SUMMER 2017 The Public Eye

In this issue: The Christian Right and Fourth Generation Warfare How Antisemitism Animates White Nationalism When Prison Ministries Prioritize Salvation Over Justice Charles Koch and the Makings of a Right-Wing Empire editor’s letter

As the summer issue of The Public Eye ships to the printers, it’s been a whirlwind week. THE PUBLIC EYE Republicans’ efforts to overthrow Obamacare failed dramatically in the early hours of July QUARTERLY 28, but this victory followed some of the Trump administration’s most aggressive anti- PUBLISHER LGBTQ actions to date. Trump delivered an unprecedentedly ugly partisan speech to the Boy Tarso Luís Ramos Scouts of America, endorsed police brutality to a law enforcement audience, and publicly EDITOR mused about firing officials over the ongoing Russia investigation and pardoning himself Kathryn Joyce for what they may find. As many are now questioning if the administration is on a messy COVER ART slide towards authoritarianism, this issue homes in on some of what got us here. Ashley Lukashevsky Sociologist and former civilian intelligence analyst James Scaminaci takes a close look at a little-known right-wing strategy developed in LAYOUT “Fourth Generation Warfare” (pg. 4), Gabriel Joffe the 1980s and deployed over decades by strategists Paul Weyrich and William S. Lind. A fusion of military theory and the Christian Right agenda, Fourth Generation Warfare seeks PRINTING Red Sun Press to undermine the public’s confidence not just in the government and media, but in a com- monly-accepted reality itself. The result, Scaminaci writes, is “an all-out propaganda war EDITORIAL BOARD against secular liberalism” and the political mainstream, waged “with the same intensity Frederick Clarkson • Alex DiBranco as a shooting war.” Fourth Generation Warfare, he argues, set the template for Trump’s no- Tope Fadiran • Gabriel Joffe Kapya Kaoma • Greeley O’Connor holds-barred campaign against the political establishment. L. Cole Parke • Tarso Luís Ramos Alongside the Christian Right’s patient application of Fourth Generation Warfare tactics, this issue covers another facet of the Right’s long game: dismantling the government. In The Public Eye is published by an exclusive excerpt from the provocative new book, Democracy in Chains (pg. 16), Duke Political Research Associates University historian Nancy MacLean examines the intellectual legacy of conservative econ- omist James Buchanan, and how it influenced a generation of right-wing activists. Much Tarso Luís Ramos of the history she documents here—PRA’s excerpt focuses on the origins of billionaire phi- Executive Director lanthropist Charles Koch as a political actor, and the Cato Institute he helped found—sheds Sarah Burzillo new light on how a generation of conservative scholars mobilized to reorient their “revolu- Finance Manager tionary cause” to Middle America. MacLean’s book has lately come under fire—some from Gabriel Joffe liberal and centrist critics, more from coordinated attacks by conservative activists. We find Program Coordinator MacLean’s overarching thesis compelling and invite readers to assess it for themselves. Kapya Kaoma This issue also includes a more personal piece, by longtime civil rights strategist Eric Research Analyst Ward, “Skin in the Game” (pg. 9), about how antisemitism remains the driving force of Greeley O’Connor White nationalism. While the mainstream reemergence of White supremacist movements Communications Director during and after last year’s election has shocked the country and bolstered robust antira- L. Cole Parke cist activism, writes Ward, even progressive social and economic justice movements have Research Analyst yet to “come to terms with the centrality of antisemitism to White nationalist ideology.” Shayna Parker Operations Coordinator And, “until we do we will fail to understand this virulent form of racism rapidly growing in America today.” Jennifer Worden Development Director Complementing these features is an online-exclusive essay from professor and writer Zeina Zaatari Aaron Barlow, “The Triumph of the Lie,” a meditation on how political lying has perhaps Research Director found its zenith in the Trump era. “If the current defeat of truth is to be reversed and the lie once again relegated to a position of approbation,” Barlow writes, we have to do more than Fellows simply fact-check obvious falsehoods. “We have to reinvent moral and ethical standards, Frederick Clarkson • Nia Evans • Tope Fadiran apply them to our own lives, and insist that we never reward liars, no matter how much we Spencer Sunshine • Mariya Strauss like them or agree with the positions they adopt.” Interns Amid the high drama in Washington, D.C., existing injustices continue and worsen. Our Eve Feldberg • Erin Gifford commentary this issue, “Captive Audience” (pg. 3), by Tanya Erzen, looks at how conser- Caroline Lee • Liam Sanders vative Christian prison ministries continue to create a two-tiered caste system within the Board of Directors corrections industry even while paying lip service to ideas of criminal justice reform. In the Dania Rajendra, Chair eight years she spent researching her new book, God in Captivity, Erzen mapped the endur- Katherine Acey • Paulina Helm-Hernandez ing “tension between faith-based prison ministries that, on the one hand, have challenged Lynette Jackson • Janet Jakobsen conservatives’ emphasis on punishment, and on the other, have embraced an idea of re- Hamid Khan • Maria Elena Letona form that demands adherence to conservative Christian theology and social ideas, where Jenny Levison • Scot Nakagawa rehabilitation translates neatly to being born again.” Mohan Sikka • Zeke Spier Lastly, in our Reports in Review (pg. 21), PRA’s Jessica Conger-Henry reads HOPE not Carla Wallace • Susan Wefald hate’s report on Breitbart News Network’s expansion to Europe. Breitbart, a premiere pur- Founder veyor of actual “fake news” in the U.S., has more quietly set up shop across the Atlantic, Jean V. Hardisty, Ph.D. where it became a major supporter of the 2016 Brexit campaign and is spreading harmful misinformation around Muslim immigration in other European nations. 1310 Broadway, Suite 201 In between issues, PRA will continue its coverage and analysis of the Right, with new Somerville, MA 02144-1837 blog posts, online-only features and reports every week, so make sure to follow us at politi- Tel: 617.666.5300 calresearch.org. [email protected] © Political Research Associates, 2017 All rights reserved. ISSN 0275-9322 Kathryn Joyce ISSUE 91 www.politicalresearch.org commentary

BY TANYA ERZEN

Captive Audience How Prison Ministries Prioritize Salvation Over Justice

n early June at the Faith and Free- dom Coalition’s “Road to Majority” conference—an annual gathering of Christian Right leaders active in Istate and federal policy advocacy—Craig DeRoche of Prison Fellowship Ministries (PFM) emphasized to attendees that re- demption, rather than punishment, is the key to reforming the criminal justice system. Tarso Luís Ramos Executive Director “There is no such thing as a throwaway Sarah Burzillo person,” DeRoche had said previously, Finance Manager “and by granting second chances to those Gabriel Joffe who have earned them, we will be con- Program Coordinator tributing to the restoration of families, Kapya Kaoma communities, and our nation.”1 Research Analyst DeRoche’s presence at the conference— According to their website, Prison Fellowship is the nation’s largest Christian non-profit serving prisoners, former Greeley O’Connor prisoners, and their families. Photo: Prison Fellowship. Communications Director alongside Christian leaders like L. Cole Parke James Dobson and GOP heavyweights steadily drifted rightward, the heavy wings, where prisoners work, study, and Research Analyst including President Donald Trump, hand of evangelicals in prison reform ef- sleep in an area of the prison dedicated to Shayna Parker Vice President Mike Pence, Sen. Mitch forts has created new kinds of problems. religious ideals.4 Operations Coordinator McConnell, and House Majority Leader In the eight years I spent researching While not all prison ministries offer Jennifer Worden Development Director Kevin McCarthy—demonstrated how my book, God In Captivity: The Rise of that sort of total segregation from the Zeina Zaatari central prison reform has become to the Faith-Based Prison Ministries in the Age general population, for many impris- Research Director conservative political agenda.2 As author of Mass Incarceration, I found a tension oned people, religious volunteers and Kay Whitlock described in The Public between faith-based prison ministries programming offer their only option for Fellows Frederick Clarkson • Nia Evans • Tope Fadiran Eye in Spring 2017, conservatives from that, on the one hand, have challenged an education, mental health counseling, Spencer Sunshine • Mariya Strauss Newt Gingrich to Grover Norquist have conservatives’ emphasis on punishment, addiction services or even contact with Interns situated mass incarceration as a fiscal and and on the other, have embraced an the outside world. As state funding for Eve Feldberg • Erin Gifford moral problem, and have partnered with idea of reform that demands adherence prisons has plummeted and public sup- Caroline Lee • Liam Sanders both progressives and religious leaders to conservative Christian theology and port for costly rehabilitation programs Board of Directors of all stripes in calling to reform the social ideas, where rehabilitation trans- has declined, faith-based groups claim Dania Rajendra, Chair system. Addressing sentencing, juvenile lates neatly to being born again. they can more effectively transform a Katherine Acey • Paulina Helm-Hernandez imprisonment, diversion programs for DeRoche’s organization, PFM, is one of person from the inside out than can Lynette Jackson • Janet Jakobsen Hamid Khan • Maria Elena Letona drug offenses, and less restrictive parole the most prominent evangelical groups any secular group, through a religion- Jenny Levison • Scot Nakagawa regulations, organizations like Right in the United States, with ministries informed “heart change.” They also ar- Mohan Sikka • Zeke Spier on Crime and PFM have pushed back inside more than 1,300 prisons, jails gue that they save states money. As Pat Carla Wallace • Susan Wefald against tough-on-crime ideology and and detention centers, and Justice Fel- Nolan, a former colleague of Colson’s at toward policies that reflect the Christian lowship, its sophisticated public policy PFM (and a former California state as- Founder Jean V. Hardisty, Ph.D. idea that prisoners can be redeemed. arm. Founded in 1976 by Chuck Colson, semblyman and ex-prisoner himself), These are significant shifts from the War a former Nixon aide convicted of Water- argued in a newsletter, prison ministries 1310 Broadway, Suite 201 on Drugs and the specter of “the super- gate-related crimes who emerged from “do the work the state just cannot afford Somerville, MA 02144-1837 predator,” which dominated criminal prison born again, today part of PFM’s to do on its own. And these volunteers Tel: 617.666.5300 3 [email protected] justice thinking in the 1980s and ‘90s. empire includes 24-hour evangelical pro- will provide something that government © Political Research Associates, 2017 As bipartisan reform efforts have grams in some prisons that occupy entire employees cannot: love.”5 All rights reserved. ISSN 0275-9322 ISSUE 91 Commentary, continued on page 20 www.politicalresearch.org SUMMER 2017 Political Research Associates • 3 BY JAMES SCAMINACI III

Battle Without Bullets The Christian Right and Fourth Generation Warfare

n October 13, 2016, just three Federal Reserve System Janet Yellen, and ample of a right-wing strategy developed weeks from the election, then- Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein. in the late 1980s: Fourth Generation candidate Donald Trump de- This immediately provoked charges that Warfare (4GW). Trump’s rhetoric and flected sexual assault allega- Trump was employing antisemitic tropes policies rightly identify him as a “right- Otions in a speech at West Palm Beach. He that could have been taken from Protocols wing populist bully,” in the words of for- railed against his opponent and a corrupt of the Elders of Zion.3 mer PRA senior analyst Chip Berlet, who political establishment: But aside from resorting to one of the notes that right-wing populism includes The Washington establishment and oldest and vilest of populist appeals, nativism and authoritarianism, as well as the financial and media corporations Trump was doing something else. He “fears of traitorous, subversive conspira- that fund it exist for only one reason: was telling prospective voters—most of cies.”4 What distinguishes harsh populist to protect and enrich itself...It’s a glob- whom had likely never heard of Proto- rhetoric from a 4GW attack, however, is al power structure that is responsible cols—that the ruling political establish- going beyond the charge that one’s in- for the economic decisions dividual opponent is wrong or that have robbed our work- misguided, to claim that the ing class, stripped our coun- system is illegitimate and one’s try of its wealth and put that opponents have no right to money into the pockets of a power or even to exist. handful of large corporations Fourth Generation Warfare is and political entities…. The a term of art for the latest evolu- Clinton machine is at the cen- tion of types of warfare. Essen- ter of this power structure. tially, the three prior “genera- We’ve seen this firsthand in tions” were massed manpower, the WikiLeaks documents, in massed firepower, and non-lin- which Hillary Clinton meets ear maneuver. Think roughly in secret with international of the changing approaches of banks to plot the destruction the American Revolutionary of U.S. sovereignty in order War to World War I to World to enrich these global finan- War II. William S. Lind, who cial powers, her special inter- Photo: k8 via Flickr. originated the term “Fourth est friends and her donors.1 Generation Warfare” in 1989, Trump used similar language in a ment was “failed” and “corrupt,” and that noted that elements from earlier gen- two-minute “closing argument” video it had “robbed our working class” and erations of warfare, like “collapsing the released on November 4, in which he “stripped our country of its wealth.” He enemy internally rather than physically emphasized that “The political establish- had launched a direct and devastating destroying him,” would carry over into ment that is trying to stop us is the same assault on the legitimacy of the country’s 4GW but with a greater emphasis and group responsible for our disastrous government and political, economic, employing new tactics. 4GW expands trade deals, massive illegal immigration and media elites, which he suggested warfare beyond the physical level to in- and economic and foreign policies that was comprised of predators who posed clude the mental and moral dimensions. have bled our country dry.”2 an existential threat to voters’ towns, At the highest level of combat—moral In the video Trump also warned of a companies, jobs, and families; it had, he conflict—the central objective is to- un “global power structure,” flashing pho- suggested, no moral right to govern. dermine the legitimacy of one’s oppo- tographs of prominent Jews, including What might have seemed to most to be nent and induce a population to transfer international financier and liberal - phi normal, if unusually acrimonious, po- their loyalty from their government to lanthropist George Soros, Chair of the litical aggression was in fact a classic ex- the insurgent.

4 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2017 Fourth Generation Warfare resonated colleague Eric Heubeck, it was titled enced American politics since the 1960s. with military strategists and scholars, es- “The Integration of Theory and Practice: Founded by Rev. Rousas John “R.J.” pecially after 9/11, because it examined A Program For The New Traditionalist Rushdoony, the Christian Reconstruc- the emergence of a new type of warfare Movement.” The objectives and tactics of tionist movement, through its volumi- between a non-state insurgent and a the movement were the delegitimization nous writings, persuaded several hun- central government in which ideas are and destruction of the Left, meaning the dred influential conservative clergy and key weapons.5 Part of 4GW is “epistemo- destruction through unrelenting propa- theologians that American society had logical warfare”—that is, “warfare” that ganda barrages of the liberal-secular fed- to be reconstructed11—not reformed—on adapts and incorporates concepts from eral government and associated political a new basis of knowledge or epistemol- post-modernism, structuration theory, culture and Constitution that protects in- ogy in order to build God’s kingdom on deconstructionism, and chaos theory. In dividual rights. earth from the rubble of failed civiliza- simpler terms, this type of warfare aims “Our strategy will be to bleed this cor- tion. One way Christian Reconstruction- to “Disrupt the moral, physical and/or rupt culture dry,” the document de- ist strategists influenced the trajectory informational vertical and horizontal clares. “We will pick off the most intel- of the Christian Right was participating relations (i.e. cohesion) among subsys- ligent and creative individuals in our alongside the John Birch Society in the tems.”6 This serves as propaganda in- society, the individuals who help give formation and early running of the secre- tended to foster uncertainty, mistrust, credibility to the current regime.” A little tive Council for National Policy, a highly and a sense of menace, all aimed at later, Heubeck writes, “Our movement opaque organization that brought to- breaking down the bonds of social trust.7 will be entirely destructive, and entirely gether Christian Right leaders, funding But the doctrine of 4GW has not been constructive. We will not try to reform sources, and well-to-do activists.12 limited to use in foreign wars. It has also the existing institutions. We only intend The Reconstructionists argued that been used at home: as a psy-ops cam- to weaken them, and eventually destroy Christians should make a fundamental paign perpetrated by domestic actors them…We will maintain a constant bar- choice—obey God’s law or obey secular against domestic political and religious rage of criticism against the Left. We will law. In his 1997 book, Eternal Hostil- adversaries. attack the very legitimacy of the Left…. We ity: The Struggle Between Theocracy and The insurgent force, in this case, is the will use guerrilla tactics to undermine the Democracy, PRA Senior Fellow Freder- Christian Right, led by its key strategists: the late Paul Weyrich who would trans- form electoral competition into all-out “It may not be with bullets…but it is a war political warfare against the political sys- nevertheless. It is a war of ideology, it’s a war of tem itself, and William S. Lind, the origi- ideas, it’s a war about our way of life.” nal thinker who postulated the emer- gence of Fourth Generation Warfare and who served as Weyrich’s right-hand man. legitimacy of the dominant regime” (em- ick Clarkson noted that Rushdoony had Paul Weyrich, an architect of the Chris- phasis added).10 essentially unilaterally declared that tian Right8 and founder of the Free Con- Weyrich saw the Christian Right’s vi- America was in a state of long term, gress Foundation, one of the movement’s sion of traditional values as the legiti- civil war. Clarkson noted that accord- strategic think tanks, saw 1980s-era mate and moral side. The other side, cast ing to Rushdoony, “‘every non-Biblical America in terms of an epochal struggle as the camp of secular liberalism, he saw law-order represents an anti-Christian between two camps over “our way of life.” as immoral and illegitimate. While Wey- religion’” and that “‘all law is a form of He told the Christian Right’s founding rich saw these opponents as in rough warfare.’” The source for all law, institu- direct mail fundraiser Richard Viguerie, alignment with the two main political tions, norms, values, and ways of know- “‘It may not be with bullets… and it may parties, his aim was never merely about ing must be their own idiosyncratic inter- not be with rockets and missiles, but it is electing Republicans. He was about forg- pretation of the Bible.13 a war nevertheless. It is a war of ideology, ing a revolutionary Christian nationalist This worldview and its variants meant it’s a war of ideas, it’s a war about our way movement to undermine the legitimacy that all law, science, philosophy, and of life. And it has to be fought with the of what he saw as a liberal, secular demo- morals that did not conform to their same intensity, I think, and dedication as cratic order. interpretation of the Bible was illegiti- you would fight a shooting war.’”9 mate—or, in their words, anti-Christian Weyrich and Lind commissioned and THE CHRISTIAN RECONSTRUCTIONISTS and anti-God. Christian Reconstruction- published a strategic document in 2001 The starting point for understanding ism had provided Weyrich and the Chris- that epitomized their thinking and evo- epistemological warfare and 4GW called tian Right a theological justification for lution away from the indirect influence for by Weyrich and Lind and executed by their all-out political war. Rushdoony of the Christian Reconstructionists who the Christian Right is to begin with the himself was an acknowledged leader and were more focused on theology. Writ- Christian Reconstructionists—the low thinker whose views were sought by the ten by their Free Congress Foundation profile strategic thinkers who have influ- founding fathers of the contemporary

SUMMER 2017 Political Research Associates • 5 Christian Right, including Weyrich.14 COLONEL BOYD AND EPISTEMOLOGI- for defending NATO in the ‘70s and ‘80s, While the ideological role of Rush- CAL WARFARE the incorporation of his ideas into the doony and his fellow Christian Recon- The late Colonel John Boyd’s influence Marines’ doctrinal warfighting manuals structionists may not always be obvious, on William S. Lind, the former director and the Department of Defense’s joint it’s not hard to detect when considering of cultural conservatism at Weyrich’s doctrinal documents, as well as his influ- foundational thought regarding Chris- Free Congress Foundation, may be one ence on the United Kingdom’s and other tian nationalism;15 the grading on reli- of the most underappreciated stories of European military doctrines all marked the development him as a uniquely influential military of the Christian thinker. As an associate of Dick Cheney, Right and its ever- then the U.S. Secretary of Defense, Boyd evolving political also heavily influenced the design of the strategy. It’s not 1991 Gulf War’s ground campaign.22 like Lind was hid- Boyd’s 1997 obituary in The New York ing it. He was the Times noted that he is regarded as having co-author of at helped “revolutionize American military least three books strategy.” The highly decorated Colonel on political strat- David Hackworth believed Boyd to be egy for the Chris- “America’s greatest military thinker.” tian Right: Cultural Likewise, Major Jeffrey L. Cowan -con Conservatism—To- cluded his Marine Corps master’s thesis wards a New Na- on Boyd’s conceptualization of warfare tional Agenda, with the observation that Boyd “should Cultural Conserva- be considered one of the most important tism—Theory and military theorists of the United States.”23 Practice, and The What made Boyd’s work such an his- Next Conserva- toric advance in the philosophy of mili- tism.20 tary strategy was that he added the physi- Col. Boyd was cal, mental, and moral dimensions to the a U.S. Air Force traditional tactical, operational and stra- fighter pilot in the tegic levels of military combat. For exam- Korean War who ple, Joint Publication 3.0 on Joint Opera- In July 2016, Donald Trump drew controversy by tweeting out an antisemitic dedicated the latter tions—which provides Pentagon doctrine meme featuring Hillary Clinton and a six-pointed star. part of his career to all U.S. military forces—defines the to reformulating strategic level of warfare as the setting gious grounds of candidates for public U.S. strategic thinking. Boyd never wrote of national objectives and allocation of office at all levels;16 the transformation a book on strategy, but instead spread national resources to achieve those ob- of the constitutional principle of reli- his thinking throughout the Pentagon jectives. This translates national strat- gious liberty into a demand for Christian via constantly evolving marathon brief- egy into operational campaigns within a Right primacy, the right to discriminate ings, each of which could last between theater (e.g. Europe, Middle East), which against LGBTQ people, and accusations 14 and 18 hours. In 1959, while an Air then links to its use by military forces.24 that Christians are being persecuted;17 the propagandistic assault on evolution and demand that the creationist con- The Christian Right has applied this type of warfare troversy be taught in public schools;18 and the unrelenting rejection of climate against the federal government, the Democratic Par- change science and belief that such evi- ty, the mainstream media, and its religious institu- dence is fraudulent.19 tional rivals among mainline Protestant churches. The common denominator in all of these Christian Right assertions, de- mands, and propaganda efforts is not Force captain, Boyd wrote “Aerial Attack Boyd posited that the highest level of that their opponents are wrong on the Study,” which would become official Air warfare was moral, followed by mental, facts, but that their opponents are an af- Force doctrine on air combat.21 He went and physical. For example, a victory at front to God and that their way of know- on to help develop the F-15, F-16, and the physical level of combat could, in re- ing is illegitimate. This is the essence and F-18 fighter jets in the 1960s and ‘70s. ality, be a defeat at the moral level. Thus objective of a FGW attack. His contribution to the development of a government massacre of villagers could the U.S. Army’s AirLand Battle concept tactically mean that the government

6 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2017 could claim a territorial victory, but it cended to be Speaker of the House of Rep- ment’s policies than actual military com- could delegitimize the government in the resentatives by exploiting scandals he bat.33 eyes of its citizens or international allies. choreographed against the Democratic Uncoincidentally, Weyrich launched At that moral level of conflict, Boyd and Republican House leadership. National Empowerment Television (NET) believed in exploiting three psychologi- John Dean, President Nixon’s former during 1992-93 to attempt to manipu- cal conditions—menace, uncertainty, White House counsel (whose Senate tes- late news directed at conservative and and mistrust—in order to create an exis- timony laid the foundation for the article Christian audiences.34 Although Wey- tential and epistemological threat to an army or a society. Maj. Cowan, in his the- sis, quoted Boyd’s explanation of these Television News brought Weyrich and Roger Ailes into terms: “‘menace, which are the impres- a direct working relationship, laying the groundwork sions of danger to one’s well being and survival; uncertainty or the impressions, for the emergence of Fox News some 20 years later. or atmosphere generated by events that appear ambiguous, erratic, contradicto- o f impeachment for obstruction of jus- rich’s first challenge to the media estab- ry, unfamiliar, and chaotic; and, mistrust tice), described Gingrich’s pre-Speaker lishment came in 1973 with the Joseph as an atmosphere of doubt and suspicion tactics as “portraying Republicans as Coors-funded Television News, Inc. that loosens human bonds among mem- godly and Democrats as anti-religious (TVN), part of its significance is that it bers of an organic whole.’”25 liberals.” Gingrich’s rhetorical tactics brought Weyrich and Roger Ailes into a Frans P.B. Osinga, a Dutch Air Force according to Dean, “were developed direct working relationship and laid the Lt. Colonel with a PhD who wrote a com- through consultations with communica- groundwork for the emergence of Fox prehensive analysis of Boyd’s briefings, tions experts, and soon became standard News some 20 years later.35 noted that the aim of moral conflict, ac- operating procedure for Republicans.”28 Since then, not only has the growth cording to Boyd, is to “‘Destroy moral Gingrich would be instrumental in dis- of the Christian Right and various sub- bonds that permit an organic whole to mantling the committee structure of the movements benefitted from Fox News exist.’” Osinga quoted Boyd’s analysis of House of Representatives, undermining misinforming its viewers36 but the Reli- the “strategic aim” of moral conflict: to democratic norms of comity, polarizing gious and Political Right depends upon “‘Penetrate [his] moral-mental-physical the House into warring political tribes, dubious documentaries as a form of being to dissolve his moral fiber, disori- and, weakening the scientific basis of psychological operations to inform and ent his mental images, disrupt his opera- public policy.29 expand its base of conservative and evan- tions, and overload his system, as well as Lind was very familiar with Boyd and gelical supporters, as well as undermine subvert, shatter, seize or otherwise sub- his work. Prior to joining Weyrich at the progressive organizations.37 Stephen due those moral-mental-physical bas- Free Congress Foundation, Lind worked Bannon, President Trump’s senior strat- tions, connections, or activities that he for Senator Gary Hart on military reform egist, is responsible for eight documen- depends upon, in order to destroy inter- issues, including as part of a small group taries alone, including In the Face of Evil: nal harmony, produce paralysis, and col- working to reform U.S. defense strategy Reagan’s War in Word and Deed, Generation lapse adversary’s will to resist.’”26 in Europe, which included Boyd. He also Zero and Fire from the Heartland (about the What has so far gone largely unnoticed collaborated with Colonel Boyd on intro- Tea Party movement), District of Corrup- is that the Christian Right has applied ducing maneuver warfare to the U.S. Ma- tion, and, Occupy Unmasked. The group this type of warfare against the federal rine Corps. Lind considered Boyd “Amer- Citizens United also released Rediscover- government, the Democratic Party, the ica’s greatest military theorist.”30 He once ing God in America and Rediscovering God mainstream media, and its religious in- wrote that he had “worked with Boyd for in America II, produced by Candace and stitutional rivals among mainline Protes- about 15 years.”31 Newt Gingrich; Hype: The Obama Effect; tant churches. Lind acknowledged that Boyd’s theo- Blocking the Path of 9/11; Hillary: The ries had shaped his own views on moral Movie; We Have the Power: Making Ameri- ADAPTING WARFARE FOR THE RIGHT conflict, writing that 4GW’s “goal of col- ca Energy Independent; ACLU: At War with Weyrich’s view that the Christian lapsing the enemy internally rather than America; Border Wars: The Battle over Il- Right had to wage an all-out propaganda physically destroying him” derived from legal Immigration; and, Broken Promises: war against secular liberalism and the “Boyd’s OODA (observation- orientation- The United Nations at 60. Democratic Party (and the GOP) with decision- action) theory.”32 Lind further Under the strategic guidance of Wey- the “same intensity” as a “shooting war” argued, in ways consistent with Boyd’s rich and Lind, the Christian Right would come to early fruition with Newt thinking, that “psychological opera- launched multiple propaganda cam- Gingrich, whom Weyrich personally re- tions,” “manipulating the media,” and paigns since the 1980s38 to induce, cruited in the 1980s and trained to use television news would become “more through stages, a crisis of confidence and inflammatory rhetoric around cultural powerful” weapons in altering percep- legitimacy39 completely independent of wedge issues.27 Eventually, Gingrich as- tions and public support for a govern- which political party controls the presi-

SUMMER 2017 Political Research Associates • 7 dency and Congress, which philosophy The Republican convention descended ed States, is essential to formulation of holds sway in federal courts, or prevail- into a cesspool of prospective authoritar- appropriate strategies going forward. ing economic conditions. The delivery ianism with calls to “lock her up” led by The strategic intent of a 4GW attack, mode of this unrelenting barrage of criti- prominent Trump campaign officials and as Boyd explained, is “to dissolve [an cism—designed to provoke a Boydian surrogates, including the future White enemy’s] moral fiber, disorient his men- sense of disorientation, disruption, over- House National Security Advisor, Gen. tal images, disrupt his operations, and Skin in the Game load, menace, uncertainty, and mistrust Michael Flynn. The effort appeared to be overload his system, as well as subvert, among the general public—is propagan- intended to delegitimize Clinton and her shatter, seize or otherwise subdue those How Antisemitism Animates White Nationalism da disseminated through television,40 ra- administration if she had won the elec- moral-mental-physical bastions, connec- dio, movies, and documentary film,41 all tion.46 tions, or activities that he depends upon, mediums that appeal to emotions rather In addition to delegitimizing candidate in order to destroy internal harmony, than logic. Clinton, Democratic voters, and the pro- produce paralysis, and collapse adver- spective election results, Trump amped- sary’s will to resist.”50 THE PAYOFF Brookings Institution and American Enterprise Institute scholars Thomas E. In a 4GW scenario, the better narrative wins. Thus, Mann and Norman Ornstein respective- any counter-strategy must include a robust narrative ly reported in their 2012 book, It’s Even Worse Than It Looks, that the “Republican of what is being defended and why. Party has become the insurgent outlier in American politics…The contemporary up longstanding right-wing attacks on Any effective counter-strategy to- ef GOP…has veered toward tolerance of ex- the existence and functioning of a free, forts of the Trump administration and treme ideological beliefs and policies… independent press.47 In fact, Trump esca- its Christian Right supporters must be- and rejection of the legitimacy of its par- lated and expanded his attacks into full- gin by understanding that when they at- tisan opposition.”42 Four years later, the blown epistemological warfare.48 But tack, their objective is to undermine op- scholars argued that both the Republi- as historian and journalist Neal Gabler ponents’ legitimacy, since under 4GW, can Party and the dysfunctional govern- argued, Trump’s triumph and the ongo- legitimacy is the coin of the realm. But ment had gotten worse. In their view, the ing epistemological war it wrought was fact-checking and debunking conspira- “radicalization of the Republican Party” made possible by the very same main- cism is only a partial solution. It must be included “an utter rejection of the norms stream media that failed to adequately accompanied by defending the legitima- and civic culture underlying our consti- report on Republican and Christian Right cy of institutions, democratic norms, le- tutional system.”43 destabilization of democracy.49 gal procedures, and social groups singled This conflict of legitimacy predates The theological-political war first -un out for attack. Trump’s candidacy. In addition to Repub- leashed by the Christian Reconstruction- In a 4GW scenario, the better narrative licans’ efforts to delegitimize President ists, followed by decades of Fourth Gen- wins.51 Thus, any counter-strategy must Obama, they were undermining the very eration Warfare propaganda barrages include a robust narrative of what is be- basis of a secular, constitutional order perpetrated by the Christian Right and ing defended and why, as well as the tools and were using fear and propaganda to the wider conservative movement, ulti- to counteract the menace, uncertainty, do so. But Trump also built upon these mately resulted in something most po- and mistrust engendered by 4GW at- efforts and included his own violations litical observers thought impossible: the tacks. These tools—a corresponding set of democratic norms. election of Donald Trump as president. to those in Boyd’s plan of epistemological During the 2016 presidential cam- This is both a result and a cause of Amer- warfare—provide individuals and groups paign, Trump used racially charged ac- ican society probably being more divid- with moral strength. Or in Boyd’s words, cusations against Hillary Clinton, such ed—by race, class, gender, and political a “triumph of courage, confidence, and as the insinuation that she would use Af- ideology—than at any time since before esprit (de corps) over [the] fear, anxiety, rican American voters to rig the election the Civil War. The bonds of societal trust and alienation” of our modern, domes- through voter fraud. These claims origi- are disintegrating. Constitutional norms tic, psychological war. nated years before within the Republican of governance are being undermined. Party.44 Not only is the claim of massive Institutions meant to hold the executive James Scaminaci III earned a PhD in So- voter fraud without a factual foundation, branch in check are under assault from ciology from Stanford University, special- it has long been a right-wing propaganda within and without. None of this was ac- izing in political sociology. He worked as tool.45 cidental. But if we are to hold onto any a senior civilian intelligence analyst with Trump also declared throughout the semblance of democratic society, knowl- subject matter expertise on the former So- campaign that he intended to jail Clinton edge of how Fourth Generation Warfare viet Union, the former Yugoslavia, and or- for treason and prosecute her and her works, and that a religious and political ganized crime. lawyers, calling her “crooked Hillary.” insurrection is well advanced in the Unit-

8 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2017 BY ERIC K. WARD

Skin in the Game How Antisemitism Animates White Nationalism

ne September weekend in Northwest Coalition Against Malicious despite the widespread tendency to dis- 1995, a few thousand people Harassment, a six-state coalition work- miss antisemitism, notwithstanding its met at a convention center in ing to reduce hate crimes and violence daily presence across the country and the Seattle to prepare for an apoca- in the Pacific Northwest and Mountain world, it is obvious to you, too. Olyptic standoff with the federal govern- States region. We did a lot of primary re- From the time I documented my first ment. At the expo, you could sign up to search, often undercover. A cardinal rule White nationalist rally in 1990 until to- defend yourself from the coming “politi- of organizing is that you can’t ask people day, the movement has made its way cal and economic collapse,” stock up on to do anything you haven’t done your- from the margins of American political beef jerky, learn strategies for tax eva- self; so I spent that weekend as I spent life to its center, and I’ve moved from do- sion, and browse titles by writers like Eu- many—among people plotting to remove ing antiracist organizing in small north- stace Mullins, whose White nationalist me from their ethnostate. western communities to fighting for classics include The Secrets of the Federal It helped that, despite its blood-cur- inclusive democracy on a national level, Reserve, published in 1952, and—from dling anti-Black racism, at least some as the Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Justice 1967—The Biological Jew. The sixth an- factions of the White nationalist move- program officer at the Ford Foundation nual Preparedness Expo made national ment saw me as a potential ally against until recently, and now as a senior fellow papers that year because it served as a their true archenemy. At the expo that at the Southern Poverty Law Center. Yet clearinghouse for the militia movement, year, a guy warily asked me about myself. if I had to give a basic definition of the a decentralized right-wing movement of I told him that I had come on behalf of a movement—something I’ve often been armed, local, anti-government paramili- asked to do, formally and informally, by taries that had recently sparked its most folks who’ve spent less time hanging out notorious act of terror, the bombing of Antisemitism forms with Nazis than I have—my response to- the Oklahoma City federal courthouse by the theoretical core of day would not be much different than it White nationalists Timothy McVeigh and was when I began to do this work nearly Terry Nichols. A series of speakers told White nationalism. thirty years ago. American White nation- expo attendees the real story: the attack alism, which emerged in the wake of the had been perpetrated by the government 1960s civil rights struggle and descends itself as an excuse to take citizens’ guns few brothers in the city. We needed to re- from White supremacism, is a revolu- away. sist the federal government and we were tionary social movement committed to Not a lot of Black folks show up at gath- there to get educated. I said I hoped he building a Whites-only nation, and anti- erings like the Preparedness Expo, one wouldn’t take it personally, but I didn’t semitism forms its theoretical core. site in an extensive right-wing counter- shake hands with White people. He That last part—antisemitism forms the culture in which White nationalism is smiled; he totally understood. “Brother theoretical core of White nationalism— a constant, explosive presence. White McLamb,” he concurred, “says we have bears repeating. Let me explain. nationalists argue that Whites are a bio- to start building broad coalitions.” To- The meteoric rise of White national- logically defined people and that, once gether we went to hear Jack McLamb, ism within national discourse over the the White revolutionary spirit awakens, a retired Phoenix cop who ran an orga- course of Donald Trump’s presidential they will take down the federal govern- nization called Police Against the New campaign and freshman administra- ment, remove people of color, and build World Order, make a case for temporary tion—through Trump’s barely coded a state (maybe or maybe not still called alliances with “the Blacks, the Mexicans, speech at fascist-style rallies, his support the United States of America, depending the Orientals” against the real enemy, from the internet-based “Alt Right,” and on who you ask) of their own. As a Black the federal government controlled by an his placement of White nationalist popu- man, I am regarded by White nationalists international conspiracy. He didn’t have larizers like Stephen Bannon in top posi- as a subhuman, dangerous beast. In the to say who ran this conspiracy because tions—has produced a shock of revela- 1990s, I was the field organizer for the it was obvious to all in attendance. And tion for people across a wide swath of the

SUMMER 2017 Political Research Associates • 9 q & a

political spectrum. This shock, in turn, with the centrality of antisemitism to must control television, banking, enter- has been a source of frustration within White nationalist ideology, and until we tainment, education, and even Washing- communities of color and leftist circles, do we will fail to understand this virulent ton, D.C. It must be brainwashing White where White liberals are often accused of form of racism rapidly growing in the people, rendering them racially uncon- having kept their heads in the sand while U.S. today. scious. more vulnerable populations sounded To recognize that antisemitism is not a What is this arch-nemesis of the White the alarm about the toll of economic cri- sideshow to racism within White nation- race, whose machinations have prevent- sis, mass incarceration, police violence, alist thought is important for at least two ed the natural and inevitable imposition reasons. First, it allows of white supremacy? It is, of course, the us to identify the fuel Jews. Jews function for today’s White that White nationalist nationalists as they often have for anti- ideology uses to power semites through the centuries: as the de- its anti-Black racism, mons stirring an otherwise changing and its contempt for other heterogeneous pot of lesser evils. At the people of color, and turn of the 20th Century, The Protocols of its xenophobia—as the Learned Elders of Zion—a forgery, first well as the misogyny circulated by Czarist secret police in Rus- and other forms of sia in 1903, that purports to represent hatred it holds dear. the minutes of a meeting of the interna- White nationalists in tional Jewish conspiracy—established the United States per- the blueprint of antisemitic ideology in ceive the country as its modern form. It did this by recasting having plunged into the shape-shifting, money-grubbing car- unending crisis since icature of the Jew from a religious carica- the social ruptures of ture to a racialized one. Upper-class Jews the 1960s supposedly in Europe might have been assimilating dispossessed White and changing their names, but under people of their very na- the new regime of antisemitic thought, tion. The successes of even a Jew who converted to Christianity the civil rights move- would still be a Jew. ment created a terrible In 1920, Henry Ford brought the Proto- problem for White su- cols to the United States, printing half a premacist ideology. million copies of an adaptation called The White supremacism— International Jew, and the text has had a inscribed de jure by the presence in American life ever since. Jim Crow regime and (Walmart stocked copies on its shelves upheld de facto out- and for a time refused calls to take them side the South—had down—in 2004.) But it is over the past 50 been the law of the years, not coincidentally the first period The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, first circulated by Czarist land, and a Black-led in U.S. history in which most American secret police in Russia in 1903, established the blueprint of antisemitic social movement had Jews have regarded themselves as White, ideology in its modern form. Photo: Wikimedia Commons. toppled the political that antisemitism has become integral regime that supported to the architecture of American racism. it. How could a race of Because modern antisemitic ideology deportation, environmental devastation, inferiors have unseated this power struc- traffics in fantasies of invisible power, it and—despite and in reaction to the elec- ture through organizing alone? For that thrives precisely when its target would tion of Barack Obama—the unending matter, how could feminists and LGBTQ seem to be least vulnerable. Thus, in blare of everyday hate. This is an under- people have upended traditional gender places where Jews were most assimi- standable reaction. It’s one I’ve often relations, leftists mounted a challenge to lated—France at the time of the Dreyfus shared. But the fact that many of us have global capitalism, Muslims won billions affair, Germany before Hitler came to long recognized that the country we live of converts to Islam? How do you explain power—they have functioned as a magic in is not the one we are told exists doesn’t the boundary-crossing allure of hip hop? bullet to account for unaccountable con- mean we always understand the one that The election of a Black president? Some tradictions at moments of national crisis. does. Within social and economic justice secret cabal, some mythological power, White supremacism through the collapse movements committed to equality, we must be manipulating the social order of Jim Crow was a conservative move- have not yet collectively come to terms behind the scenes. This diabolical evil ment centered on a state-sanctioned

10 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2017 anti-Blackness that sought to maintain life. Contrary to a popular image of White ments of the 1960s and early ‘70s had a racist status quo. The White national- nationalists living exclusively off the already been smashed by the state or ist movement that evolved from it in the grid, far from people of color—who are self-destructed. White nationalism, on 1970s was a revolutionary movement imagined to live exclusively on it—White the other hand, was part of the scenery. that saw itself as the vanguard of a new, nationalists are our neighbors. As a kid Just down the street from one of our Long Whites-only state. This latter movement, in Southern California and as a young Beach apartments was an outpost of the then and now, positions Jews as the ab- adult in Oregon, deep in a West Coast John Birch Society, the foremost right- solute other, the driving force of White punk scene that in some ways looked a wing anticommunist organization dur- dispossession—which means the other lot like the U.S. in 2017, they were lit- ing the Cold War—now having a Trump- channels of its hatred cannot be inter- cepted without directly taking on anti- semitism. Antisemitism, I discovered, is a particular and potent This brings me to the second reason form of racism so central to White supremacy that that White nationalist antisemitism must not be dismissed: at the bedrock Black people would not win our freedom without of the movement is an explicit claim tearing it down. that Jews are a race of their own, and that their ostensible position as White folks in the U.S. represents the greatest erally mine. Because I grew up Black in era revival—which officially disavowed trick the devil ever played. The bible for a city and a scene where people of color White supremacism and antisemitism generations of White nationalists is The were under attack by White nationalists, but fought the Civil Rights movement Turner Diaries, a 1978 dystopian novel the immediacy of the movement’s threat and described the communist menace as by the White supremacist leader William and its hatred of dark-skinned people like an international cabal. Pierce, published under the pseudonym my family and friends is something I have I was bussed to school in middle-class Andrew Macdonald. The novel takes always known. I thought I understood suburbs through the fanciest neighbor- place in a near-future in which Jews have what motivated them, and I thought their hoods I’d ever seen, where White people unleashed Blacks and other undesirables motivation always looked like me. What I rolled down their car windows to call us into the center of American public life, learned when I got to Oregon, as I began monkeys or tell us to go back to Africa. At and follows the triumph of a clandestine to log untold hours trying to understand school, White kids initialed SWP on their White supremacist organization that White nationalists and their ideas, was desks: Supreme White Power. One of snaps into revolutionary action, blow- that antisemitism was the lynchpin of our local celebrities was Wally George, a ing up both Israel and New York City. the White nationalist belief system. That public access television star whose show, Its narrator, a soldier in the White revo- within this ideological matrix, Jews—de- “The Hot Seat,” was a forerunner to the lutionary army, insists that “trying to spite and indeed because of the fact that hate radio of shock jocks like Rush Lim- distinguish the ‘good’ Jews from the bad they often read as White—are a different, baugh and Tucker Carson. As teenagers ones” is as absurd as the way “some of our unassimilable, enemy race that must be we’d get stoned and watch his show for thicker-skulled ‘good ol’ boys’ still insist exposed, defeated, and ultimately elimi- laughs. But there was fear, too, beneath on trying, separating the ‘good niggers’ nated. Antisemitism, I discovered, is a the laughter. Neonazis, a kid on the bus from the rest of their race.” Contempo- particular and potent form of racism so told us one morning, were marching in a rary antisemitism, then, does not just central to White supremacy that Black nearby park. I’ve avoided that park to this enable racism, it also is racism, for in the people would not win our freedom with- day. White nationalist imaginary Jews are a out tearing it down. The L.A. punk scene of the late 1970s race—the race—that presents an exis- … brought me into constant, unavoidable tential threat to Whiteness. Moreover, Long Beach, California, is planted on contact with proto-White nationalist if antisemitism exists in glaring form at the line that locals call the Orange Cur- youth. The scene was utopian and dys- the extreme edge of political discourse, it tain, the border between the working- topian, thrilling and violent, gave me does not exist in a vacuum; as with every class and immigrant neighborhoods friends for life—Black, White, and Filipi- form of hateful ideology, what is explicit of southern Los Angeles County and no, U.S.-born and undocumented—and on the margins is implicit in the center, the White conservative suburbs of Or- killed some of them. The scene attracted in ways we have not yet begun to unpack. ange County. By the time my mom and the brightest minds and the burgeoning This means the notion that Jews long ago I moved down from L.A. in 1976, when sociopaths from across lines of race and and uncontestably became White folks I was in sixth grade, this endless sprawl class. Chaos broke out at shows and kids in the U.S.—became, in effect, post-ra- of White flight was increasingly inter- formed gangs. There were racist and an- cial—is a myth that we must dispel. rupted by people of color looking for af- tiracist skinheads. Someone wearing a I’ve been terrorized by structural rac- fordable housing in safe neighborhoods. swastika armband might be a neonazi or ism and White nationalist activism all my The Civil Rights and radical social move- might just be fucking around. The cops

SUMMER 2017 Political Research Associates • 11 stationed outside shows terrorized every- Oregon as a kind of haven. Portland has sovereignty as their goal. “Ourselves one present. We didn’t expect to make it now largely replaced San Francisco as alone willing,” declared White national- far into adulthood and we had fun, until the destination of choice for White youth ist leader and Aryan Nations organizer the war on drugs intensified and we knew with West Coast dreams of alternative liv- Robert Miles, “we shall begin to form the it was a war on us. ing. But it is also where the White liberal new nation even while in the suffocating When I was 21, working minimum- imagination becomes a libertarian one: embrace of the ZOG.” In White national- wage jobs and playing in a garage band implicitly, it imagines a place free of peo- ist parlance, the United States is the ZOG, called Sloppy 2nds, some friends an- ple of color and therefore pregnant with or Zionist Occupied Government. It was nounced they’d be starting college at the the possibility of social harmony. But in the Northwest that the nascent militia University of Oregon and asked me to Oregon’s Whiteness—and, particularly, movement—notorious in the 1990s af- come with them. When I imagined any- its non-Blackness—was the product of ter standoffs between White nationalist thing north of San Francisco and south of deliberate, violent exclusion; founded compounds and the FBI in Ruby Ridge, Seattle, all I conjured were endless stands by White supremacists before the Civil Idaho, and Waco, Texas—declared war of trees. I said no. But working one night War, by the 1920s the state boasted the on their country loudly enough they shift, pumping gas at the Union 76 sta- largest Klan membership west of the could no longer be ignored. tion, the Specials song “Do Nothing” Mississippi. Klan campaigns often chose Ironically, then, if I had moved to Or- egon to get away from the un- promising life expectancy for a Black male punk in south- ern California, the people who had decimated urban life in my home state had got- ten there first. In 1978, Cali- fornia’s White conservative voters passed the infamous Proposition 13, which cut taxes and slashed social ser- vices, turning the state into a laboratory for the Reagan revolution. Poverty and drug crime increased, and the same White folks who had gutted Californian cities in their flight to the suburbs af- ter World War II now fled up the coast. I arrived in liberal Eugene in 1986, walked into workplace after workplace, and despite my resume, my smile, and my charm—fun- ny, but no one was hiring. I didn’t understand Oregon Photo: Courtesy of the author. yet; I thought it was just me. came on—“Nothing ever change, oh no/ Catholics as their immediate targets, be- Meanwhile, the growing clashes be- Nothing ever change”—and I knew that if cause Blacks were not allowed to reside tween racist and antiracist skinheads I didn’t leave southern California I would in Oregon until 1926. in the punk scene that had made life in die soon. So I moved with a multiracial The White nationalist movement that Long Beach dangerous were a fact of life group of L.A. punks to the remote college emerged in the last decades of the 20th in Oregon as well, and often took place town of Eugene, Oregon, and we bun- Century grew across the country. But it beyond the reach of the law. As part of kered down in a house we called Camp was Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Mon- their nation-building project in the Pa- Iceberg because we never turned on the tana, and Wyoming that neonazis in the cific Northwest, White supremacists heat. Sloppy 2nds disbanded and when 1980s carved out as the territorial bound- were establishing their own common law it later reformed without me, it became aries of their future Whites-only state, a courts, their own religions, and their own Sublime, the most famous Long Beach region that self-identified “Aryans” from paramilitaries. They attacked and some- band of all time. around the country began to colonize times killed cops, and the local authori- White liberals have long imagined with nothing short of White national ties, cowed, turned a blind eye. So when

12 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2017 gangs of neonazi punks terrorized people in The Turner Diaries. “No matter how a Jewish radio talk show host in Denver; of color and other vulnerable groups in long it takes us and no matter to what to evangelical leaders like Pat Robertson Portland, it was coalitions of the commu- lengths we must go, we’ll demand a final who denounced antisemitism but used nities under attack that struck back and settlement of the account between our its popularity among their followers to eventually beat them off the streets. two races,” the narrator promises at the promote an implicitly White supremacist In the end, I began to fight White na- book’s conclusion. “If the Organization “Christian nationalism”; to the contem- tionalism because my world, my scene, survives this contest, no Jew will—any- porary Alt Right named by White nation- my friends, and my music were under where. We’ll go to the uttermost ends of alist Richard Spencer, which has brought neonazi attack. The great postpunk band Fugazi was on a national tour, and an un- I began to fight White nationalism because my world, wanted audience of neonazis had begun turning up at their shows. Fugazi would my scene, my friends, and my music were under stop playing, give the neonazis five dol- neonazi attack. lars, and refuse to start up again until they left. A venue in Eugene cancelled a scheduled appearance when rumors spread that skinheads were planning to disrupt the show, and the community erupted in anger. By that time, I was a student and an activist. I had stumbled into student of color politics while at- tending community college and now co-directed the Black Student Union and Students Against Apartheid at the Uni- versity of Oregon. I spent a semester in France and while I was away, a 28-year- old Ethiopian international student named Mulugeta Seraw was beaten to death by White supremacists on a Port- land street. I returned to a community deeply shaken and in mourning. But it was in the wake of the cancelled show that I founded an organization, Com- munities Against Hate, in the way these things often happen: no one else wanted to do it. We created a zine called The Race Mixer (“Miscegenation At Its Finest”), Photos: Courtesy of the author. reporting on the activity of hate groups in the Northwest; during the standoff at the earth to hunt down the last of Satan’s antisemitic thought and imagery to new Ruby Ridge, we stood outside the Port- spawn.” White nationalism is a frac- audiences on the internet—and now at land City Hall dressed as Klan members tious countercultural social movement, White House press conferences. to warn against the spread of the militia and its factions often disagree with each Doing primary research on hate groups movement. Two years later, in Eugene, other about basic questions of theory and revealed the contours of the movement’s Communities Against Hate got Fugazi to practice. The movement does not take antisemitism in even more intricate de- come back and play. a single, unified position on the Jewish tail. At a time when many larger social … question. But antisemitism has been a justice organizations refused to take When folks ask me, skeptically, where throughline from the Posse Comitatus, White nationalism seriously, regional the antisemitism in the White nationalist which set itself against “anti-Christ Jew- groups like Communities Against Hate, movement lies, it can feel like being asked ry”; to David Duke’s refurbished Ku Klux Coalition for Human Dignity, Montana to point out a large elephant in a small Klan, which abandoned anti-Catholicism Human Rights Network, Rural Organiz- room. From the outset of my research on in the 1970s in order to focus on “Jew- ing Project, and dozens of others did White nationalism all those years ago, it ish supremacism”; to the neonazi group much of the groundwork documenting was clear that antisemitism in the move- The Order, inspired by The Turner Diaries, its theories, strategies, and warring cur- ment is everywhere, and it is not hidden. which in the mid-1980s went on a ram- rents. That’s why in 1990, for instance, “Life is uglier and uglier these days, more page of robberies and synagogue bomb- antiracist activists were itching to get our and more Jewish,” William Pierce wrote ings in Washington state and murdered hands on a copy of Vigilantes of Christen-

SUMMER 2017 Political Research Associates • 13 dom, a self-published book by a writer nationalism in the 1990s and early 2000s Sephardi Jews posited as an exception— named Richard Kelly Hoskins influen- in the Northwest and then the Midwest should regard themselves as White al- tial on the Christian Identity circuit. (I and South, I found that audiences— lies of people of color, eschewing any scored a copy by marching into a book whether White or of color, at synagogues identity as a racialized people with their vending tent at a White supremacist or churches, universities or police train- own skins at risk in the fight against rally and marketing it to passersby as a ings—generally had a relationship to White supremacy? Why, when Jews are life-changing volume I had read at the White nationalism that, at least in one safe and claims to the contrary serve to behest of a White friend.) We learned basic sense, was like my own. They knew justify rather than to challenge racial that Hoskins’ book appropriated the Old the scope and seriousness of the move- and other oppressions, like conservative Testament story of Phineas, a prominent ment from personal experience, and—if commentator Alan Dershowitz’s cyni- Israelite who marries outside the faith they didn’t take this for granted to begin cal recent attempt to discredit antiracist and is punished for his transgression by a with—they were not shocked to discover and anticolonial struggles by declaring rogue member of the tribe who kills him its antisemitic emphasis. The resistance intersectionality an antisemitic concept? and his bride with a spear. Historically I have encountered when I address an- Why, when Jews of European descent are unpopular within the rabbinic tradition tisemitism has primarily come since I supposedly “White,” have long been, will for appearing to endorse this lawless act, moved to the Northeast seven years ago, ever be? Hoskins’ work celebrated the tale. To join and from the most established progres- I can answer this question as I have the Priesthood, he wrote, an Aryan must sive antiracist leaders, organizations, been doing and will continue to do: an- act as a latter-day Phineas by perpetrat- coalitions, and foundations around the tisemitism fuels White nationalism, a ing lone-wolf attacks against inferior country. It is here that a well-meaning but genocidal movement now enthroned in races and their White apologists. counterproductive thicket of discourse the highest seats of American power, The Phineas Priesthood does not, in an has grown up insisting that Jews—of and fighting antisemitism cuts off that organizational sense, appear to actually Ashkenazi descent, at least—are uncon- fuel for the sake of all marginalized com- exist. But for decades, domestic terror- testably White, and that to challenge this munities under siege from the Trump ists—like Eric Rudolph, a Christian Iden- is to deny the workings of White privi- regime and the social movement that tity acolyte who killed people in a string lege. In other words, when I’m asked, helped raise it up. To refuse to deal with of bombing attacks at Southern gay bars, “Where is the antisemitism?,” what I am any ideology of domination, moreover, abortion clinics, and the 1996 summer often really being asked is, “Why should is to abet it. Contemporary social justice Olympics in Atlanta—have allegedly we be talking about antisemitism?” movements are quite clear that to refuse seen themselves as Phineas Priests. Like And indeed—why? Why, when the antiracism is an act of racism; to refuse the Phineas Priesthood, one small forma- president of the United States appears feminism is an act of sexism. To refuse opposition to antisemitism, likewise, is an act of antisemitism. Arguably, not Antisemitism fuels White nationalism, a genocidal much more should need to be said than that. But I suspect that much more does movement now enthroned in the highest seats of need to be said. To the hovering question, American power, and fighting antisemitism cuts off why should we be talking about antisem- itism, I reply, what is it we are afraid we that fuel for the sake of all marginalized communities will find out if we do? What historic and under siege from the Trump regime and the social contemporary conflicts will be laid bare? movement that helped raise it up. And if we recognize that White privilege really is privilege, what will it mean for Jewish antiracists to give up the fantasy tion that might stand in for the whole, bent on removing as many dark-skinned that they ever really had it to begin with? contemporary White nationalism has immigrants from the U.S. as he can, and And yet this impasse seems finally to no clear center. Yet it does have a deadly when men who look like me are shot in be breaking down. It has long been the commitment to revolutionary violence the street or tortured to death in prison case that at moments when the left has against racial others, and to the state ap- with impunity? Why, when the leader- suffered another devastating and -seem paratus perceived to do their bidding. ship of some mainstream Jewish com- ingly inexplicable political loss, my And like the Priesthood, it rests upon a munal organizations level false charges phone rings more often; now that the tortuous racial cosmology in which Jews of antisemitism in order to silence cri- White nationalist movement has come to form a monstrous, all-powerful cabal tique—whether by Jews or non-Jews—of national power, it is ringing off the hook. that uses subhuman others, including Israeli government policies? Why, af- The public and private discussions I’ve Blacks and immigrants, as pawns to de- ter decades of soul-searching by Jewish had just in the past month suggest a hun- stroy White nationhood. antiracists has established a seeming ger to understand antisemitism—within Over years of speaking about White consensus that Jews—with Mizrahi and and outside the Jewish community—the

14 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2017 likes of which I have never witnessed be- Privilege can be revoked. And this means meaning identification in the world does fore. Certainly many American Jews who too that progressive movements and so- not make a White person Black. Like- regard themselves as White are feeling cial change organizations must come to wise, as much as I draw inspiration from less so over these recent months as the understand that all social movements the Jewish community, and as much as I candidate-turned-president seemed re- have influence, including those that seek adore my Jewish partner and friends, it luctant to disavow his endorsement by to construct a society based on exclusion was my organizing against antisemitism David Duke, the most notorious White and terror. as a Black antiracist that first pulled me supremacist in America. Meanwhile, Sometimes I wish I had a better story to to the Jewish community, not the other Jewish cemeteries are desecrated even as tell about how I arrived at this analysis— way around. I developed an analysis of antisemitism because I wanted to smash White supremacy; because I wanted to Privilege, after all, is not the same as power. Privilege be free. If we acknowledge that White can be revoked. And this means too that progressive nationalism clearly and forcefully names Jews as non-white, and did so in the movements and social change organizations must very fiber of its emergence as a post-civil come to understand that all social movements have rights right-wing revolutionary move- ment, then we are forced to recognize influence, including those that seek to construct a our own ignorance about the country we society based on exclusion and terror. thought we lived in. It is time to have that conversation. the administration directs the FBI to dou- a story more dramatic or more heart- A long time civil rights strategist, Eric ble down on the surveillance of Muslims warming, somehow more about me. If I Ward is currently a senior fellow at the and focus less on the White supremacists live and work, as I do, in the kind of dai- Southern Poverty Law Center. He has who constitute the principal domestic ly, intimate Black-Jewish coalitions that worked extensively in community, region- terrorist threat in the United States. Jew- were a mainstay of the Civil Rights move- al, and national organizing, as well as in ish thought leaders and journalists are ment but are now supposed to be fraught philanthropy. From 2011-2017, Ward being harassed on social media. In April, with mutual suspicion, I must have expe- served as a Ford Foundation Program Offi- former White House press secretary Sean rienced a historically uncanny revelation cer for Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Justice, Spicer caused a furor by favorably com- or been drawn to the Jewish community and as a Program Executive for The Atlan- paring Adolph Hitler to Bashar al-Assad through some mysterious pull of identifi- tic Philanthropies, U.S. Reconciliation and of Syria in remarks that, whether inten- cation. It’s true that back in Long Beach, Human Rights Programme. Ward began tionally or not, echoed the apologetics of on days I opted out of middle school, his civil rights career at a time when the Holocaust deniers. the man at the corner deli would call me White nationalist movement was engaged We do not yet know where Trump’s over and give me blueberry blintzes. He in violent paramilitary activity that sought coalition will land on the question of was the first person I knew was Jewish. to undermine democratic governance. White nationalism. That Trump’s son-in- I didn’t know what that meant, but the law and adviser Jared Kushner is Jewish blintzes were good, and when you don’t As an organizer with Community Alli- should not in itself be of comfort; there have a lot of food, they are even better. ance of Lane County, field director of the were Jews who worked with Hitler, too, But I also remember the delicious sushi Northwest Coalition Against Malicious and Blacks in the Confederate army. But a local Japanese restaurant gave me. I Harassment, and national field director it is important to note that the White na- still love sushi, and blintzes, but neither of the Center for New Community, Ward tionalist faction of the administration led helped me to understand racism or social designed campaigns to expose and coun- by Stephen Bannon—now ousted from change. There was no kumbaya experi- ter hate groups and respond to bigoted his position in the National Security ence, no light bulb, no moment where I violence. During this period, he was one Council—is just one of several warring became Paul on the road to Damascus. It of a handful of prominent leaders of color parties and currently appears to be los- was just common sense to study my en- working to counter this new manifestation ing ground. In other words, we do not yet emy, White nationalism. And like any of organized hate. He currently serves on have a fully activated White nationalist worthwhile research project, it has taken the Board of Directors of Revolutions Per administration. (If we did, we’d know.) At time. Minute (RPM), a nonprofit agency that pro- the same time, the fact that this remains A central insistence of antiracist vides artists with strategy and support for an open question at all likely invites thought over the past several decades their activism and philanthropy. more than a few ostensibly “White” Jews is that, as with any social category pro- to contemplate the provisional nature of duced by regimes of power, you don’t their Whiteness, their privilege. Privi- choose race, power chooses it for you; lege, after all, is not the same as power. it names you. This is why all the well-

SUMMER 2017 Political Research Associates • 15 BY NANCY MACLEAN

Charles Koch, the Cato Institute and the Makings of a Right-Wing Empire

harles Koch, the billionaire phi- second of four sons of Fred Chase Koch, they filed for patent violations against lanthropist who’s the source of a man who made his millions running new competitors. But Koch did not buck- much of the Right’s “dark mon- an oil-refining business. Through much le. His attorney argued that his accusers ey,” did not just become a con- of his youth, Charles and his brothers kept control of the industry through a Cvert to the ultra-capitalist radical right. watched their father fight round -af kind of government-backed blackmail, He is the sole reason why this movement ter round of what no doubt seemed to such that “a small refiner . . . is told that may yet alter the trajectory of the United if he does not take a license [from the pat- States in ways that would be profoundly ent-owning company] he will suffer the disturbing even to the somewhat undem- penalty.” At trial, Koch lost. His appeals ocratic James Madison, I believe—and failed as well. But later he learned, as the would unquestionably take the “demos” investigative reporter Daniel Schulman out of American democratic governance. has put it, that “the ruling that had sealed How Koch came to know libertarianism his company’s fate had been bought and is easy to answer: at his father’s dinner paid for” by the company that sued him. table. Less obvious is why he continued The judge had been bribed. It took two to pour untold millions of dollars into decades and the exposure of that corrup- this cause, even as he later acknowl- tion, but Koch ultimately prevailed.3 edged that for some three decades it Universal Oil Products engaged in produced few results. He made clear he what Buchanan’s coauthor Gordon Tull- was looking for something, but what that ock would later define as (and an adult something was, beyond a “technology” Charles Koch would revile as) “rent-seek- of revolution, remained unclear.1 When ing behavior.” It referred to all attempts and where he found it is not: in the ideas to extract benefits (financial or other- of James Buchanan, the founder of the wise) through manipulation of the po- public choice school of political econo- litical or legal system that exceeded what my, sometimes called Virginia political those seeking these advantages would economy, and the first U.S. Southerner have been able to earn through their own to win the Nobel Prize in economics. In productive activity.4 Of course, what the eventual merger of Koch’s money happened to Fred Koch wasn’t rent-seek- and managerial talent and the Buchanan ing behavior; it was criminal behavior. team’s decades of work monomaniacally If Universal’s lawyers felt confident that identifying how the populace became the family, despite its wealth, a David- the courts would have sustained their more powerful than the propertied, a vir- and-Goliath-style legal battle. It lasted claims, then Universal would not have tual fifth column movement would come 23 years. On one side was a behemoth resorted to bribery. One can only wonder into being, the likes of which no nation known as Universal Oil Products, which if the course of both Fred’s and Charles’s has ever seen. was owned by a group of major corpora- lives might have been somehow differ- At first it seems hard to imagine why tions, including what remained of John ent had the judge in the case refused the a man who had so much would become D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, and which bribe and heard the case on its merits.5 consumed with a need to take down had monopolistic tendencies. On the Then again, there is no gainsaying the those who just wanted “some more” for other was Fred Koch.2 fact that Fred Koch did not need a lawsuit themselves (in the immortal words of Oli- As the plaintiff, Universal Oil claimed to lead him to the Right. When asked to ver Twist). The answer, to the extent that that the innovative technical process that describe his father, Charles called him “a one can be found in the mysteries of indi- had already made Fred Koch a wealthy John Wayne-type figure, charismatic and vidual human personality, lies in a child- man violated its patent rights. Koch was forceful,” someone who taught his boys hood in which fighting was a leitmotif up against an adversary that had unlimit- to love liberty, venerate hard work, and and government was always the enemy. ed funds and therefore access to the best passionately hate collectivism. “He was Charles G. (de Ganahl) Koch was the lawyers. They won virtually every lawsuit constantly speaking to us children about

16 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2017 what was wrong with government,” re- revenues of more than $115 billion (well prolong the disease. Koch believed that called David Koch, one of Charles’s two over a thousandfold increase from what only in its “radical, pure form,” without younger brothers. But he was even more it was when he took over) and some compromise, would the ideas “appeal to derogatory about those who turned to 67,000 employees in almost 60 nations.9 the brightest, most enthusiastic, most government for help, expressing his ut- Indeed, within a decade of his assuming capable people.”11 (Is it any wonder, ter contempt for those who had a “depen- leadership, and at a time when America then, that his allies would now rather dence on government” or were even tem- had only five billionaire families (four of bring down the government than im- porarily “feeding at the public trough.”6 whose fortunes went back to the Gilded prove it?) Making and enjoying money was never Age), the Kochs had already reached the In the beginning, though, it was dif- enough for Fred Koch, as it would not be top 20 in wealth through Charles’s deft ficult to find bright and capable people enough for the son he groomed to be his navigation of the family’s original in- who believed as he did. When “I started successor. He had to have things his way. dustry, crude oil marketing, and smart [bankrolling the cause],” Koch marveled, In 1958, after his victory against Univer- expansion into other domains.10 Keeping “we’d be lucky if we could get a half dozen sal Oil, Fred co-led a referendum drive the company private, he also maintained professors or scholars.”12 Still, he contin- to alter the state constitution in order to control. ued to invest, undaunted by the eccen- make it harder for unions to take root in Koch’s competitors learned never to tricities of the human raw material at Kansas. Fred was a passionate advocate of underestimate his determination, his hand. At one 1975 gathering of Institute so-called right-to-work laws. Today he is skill at seeing many moves beyond them, for Humane Studies members in Hart- most remembered as a founding member of the John Birch Society earlier the same year, declaring that he was “thoroughly In the eventual merger of Koch’s money and disgusted with the Eisenhower variety of Republicanism.”7 managerial talent and the Buchanan team’s decades Charles was in graduate school at MIT of work monomaniacally identifying how the at the time his father helped launch the society, and was keeping his distance populace became more powerful than the propertied, from the stern hand of the family patri- a virtual fifth column movement would come into arch. By all accounts, Charles continued to be more interested in things—above being, the likes of which no nation has ever seen. all, how they worked and how to make them work more efficiently—than in and his virtually infinite patience. Play- ford to promote Koch’s favored Austrian philosophy; he earned three engineering ing the long game is his forte, something economics—that of von Mises and F.A. degrees before departing from MIT. He other Americans are just beginning to Hayek, two of the founding members liked living in Cambridge and chose to understand. of the Mont Pelerin Society, which pit- remain in the Boston area in a consulting … ted itself against “collectivism” and re- job after graduation, beyond the reach of As Koch was building his company viled even public education and Social the man who had been so bent on harden- into the behemoth it is today, he never Security as “socialism”—one participant ing him that he had sent Charles, against stopped reading. Among his favorite au- remembered “a real team-building af- his will, to a string of boarding schools as thors was Ludwig von Mises, who, like ternoon” when the group went on a bus a preadolescent and then to an Indiana Ayn Rand, wrote of entrepreneurs with tour. As the young female tour guide military academy far from home for high reverence, treating them as the great- drew their attention to the many lovely school.8 But Charles was raised to respect est heroes in human history. That sense buildings they were passing, “when it his parents. So when Fred Koch, ailing, of intellectual and even ethical supe- was a government building we all booed called upon him to help with the family riority to others may help explain why deeply and when it was private we all business—or see it sold off—the prodigal Charles Koch bypassed the also libertar- cheered,” delighting in the fact that the son returned to Wichita. ian but more empirically and practically young woman, not grasping the correla- The company he gradually took over minded economist Milton Friedman to tion, was “totally unnerved” by the men’s had, at the time he returned, annual rev- make common cause with the more un- yelling. Apparently, only one attendee enues of $70 million. In 1967, after two compromising James Buchanan. Koch of several dozen was “shocked and dis- heart attacks felled Fred Koch, Charles, referred to Friedman and the rest of the gusted” by the boorishness. He was not then still only 32, succeeded his father. post–Hayek Chicago school of economics American.13 Through the aggressive pursuit of any he led, as well as to Alan Greenspan, as The next such IHS gathering was held promising technological breakthrough, “sellouts to the system,” in the words of at Windsor Castle, the royal palace used and the determined application of it no journalist Brian Doherty. Why? Because on weekends by Queen Elizabeth, but matter how long it took to yield results, they sought “to make government work now with fewer than two dozen partici- combined with shrewd market and man- more efficiently when the true libertar- pants. They were “booster meetings” to agerial strategy, he would turn Koch In- ian should be tearing it out at the root.” bond new talent with “heroes.” Charles dustries into the second-largest privately They actually tried to help government and his wife Liz Koch brought so many held company in America—with yearly deliver better results, which could only pieces of matching luggage, the organiz-

SUMMER 2017 Political Research Associates • 17 er recalled, that an additional big car had cal. “We must practice what we preach,” cadre among Austrian economics-in- to be hired to port it all. It was, he remi- he intoned, and cease seeking special clined scholars, were as probing as any nisced, like the “forming of a clan.”14 privileges and subsidies.17 of those asked by the invited academ- It is hard to imagine such a clan up- Given the interest of James Buchanan’s ics—indeed, with a sharper sense of the ending the known world within a few team in what they called rent-seeking ultimate stakes, we can see in hindsight, decades, but chance won them a wider and in new legal rules that might prevent because he was deadly serious about hearing. It came with the troubling eco- it, the man who jokingly referred to him- implementing the views of Austrian nomic events of the mid-1970s, which self as an “adopted Austrian,” and who thinkers on matters from labor manage- undercut the credibility of the prevailing privately speculated about the benefits to ment to monetary policy. Before long, approach to political economy. The worst the Virginia school of political economy Koch was writing to Buchanan to share and longest recession since the Great De- he had founded of “assuming the role of his excitement “about developments in pression, followed by a mystifying period the American ‘Hayek,’” found himself the economics profession” and thank the of stagflation and compounded by new drawing closer to the people represent- scholar for his leadership “in bringing competition from abroad, enabled the ing Koch’s political interests. And when them about.” The two were also draw- wider Right to draw more and more cor- Charles Koch set up his own eponymous ing closer through joint work to build up the Institute for Humane Studies, which carried forward “the battle of ideas” on He was even more derogatory about those who turned campuses by “building a critical mass of freedom-friendly professors.”20 to government for help, expressing his utter contempt When William E. Simon, Nixon’s Trea- for those who had a “dependence on government” or sury Secretary and by 1978 the presi- were even temporarily “feeding at the public trough.” dent of the John M. Olin Foundation, urged corporate leaders to “rush [funds] by multimillions to the aid of liberty,” porate leaders into action. They wanted foundation in 1974, Buchanan was invit- by funding positions for pro-capitalist not just to rein in regulation and taxa- ed to be the featured dinner speaker for faculty on university campuses, Charles tion, but also to dethrone the dominant “our first formal activity.” Held in Char- Koch needed little convincing—he was paradigm of Keynesian economics that lottesville, where kindred economists already writing checks.21 And he was was at the core of the midcentury social and law school faculty were now working writing them not simply from a desire contract.15 so well together at the University of Vir- to broaden public debate. He was seek- Although deeply interested in this very ginia, it was the first of a series of gath- ing the alchemy that might help him project, Koch remained on the sidelines erings that were not merely for the like- take what was then a quirky backwater of the energetic corporate mobilization minded to get acquainted. They featured of a movement and turn it into a rushing then under way. He simply did not trust intense deliberations on topics ranging river powerful enough to smash through the big blue-chip, publicly traded com- from “The New Monetary Theory” to the dam of the 20th Century state. Which panies and established business associa- “The Austrian View of Social Cost.”18 explains his interest in Murray Rothbard, tions that took the lead to stand on prin- Koch’s team knew of James Buchanan one of the intellectuals Koch first subsi- ciple (which, in fact, they did not, always not least because the libertarian milieu dized. It was Rothbard who explained to making exceptions for themselves), so was still so small. Earlier, they had wel- him how small numbers could effect big Koch kept his contributions separate. He comed the economist’s argument against changes. Rothbard suggested that Koch would not intermix his money with that “appeasement” of campus protests, pub- study Lenin.22 of the ideologically impure, those who lishing a pamphlet-size version of Aca- “I grew up in a Communist culture,” seemed likely to quit or cut a side deal demia in Anarchy—in which Buchanan Rothbard later said of the extended “fam- before the long game was won. As they and a co-author had applied Virginia ily, friends, [and] neighbors” in the New did.16 school analysis to explain the campus York City milieu he rebelled against. As important, because he had assured upheaval of the 1960s as the result of Even as he despised their goals, he took himself that his actions were solely mo- universities not being run like corpora- from their heated discussions in the tivated by principle, by allegiance to a tions—to reach a broader audience than 1930s and 1940s, as well as his own wide set of ideas that would create a better the book had. Indeed, more than any- reading in the original sources, a deep society, he remained religious about the thing else, it was Buchanan’s and Koch’s appreciation of the strategic and tacti- need to discipline CEOs as well as social shared commitment to school privatiza- cal genius of Vladimir Lenin, who led a movements and others who looked to tion at every level that started a collabo- revolution in a place where others said it government. “How discrediting it is for ration that deepened over the next two simply could not be done. A champion us to request [corporate] welfare for our- decades.19 of “uncompromising libertarianism,” selves,” Charles Koch chided his fellow Being an insatiable reader and an ex- Rothbard, like Lenin, believed that gov- businessmen in 1978, “while attacking acting thinker, Koch was made to partner ernment was “our enemy.” He admired [welfare] for the poor.” No wonder the with a man like Buchanan. His questions Lenin’s daring leadership, but most of all enemies of free enterprise called compa- at the early Charles Koch Foundation he saw that some of his techniques could ny attacks on big government hypocriti- seminars, which built community and serve a wholly opposite purpose: namely,

18 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2017 to establish a kind of capitalism purer ing Goldwater’s retreat on his effort to which Rothbard eventually supplied: it and less restrained than the world had win over the majority of voters (and re- would be called the Cato Institute. The ever known.23 coiling, too, from the senator’s military name was a wink to insiders: while seem- In 1976, over a weekend of discussion adventurism), Crane went on to join the ing to gesture toward the Cato’s Letters of as Koch’s guest in Vail, Colorado, Roth- Libertarian Party, which had been sum- the American Revolution, thus perform- bard explained to his host how a Lenin- moned into being in a Denver living room ing an appealing patriotism, it also al- like libertarian strategy might work. The in December 1971. Its founders sought a luded to Cato the Elder, the Roman leader Russian revolutionary had once said of world in which liberty was preserved by famed for his declaration that “Carthage the ranks of the revolutionary party, “Better fewer, but better.” To create a sound, disciplined movement, Rothbard Playing the long game is his forte. explained, preparing a “cadre” must be the top priority. What his admiring biog- rapher, a foot soldier himself, summed up as “the general flakiness and counter- culturalism” of so many libertarians had had its day, Rothbard told Koch. The sur- vivalist-like stocking up on beans and sci- ence fiction novels to last years of exile, with backpacks at the ready to rush for the hills if the statists came, the visions of colonizing remote islands or even of other planets: all that had to go. A new seriousness was needed. It was time for the revolutionary cause to orient itself to Middle America.24 In a protracted fight to win, it would be crucial to stay on top of “nourishing, maintaining, and extending the libertar- ian cadre itself,” something Koch’s bot- tomless bank accounts would enable.25 It was not hard to persuade the midwestern multinational capitalist that the many Charles Koch, Chairman and CEO, Koch Industries. Photo: Kevin Moloney/Fortune Brainstorm TECH via Flickr. weirdos were not bringing success any closer. Liking what he’d heard, Charles the total absence of government coer- must be destroyed!” For this new Cato’s Koch shushed the older advisers he had cion in any form. That entailed the end of mission was also one of demolition: it on retainer and bet on the brash visi- public education, Social Security, Medi- sought nothing less than the annihila- tor, who seemed so sure of what was to care, the U.S. Postal Service, minimum tion of statism in America.31 be done.26 Not long after that, in one of wage laws, prohibitions against child la- the publications whose creation Roth- bor, foreign aid, the Environmental Pro- From DEMOCRACY IN CHAINS: The Deep bard had recommended as organizing tection Agency, prosecution for drug use History of the Radical Right’s Stealth Plan tools, Koch wrote that over his own 15 or voluntary prostitution—and, in time, for America by Nancy MacLean, published years of active involvement, “our biggest the end of taxes and government regula- on June 13, 2017 by Viking, an imprint of problem has been the shortage of talent.” tions of any kind.29 And those were just Penguin Publishing Group, a division of To become “an effective force for social the marquee targets. Penguin Random House, LLC. Copyright © change,” the CEO intoned, “we need a Crane was as insistent as Rothbard and 2017 by Nancy MacLean. movement.” And to create a sound, dis- Koch about the need for a libertarian rev- Nancy MacLean is the award-winning au- ciplined movement, preparing a “cadre” olution against the statist world system thor of Behind the Mask of Chivalry (a must be the top priority.27 of the 20th Century. “The Establishment” New York Times “noteworthy” book of the The new urgency called for a think had to be overthrown—its conservative year) and Freedom is Not Enough, which tank to be created to serve as a training wing along with its liberal wing. Both was called by the Chicago Tribune “con- and reinforcement institution for the suffered “intellectual bankruptcy,” the cadre. To lead it, both men had their eyes conservatives for their “militarism” and temporary history at its best.” The William on a steely fellow already in the ranks: the liberals for their “false goals of equal- Chafe Professor of History and Public Poli- Edward Crane III.28 Crane had served as ity.” The future belonged to the only cy at Duke University, she lives in Durham, a precinct captain for Barry Goldwater “truly radical vision”: repudiating state North Carolina. in 1964, but he was disgusted by “how power altogether.30 quickly Goldwater ran away from the is- Once Crane agreed to lead the training sue of privatizing Social Security.” Blam- institute, all that was lacking was a name,

SUMMER 2017 Political Research Associates • 19 Commentary, continued from page 3 For evangelicals on the outside, faith- prisoners apply to faith-based prisons efforts to scale back the War on Drugs.9 based programs have become a means and programs. In the notoriously harsh Where Obama had called for shortening to enter prisons in massive numbers Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola, sentences for nonviolent drug offenses and proselytize a captive audience des- for example, prisoners vie to be chosen and phasing out the use of private pris- perate for a lifeline. On any given day, for college programs run by seminaries ons, Sessions, by contrast, instructed there are worship services and religious affiliated with the Southern Baptist Con- prosecutors to pursue drug charges to the study groups in almost every prison in vention that allow them, upon gradu- most serious degree. the U.S. Most are Christian and most re- ation, to be sent as “agents of moral re- In the wake of this, DeRoche has dis- quire a profession of Christian belief as a habilitation” to other state prisons. The tinguished between “real criminals” who prerequisite for joining. Six states have prison is careful to use neutral terms to commit serious crimes and the vast ma- prisons with in-house Baptist seminary avoid accusations of violating the Estab- jority of people who he believes should be programs, where inmates earn a college lishment Clause of the Constitution, but given a second chance. The moral argu- degree in Christian ministry and are sent the reality is that joining these religious ment DeRoche makes is directly at odds as missionaries to other prisons in the programs is often the only means avail- with the private prison industry, which same state. Florida has revamped 11 state able for prisoners—most in the program benefits from prosecutions of low-level prisons into faith- and character-based are serving sentences of 20 years to life— drug offenses. One of the largest for-prof- institutions: entire prisons where reha- to get an education and improve their lot. it prison operators in the country, GEO bilitation is supposed to occur through For the few non-Christians accepted Group, contributed to the Trump cam- religious practice. Kairos Prison Ministry into the program, the instruction can paign and hired two of Sessions’ aides as International, a global Christian prison feel marginalizing. As one Muslim in- lobbyists.10 ministry, offers three-day “Kairos Inside mate in Texas told me, “I have been here But while DeRoche represents an im- Weekends” for prisoners to form Chris- my whole life… What else is there for me portant ideological shift in thinking tian communities in prison. to do while I am incarcerated? I cannot about punishment, his broader aims for The first prisons in the U.S. were built work, we do not get paid for working. I criminal justice reform aren’t shared by on the premise of redemption through cannot go to college, because I do not his peers. Prison ministries are primar- religious belief. Quakers and Methodist have the money to pay for it. So, this is ily concerned with salvaging individual reformers who first designed peniten- the best thing going.”7 souls rather than questioning the pur- tiaries in the early 1800s believed that In 2000, Congress unanimously passed pose of prisons, and why so many people isolation, prayer, and reflection could the Religious Land Use and Institutional- inside them are serving long sentences. turn prisoners away from a life of crime. ized Persons Act (RLUIPA), which assured Ministries and seminaries, which have In the colonial era, crimes were seen as that the religious freedom of those con- more access to the prison system than sins against God and the community, fined in government institutions such most, could have a profound effect on and transgressors were punished swiftly as prisons would be protected. Evangeli- policy were they to publicly address the and publicly by hanging, stockades, or cal groups like Prison Fellowship helped ethical, social, and economic conse- banishment. Quakers and Methodists draft RLUIPA, but there are no equiva- quences of mass incarceration on indi- fervently believed that prisons, modeled lent programs for Muslims or members viduals, families, and communities. But around Quaker reflective practices of si- of other religions. Non-Christian groups as it stands, the question of prison minis- lence and isolation, were a more humane still face obstacles at the state level from tries’ motivation may be best summed up alternative that would foster redemption recalcitrant or hostile chaplains and pris- by Norris Henderson, director of Voice in those who had strayed. (Some of these on administrations, who tend to identify of the Ex-Offender and an Open Society early prisons also inadvertently created as Christians themselves. Foundations Soros Justice fellow, who the model for solitary confinement out of Yet, despite these troubling patterns, spent 27 years in Angola. As Henderson Quaker principles of solitude.) But while evangelical prison ministries can seem put it, “Are you giving people the help groups like the American Friends Ser- like one of the only voices available to they need or the help you think they vice Committee and the Samuel DeWitt challenge the resurgent law-and-order need?” Proctor Conference (a network of Black focus of the Right. Before Jeff Sessions churches focused on social justice) have was confirmed as Attorney General, Tanya Erzen is an Associate Professor of Re- made ending mass incarceration a prior- DeRoche published an article on the Fox ligion and Gender Studies at the University ity, they and mainline Protestant groups News website urging Sessions to resist of Puget Sound and the executive director of are not represented inside prisons in simply warehousing more people and a college program for incarcerated women even close to the same numbers as con- instead focus on rehabilitation and diver- in Washington state. She received a Soros servative evangelical ministries, which sionary programs as a matter of public Justice Fellowship from the Open Society number in the thousands.6 safety and fiscal responsibility.8 Foundation to complete God in Captivity: Today, given the option between a lack Sessions instead announced, in a The Rise of Faith-Based Ministries in of programs and the advantages provided memorandum issued in May, a stunning an Age of Mass Incarceration (Beacon, by faith-based groups, large numbers of reversal of the Obama administration’s 2017).

20 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2017 reports in review

Breitbart: A Right Wing Plot to Shape Europe’s Future HOPE not hate

In 2017, “fake news” became a national fixation. But what is “fake news”? A distortion of the truth? “Alternative facts”? Outright lies? According to a new report from HOPE not hate, a UK-based organization dedicated to fighting extremism in British politics, con- cerning Breitbart News Network’s efforts to expand into Europe, fake news is an often deliberately confusing mix of all three. Breitbart created its London outpost in February 2014, giving it plenty of time to influ- ence the British news cycle before the 2015 election and 2016 Brexit vote. Steve Bannon, former Breitbart CEO and current White House Chief Strategist, has said that he wanted to energize the Eurosceptic movement in the UK and support a “nascent European Tea Party.” In the wake of Brexit, which Breitbart’s London outpost strongly supported, and amid the French and German election campaigns, where right-wing candidates are seeing their highest popularity in decades, Breitbart has sought similar influence and popularity across Europe. HOPE not hate’s new report frames Breitbart not as a news center, but as a willing and enthusiastic political propagandist for far-right ideas seeking to transform height- ened emotions into right-wing support. Breitbart’s content is frequently openly homo- phobic, sexist, and xenophobic, and asserts that it is bucking establishment norms by publishing politically incorrect information. It doesn’t matter that the information is sometimes not true, as in the case of an article about a supposed attack by Muslim im- migrants on a church in Dortmund, Germany, on New Year’s Eve in 2016. The Breitbart article falsely claimed that Muslim men “launched fireworks at police and set fire to a historic church,” although, according to Dortmund police, the night was quiet with nearly 300 fewer arrests than the previous year. And while some fireworks set a net on the church on fire, it was an accident and extinguished immediately. (The newspaper the article cited as a source, Ruhr Nachrich- ten, claims that their reporting was distorted and used as propaganda.) Breitbart articles are written to reinforce a philosophically consistent narrative and sow distrust of critical information. Breitbart’s editorial staff see themselves as culture warriors, fighting by controlling the narrative. To that end, they hammer home ideological points by writing repeatedly on similar topics, rarely issue corrections for false assertions, and use algorithms on social media created by Cambridge Analytica—a data analytics firm with ties to Robert Mercer, a financial benefactor of both Donald Trump and Breitbart—that target readers with specific news and opinion pieces. During the 2015 UK election, Breitbart London aligned itself with the Eurosceptic UKIP party and their leader Nigel Farage to the extent that an employee reported to British conservative magazine The Spectator, “We effectively became the UKIP comms office.” Many UKIP officials have written for Breitbart London, according to the HOPE Not hate, “including three leaders, nine MEPs, and multiple spokespeople,” the majority of whom are pro-Farage and anti-immigrant. Bannon’s London protege, Raheem Kassam, joined Farage’s team in 2014 and Kassam helped craft the increasingly nasty UKIP message and style, clearly influenced by the angry and inflammatory tone of Breitbart reporting in the U.S. While this strategy did not lead to electoral victory in 2015—UKIP gained just a single seat in Parliament—it did win UKIP infamy and influence at home and abroad. Following some post-election infighting, in 2016, Breitbart London put the full strength of its data-based propaganda machine behind UKIP’s suc- cessful Leave.EU Brexit campaign. Breitbart London also makes room for international commentary, from figures such as recently defeated Dutch right-wing poli- tician Geert Wilders and U.S. anti-Islam leader Robert Spencer, who runs the organization Jihadwatch.org. One widely-shared listicle published by the site, “Ten Reasons Sweden’s ‘Multicultural Utopia’ is Massively Failing,” perpetuates the ideas that there is an epidemic of immigrant-related violence in Sweden, with “no go zones” where the police are helpless against Muslim immi- grant violence, and that there has been an increase in sexual violence directly related to immigration. HOPE not hate investigated the claims and found that Breitbart had distorted the facts beyond recognition, obscuring the true root causes of crime—often discrimination and language and other barriers to employment. Breitbart London, Hope Not Hate determined, is far less a news publisher than a propaganda outlet. Both the London and U.S. branches of the organization were founded to serve as right-wing weapons in a culture war against feminism, multiculturalism, and tolerance of sexual minorities. Their stories need to be refuted, as their influence continues to grow online and in the White House.

—Jessica Conger-Henry

SUMMER 2017 Political Research Associates • 21 endnotes

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Osinga, a Lieutenant Chris Mooney, “Fox News Viewers are the Most campaign-its-the-melody/2016/11/07/b1ad6e22- Conservatism, (The University of North Carolina Colonel in the Royal Netherlands Air Force with a Misinformed: A Seventh Study Arrives to Prove It a50a-11e6-8042-f4d111c862d1_story.html. Steve Press, 2015) 144-147. PhD, noted that one of Boyd’s biographers, Robert (and to Vindicate Jon Stewart!),” DeSmog Blog, No- Benen, “Trump’s closing argument faces allegation 15. Frederick Clarkson, “Why the Christian Right Coram, believed “his briefings are virtually impen- vember 21, 2011, http://www.desmogblog.com/ of anti-Semitism,” MSNBC, November 7, 2016, Distorts History and Why it Matters,” The Public etrable without explanation.” Frans P.B. 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22 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2017 endnotes

“Calculated Compassion,” Public Eye Magazine, Oc- invent the ‘rigged election’ myth. Republicans did,” ledge, 2007) 177. tober 1998, at http://www.politicalresearch.org/ Washington Post, October 18, 2016, https://www. 51. David Ronfeldt and John Arquilla, “What Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Making resources/reports/full-reports/calculated-compas- washingtonpost.com/opinions/elizabeth-warren- Next for Networks and Netwars?,” pp. 311-361 in of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal sion-how-the-ex-gay-movement-serves-the-rights- trump-didnt-invent-the-rigged-election-myth-re- John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, editors, Net- to Reagan (New York: W. W. Norton, 2009); Ju- attack-on-democracy/. Tarso Luis Ramos and Pam publicans-did/2016/10/18/921ac368-953b-11e6- works and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, dith Stein, Pivotal Decade: How the United States Chamberlain, “Nativist Bedfellows:The Christian 9b7c-57290af48a49_story.html. and Militancy, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001: Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies (New Right Embraces Anti-Immigrant Movement,” The 45. Michael Wines, “All This Talk of Voter Fraud? 328-333. Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010); Benjamin Public Eye, July 31, 2008, http://www.politicalre- Across U.S., Officials Found Next to None,” New C. Waterhouse, Lobbying America: The Politics search.org/2008/06/06/nativist-bedfellows-the- York Times, December 18, 2016, http://www. Democracy in Chains, p. 16 of Business from Nixon to NAFTA (Princeton, NJ: christian-right-embraces-anti-immigrant-poli- nytimes.com/2016/12/18/us/voter-fraud.html. Princeton University Press, 2015); and Meg Jacobs, 1. See the discussion of his long quest in Charles tics/. Pam Chamberlain, “It’s Their Party: How The Jon Greenberg, “Fact-checking the integrity of the Panic at the Pump: The Energy Crisis and the Trans- G. Koch, Creating a Science of Liberty (Fairfax, VA: Tea Party Sustains The Anti-LGBT Right,” Political vote in 2016,” Politico PolitiFact, December 17, formation of American Politics in the 1970s (New Institute for Humane Studies, 1997), 2–7. Research Associates, April 1, 2012, http://www. 2016, http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/ York: Hill & Wang, 2016). 2. The story of the long legal fight, central to politicalresearch.org/2012/04/01/its-their-party- article/2016/dec/17/fact-checking-claims-voter- 16. On the fracturing of the “business move- family lore, is best told in Daniel Schulman, Sons how-the-tea-party-sustains-the-anti-lgbt-right/. fraud-2016/. Nick Fernandez and Cat Duffy, “Voter ment” into a state of “every man his own lobbyist,” of Wichita: How the Koch Brothers Became America’s Jean Hardisty, “Thoughts From PRA’s Founder,” Fraud Myths Pushed By Trump Have Long Been see Waterhouse, Lobbying America, quote on 232, Most Powerful and Private Dynasty (New York: Grand Political Research Associates, December 21, 2012, Propagated By Right-Wing Media,” Media Mat- also 250–51. Central, 2014).27–35. http://www.politicalresearch.org/thoughts-from- ters, January 25, 2017, at https://mediamatters. 17. Charles Koch, “The Business Community: 3. Ibid., quote on 33. pras-founder/. org/research/2017/01/25/voting-fraud-myths- Resisting Regulation,” Libertarian Review, August 4. Gordon Tullock, “The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, 39. Ehud Sprinzak, “The psychological forma- pushed-trump-have-long-been-propagated-right- 1978, reprint found in box 5, Roy A. Childs Papers, Monopolies and Theft,” Western Economic Journal tion of extreme left terrorism in a democracy: wing-media/215127. Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University. 5 (1967): 224–32; for elaboration, Tullock, Rent The case of the Weathermen,” pp. 65-85 in Walter 46. Dylan Matthews, “The Republican Na- 18. George H. Pearson to Buchanan, December Seeking (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1993). Reich, editor, Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, tional Convention and the criminalization of 31, 1975, BHA; “Austrian Economic Theory & 5. Ironically, Schulman believes Koch would ideologies, theologies, states of mind, Cambridge, politics,” Vox, July 19, 2016, at http://www.vox. Analysis,” program, Virginia Seminar, October 18– have lost in a fair trial because he and his partner England and New York: Cambridge University com/2016/7/19/12233458/republican-conven- 19, 1975, box 26, Friedrich A. von Hayek Papers, had learned about the process as employees of Uni- Press and Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1990: tion-chris-christie-hillary-clinton-trial. David Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, versal Oil before setting off on their own. -Schul 77-82. According to Sprinzak, the process of dele- Corn, “Why This GOP Convention Is the Most Dan- Stanford, CA; Buchanan to George H. Pearson, man, Sons of Wichita, 31, 34. gitimation moves through three stages: a crisis of gerous One Ever,” Mother Jones, July 20, 2016, March 22, 1976, BHA, with attached schedule; 6. Charles G. Koch, The Science of Success: How confidence, a conflict of legitimacy, and a crisis of http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/07/ Buchanan to Edward H. Crane III, November 30, Market-Based Management Built the World’s Largest legitimacy. The crisis of confidence “implies a con- trump-gop-convention-most-dangerous-ever. Ja- 1977, BHA; Buchanan to Gordon Tullock, February Private Company (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, flict with specific rulers or policies.” The conflict cob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, “The Republican 25, 1971, box 11,Gordon Tullock Papers, Hoover 2007), 12; Jane Mayer, “Covert Operations: The Bil- of legitimacy “implies the emergence of an alter- ‘lock her up’ chants were disturbing. They were Institution Archives; ; Tullock to Buchanan, March lionaire Brothers Who Are Waging a War against native ideological and cultural system, one that also inevitable,” Washington Post, July 22, 2016, 2, 1971, box 11, Tullock Papers; George Pearson to Obama,” New Yorker, Aug. 30, 2010; Schulman, delegitimates the prevailing regime and its code of at https://www.washingtonpost.com/postevery- Buchanan, October 22, 1975, and March 25, 1976, Sons of Wichita, 42, 48. social norms in the name of a better one.” A crisis thing/wp/2016/07/22/the-republican-lock-her- BHA; James M. Buchanan, Better than Plowing and 7. Fred C. Koch to James J. Kilpatrick, Novem- of legitimacy entails the dehumanization of all in- up-chants-were-disturbing-they-were-also-inevi- Other Personal Essays (Chicago: University of Chi- ber 4, 1957, box 29, acc. 6626-b, JJK Papers, dividuals associated with the prevailing regime. “It table/. cago Press, 1992), 71–72. University of Virginia Library, Special Collections bifurcates the world into the sons of light and the 47. Oliver Darcy, “Donald Trump broke the con- 19. George H. Pearson to Buchanan, January Department, Charlottesville, VA; Schulman, Sons sons of darkness, and makes the ‘fantasy war’ of the servative media,” Business Insider, August 26, 8, 1971, October 22, 1975, and March 25, 1976, of Wichita, 21–22; J. Allen Broyles, The John Birch former versus the latter fully legitimate.” 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/conserva- BHA. Among the Koch-funded center’s other pub- Society: Anatomy of a Protest (Boston: Beacon Press, 40. Eric Hananoki, “Fox’s news programs tive-media-trump-drudge-coulter-2016-8. Charlie lications on the subject was Murray N. Rothbard, 1964), 49, 58. echo its ‘opinion’ shows: Smears, doctored Sykes, “On Where the Right Went Wrong,” New Education, Free and Compulsory: The Individual’s 8. Schulman, Sons of Wichita, 21–22; Roy Wenzl videos, GOP talking points,” Media Matters, York Times, December 15, 2016, at http://www. Education (Wichita, KS: Center for Independent and Bill Wilson, “Charles Koch Relentless in Pursu- October 13, 2009, http://mediamatters.org/ nytimes.com/2016/12/15/opinion/sunday/char- Education, 1972). Its thesis, in a nutshell: educa- ing His Goals,” Wichita Eagle, October 14, 2012. research/200910130047. Chris Mooney, “The Sci- lie-sykes-on-where-the-right-went-wrong.html. tion should be neither free nor compulsory. 9. Koch, The Science of Success, 5–12; Wenzl and ence of Truthiness: Why Conservatives Deny Global Charles J. Sykes, “Why Nobody Cares the President 20. Charles G. Koch to Buchanan, February 19, Wilson, “Charles Koch Relentless”; Mayer, “Covert Warming,” The Huffington Post, March 26, 2012, Is Lying,” New York Times, February 4, 2017, at 1977, BHA; also Pearson to Buchanan, October 22, Operations”; Glassman, “Market-Based Man.” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-mooney/ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/04/opinion/ 1975, BHA. 10. “America’s Richest Families,” U.S. News & the-science-of-truthiness_b_1379472.html. Bruce sunday/why-nobody-cares-the-president-is-lying. 21. William E. Simon, A Time for Truth (New York: World Report, August 14, 1978; I came across this Bartlett, “How Fox News Changed American Media html. Jennifer Rubin, “Questions Fox and the McGraw-Hill, 1978), 230. clipping because a young libertarian had circled and Political Dynamics,” Social Science Research right need to answer,” Washington Post, May 24, 22. In his most recent book, Koch includes Lenin Koch’s standing and saved the listing in his papers. Network, June 3, 2015, at http://papers.ssrn.com/ 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ among the thinkers who “made tremendous im- He got on the payroll. Roy A. Childs Papers, box 5, sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2604679. Heather right-turn/wp/2017/05/24/questions-fox-and- pressions on me.” Charles G. Koch, Good Profit Hoover Institution Archives. Hogan, “This Is How Fox News Brainwashes Its the-right-need-to-answer/. David A. Bell, “Fake (New York: Crown Business, 2015), 13. 11. Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism, 442–43. Viewers: Our In-Depth Investigation of the Propa- News Is Not the Real Media Threat We’re Facing,” 23. Raimondo, Enemy of the State, 23, 28, 179; James Buchanan likewise complained that Fried- ganda Cycle,” Auto Straddle, September 2, 2015, The Nation, December 22, 2016, https://www. Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism, 45, 59–60, 243– man pronounced on policy “as if he has a direct a http://www.autostraddle.com/this-is-how-fox- thenation.com/article/fake-news-is-not-the-real- 45; Murray N. Rothbard, The Betrayal of the Ameri- line to God.” James Buchanan to Rutledge Vining, news-brainwashes-its-viewers-our-in-depth-inves- media-threat-were-facing/. can Right (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, March 8, 1974, Buchanan House Archives (BHA), tigation-of-the-propaganda-cycle-297107/. 48. Editorial Board, “Trump is rigging the 2007), 69, 73–77. George Mason University. He also disassociated 41. Public Eye Magazine, “Citizens United— election: No matter who wins, America loses,” 24. Raimondo, Enemy of the State, 211–17. For himself from the Chicago School under Friedman’s Floyd G. Brown,” no date, accessed May 29, 2013, Washington Post, October 18, 2016, at https:// more on Rothbard’s longstanding fascination with leadership. James Buchanan to Warren J. Samuels, at http://www.publiceye.org/conspire/clinton/ www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trump-is- how Leninism could be made to serve the liber- December 13, 1974, BHA. Those in the Austrian Clintonculwar8-12.html#P233_65420. David rigging-the-election-no-matter-who-wins-amer- tarian cause, a case he began making in the mid- economics program funded by Koch at George Rosen, “The Tea Party Propaganda Factory You ica-loses/2016/10/18/76f61984-9572-11e6- 1950s to the predecessor of Charles Koch’s Institute Mason argued that Chicago School economics was Probably Don’t Know About,” AlterNet, April 19, 9b7c-57290af48a49_story.html. Paul Waldman, for Humane Studies, see Brian Doherty, Radicals incapable of adequately refuting the support for 2011, http://www.alternet.org/story/150672/ “Donald Trump’s Epistemological Netherworld,” for Capitalism (New York: Public Affairs, 2009), “interventionist policy” coming from such leaders the_tea_party_propaganda_factory_you_prob- The American Prospect, December 12, 2016, 248, 344. of the discipline as Joseph Stiglitz, Paul Krugman, ably_don%27t_know_about Alex Kotch, “Trump http://prospect.org/article/donald-trumps-epis- 25. Rothbard, The Betrayal of the American Right, and Lawrence Summers. Peter J. Boettke and David Campaign Leaders Made Movies Comparable to temological-netherworld. Media Matters Staff, 202; also Raimondo, Enemy of the State, 224–39. L. Prychitko, “Introduction: The Present Status of Nazi Propaganda,” AlterNet, October 6, 2016, “Carl Bernstein: For Trump And His Administra- 26. Ibid., 214–17. Austrian Economics: Some (Perhaps Biased) Insti- http://www.alternet.org/election-2016/trump- tion, ‘The Opposition Is Not The Media; The Op- 27. Koch, “The Business Community.” On Roth- tutional History Behind Market Process Theory,” in campaign-honchos-bannon-and-bossie-produce- position Is Becoming The Truth,’” Media Matters, bard’s call for such publications as vital tools for The Market Process: Essays in Contemporary Austrian propaganda. January 27, 2017, http://mediamatters.org/ building and training the libertarian cadre, see Rai- Economics (Northampton, MA: Ed- ward Elgar, 42. Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, It’s video/2017/01/27/carl-bernstein-trump-and-his- mondo, Enemy of the State, 222-23. 1994), 16n7. Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Con- administration-opposition-not-media-opposition- 28. Raimondo, Enemy of the State, 217. 12. James Glassman, “Market-Based Man,” Phi- stitutional System Collided with the New Politics of becoming-truth/215152. Andrew Sullivan, “The 29. Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism, 392–96; Ha- lanthropy Roundtable (2011), www.philanthro- Extremism, (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 185. Madness of King Donald,” February 10, 2017, at zlett, Libertarian Party, 84–89. pyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philan- 43. Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2017/02/ 30. Edward H. Crane III, “Libertarianism,” in thropy/market_based_man. “Republicans created dysfunction. Now they’re andrew-sullivan-the-madness-of-king-donald. Emerging Coalitions in American Politics, ed. Sey- 13. John Blundell, “IHS and the Rebirth of Austri- paying for it,” Washington Post, March 8, 2016, a html. Henry A. Giroux, “Rethinking Orwell’s mour Martin Lipset (San Francisco: Institute for an Economics: Some Reflections on 1974–1976,” https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-theo- 1984 and Huxley’s Brave New World in Trump’s Contemporary Studies, 1978), 353–55. Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 17 (Spring ry/wp/2016/03/08/republicans-created-dysfunc- America,” TruthDig, February 13, 2017, at http:// 31. Raimondo, Enemy of the State, 218. Buchanan 2014): 93. The best and fullest treatment of the tion-now-theyre-paying-for-it/. www.truthdig.com/report/item/rethinking_or- worked with Cato from its founding to his death; Mont Pelerin Society remains Philip Mirowsk and 44. Maggie Haberman and Matt Flegenheimer, wells_1984_and_huxleys_brave_new_20170213/. see obituary at www.cato.org/people/james-bu- Dieter Plehwe, eds. The Road from Mont Pelerin: “Donald Trump, a ‘Rigged’ Election and the Poli- 49. Neal Gabler, “How the Media Enabled Donald chanan. The Making of the Neo-liberal Thought Collective. tics of Race,” New York Times, August 21, 2016, Trump by Destroying Politics First,” BillMoyers, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/22/us/poli- March 4, 2016, http://billmoyers.com/story/how- 14. Ibid., 101–2. tics/donald-trump-a-rigged-election-and-the-pol- the-media-enabled-donald-trump-by-destroying- 15. There is an excellent literature on the reces- itics-of-race.html. The Editorial Board, “Donald politics-first/. Neal Gabler, “Blowing the Biggest sion of the 1970s as the prompt for a determined Trump Cues Up Another Conspiracy,” New York Political Story of the Last 50 Years,” BillMoyers, corporate mobilization to affect the political - pro Times, August 22, 2016, http://www.nytimes. March 11, 2016, http://billmoyers.com/story/ cess. The works that have most shaped my under- com/2016/08/23/opinion/donald-trump-cues- blowing-the-biggest-political-story-of-the-last-fif- standing include Thomas Ferguson and Joel Rog- up-another-conspiracy.html. Sherrilyn Ifill, “The ty-years/. Neal Gabler, “After Playing a Central Role ers, Right Turn: The Decline of the Democrats and the GOP’s Disgusting New Southern Strategy: Take the in the Trump Catastrophe, Will the Mainstream Future of American Politics (New York: Hill & Wang, Vote Away from Blacks, Roll Back the Civil Rights Media Learn Its Lesson?,” AlterNet, November 8, 1986); David Vogel, Fluctuating Fortunes: The Politi- Movement,” AlterNet, September 4, 2012, a http:// 2016, http://www.alternet.org/election-2016/ cal Power of Business in America (1989; repr., Wash- www.alternet.org/gops-disgusting-new-southern- political-coverage-polling. ington, DC: Beard Books, 2003); Bruce Schulman, strategy-take-vote-away-blacks-roll-back-civil- 50. Frans P.B. Osinga, Science, Strategy and War: The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, rights-movement. Elizabeth Warren, “Trump didn’t The strategic theory of John Boyd, (London: Rout- Society, and Politics (New York: Free Press, 2001);

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The Art of Activism This issue’s cover artist, Ashley Lukashevsky, was born and she spent five months on an international backpacking trip, turn- raised in Honolulu, Hawaii, where she was involved with activ- ing her “anger, frustration, isolation, and copious amounts of free ism from a young age. Her life took a detour, however, when she time” into political art. attended University of Southern California to pursue a degree in Lukashevsky shares her art, some of which utilizes text to em- International Relations. phasize a specific message, through her Instagram account, which “I spent most of my time at school suppress- with 5,000 followers has brought her work to a ing my artistic side to make room for my re- broader audience. search internships and political science pro- “It makes me so happy to know that perhaps grams,” she explained. But the art courses she something like my ‘sisters not just cisters’ print took toward the end of college drew her back to has made a trans sister feel loved and accepted the creative field. Now, Lukashevsky couldn’t in an environment of non-intersectional femi- be happier with her choice. Intertwining both nism,” she said. the personal and political, Lukashevsky’s art Although she sees that “art is often overlooked utilizes illustration and graphic design to cre- in terms of political impact,” Lukashevsky has ate images that have a political message or tell challenged that oversight, arguing that it’s the a story. Her work has been featured in GOOD responsibility of people with artistic skills— magazine and Broadly, and accompanied an whether artists, editorial illustrators, art direc- essay by Dr. Marcia Chatelain, the creator of tors—to “make social justice a priority with the the #FergusonSyllabus, in Lenny Letter. Most skillset that they have.” To that end, she uses her recently, Lukashevsky is working with Am- website to offer her services to any organization plifier, an “art machine for social justice,” an “working to combat racism, misogyny, and all experience she said has shown her “the im- forms of bigotry.” pact that positive propaganda has on public “I wish I had understood at an earlier age that discourse.” Ashley Lukashevsky, “Anti Fascism,” 2017. art and design are vital to social movements, and She draws inspiration in part from her life See more at: www.ashleylukashevsky.com that there [is] a need for all ranges of the activist experiences, such as being a woman of color on a largely White spectrum,” she said. college campus. Lukashevsky is also inspired by the activism of Although Lukeshevsky took a detour from art for a few years in others. She said, “I am continuously inspired and awed by Black college, it doesn’t seem like she will be changing course again any- and Brown activists who constantly fight oppression with their time soon. “It’s been a long path back to art,” she said, “but I could bodies and minds.” The 2016 presidential election was another not be happier that I took the leap back into creativity.” major catalyst for Lukashevsky’s art. In its immediate aftermath, —Eve Feldberg

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