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The Entry and Experience of Private Providers of Higher Education in Six

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The Entry and Experience of Private Providers of Higher Education in Six The entry and Stephen Hunt, UCL IOE experience of private Claire Callender, UCL IOE & Birkbeck College providers of higher Gareth Parry, University of Sheffield education in six August 2016 countries Published by the Centre for Global Higher Education, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AL www.researchcghe.org © Centre for Global Higher Education 2016 ISBN 978-0-9955538-0-4 ISSN 2398-564X The Centre for Global Higher Education (CGHE) is the largest research centre in the world specifically focused on higher education and its future development. Its research integrates local, national and global perspectives and aims to inform and improve higher education policy and practice. CGHE is a partnership led by the UCL Institute of Education with Lancaster University, the University of Sheffield and international universities Australian National University (Australia), Dublin Institute of Technology (Ireland), Hiroshima University (Japan), Leiden University (Netherlands), Lingnan University (Hong Kong), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (China), the University of Cape Town (South Africa) and the University of Michigan (US). CGHE is an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) investment and their support is gratefully acknowledged. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the following for their ongoing support and guidance: Andrea Detmer, UCL IOE Kevin Dougherty, ColumBia University and FulBright Scholar, BirkBeck College Carolina Guzman, University of Chile Richard James, MelBourne University BarBara Kehm, University of Glasgow Daniel Levy, University of AlBany, State University of New York William Locke, UCL IOE Andrew Norton, Grattan Institute Simon Marginson, UCL IOE Tristan McCowan, UCL IOE Len Ole Schafer, University of BamBerg Michael Wells, Wells Advisory Pty Ltd This review was undertaken after discussions with the Department for Business Innovation and Skills, to inform decisions on the new HE regulatory framework. The views expressed in this are the authors’ own and do not necessarily reflect those of BIS or the Department for Education (as higher education functions have recently been transferred to DfE as part of governmental changes). November 2016: This version of the report updates material in section 4 concerning German university governance. www.researchcghe.org 1 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Selection of countries .................................................................................................. 11 1.3 Issues about this study ................................................................................................ 11 1.4 Outline of the report ..................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Context ........................................................................................................................ 13 2. USA ................................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 16 2.2 History, context and nature of market entry by private providers ................................ 17 2.3 Relationships and interactions between private and public providers and the growth of private provision ................................................................................................................. 18 2.4 Patterns of course provision and student participation in the private sector ................ 19 2.5 Role of governments and regulatory authorities .......................................................... 21 2.5.1 Accreditation ......................................................................................................... 21 2.6 Situations and instances of market failure, and their impact on student participation, retention and achievement ................................................................................................ 22 2.6.1 Non-completion and employaBility ........................................................................ 22 2.6.2 Legal cases and institutional failings ..................................................................... 23 2.6.3 Institution and campus closures ............................................................................ 25 2.7 The uncertain future of US for-profit institutions .......................................................... 26 3. AUSTRALIA ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 35 3.2 History, context and nature of market entry by private providers ................................ 36 3.3 Relationships and interactions between private and public providers and the growth of private provision ................................................................................................................. 38 3.4 Patterns of course provision and student participation in the private sector ................ 41 3.5 Role of governments and regulatory authorities .......................................................... 43 3.5.1 Accreditation ......................................................................................................... 43 3.5.2 Funding ................................................................................................................. 47 3.5.3 Governance ........................................................................................................... 47 3.6 Situations and instances of market failure, and their impact on student participation, retention and achievement ................................................................................................ 48 4. GERMANY ........................................................................................................................ 54 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 54 4.2 History, context and nature of market entry by private providers ................................ 54 www.researchcghe.org 2 4.3 Relationships and interactions Between private and puBlic providers and the growth of private provision ................................................................................................................. 56 4.4 Patterns of course provision and student participation in the private sector ................ 58 4.5 Role of governments and regulatory authorities .......................................................... 59 4.5.1 Accreditation ......................................................................................................... 59 4.5.2 Funding ................................................................................................................. 61 4.5.3 Governance ........................................................................................................... 61 4.6 Situations and instances of market failure, and their impact on student participation, retention and achievement ................................................................................................ 62 5 POLAND ............................................................................................................................. 65 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 65 5.2 History, context and nature of the market entry by provide providers ......................... 65 5.3 Relationships and interactions between private and public providers and the growth of private provision ................................................................................................................. 66 5.4 Patterns of course provision and student participation in the private sector ................ 68 5.5 Role of governments and regulatory authorities .......................................................... 69 5.5.1 Accreditation ......................................................................................................... 69 5.5.2 Funding ................................................................................................................. 70 5.5.3 Governance ........................................................................................................... 70 5.6 Situations and instances of market failure, and their impact on student participation, retention and achievement ................................................................................................ 70 5.6.1. The uncertain future of the private sector ............................................................ 70 6. JAPAN ............................................................................................................................... 74 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................
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