Research Article Quality Characterization of Ground Water Using Water Quality Index in Visakhapatnam City L
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 Research Article Quality Characterization of Ground Water Using Water Quality Index In Visakhapatnam City L. Vaikunta Rao1, P. Pavitra1*, CH. Ramakrishna2, D. Mallikarjuna Rao2 and Y. Satyanarayana2 1Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhaptanam, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhaptanam, Andhra Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Ground water quality parameters of North coastal district of Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam were assessed in this study. Visakhapatnam is fast growing metropolitan city, increasing human population and industrial processes were accelerating urbanization. The analysis of the water quality is important to preserve and protect the natural ecosystem. In order to appreciate the impacts of ground water and to discuss its suitability for human consumption from the water quality index values. The ground water samples collected from boreholes and subjecting the samples to a comprehensive physico- chemical analysis. For calculating the WQI, The following parameters like pH, EC, Total hardness, TDS, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, Sulphate, Alkalinity, Iron have been considered. The results of analysis have been used to suggest model for predicting the water quality. The WQI for these samples ranged between “24 to 60”. The analysis revealed that the groundwater of some areas are excellent and some areas good. But it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination by giving some degree of treatment. Keywords: Groundwater, physicochemical parameters, water quality index. INTRODUCTION and inorganic compound from Textiles, dying, Water is an elixir to life which contains chemical and other industries effluents are minerals, rocks and it is called as ubiquitous toxic involves and cause environmental solvent1. Ground water is the major source of contamination that as serious worldwide water for drinking, agricultural, Industrial problem. Organic compounds may cause skin desires. Expansion of human population is cancer due to photosensitization and exceeding necessitate fresh water but only 1% photodynamic damage7. The sustainable of water available from river, ponds, lakes2,3. development, over exploitation, rapid The quality of ground water depends upon industrialization and highest growth population geology of a particular region, climate change, leads to fast degradation of our environment8,9. and combination of dissolved salts depending Once ground water is contaminated its quality on the source and from soil superficial cannot be renovate by stopping the pollutants interaction5. Ground water quality declined due from the surface8. Determination of water to rapid increase in population,industrial quality is very important for knowing the development, increasing mining and petroleum suitability of water for various purposes. In this consumption and use of fertilizer ,Pesticides in view total thirteen physicochemical agriculture4. Infiltration of irrigation water, parameters considered PH, temperature, EC, septic tanks and sewage treatment plants, TDS, TH Ca, Mg, phosphates, Sulphates, pits, lagoons and ponds used for storage5. The Nitrates, Aluminum, Iron. The objective behind change in groundwater quality depends on the study was to develop an overall picture of variation in physical, chemical and biological the groundwater quality using WQI, environment through which it passes. It is assessment of groundwater quality suitability observed that the groundwater resources of groundwater for different purposes and getting deteriorated due to anthropogenic contamination causes. activities.6 admitting many uses the organic Vol. 4 (1) Jan-Mar 2015 www.ijpcsonline.com 24 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 Experimental Methods Si = standard permissible value of Ith Sampling area parameter. The study area is located between The equation ensures that qi = 0 when a 17.41.35.59 to 17.466.00.75N latitude and pollutant is absent in water while qi = 100 if the 83.17.45.9 to83.21.02.14E longitude. It is value of this parameter is equal to its situated in the middle of Chennai-Kolkata permissible value for drinking water Coromandal Coast. The sampling stations are Quality rating for ph and DO requires special Seethammadhara, Aarilova, Gurudwara, Rtc handling the permissible range of ph for Complex, Maddilapalem, Law sons bay drinking water is 7-8.5 quality rating for pH may colony, Akkayyapalem, Railway New colony, be H Ushodaya, Ramnagar qP = 100[VpH -7.0/8.5-7.0] — (2) Water samples without any air bubbles were In case of DO is slightly complicated because collected in polythene bottles as per standard the quality water is in enhanced if it contains procedure. The data and time of collection more DO were recorded and samples were analyzed for qDO= 100[(14.6- vDO)/14.6-5)]---(3) 14 parameters. So the weights for various water quality parameters are assume med to be inversely Physico-Chemical Parameters proportional to the standard for the The parameters studied are temperature, pH, corresponding parameters conductivity, TDS, TH Ca, Mg, phosphates, wi = k/si --- (4) th Sulphates, Nitrates, Aluminum, Iron. wi = unit weight for i parameter i=(1,2,3….n) k= constant proportionality which is Physical Parameters Measurement determined from the condition and k = 1 H 12 The p , Temperature, electrical conductivity Σj=1 wi =1----- (5) and total dissolved solids of the water were To calculate the WQI, first the sub index (SI) measured on the spot . pH ,electrical corresponding the Ith parameter calculated. conductivity were determined by using ELICO These are given by the product of the quality L1615 Model PH meter, ELICO CM180digital rating Qi and unite weight of the ith parameter conductivity meter in the laboratory. Si= qiwi ---- (6) This overall water quality index was calculated Chemical Parameters Analysis by aggregating the sub index (SI) this could be The samples were analyzed chemically using written as 12 UV-Spectrophotometer SHIMAD2U UV-1800 WQI = [ Σj=1qiwi/ 12Σj=1] ----- (7) 12 Model. Sulphates, Phosphates, Nitrates, Iron, WQI= Σj=1qiwi------ (8) were determined. Sodium and potassium were determined by using Flame photometer ELICO RESULT AND DISSECTION CM-378 Model. Using titrimetric method pH Alkalinity, Total hardness, calcium hardness, pH is one of the most important parameter of chlorides were determined for samples10. the water quality. The pH values in the ground water at all the areas of Visakhapatnam are WATER QUALITY INDEX mostly confined within the range 7.32 at Water quality index was calculated for average Gurudwara to 8.1 at Railway new colony. The values of parameters for 10 samples. Water pH values for most of the samples are well quality index is commonly used for the within the limits prescribed by BIS (2012) for detection and evaluation of water pollution and various uses of water including drinking and may be defined as a rating, reflecting the other domestic supplies. composite influence of different quality parameters on the overall quality of water8. EC Water quality and its suitability for drinking Conductivity is mesure to capacity of water to purpose can be examined by determining its carry electrical current due to presence of quality index. The standards of World health dissolved dissociated substance in water. organization, BIS (2012) standards have been Electrical conductivity in water is affected by considered for calculating of WQI. different factors like geology and soils, land Recommended and unit weight are given in use, flow, runoff, groundwater inflows, th table. The quality rating qi for I water quality temperature, evaporation and dilution. The parameter i= (1, 2, 3…..n) was obtained from conductivity values in the present ground the relation. water samples varied widely from 1000µs/cm Qi=100(vi/si) – (1) at Gurudwara to 1900µs/cm at RTC complex. th Where vi = value of the i parameter at a given Conductivity range not suggetioned by BIS sample (2012) Vol. 4 (1) Jan-Mar 2015 www.ijpcsonline.com 25 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 TDS soap. It is due to metallic ions dissolved in the The TDS values were found in between 460- water. Known as concentration of calcium 710mg/l this might be due to the natural and carbonate its derived from dissolved percolation of minerals, landfill leachates, limestone, Groundwater can be divided into Feedlots, salts in to the ground water table. soft water (TH<150mg/L), moderately hard The desirable limit for TDS in drinking water is water (150<TH<300mg/L), hard water 500 mg/l and permissible limit is 2000 mg/l. (TH>300 mg/l) extremely hard water The observed values for TDS at 50% locations (TH>450mg/l) water. in the present study area were found below the desirable limit. TH value ringed from 220mg/l to 520mg/l .More than 95% of the samples are above the Calcium desirable limit of 200 mg/l. A limit of 200 mg/l Calcium is one of the most important Total hardness has been recommended as parameter to assessing the water quality. In desirable limit and 600 mg/l as the permissible the present study area calcium value ranged limit prescribed by BIS (2012). The maximum between 67mg/l at Gurudwara to 165mg/l at Total hardness concentration value of 520mg/l Railway new colony. A limit of 75mg/l Calcium observed at Seethammadhara and minimum has been recommended as desirable limit and Total hardness concentration value of 220mg/l 200 mg/l as the permissible limit prescribed by observed at Maddilapalem and Ramnagar. BIS (2012) Sulfate Magnesium Sulfate concentration result from saltwater In the present study area magnesium value intrusion, mineral dissolution and domestic or ranged between 36 mg/l at Aarilova to 75mg/l industrial waste the concentration of sulfate in at Ushodaya. A limit of 30mg/l Magnisium has the cities varied from 99 to 186mg/L. Bureau been recommended as desirable limit and 100 of Indian standard has prescribed 200 mg/L as mg/l as the permissible limit prescribed by BIS the desirable limit and 600 mg/L as the (2012) permissible limit for sulfate in drinking water.