecond supposedly closely-related species, Podospora comata,has been described (Milovtzova 1937). It differed from typical P. anserina by smaller spores, slender perithecia and lack of setae decorating the neck (as deduced from the drawing of Milovtzova). It is not clear whether this species is atrue species or aminute form Table 1. Strains used in this study.The new sequences are in bold Previously Proposed new Ascosporesize Perithecium %with GenBank numbers Strain Origin Substrate Year 4 5 identified as name (µm) diameter setae ITS Rchr3 Rchr4 Rchr6 A P. anserina P. anserina Normandie, France dung 1937 35 ± 2 × 18 ± 1 323 ± 12 60 MF380256 MF379740 MF379732 MF379769 B P. anserina P. anserina Normandie, France dung 1941 35 ± 1 × 19 ± 1 313 ± 12 60 AY525771.1 MF379766 MF379798 MF379796 E P. anserina P. anserina ?dung ? 36 ± 2 × 20 ± 1 371 ± 14 45 MF380240 MF379744 MF379768 MF379789 F P. anserina P. anserina ?dung ? 36 ± 1 × 20 ± 1 329 ± 25 35 MF380246 MF379746 MF379781 MF379799 H P. anserina P. anserina Bourgogne, France dung ? 33 ± 1 × 20 ± 1 369 ± 10 40 MF380244 MF379730 MF379778 MF379739 I P. anserina P. anserina ?dung ? 33 ± 1 × 18 ± 1 296 ± 27 55 MF380247 MF379802 MF379735 MF379793 M P. anserina P. anserina Picardie, France dung ? 35 ± 1 × 19 ± 1 311 ± 24 65 MF380242 MF379708 MF379743 MF379760 N P. anserina P. anserina ?dung ? 33 ± 1 × 18 ± 1 268 ± 13 60 MF380239 MF379806 MF379783 MF379787 R P. anserina P. anserina ?dung ? 33 ± 1 × 18 ± 1 337 ± 37 40 MF380264 MF379697 MF379784 MF379795 1 Species S(big S) P. anserina P. anserina Normandie, France dung ? 35 ± 1 × 19 ± 1 280 ± 29 60 AY278557.1 MF379758 MF379804 MF379755 s(small s) P. anserina P. anserina Normandie, France dung ? 33 ± 1 × 19 ± 1 284 ± 15 50 MF380241 MF379726 MF379754 MF379723 U P. anserina P. anserina Picardie, France dung ? 35 ± 1 × 19 ± 1 351 ± 11 50 MF380253 MF379786 MF379713 MF379788 V P. anserina P. anserina Picardie, France dung ? 35 ± 1 × 19 ± 1 304 ± 18 60 MF380236 MF379717 MF379780 MF379759 delimitation W P. anserina P. anserina ?dung ? 37 ± 1 × 19 ± 1 314 ± 750MF380261 MF379718 MF379775 MF379803 X P. anserina P. anserina Picardie, France dung ? 37 ± 1 × 19 ± 1 285 ± 32 60 MF380252 MF379701 MF379748 MF379738 Y P. anserina P. anserina ?dung ? 36 ± 1 × 19 ± 1 299 ± 12 50 MF380237 MF379707 MF379772 MF379800 Z P. anserina P. anserina ?dung ? 35 ± 1 × 19 ± 1 288 ± 19 25 MF380243 MF379765 MF379791 MF379733 Pscj14 New to this study P. anserina Ile de France, France dung 2003 36 ± 1 × 19 ± 1 341 ± 12 15 MF380255 MF379720 MF379807 MF379704 PSN14 New
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