Single Channel Properties of Mitochondrial Large Conductance Potassium Channel Formed by BK-VEDEC Splice Variant
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The First Cells Were Most Likely Very Simple Prokaryotic Forms. Ra- Spirochetes
T HE O RIGIN OF E UKARYOTIC C ELLS The first cells were most likely very simple prokaryotic forms. Ra- spirochetes. Ingestion of prokaryotes that resembled present-day diometric dating indicates that the earth is 4 to 5 billion years old cyanobacteria could have led to the endosymbiotic development of and that prokaryotes may have arisen more than 3.5 billion years chloroplasts in plants. ago. Eukaryotes are thought to have first appeared about 1.5 billion Another hypothesis for the evolution of eukaryotic cells proposes years ago. that the prokaryotic cell membrane invaginated (folded inward) to en- The eukaryotic cell might have evolved when a large anaerobic close copies of its genetic material (figure 1b). This invagination re- (living without oxygen) amoeboid prokaryote ingested small aerobic (liv- sulted in the formation of several double-membrane-bound entities ing with oxygen) bacteria and stabilized them instead of digesting them. (organelles) in a single cell. These entities could then have evolved This idea is known as the endosymbiont hypothesis (figure 1a) and into the eukaryotic mitochondrion, nucleus, and chloroplasts. was first proposed by Lynn Margulis, a biologist at Boston Univer- Although the exact mechanism for the evolution of the eu- sity. (Symbiosis is an intimate association between two organisms karyotic cell will never be known with certainty, the emergence of of different species.) According to this hypothesis, the aerobic bac- the eukaryotic cell led to a dramatic increase in the complexity and teria developed into mitochondria, which are the sites of aerobic diversity of life-forms on the earth. At first, these newly formed eu- respiration and most energy conversion in eukaryotic cells. -
Iberiotoxin-Induced Block of Kca Channels Induces Dihydropyridine
JPET Fast Forward. Published on January 24, 2003 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.046102 JPET FastThis articleForward. has not Published been copyedited on and January formatted. 24,The final2003 version as DOI:10.1124/jpet.102.046102 may differ from this version. JPET/2002/46102 Iberiotoxin-induced Block of KCa Channels Induces Dihydropyridine Sensitivity of ACh Release from Mammalian Motor Nerve Terminals Downloaded from Michael T. Flink and William D. Atchison Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology jpet.aspetjournals.org Michigan State University E. Lansing, MI 48824 Address all correspondence including reprint requests to: at ASPET Journals on September 23, 2021 Dr. Bill Atchison Dept. Pharmacology & Toxicology Michigan State University B-331 Life Sciences Bldg. East Lansing, MI 48824-1317 Phone: (517) 353-4947 Fax: (517) 432-1341 Email: [email protected] 1 Copyright 2003 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. JPET Fast Forward. Published on January 24, 2003 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.046102 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET/2002/46102 Running Title: KCa Channel Block and DHP-sensitivity of ACh Release at NMJ (59 spaces) Document Statistics: Text Pages: 15 Tables: 1 Figures: 5 References: 42 Downloaded from Abstract: 249 words Introduction: 760 words Discussion: 1241 jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on September 23, 2021 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS: ACh, acetylcholine; BSA, bovine serum albumin; Cav, voltage-activated calcium channel; DAP, 3,4 diaminopyridine; DHP, dihydropyridine;EPP, end-plate potential; HEPES, N-2- hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid ; KCa, calcium-activated potassium; MEPP, miniature end-plate potential 2 JPET Fast Forward. -
Bioenergetics and Metabolism Mitochondria Chloroplasts
Bioenergetics and metabolism Mitochondria Chloroplasts Peroxisomes B. Balen Chemiosmosis common pathway of mitochondria, chloroplasts and prokaryotes to harness energy for biological purposes → chemiosmotic coupling – ATP synthesis (chemi) + membrane transport (osmosis) Prokaryotes – plasma membrane → ATP production Eukaryotes – plasma membrane → transport processes – membranes of cell compartments – energy-converting organelles → production of ATP • Mitochondria – fungi, animals, plants • Plastids (chloroplasts) – plants The essential requirements for chemiosmosis source of high-energy e- membrane with embedded proton pump and ATP synthase energy from sunlight or the pump harnesses the energy of e- transfer to pump H+→ oxidation of foodstuffs is proton gradient across the membrane used to create H+ gradient + across a membrane H gradient serves as an energy store that can be used to drive ATP synthesis Figures 14-1; 14-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Electron transport processes (A) mitochondrion converts energy from chemical fuels (B) chloroplast converts energy from sunlight → electron-motive force generated by the 2 photosystems enables the chloroplast to drive electron transfer from H2O to carbohydrate → chloroplast electron transfer is opposite of electron transfer in a mitochondrion Figure 14-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Carbohydrate molecules and O2 are products of the chloroplast and inputs for the mitochondrion Figure 2-41; 2-76 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland -
Origin and Evolution of Plastids and Mitochondria : the Phylogenetic Diversity of Algae
Cah. Biol. Mar. (2001) 42 : 11-24 Origin and evolution of plastids and mitochondria : the phylogenetic diversity of algae Catherine BOYEN*, Marie-Pierre OUDOT and Susan LOISEAUX-DE GOER UMR 1931 CNRS-Goëmar, Station Biologique CNRS-INSU-Université Paris 6, Place Georges-Teissier, BP 74, F29682 Roscoff Cedex, France. *corresponding author Fax: 33 2 98 29 23 24 ; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This review presents an account of the current knowledge concerning the endosymbiotic origin of plastids and mitochondria. The importance of algae as providing a large reservoir of diversified evolutionary models is emphasized. Several reviews describing the plastidial and mitochondrial genome organization and gene content have been published recently. Therefore we provide a survey of the different approaches that are used to investigate the evolution of organellar genomes since the endosymbiotic events. The importance of integrating population genetics concepts to understand better the global evolution of the cytoplasmically inherited organelles is especially emphasized. Résumé : Cette revue fait le point des connaissances actuelles concernant l’origine endosymbiotique des plastes et des mito- chondries en insistant plus particulièrement sur les données portant sur les algues. Ces organismes représentent en effet des lignées eucaryotiques indépendantes très diverses, et constituent ainsi un abondant réservoir de modèles évolutifs. L’organisation et le contenu en gènes des génomes plastidiaux et mitochondriaux chez les eucaryotes ont été détaillés exhaustivement dans plusieurs revues récentes. Nous présentons donc une synthèse des différentes approches utilisées pour comprendre l’évolution de ces génomes organitiques depuis l’événement endosymbiotique. En particulier nous soulignons l’importance des concepts de la génétique des populations pour mieux comprendre l’évolution des génomes à transmission cytoplasmique dans la cellule eucaryote. -
Localization of the Mitochondrial Ftsz Protein in a Dividing Mitochondrion Mitochondria Are Ubiquitous Organelles That Play Crit
C2001 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 66: 421-425, 2001 Localization of the Mitochondrial FtsZ Protein in a Dividing Mitochondrion Manabu Takahara*, Haruko Kuroiwa, Shin-ya Miyagishima, Toshiyuki Mori and Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Accepted November 2, 2001 Summary FtsZ protein is essential for bacterial cell division, and is also involved in plastid and mitochondrial division. However, little is known of the function of FtsZ in the mitochondrial division process. Here, using electron microscopy, we revealed that the mitochondrial FtsZ (CmFtsZ 1) local- izes at the constricted isthmus of a dividing mitochondrion on the inner (matrix-side) surface of the mitochondrion. These results strongly suggest that the mitochondrial FtsZ acts as a ring structure on the inner surface of mitochondria. Key words Cyanidionschyzon merolae, FtsZ, FtsZ ring, mitochondria, mitochondrion-dividing ring (MD ring) . Mitochondria are ubiquitous organelles that play critical roles in respiration and ATP synthesis in almost all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are thought to have originated from a-proteobacteria through an endosymbiont event. Like bacteria, they multiply by the binary fission of pre-existing mitochondria. Although the role of mitochondria in respiration and ATP production is well under- stood, little is known about the proliferation of mitochondria in cells. In plastids, which also arose from prokaryotic endosymbionts, the ring structure that appears at the constricted isthmus of a dividing plastid (the plastid-dividing ring or PD ring) has been iden- tified as the plastid division apparatus (Mita et al. 1986). The PD ring is widespread among plants and algae, and consists of an outer (cytosolic) ring and an inner (stromal) ring in most species. -
A True Symbiosis for the Mitochondria Evolution
: O tics pe ge n r A e c n c e e o s i s B Morelli et al, Bioenergetics 2016, 5:2 Bioenergetics: Open Access DOI: 10.4172/2167-7662.1000137 ISSN: 2167-7662 Letter to Editor Open Access A True Symbiosis for the Mitochondria Evolution Alessandro Morelli1* and Camillo Rosano2 1University of Genova, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, Italy 2UO Proteomics, IRCCS AOU San Martino, IST National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genova, Italy *Corresponding author: Alessandro Morelli, University of Genova, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, Italy, Tel: +39 010 3538153; E-mail: [email protected] Rec Date: June 10, 2016; Acc Date: June 22, 2016; Pub Date: June 24, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Morelli A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Citation: Morelli A, Rosano C (2016) A True Symbiosis for the Mitochondria Evolution. Bioenergetics 5: 228. doi:10.4172/2167-7662.1000137 Introduction assimilated within eukaryotic cells much later than what initially thought [10]. Endosymbiotic theory (or Symbiogenesis) is an evolutionary theory that was initially proposed more than 100 years ago [1] to explain the These revolutionary data together with the hypothesis by our and origins of eukaryotic cells from the prokaryotic ones. This theory others groups about the possible existence of “extra-mitochondrial” postulated that several key organelles of eukaryotes could have been structures in Eukaryotes with OXPHOS and ATP synthesis perfectly originated as a symbiosis between separate organisms. -
Virus World As an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements
Virus World as an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements Koonin, E. V., & Dolja, V. V. (2014). Virus World as an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 78(2), 278-303. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00049-13 10.1128/MMBR.00049-13 American Society for Microbiology Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Virus World as an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements Eugene V. Koonin,a Valerian V. Doljab National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USAa; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USAb Downloaded from SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................278 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................278 PREVALENCE OF REPLICATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS COMPARED TO CAPSID PROTEINS AMONG VIRUS HALLMARK GENES.......................279 CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES BY REPLICATION-EXPRESSION STRATEGY: TYPICAL VIRUSES AND CAPSIDLESS FORMS ................................279 EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VIRUSES AND CAPSIDLESS VIRUS-LIKE GENETIC ELEMENTS ..............................................280 Capsidless Derivatives of Positive-Strand RNA Viruses....................................................................................................280 -
The Pharmacologist 2 0 0 8 March
Vol. 50 Number 1 The Pharmacologist 2 0 0 8 March Happy Birthday ASPET!!! th 100 Anniversary Celebration Details Inside: Don’t Miss the ASPET Centennial Meeting At Experimental Biology 2008 April 5-9, 2008, San Diego Featuring: Exciting Opening Reception: DJ, Food, Drinks and more Special Centennial Symposia: Exciting topics from each division Centennial Store: Selling ASPET merchandise for the first time ever ASPET Birthday Party: A Street Festival in the Gaslamp District ASPET Student Fiesta: Band, Food, and Drinks Nobel Laureate Reception: For Students to meet Nobel Laureates Great Giveaways: Luggage Tags, Pins, Posters, Compendiums Abel Number Lounge: Look up your Abel Number Plus Much More!! Also Inside this Issue: ASPET Election Results ASPET Award Winners 2008 EB 2008 Program Grid Special Executive Officer Interview Abstracts from the Great Lakes Chapter and Southeastern Chapter Meetings A Publication of the American Society for 1 Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics - ASPET Volume 50 Number 1, 2008 The Pharmacologist is published and distributed by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. The PHARMACOLOGIST Editor Suzie Thompson EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD News Bryan F. Cox, Ph.D. Ronald N. Hines, Ph.D. Terrence J. Monks, Ph.D. Election Results . page 3 COUNCIL Award Winners for 2008. page 4 President Kenneth P. Minneman, Ph.D. EB 2008 Program Grid . page 12 President-Elect ASPET Centennial Update . page 17 Joe A. Beavo, Ph.D. Past President Special Centennial Feature: The View From the Elaine Sanders-Bush, Ph.D. Executive Office . page 21 Secretary/Treasurer Annette E. Fleckenstein, Ph.D. Special Lecture: The Origin and Development of Secretary/Treasurer-Elect Behavioral Pharmacology . -
Activated K+ Channels in Rat Brain: Targeting to Axons and Nerve Terminals
The Journal of Neuroscience, February 1, 1996, 16(3):955-963 Distribution of High-Conductance Ca*+-Activated K+ Channels in Rat Brain: Targeting to Axons and Nerve Terminals Hans-Gtinther Knaus,’ Christoph Schwarzer, * Robert 0. A. Koch,’ Andreas Eberhatt,’ Gregory J. Kaczorowski,3 Hartmut Glossmann,’ Frank Wunder,4 Olaf Pongs,5 Maria L. Garcia,3 and Giinther Sperk* ‘Institut ftir Biochemische Pharmakologie, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, *Institut ftir Pharmakologie, Abteilung ftir Neuropharmakologie, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, 3Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, 41nstitute of Cardiovascular and Arteriosclerosis Research, Pharma Research Centre, Bayer AG, D-42096 Wuppetial-Elberfeld, Germany, and 5Zentrum fiir Molekulare Neurobiologie, lnstitut ftir Neurale Signalverarbeitung, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany Tissue expression and distribution of the high-conductance ramidal tract, as well as cerebellar Purkinje cells. In situ hybrid- Ca”-activated K+ channel S/o was investigated in rat brain by ization indicated high levels of S/o mRNA in the neocortex, immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, and radioligand olfactory system, habenula, striatum, granule and pyramidal binding using the novel high-affinity (Kd 22 PM) ligand cell layer of the hippocampus, and Purkinje cells. The distribu- [3H]iberiotoxin-D1 9C ([3H]lbTX-D1 9C), which is an analog of the tion of S/o protein was confirmed in microdissected brain areas selective maxi-K peptidyl blocker IbTX. A sequence-directed by Western blotting and radioligand-binding studies. The latter antibody directed against S/o revealed the expression of a 125 studies also established the pharmacological profile of neuro- kDa polypeptide in rat brain by Western blotting and precipi- nal S/o channels. -
Characterization of a Novel Mitovirus of the Sand Fly Lutzomyia Longipalpis Using Genomic and Virus–Host Interaction Signatures
viruses Article Characterization of a Novel Mitovirus of the Sand Fly Lutzomyia longipalpis Using Genomic and Virus–Host Interaction Signatures Paula Fonseca 1 , Flavia Ferreira 2, Felipe da Silva 3, Liliane Santana Oliveira 4,5 , João Trindade Marques 2,3,6 , Aristóteles Goes-Neto 1,3, Eric Aguiar 3,7,*,† and Arthur Gruber 4,5,8,*,† 1 Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30270-901, Brazil; [email protected] (P.F.); [email protected] (A.G-N.) 2 Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30270-901, Brazil; [email protected] (F.F.); [email protected] (J.T.M.) 3 Bioinformatics Postgraduate Program, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30270-901, Brazil; [email protected] 4 Bioinformatics Postgraduate Program, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; [email protected] 5 Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil 6 CNRS UPR9022, Inserm U1257, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France 7 Department of Biological Science (DCB), Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna km 16, Ilhéus 45652-900, Brazil 8 European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.A.); [email protected] (A.G.) † Both corresponding authors contributed equally to this work. Citation: Fonseca, P.; Ferreira, F.; da Silva, F.; Oliveira, L.S.; Marques, J.T.; Goes-Neto, A.; Aguiar, E.; Gruber, Abstract: Hematophagous insects act as the major reservoirs of infectious agents due to their intimate A. -
The Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion: the powerhouse behind Professor Elizabeth Jonas neurotransmission ‘We think we have found a key molecule that forms a major cell death-inducing mitochondrial ion channel’ THE MITOCHONDRION: THE POWERHOUSE BEHIND NEUROTRANSMISSION Professor Elizabeth Jonas and her colleagues at Yale University study the function of cell components called Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ mitochondria and their role in neurotransmission. In particular, Professor Jonas is interested in characterising how 3. Calcium is released from mitochondria. 2. Repeated action potentials (tetanus) invade When another action potential invades 1. An1. action An action potential potential invades inv adesthe terminal. the 2. Repeated action potentials 3. Calcium is released from channels in the mitochondrial membrane affect neuronal function during processes like memory formation and terminal. the terminal, the increased calcium levels Someterminal. vesicles fuse, releasing (tetanus) invade terminal. mitochondria. learning, and how they enhance or reduce neuronal viability during disease. Many vesicles fuse. from mitochondrial release plus plasma neurotransmitter.Some vesicles fuse, releasing Many vesicles fuse. When another action potential neurotransmitter. CalciumCalcium is ta isk takenen up up into into mitochondria. invadesmembrane the terminal, Ca2+ influx increase vesicle mitochondria. the fusion,increased potentiating calcium levelsneurotransmission. from mitochondrial release plus plasma membrane Ca2+ influx Neurotransmission – firing on all can have profound effects on neuronal but they participate in carefully regulating increase vesicle fusion, cylinders. function and viability, and implications in calcium levels during neurotransmission. and calcium dynamics of neurotransmission the mitochondrial permeability transition potentiatingand its classical neurotr roleansmission. is to prevent other disease. This process also has important effects on and on studying how these interact, like pore. -
Eukaryotic Origins: How and When Was the Mitochondrion Acquired?
Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Eukaryotic Origins: How and When Was the Mitochondrion Acquired? Anthony M. Poole1,2,3 and Simonetta Gribaldo4 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand 2Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand 3Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand 4Institut Pasteur, Unite´ Biologie Mole´culaire du Gene chez les Extreˆmophiles, De´partement de Microbiologie, Paris 75724, France Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Comparative genomics has revealed that the last eukaryotic common ancestor possessed the hallmark cellular architecture of modern eukaryotes. However, the remarkable success of such analyses has created a dilemma. If key eukaryotic features are ancestral to this group, then establishing the relative timing of their origins becomes difficult. In discussions of eukaryote origins, special significance has been placed on the timing of mitochondrial ac- quisition. In one view, mitochondrial acquisition was the trigger for eukaryogenesis. Others argue that development of phagocytosis was a prerequisite to acquisition. Results from comparative genomics and molecular phylogeny are often invoked to support one or the other scenario. We show here that the associations between specific cell biological models of eukaryogenesis and evolutionary genomic data are not as strong as many suppose. Disen- tangling these eliminates many of the arguments that polarize current debate. dvances across the biological sciences have this methodology, yet at the same time, it reveals Ain recent years shed considerable light on its Achilles’ heel; what emerges is a LECA that the evolution of the eukaryote cell.