Contents Stops Tables/Figures Navigation hints LANDSCAPES OF THE PALLISER TRIANGLE A Field Guide to the Geomorphology and Paleoenvironmental Record of Southwestern Saskatchewan Originally produced for: Canadian Association of Geographers 1996 Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan1 date of this pdf publication: 1999 edited by Donald S. Lemmen Terrain Sciences Division, Geological Survey of Canada (Palliser Triangle Global Change Contribution No. 31) Guidebook Contributors (* field stop leader): I. A. Campbell– University of Alberta J. Cosford– University of Regina P. P. David– University de Montrèal *W. M. Last– University of Manitoba *D. A. Leckie– Geological Survey of Canada *D. S. Lemmen– Geological Survey of Canada *R. W. Klassen– Geological Survey of Canada D. J. Pennock– University of Saskatchewan *D. J. Sauchyn– University of Regina *Y. Shang– University of Manitoba *R. E. Vance– Natural Resources Canada *W. J. Vreeken– Queen’s University *S. A. Wolfe– Geological Survey of Canada *C. H. Yansa– University of Wisconsin, Madison 1. This PDF version of the Landscapes of the Palliser Triangle Guidebook differs in several ways from the original printed version: (a)Errors in the original have been corrected. (b)Many of the figures have been retouched, redrafted, replaced by colour versions or otherwise adjusted for opti- mal viewing on–screen and printing. (c)The text has been rearranged to some degree and all figures and tables have been placed at the end of the document with links to them in the body text. This makes reading the document on-screen somewhat easier, but does make a print–out of this version appear much different from the original. (d)Header links on selected pages allow the reader to rapidly move to the Tables and Figures, Stop descriptions, Table of Contents and a section on the use of the document when viewing on-screen. 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If you encounter problems in the use of this document or have related questions please contact Ohana Productions 2 Contents Stops Tables/Figures Navigation hints CONTENTS 5 Abstract/Resumè 21 Stop 18: Belanger Canal, Cypress Hills 5 Introduction 22 Stop 19: Bald Butte, Cypress Hills Provincial Park 5 Overview 22 Stop 20: Fort Walsh and Battle Creek Valley 5 Acknowledgements 23 Stop 21: Benson Creek Landslide 23 Stop 22: Police Point Landslide 5 The Palliser Triangle Global Change Project 24 Stop 23: Gap Creek - Friday Site 7 Geologic Setting 24 Stop 24: Blowout dunes, Bigstick Sand Hills 7 Bedrock Geology 24 Stop 25: Active parabolic dune, Bigstick Sand Hills 7 Physiography 24 Stop 26: Ingebright Lake 7 Surficial Materials 25 Stop 26B: Freefight Lake 8 Climate 26 Stop 27: NW Great Sand Hills 8 Historic 26 Stop 28: Lancer ice-thrust moraine 9 Holocene Climate Change 26 Stop 29: Lancer paleosol 26 Stop 30: Lower Swift Current Creek 9 Vegetation 26 Stop 31: Clearwater Lake 27 Stop 32: Missouri Coteau 10 Soils 28 References 10 Geomorphic Systems 10 Eolian Environments 34 Field Guide Contributors 11 Fluvial System 12 Mass Wasting Processes TABLES 12 Soil Redistribution 36 1. Willow Bunch Lake vital statistics 13 Salt Lakes 37 2. Willow Bunch Lake hydrochemistry STOP LOG 38 3. Antelope Lake hydrochemistry 14 Day 1–Road Guide 39 4. Subaerial and buried geomorphic surfaces in the 14 Day 2–Road Guide Belanger area 15 Day 3–Road Guide 40 5 Freefight Lake vital statistics 15 Day 4–Road Guide 41 6 Freefight Lake hydrochemistry 42 7 Clearwater Lake hydrochemistry STOP DESCRIPTIONS 16 Stop 1: Dirt and Cactus Hills from Avonlea Creek FIGURES 16 Stop 2: Deformed bedrock near Claybank 16 Stop 3: Skyeta Lake Spillway 43 1. The Palliser Triangle and Brown Chernozemic Soil Zone 16 Stop 4: Oro Lake 44 2. Regional stratigraphic nomenclature 17 Stop 5: Willow Bunch Lake 45 3. Physiographic subdivisions 17 Stop 6: St. Victor Petroglyphs 46 4. Ratio of average annual precipitation to potential 17 Stop 7: Table Butte, Wood Mountain Upland evapotranspiration 18 Stop 8: Killdeer Badlands / Grasslands National Park 47 5. Major soil units 18 Stop 9: Wood Mountain Upland 48 6. Sand dune occurrences 18 Stop 10: Seward Sand Hills 49 7. Types of landslide movement 19 Stop 11: Antelope Lake Esker 50 8. Model of soil redistribution 19 Stop 12: Antelope Lake 51 9. Salt lakes of south-central Saskatchewan 20 Stop 13: Soil Erosion - Gull Lake Rural Municipality 52 10. Salt lake morphology versus sediment type 20 Stop 14 Swift Current Plateau and Bidaux drumlin 53 11. Surficial materials and field stop locations 20 Stop 15: Frenchman River Valley, Eastend 54 12. Geomorphology and structure of the Dirt and Cactus 21 Stop 16: Jones Peak hills 21 Stop 17: Cypress Hills Formation 55 13. Ice-pushed ridges of the southern Dirt Hills 3 Contents Stops Tables/Figures Navigation hints 56 14. Physical limnology and generalized stratigraphy, Oro 84 42. Topographic and bedrock cross-sections of Benson Lake Creek Landslide 57 15. Endogenic mineralogy, Oro Lake short core 85 43. Battle Creek Valley between Police Point and Benson 58 16. Chronology and endogenic mineralogy, Oro Lake core Creek landslides OR1 86 44.