sign in sign up
<<
Home , Ahmarian, Blade (archaeology), Epipalaeolithic, Microburin, Natufian culture, Wadi Jilat

'ii

Quaternary of the

Environments, Change, and

Edited by Ynnouoe ENzBr The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Open Bn n-Yossr'

H arvard University, Mas s achus ett s

CATVTBNIDGE UNI\TERSITY PRESS cANrsnrDGE UNTVERSITY PRESS University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor. New York. NY 1000b, USA

477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, yIC 3207, Australia

4843/24,2nd Floor, Ansari Road. Daryaganj. Delhi - 1 10002, India 79 Anson Road, #06-04/06, Singapore 079906

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University's mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge .ory/97 81107 090460

10.10t7 t9'7 I I 3 1 61 067 54

O Cambridge University Press 2017

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

Firsr published 20t7

Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ Intemational Ltd. Padsrow Comwall

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Lib rary of C on g re s s C at alo g Lting-in- P ub lic ation Data Names: Enzel, Yehouda, 1955- editor. I Bar-Yosef, Ofer, editor. Title: Quatemary of the Levant : environments, climate change, and humans / edited by Yehouda Enzel and Ofer Bar-Yosef. Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 20i7.

Identifi ers: LCCN 20 1 604 I 650 I ISBN 978 1 1 07 090460 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: period - Middle East. I period - Middle East. I Paleoanthropology - Middle East. I Paleoclimatology - Quatemary. I Paleoecology - Quaiernary. Classification: LCC GN772.32.M628 Q37 2017 I DDC 939.4 - dc23 LC record available at https:i/lccn.lo c.gov /20 16041650

ISBN 978-1- 107-09046-0 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibilify for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. 74 The Upper and of the Azraq Basin,

BRIAN F. BYRD and eNonBw N. cARRARD

74.1 INTRODUCTION this volume). With 26 radiocarbon ages from the Azraq project, we refined our three-part Epipaiaeolithic chronology (Byrd 1998), into The Azraq Basin covers 12,000 km ofthe north-central Jordanian a four-part sequence including Initial, Early, Middle, and Late Epi- Plateau and currently ranges from moist steppe in the north and palaeoiithic (24,000-21,300, 21,300-17,400, I7,400-14,700, and west through to desert in the southeast (Fig. 74.1). At its;entre are 14,700-12,000/l 1.600 cal BP. respectively). the Azraq oases with their copious perennial springs, which until marshland. The Azraq Basin Prehis- recently supported extensive 74.2 UPPER AND EPIPALAEOLITHIC LTTHIC with the aim of tory Project was undertaken between 1982 and 1989, ASSEMBLAGES reconstructing environments through the late and early and looking closely at the record of settlement , In presenting the lithic assemblages and their broad temporal and activity in this area through the Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic. trends, eight industries are distinguished includ- interest in the degree to which this region, There was a particular ing: Late Upper Palaeolithic ; Initial Epipalaeolithic which currently lies at the arid margins of the Levantine corri- Nebekian; Earty Epipalaeolithic Qalkhan, Nizzanan. and Kharanan; dor, although with an oasis at its centre, was engaged in the major Middle Epipalaeolithic Jilatan; Middle/Late Epipalaeolithic Azraq economic and cultural transformations of the later Epipalaeolithic Mushabian; and Late Epipalaeolithic Natufian. These terms are and Neolithic. Following a survey in which over 100 sites were heuristic devices used to convey spatial-temporal trends in the recorded, one Upper Palaeolithic, nine Epipalaeolithic, and eight Azraq Basin, and to focus research on understanding regional Neolithic sites were the subject of small-scale excavations. These variability and patteming. were mainly located in the , Wadi Uwaynid, and around the (Fig. Numerous publications emerged from Azraq oases 74.1). 74.2.1 LATF' UPPER PALAEOLITHTC AHMARIAN this work, studies on the lithic (Byrd 1998; including (30-2{ ka cal BP) Wright 1991, 1992, 1993; Baird 1993, 1994, 1995; Byrd & Garrard 2013); on stone bead production (Wright & Garrard 2003; Wright Based on radiocarbon ages, sffati$aphy, and palaeoenvironmen- et a|.2008); on the structural remains (Ganard et al. 1994a); on tal context, four Late Upper Palaeolithic occupation horizons were (.Azraq the use of plant and animal resources (Colledge 1994, 2001 ; Mar- distinguished between 30 and 24 ka cal BP 17 Trench 2, tin 1994; Garrard et al. 1996;Martin et aI.2010,2013); and on the Jilat 6 Basal Phase, Jilat 9, and Uwaynid 18 Lower Phase). The palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (Hunt & Garrard 2013). Sum- lithic assemblages from several of these sites were small but reveal maries are in Garrard et al. (1994b), Garrard (1998), and Garrard diverse reduction strategies dominated by sensu stricto and and Byrd (2013: Section A). bladelet reduction, supplemented (except at Azlaq 17) with flake Here the focus is on the development of technology in the region core reduction. Blade/bladelet core types are most often narrow through the Epipalaeolithic (Byrd & Garrard 2013). Eleven sites ended or broad faced. blanks were highly varied, with fre- were studied lrom this interval with 19 distinctive occupation hori- quent use of flakes, overshot , and primary elements. The zons, which included both short{erm and repeated or longer occu- most prevalent classes were end-scrapers, burins, and non- pation. The largest is at the multi-phase site of Jilat 6 (Fig.'74.2), standardized retouched pieces. Backed or retouched bladelet tools which covers 19,000 m2 and probably represents a seasonal aggre- (termed in this study) are present but not dominant, typic- gation locality (Garrard & Byrd 1992), analogous to Kharaneh IV ally made with Ouchtata or marginal retouch (often on the interior (Muheisen 1983, 1988; Maher e/ al.2012; Maher, Chapter 75 of side), and only occasionally backed or truncated. As a group, these

669 B.F. Byrd and A.N. Garrard 670

+ t) l,*. -.itt i l. 1..\*^F*,#":". ,..i'in*.:.l.bl:::: i iL'-)*. \ "

j (+ + n..p00...'+ + 1.,.-+ + y + + + i * * - * * i, <.- *!**.- I.,.r"ol * * \1. * * ..A.^t:9*'*Jr" * ii i r$ld<'"'.';-i . * * i?^ruit \rl{ g,'w;+ j q;ff:i: --n ,ir oq;,;",,,i,,:'q,'e"-i j- -, - &,;...;r;-\ ..t'*\ i i f ) ftw.._:-._- Azraq urcrrrritgeDrainage Basintr zoc"O' Jilatliiat i :i l''-l"''''''', ^zrdl{ .l i /' .\ ...... Present Rainfall ..j ; ,! /' '''r.. (mm per annum) Basart rs \ ,/- 't'r, r'Fl| I jj YxlJ ... j .e$' 0 60 -j .,;" \ -\. i : Kilometres

Figure 74.1 Map showing key archaeological locaiities within the Azraq Basin. assemblages are most similar to Ahmarian rather than , occupation horizons except Uwaynid 14 Upper) with length: width although there are differences (Belfer-Cohen 1995; Coinman 1998). >5.4 (Fig. 74.3). There is also a temporal trend towards longer and wider double truncated tools with straighter backed edges and oblique truncations between Uwaynid 14 Lower and Upper. Import- 74.2.2 NEBEKIAN LITHIC antly, Nebekian microliths are made with the technique, (24-21.3 ka cal BP) with adjusted microburin indexes (aMBI) of 22-60 (Marks & Lar- son 1977), representing the earliest habitual use of this technique to The Nebekian industry consists of four occupation horizons (Jilat 6 truncate bladelets in the Levant. Lower Phase, 14 and Upper Phases, and Uwaynid Lower Uwaynid Other occupation horizons within the Azraq Basin and the east- 18 Upper Phase) yielded that moderate-sized samples and as a ern Levant fit the techno{ypological parameters of the Nebekian. whole represent the most homogeneous $oup of any time interval These include Layers 6 and 6a from Sounding 3 at the initial exca- in this study. Three these horizons of are tightly dated, and the vations at Kharaneh IV (Muheisen 1983:27'l-94, fig. 18), Area D at undated Jilat 6 Lower microliths are almost indistinguishable, Ayn Qasiyya, in the centre of the Azraq Basin (Richter et a|.2009; visuaily and statistically, from those from Uwaynid 14 Lower- Richter 201 1), Yabrud Shelter II Layers 6 and 7 (Rusr 1950: 107- These sites represent the eaLrliest classic manif'estation of the 10), and Madamagh Rockshelter Al-A2 (Olszewski 2006,2011: Epipalaeolithic in the and are referred to as the Byrd 2014). Initial Epipalaeolithic; they are mainly short{ern occupations except at Uwaynid 18, where the occupation is thicker (Ganard & Byrd 2013). 74.2.3 QALKHAN LITHIC INDUSTRY (CIRCA The assemblages are dominated by bladelet production from nar- 21.3-19.7 ka cal BP) row single-platfbrm cores. Tool assemblages are almost exclusively composed of microliths (75Vo).These are primarily small, narrow The Qalkhan is represented by Jilat 6 Middle Phase and Azraq arched backed curved pointed bladelets (mean length <23 mm in ali 32, both of which lack radiocarbon ages. However, at Jilat 6 the Upper and'Epipalaeolithic, Azraq Basin 671

Fig:|Lre 74,2 View south across wacli Jilat with a portion of Jilat 6 in foreground.

tmncated and horizon is strati{ied between the -dated Nebekian and Niz- with large asymmetric triangles and robust double straight-backed tools (symmetricfl and asymmetrical). Their manu- zanan. The Qalkhan contrasts with Nebekian assemblages in having technique to truncate blade/bladelet production correlated with significantly larger tool facture involved regular use of the microburin blanks, less reliance on single-platforn nalrow ended core types at least one end (aMBI is 20-40). (mean ( -507o), and a predominance of larger and wider microliths lengths 38.2-24.8 mm, mean widths 8.3-8.9 mm and length: width 74.2.4 NIZZANAN LITHIC INDUSTRY 4.6-2.8). Both are primarily microlithic (13% and77%), with regu- (20-18.7 ka cal BP) 1ar use of the microburin technique (aMBI 28 and 40), but with sig- nificantly fewer arched backed curved pointed pieces and double Two occupation horizons in the Azraq Basin are regarded as having truncated tools than in the Nebekian. Robust La Mouillah points a Nizzanan industry but their occupation horizons have very dif- clominate Jilat 6 Middle, ancl similarly formed asymmetrical dou- ferent settlement characteristics. Jilat 6 Upper Phase with six dates ble truncated tools dominate Azraq32 (Fig. 7 4.3). between 20-18.7 ka BP is a major base-camp of large size with a Rather than abandoning the term (see Olszewski 2006; Maher & thick occupation deposit that included the floor of a potential pit Richter 201 1), we argue that the Qalkhan lithic industry be narrowly structure (Fig.'/a.D. Azraq l7 Trench I is a small, undated short- applied to encompass the assemblages in the northern Hisma, lvhere term campsite with thin dePosits. it r,vas initially defined by Henry ( I 983, I 995)' and several sites out- These two assemblages are dominated by blade/bladelet produc- sicle this area that meet its criteria, including in the Petra area and tion, and many blanks tiom Jilat 6 Upper are blade (sensu stricto) El Kowm Basin (Cauvin & Coqueugniot 1988; Schyle & Uerpmann size. Cores are significantly smaller than in Qalkhan assemblages. 1988). Distinguishing attributes include: core reduction focused on At Jilat 6 blade sensu sticto, bladelet and flake core reduction was large blade/bladelet blanks and fewer small narrow ended cores, and well represented, and smaller bladelet and flake core production a clominance of larger and wider non-geometric microliths (mean increased over time. The microlithic tools from these two sites rep- tlimensions: length >34.6 mm, width > 8'3 mm, and length: width resent 62-7\Vo of the assemblage and are dominated by small and 2.54.6).Microliths are dominated by asymmetric double truncated medium-sized symmetrical and asymmetrical triangles (often made tools resembling large triangles and large La Mouillah points, along with the microburin technique; overall aMBI 51 and 75), along with

L_-_ AZRAQ MUSHABIAN (-16-13.5k BP) Upper I

- iHtu FH F.A ffiPffim ffi ffi #sM*#WBK$ W KHARANAN ep} JILATAN (16.3-14,.14.9k BP) , {19.1*16.9k Site: Jitat 28 ----_1 ite: Jitat 22 MiddleMit ffi A* WffiWW-.T,:^,l,j:: - i,iJ"iu, ffinA qfi(q fTWW6

fi) wffiw wddd-(-21'3-1g'7kBP) QALKHAN site:Jitat6 Middte Sife: ,4zraq 32 Nt h \&ruN/\f,\ - N %(NIAM \4X bw IW ffiW 1,4# \4# ilM.H/ry#?# ww WW wNEBEKTAN (24_21.3k BP) - Site: Uwaynidm\ 1B Upper m - /;H -N i\ tffi Im a h N i$il frA irq ,fi it lffi rs Liit t[ bLt fi{ #pmffilm$$w t)ffi w W o-

Figure 74.3 Characteristic tools from different lithic industries Upper and Epipalaeolithic, Azraq Basin 673

small numbers of microgravette points or pointed pieces. At Jilat 6 .gies are primarily characterized by large blade sensu stricto pto- Upper, asymmetricai triangles and arched backed curved pointed duction (along with some bladelet production), generally from pieces are more frequent in the lower deposits, while very smail single-platform or opposed-platform cores. Notably, the tool assem- symmetrical triangles and microgravette points are more prevalent blage is dominated by large blade sensr,t stricto tools. Distinc- in the upper deposits (Fig. 7a.3). Associated non-microlithic tools tive tools are hafted Jilat (507o), strangulated tools, burins lre diverse, with burins corrrmon. and infrequent microliths (

Wadi Kharaneh WadiJilat Central Basin

#l Natufian

$) [.H Azraq tttushabian Il'H:''\/k$ T I|,ltl; I I '.illatan' i Fl,"l | \\f7 r MEP M?t \, 2l

'Kharanan' _t, f ffil

D$ Nizzanan

t6 li ), irf Qalkhan 2' ,.4:Lt l't U

N <--- 2 it Nebekian Figure 74.4 TimeLine showing rela- il tionships between lithic industries in Azraq Basin. LEP, MEP, EEq IEP indicate Late, Middle, Early, lnitial Epipalaeolithic.

more in size and types, with one truncation and arched backed curve the size of non-geometric microliths, and the relatively narrow pointed pieces most common. Ceometrics are represented by small widths of the microliths. Much more work is required to determine to medium-sized iunates, rectangles, and trapezes (trapezes include their spatial-temporal relationships. both symmetric and asymmetric varieties, which are similar to those from Jilat 22 Middle). Straight backed microliths are commonest, 74.2.E NATU['IAN LITHIC INDUSTRY but there are also convex backed forms. (CIRCA 14-13 ka cal BP) These two sites are more similar to Mushabian than to Geomet- ric Kebaran assemblages (Bar-Yosef 1981; Goring-Morris 1987; The thick occupation deposit with burials at Azraq 18 is the only Henry 1989, i995; Fellner 1995). This includes moderate to heavy Natufian site (Garrard 1991). Blades and flakes have almost equal use ol the microburin technique, the higher frequency of non- proportions, but the latter were not used as tool blanks. They typi- geometrics versus geometrics, the presence of La Mouillah points, cally used small and wide bladelets. Microliths dominate (87Vc) Upper and Epipalaeolithic, Azraq Basin 675

the assemblage with microburin technique infrequently used (aMBI the Natufian. Flake core reduction also had a particularly prominent 10). Lunates (20.5 mm mean size) and probable lunate fragments role at the larger base camps from various periods. constitute the vast majority of the assemblage and triangles are A number of the repeatedly used residential camps from the latter infrequent. The occasional non-geometric microliths (most with part of the Early Epipalaeolithic onwards have moderate frequen- truncations and modified bases) are generally long and narrow. cies of larger, non-microlithic tools indicative of diverse activities Bifacial retouch is most frequent on lunates (33.57o), followed by (this is in contrast to the short-term hunting camps that appear to steep abrupt, altemate series and semi-steep interior retouch. Bi- have characterized most Initial Epipalaeolithic occupations). The polar retouch is also common. Non-microlithic tools are typi- presence of several Epipalaeolithic occupation horizons with very cally non-standNdized retouched pieces, end-scrapers, and trunca- few microliths demonstrates the complexity and wider range of site tions, while notches and denticulates are rare. Based on microlithic types from the late Pleistocene of the Azraq Basin. attributes and comparisons with other sites (Byrd 1989; Betts 1991, Overall, the high-resolution evidence derived from this project 1998; Byrd & Colledge 1991; tuchter & Maher 2013), the site is suggests that trends or styles in microlith production were rela- estimated to lie between the mid-Early Natufian and the early-Late tively short-lived. The study has documented at least six prominent Natufian (ca. 14-13 kacal BP). changes and, with further field research, it is likely that several more shifts in microlith production pattems will be revealed within this long temporal sequence.

74.3 SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS IN LITHIC TRADITIONS REFERENCES

Analyses of late Pleistocene Azraq Basin lithic assemblages have Al-Nahar, M. 2000. The Upper and Epipaleolithic Transition in the South- ern Levant: Microlithic Typology Versus Technology. Unpublished documented a series oftechno-typological trends significant to per- Ph.D. thesis, Arizona State University. ceptions of how the Levantine Epipalaeolithic evolved, as well as Baird, D. 1993. Neolithic Chipped Stone Assemblages .from the Azraq Basin, to the temporal and geographical extent of its various industries Jordan and the Significance of the Neolithic of the Arid Zones (Fig. 7 4.4). These have implications for interpreting hunter-gatherer of the Southern Levant. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of interactions. Much of the Azraq Basin Epipalaeolithic sequence is Edinburgh. Baird, D. 1994. Chipped stone production Azraq represented by regionally distinctive industrial traditions, with only technology from the Project Neolithic sites. In Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the the Natufian having strong similarities with southwestern Levant , ed. H.-G. Gebel & S.K. Kozlowski, SENEPSE 1. assemblages. Berlin: ex oriente, pp. 52541. The Azraq Project has provided ages and technological data to Baird, D. 1995. Chipped stone raw material procurement and selection in the assert that the onset of the Epipalaeolithic (defined by the shift Neolithic Azraq Basin: Implications for Levantine Neolithic cultural to a heavy reliance on backed bladelets) is at least 24 ka cal BP. developments. Ia Studies in'the Hinory nnd Archaeology of Jordan Vol.5, ed. K- Amr, F. Zayadine &M. Zaghloul. Amman: Department The backed bladelet assemblages from the Initial Epipalaeolithic of Antiquities, pp. 505-14. Nebekian industry represent the best evidence for the origins of Bar-Yosef, O. 1970. The Epi-Paleolithic Cultures of Palestlne. Unpublished the Epipalaeolithic (Goring-Morns et a|.2009). The contemporan- Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. eous site of Ohalo II (Nade1 2003) is dominated by flnely retouched Bar-Yosef, O. 1981. The Epipaleolithic complexes in the southem Levant. In Prdhistoire du Levant, ed. J. Cauvin & P Sanlaville, Colloques bladelets rather than backed bladelets, indicating that such changes Internationaux du CNRS 598. Paris: CNRS, pp. 389+08. in composite tool technology had yet to be adopted or developed Belfer-Cohen, A. 1995. Problems in defining a prehistoric culture: An exam- west of Lake Lisan. ple from the southern Levant. In Nature et Culture, ed. M. Otte,

The Azraq Project has also revealed that the microburin technique ERAUL 68. Liege: University of Lidge Press, pp.245-57 . was used for truncating backed tools earlier than previously recog- Betts, A. 1991. The Late Epipalaeolithic in the Black Desert, eastem Jordan. In The Natufian in the Levant, nized, starting by 24 ka cal BP (see also Byrd 1988, 1994). The Culture ed. O. Bar-Yosef & F. Valla. Ann Arbor: Intemational Monographs in the technique was then employed routinely throughout Epipalaeo- pp.217-34. lithic in a number of different ways depending on the tools being Betts, A. (ed.) 1998. The Harra and the Hamad. Excavations and Explor- manufachrred, which included the untanged ends of Jilat knives. ations in Eastern Jordan. Volume 1. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic However, it does not occur in some assemblages, such as the Kha- Press. Byrd, settlement ranan industry. Currently, this technological trait is widely consid- B.F. 1988. Late Pleistocene diversity in the Azraq Basin. Pal4orient l4/2: 25'7 -64. ered a seminal attribute in distinguishing social groups and tracking Byrd, B.F. 1989. The Natttfan Encampment at Beidha: Late Pleistocene movements between the eastem and western portions of the south- Adaptation in the Southem Leyant. Iutland Archaeological Society ern Levant (Stutz & Estabrook 2004; Goring-Morris er al. 2009; Publications 23. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. Richter et a|.2009). Byrd, B.F. 1994. Late Quaternary hunter-gatherer complexes in the Levant between 20,000 and 10,000 BP. In Inte Another notable finding is the consistent use of several differ- Quatemary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean, ed. O. Bar-Yosef & R. ent core reduction strategies within many occupation horizons. The Kra. Tucson: Radiocarbon, pp. 205-26. use of separate blade sensu stricto and bladelet reduction trajector- Byrd, B.F. i998. Spanning the gap from the to the ies was widespread, occurring at all post-Nebekian sites except in Natufian: The Early and Middle Epipaleolithic. In The Prehistoric 1 l

J i B.F. Byrd and A.N. Garrard 676

Archaeology of Jordan, ed. D.O. Henry, BAR Intemational Series Garrard, A., Baird, D. & Byrd, B. 1994b. The chronological basis and signif- 705. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp.64-82. icance of the Late Palaeolithic and Neolithic sequence in the Azraq Byrd, B.F. 2014. The Late Pleistocene occupation of Madamagh Rockshel- Basin, Jordan. In Late Quaternary Chronology ttnd Paleoclimates ter, southern Jordan: New data and perspectives on an old excavation. of the Eastern Metliterranean, ed. O. Bar-Yosef & R. Kra. Tuscon: In Settlement, Stu-vey and Stone- Essays on Near Eastem Prehistory Radiocarbon, pp. l1 7 -99. in Honour of Gary Rollefson, ed. B- Finlayson & C. Makarewicz. Garrard, A., Colledge, S. & Martin, L. 1996. The emergence of crop cul- Berlin: ex orient, PP. 37-52. tivation and caprine herding in the 'Marginal Zone' of the southem Byrcl, B.F & Colledge, S. 1991 . Early Natufian occupation along the edge of Levant. In The Origins and Spread of and Pastoralism the southern Jordanian steppe. InThe Natttfian Cultttre in the Levant, in , ed. D.R. Haris. London: University College London, ed. O. Bar Yosef & F. Valla. Ann Arbor: Intemationai Mgnographs pp.204-26. in Prehistory, pp. 265-7 6. Goring-Morris, A.N. 1S87. At the Edge: Terminal Pleistocene Hrmter- Byrd, B.F. & Garrard, A.N. 2013. Section C: The Late PelaeolittLic - chipped Gatherers in the Negev and Sinai, BAR Intemational Series 361. stone assemblages.ln Beyond the Fertile Crescent: Late Palaeolithic Oxford: British Archaeoiogical Reports. and Neolithic Commwdties of the Jordanian Steppe. The Azraq Coring-Morris, N., Hovers, E. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2009. The dynamics Basin ProjectYol.1: Project Bctckground und the Late Palaeolithic of Pleistocene and Early Holocene settlement pattems and human (Geological Context ondTechnology), ed. A.N. Garrard & B.F. Byrd, adaptations in the Levant: An overview. In lra nsitions in P rehistotl: Levant Supplementary Series 13. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 137- Essays in Honor of Ofer Bar-Yosef, ed. J.J. Shea & D.E. Lieberman. 39J. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 185-252. Cauvin, M.C. & Coqueugniot, E. 1988. L'oasis d'El Kowm et le Kdbarien Henry, D.O. 1983. Adaptive evolution within the Epipaleolithic of the Near Gdomdtrique. Pal6orient 1412: 270-82. EasI. Advances in World Archaeology 2:99-160. Coinman, N.R. 1998. The Upper Paleolithic of Jordan. In The Prehistoric Henry, D.O. 1989. From Foraging to Agriculture - the Levant at the end of Archaeology of Jordan, ed. D.O. Henry, BAR International Series the Ice Age. Philadelphia: University ofPennsylvania Press. 705. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp.39-63. Henry, D.O. (ed.) 1995. Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evohdion: Colledge, S. 1994. Plant Erploitation on Epipalaeolithic and Early Insights from Sotnhern Jordan New York: Plenum Press. Neolithic Sites in the Levant.Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University Hunt, C.O. & Ganard, A.N. 2013. Section B: The Late Palaeolithic - geo- of Sheffield logical context. In Beyond the Fertile Crescent: Late Palaeolithic Colledge, S. 2001. Plant Exploitation on Epipalaeolithic and Earllt and Neolithic Commmtities of the Jordanian Steppe. The A2raq Neolithic Sites in the Levant. BAR International Series 5986. Basin Project VoI. l: Project Backgrouncl ancl the Late Palaeolithic Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. (Geological Context dndTechnology), ed. A.N. Garrard & B.F. Byrd, Donaidscrr, M. & Olszewski, D.I. 2000. A preliminary analysis of the Step C Levant Supplementary Series 13. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp.53- rnicroliths from Tor al-Tareeq: An Epipaleolithic site in the Wadi al- I15. Hasa, Jordan. In The Archaeology of the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Maher, L.A. 2010. People and their places at the end of the Pleistocene: Jordnn, Volume 2: Excctvations at Middle, Upper and Epipaleolithic evaluating perspectives on physical and cultural landscape change. Sires, ed. N. Coinman, Arizona State University Anthropological In Landscapes in Transition: Understanding Hunter-Gatherer antL Research Papers 52. Tempe: Arizona State University, pp. 315- Farmer Landscapes in the Early Holocene oJ ancl the Le- 21. vant, ed. W. Finiayson & G. Warren, Levant Supplementary Series Edwards, P.C. 2001. Nine millennia by Lake Lisan: The Epipalaeolithic in 8. Oxford: Oxboy Press, pp.3445. the east Jordan Valley between 20,000 and 1 1,000 ye ars ago.In Stud- Maher, L.A. & Richter, T. 2011. PPN predecessors: Current issues in ies in the Archaeology and of Jordan, Volume 7. Amman: Late Pleistocene chilped stone analyses in the southern Levant. In Department of Antiquities, pp. 85-93. The State of the Stone: , Continuities and Contexts Edwards, PC., Macumber, P.G. & Head, M.J. 1996- The Early Epipalaeo- in Near Eastem Lithics, ed. E. Healey, S. Campbell & O. Maeda, lithic of Wadi al-Hammeh. Levant 28 ll5-30. SENEPSEI3. Berlin: ex oriente, pp. 25-31. Edwards, PC., Head, M.J. & Macumber, P.G. 1999. An Epipalaeolithic Maher, L.A., Richter, T., Macdonald, D. et aI.21l2.Twenty rhousand-- sequence from Wadi Hisban in the east Jordan Yalley. Annual of the old at a hunter-gatherer settlement in eastern Jord,an. PLoS ONE Depanment of Antiquilies of Jordan 43: 2748. 1/2: e31447. Fellner, R.O. 1995. Culntre Change and the Epipalaeolithic of Pales- Marks, A.E. & Larson, P.A. 1977. Tesr excavations ar rhe Narufian site of tirze, BAR International Series 599. Oxford: British Archaeological Rosh Horesha. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Reports. Negev, , Volume 2. The Avdat/Aqev Ared, Part 2 and the Har Ganard, A. 1991. Natufian settlement in the Azraq Basin, eastem Jordan. Harif, ed. A.E. Marks. Dallas: Southem Methodist University Press, In The Natttfan Culture in the Levant, ed. O. Bar-Yosef & F. Valla. pp. t9l-232. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp.23544 Martin, L.A. 1994. Hunting and Herding in a Semi-arid Region: An Garrard, A. 1 998. Environment and cultural adaptations in the Azraq Basin: Archaeozoological and Etltological Study of the Faunal Remains 24,000-1,000 BP. In The of Jordan, ed. from the Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic of the Eastern Jordanian D.O. Henry, BAR International Series 705. Oxford: British Archaeo- Sreppe. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Sheffield. logical Reports, pp. 139-48- Martin, L., Edwards, Y. & Garrard, A. 2010. Hunting practices at an eastem Garrard, A. & Byrd, B. 1992. New dimensions to the Epipalaeolithic of the Jordanian Epipalaeolithic aggregation site: The case ofKharaneh [V. Wadi el-Jilat in central Jordan. Paldorient l8/1: 41-62. Levunt 42: 107-35. Garrard, A.N. & Byrd,8.F.2013. Beyondthe Fertile Crescent: ktte Palae- Martin, L., Edwards, Y. & Garrard, A.2013. Broad spectrum or specialized olithic and Neolithic Comntunities of the .Jordanian Steppe. The activify? Birds and tortoises at the Epipalaeolithic site of Wadi Jilat Azruq Basin Project Vol. l: Project Background and the Late Palae- 22 in the eastern Jordanian steppe. Antiquity 81 : 649-65. olithic ( Geolo gical Context and Tecl.Lnology ),Levant Supplementary Muheisen, M. 1983. La Prdhistoire en Jordanie. Recherches sur Series 13. Oxford: Oxbow Books. t'Epipaldotithique. L'Exemple du Gisement tJe Kharaneh N. Garrard, A., Baird, D., Colledge, S., Martin, L. & Wright, K. 1994a. Pre- Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Bordeaux I. historic environment and settlement in the Azraq Basin: An interim Muheisen, M. 1988. The Epipalaeolithic phases of Kharaneh IV. InThe pre- report on the 1 987 and I 988 excavation seasons. Levant 26 1 3- 109. . The State of Research in 1986, ed. A.N. Garrard Upper and Epipalaeolithic, Azraq Basin 677

& H.-G. Gebel, BAR International Series 396. Oxford: British Richter T., Maher L., Garrard, A. et a|.2013. Epipalaeolithic settlement Archaeological Reports, pp. 353-67. dynamics in southwest Asia: New radiocarbon evidence from the Muheisen, M. & Wada, H. 1995. An analysis of the microliths at Kharaneh Azraq Basin. Journal of Quaternary Science 28: 467-79. IV Phase D, Square A20l37 . Pal4orient 21/l: l5-95. Rust, A. 1950. Die Hcihlenfunde von Jabnd (Syrien)' Neumiinster: Karl Nadei, D. 2003. The Ohalo II assemblages and the beginning ofthe Epi- Wachholtz. paleolithic. In More Than Meets the Eye: Snrlies on Upper Palae- Schyle, D. & Uerpmann, H.P. 1988. Paleolithic sites in the Petraarea.lnThe olithic Diversity in the , ed. A.N. Goring-Morris & A. Prehistory of Jordan. The State of Research in 1986, ed. A.N. Gar- Belfer-Cohen. Oxford: Oxbow Press, pp. 216-29. rard & H.G. Gebel, BAR International Series 196. Oxford: British Neeley, M.P, Peterson, J.D., Clark, G.A., Fish, S.K. & G1ass, M. 1998. Archaeological Reports, pp. 39-65. Investigations at Tor al-Tareeq: an Epipaleolithic site in the Wadi €tutz, A.J. & Estabrook, G.F. 2004. Computationality intensive multivariate el-Hasa. Journal of Field Archaeology 25:295-31'7. statistics and relative frequency distributions in archaeology (with Olszewski, D.L 2006. Issues in the Levantine Epipaieolithic: The Mada- an application to the Early Epipaleolithic of the Levant). Journal of maghan, Nebekian and Qalkhan (Levant Epipaleolillic). Pal6orient Archaeo Io gical Sc ie nc e 3 1 : 1643-58. 32ll: 19-26. Valla, F.R. 1988. Epipaldolithic synthBse. Pal4orient 14/2:316*20. Olszewski, D.I. 201 1. Lithic 'culture' issues: Insights from the Wadi al-Hasa \V'right, K.I. 1991. The origins and development of Epipaleolithic. ln The State of the Stone : Technologies, Continuities assemblages in Late Pleistocene southwest Asia. Pallorient l7/1: and Contexts in Near Eastem Lithics, ed. E. Healey, S. Campbell & 1945. O. Maeda, SENEPSE 13. Berlin: ex oriente, pp. 51-65. Wright, K.I. 7992. Ground-Stone Assemblage Variations and Snbsistence Richter, T.2011. Nebekian, Qalkhan and Kebaran: Variabiliry, classifica- Strategies in the Levanr,22,000*5,500 B.P. Unpublished Ph.D. the- tion and interaction. New insights from the Azraq oasts.InThe State sis, University of Yale, Ann Arbor; University Microfllms. of the Stone: Technologies, Continuities and Contexts in Near East- Wright, K.I. 1993. Early Holocene ground stone assemblages in the Levant. em Lithics, ed. E. Healey, S. Campbell & O. Maeda, SENEPSE i3. Levant25:93 ll.l. Berlin: ex oriente, pp. 33-49. Wright, K.L & Garrard, A. 2003. Social identities and the expansion of stone Richter, T. & Maher, L. 2013- The Natufian of the Azraq Basin: An bead-making in Neolithic westem Asia: New evidence from Jordan. appraisal. In Natufian Foragers in the Levant. Terminal Pleistocene Anriquiry 77: 261-84. Social Changes in Western Asia, ed. 0. Bar-Yosef & F. Valla. Ann Wright, K.I., Critchley, P. & Garrard, A. 2008. Stone bead technoiogies and Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp.42948. early craft specialization. Insights from two Neolithic sites in eastem Richter, T., Alicock, S., Jones, M. eral.2009. New light on Final Pleistocene Iordan. Levant 40; 131-65. settlement diversity in the Azraq Basin (Jordan): Recent excavations at Ayn Qasiyya. Paldorient 35/2: 49-68.