The Oporla Flower Show Poster

The International Camellia Society was inaugurated in 1962 with the following motives: 1. To foster the love of Camellias throughout the world, and to maintain and increase their popularity. 2. To undertake historical, scientific and horticultural research in connection with Camellias. 3. To co-operate with all national regional Camellia Societies and with other Horticultural Societies. 4. To disseminate information concerning Camellias by means of bulletins and other publica­ tions. 5. To encourage a friendly exchange between Camellia enthusiasts of all nationalities. International Camellia Journal

No.1? OCTOBER 1985

An Official Publication of The International Camellia Society 'DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY 1983-1985 'PRESIDENT Mrs Violet Lort-Phillips, Channel Islands VICE-PRESIDENTS Mrs Violet Stone, Baton Rouge, USA Mr John Tooby, Worcester, England Mr Eric Craig, Sydney, Australia PATRON MrTomSavige, Wirlinga, NSW, Australia REGIONAL DIRECTORS . Africa Mr Leslie Riggall, South Africa America'" Mr Lewis Fette'rman, North Carolina MrThomas Perkins III, Mississippi Mr William D. Stewart, California Asia Dr Kaoru Hagiya, Japan MrYoshiaki Sakakura, Japan Australia Mr John Alpen,New South Wales Mr Ray Garling, Victoria Dr John Pedler, South Australia France M. Claude Thoby, Nantes M. Jean Laborey, Paris Italy-Switzerland Dr Antonio Sevesi, Milan New Zealand Mr R. H. Clere, Taupo Portugal Sr Jose Gil de Ferreira, SantoTirso Spain D. Juan Armada Diez de Rivera, Madrid United Kingdom Lady Anne Cowdray, Wiltshire Miss Cicely Perring, Sussex ' MrDavid Trehane, Cornwall Other Regions Mme Ghislaine de Bisschop, Belgium Mrs M. G. Reynolds, Channel Islands EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN Miss Cicely Perring, Sussex SECRETARY,' Mr Ralph Budge, Dale House, Meadowside, Ashford, Barnstaple, Devon, EX314BS TREASURER-MEMBERSHIP-REGISTRAR Mrs Joan Bowskill, 193 Ashburnham Road, Hastings, E. Sussex, TN355LL EDITOR Mr KenwynClapp, Colebrook House, Plympton, Plymouth, England INTERNATIONAL REGISTRAR FOR THE GENUS CAMELLIA , Mr Tom Savige, Hawksview Road, Wirlinga, NSW, Australia Contents Contenu Contenuto Contenido October 1985 The Presidents Farewell 3 Editorial 5 l.e.S. Membership Table """""""""""""""""'"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 98 By-Laws of I.C.S. 99 Financial Statement "'" """""'"'''''' 101 Membership Lists 102

PEOPLE AND EVENTS !\mazing success at Chelsea Joyce Wyndham 5 :-.lew Society Officers 6 Frank Knight- An appreciation Violet Lort-Phillips 7 Sir Harold Hillier-An appreciation Lady Anne Cowdray 8 I.C.S. Congress, Sydney 1980 8 The Brighton Congress '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Mayda Reynolds & Louise Harmon 10 The 21st Galieian Camellia Show Robert Gimson 29 The 2nd Oporto Camellia Show Valdemar Cordeiro 41 The Camera & the Garden -some hints Yvonne J. Cave 53 The I.C.S. Tour 1985 Marion Smith 57 Journey in China, May 1985 Harold Fraser 62 Eryldene Restored Sir Alexander Beattie 70 The Reginald Cory Memorial Cup Major Walter Magor 92 R.H.S. Shows 1985 ; Joyce Wyndham 94 New Zealand Camellia Society Show Jim Hansen 95 Lakeland U.K. Conference 1980 Joyce Wyndham 97

CAMELLIAS ARE TRULY UNIVERSAL The Elephant Camellia; C. kissii Tony Schilling 10 Camellia sasanqua Leslie Riggall 17 The French Enthusiasts - who are they') M. Jean Laborey 25 Villa Borrini Marcella de Meo 39 Camellias in the World Takayuki Tanaka 43 Camellias in Germany 51 Camellias in a Sussex garden Richard Willan 61 Wild Camellia japonica in Japan & S. Korea Shunpei Uemoto & Gloria May Caddell 73 The Ancient Camellias of Europe 1'. J. Savige 80 A home for the Camellia collection Don Waterhouse 87 Historical notes on Mount Edgcumbe DavidTrehane 91 Camellias in a Russian work's greenhouse U. S. Kirichenko 93

CULTURE AND RESEARCH Study of ornamental plants Chen Chih (Tr. T. J. Savige) 20 The Yellow Camellia Milton Brown 30 Raising fertilities of double flowering Camellias by high temperature treatment '''' Prof. K. Hagiya 37 Camellia tlowerfragrance update :. Ken Hailstone 40 Nomenclature report T. J. Savige 56 Camellia chrysantha - a report ""'"'''''''''''' A. E. (Peter) Campbell 59 Dubia or Dubious? : Vi Stone 00 Elimination of virus by grafting in vitro """".""""""""""""."""".""".""""".""". Dr. Jean Creze 07 Camellia propagation by in vitro culture Dr. A. Samartin & Dr. M. L. Gonzalez 09 Making a garden Nancy Bird 72 Sheffield Park Garden Archie Skinner 83 Camellia Society trials in the U.K A. E. F. Lane 84 Camellia 'Anemoniflora' 1'. J. Savige 96 Camellia sinensis'- propagation Dr. V. S. Sharma 93

Cover: The President, Mrs Violet Lort-Phillips, at the l. C.S. stand at the Chelsea Flower Show /985. (Photo: Mrs Y. J. Cave)

2 President's farewell

Les adieux du President Despedida del Presidente II commiato del Presidente

By the time you read this, you will have chosen plexities of the hardiness problem. It is un­ your new President. Welcome to my successor doubtedly not just a question of Winter - she or he will, I am sure, receive the loyal temperatures (there have been many cold, if support of everyone. It has been an honour to not colder Winters in Kunming with sudden serve you; I have enjoyed my three years drops of temperature) but involves many enormously. Thanks to the help and hard work other less easily recognised factors." of my officers, colleagues and friends, it has We hope to be able to send more plants or been a golden time for me. scions to China, to fill the European leaf of the Our membership is increasing. We welcome 4-leafed clover bed prepared to receive them. the new region of Austria and Germany. Work, The Japanese already have a well-established progresses on Nomenclature, trials for cold­ group. It might be wiser to despatch plants for hardiness and lengthening the flowering Spring planting, which time is also the begin­ period of Camellias, with the delicious added ning of their rains. We have written to the dimension of scented flowers. Many of us will Kunming Institute and await their advice. ,meet at the Australian Congress in Sep­ Reviewing the years: there are many 'giants' tember1986, and we look forward to a visit to in our Society. I think back to the early days; of Italy in the Spring of 1988. What exciting pro­ the inspiration and ,help of Professor jects are in store for the years to come! For Waterhouse; of the late Sir Harold Hillier, a example, could we explore the many other fount of knowledge given freely; of the late uses of the Camellia by persuading people Frank Knight, one of our first Directors, who about its homeopathic properties? I believe died recently. The list is long and would not be the roots are used in China, and what would we complete without the inclusion of Mr. Satomi, do without the many delicious cups of tea bre­ gentle and erudite, who - with Mr. Ishikawa wed from the leaves of Camellia sinensis? - entertained me in Japan in 1962. They Reverting to the problems of cold-hardi­ opened my eyes to seeing the many lovely gar­ ness, tbe news from China is that they have suf­ dens, my mind to accepting new ideas, and my fered many losses of Camellias that the Society spirit was refreshed by beauty. Splendid men, took to Kunming. Dr. Zhang Alau wrote that who cared passionately about plants and their the shrubs had suffered from the cold Winter well-being and who grew them to perfection;, I and 'other reasons'. The American collection make no apology for qubting again the poet, with larger plants was the one that survived Coleridge, who said: "Flowers are lovely, love best; the Australian, New Zealand and U.K. is a flower like Friendship is a sheltering Tree". plants were almost all decimated. Perhaps the In the violent world in which we live, the quarantine precautions, spraying, etc. may I.C.S. and kindred Societies have an impor­ have contributed to their demise. tant role to play, linking the past and the fu­ Whilst in China, I saw several fine trees of ture, growing not destroying, communicating Camellia reticulata in Kunming, one was repu­ our vision of a world that has time for, and a ted to be 600 years old; also sturdy young trees. place for groves and trees, playing a part in As one of our members, Stephen Haw, the conserving and building the earth. photographer and writer, wrote in a letter to ' Au revoir, me on the subject: ' , Violet Lort-Phillips "This is yet another illustration of the com­ 30.7.85

3 Le President fait ses Adieux

Lorsque vous lisiez cette note vous aurez deja xite du probleme de la froideur. Evidement nomme votre nouveau president. Je lui ce n'est pas seulement une question des souhaite la bienvenue avec toute confiance temperatures d'hiver (il y a eu plusieurs hiv­ qu'il - ou elle - recevra l'appui sympatique ers tres froids en Kunming avec des baisses de tous les membres. Pour moi les trois ans de de temperatures soudaines); plusieurs d'au­ la presidence m'oIit donne grand plaisir et j'ai tres elements pas facilement identiables sont beaucoup apprecie I'honneur de rendre ce ser­ impliques. vice a notre societe. Nous esperons envoyer en Chine de Le nombre de nos societaires augmente nouveau des arbustes et scions afin de com­ toujours et nous accueillons l'accession des pleter la section 'Europe' comprise dans Ie par­ deux regions Autriche et Allemagne. Les terre 'trefle a quatre feuilles'; les preparatifs etudes sur la nomenclature avancent ainsi que ont deja ete faits pour leur reception. Une col­ les essais quant a la hardiesse contre Ie froid et lection offerte par le Japon est bien etablie. . pour· Ie prolongement de la periode de Peut-etre ce serai mieux si nous faisions notre fleuraison tout en y anjoutant la delicieuse expedition pour le plantage au printemps, mo­ conception de fleurs parfumees. J'espere que ment du commencement de la saison des plusieurs de nous se rencontreront de nouveau pluies. Nous avons communique avec l'Institut a l'occasion du congres en Australie en aout de Kunming dans ce senset nous attendons 1986 et, egalement, nous· attendrons avec leur reponse. plaisir notre visite en Halie au printemps de Passant en revue ces dernieres annees de la 1988. On peut envisager des projets passion­ vie de la Societe, il est evident qu'elle com­ ants a l'avenir. Par exemple, ne pourrions nous prend toujours beaucoup de grandes persona­ pas etudier la possibilite d'elargir l'utilite du lites. Quant au passe je me rappelle du feu Sir Camellia en faisant connaitre ses possibilites Harold Hillier, grande source d'informations pour Ie traitement homeopathique? Je crois et de conseils qu'il donna librement. La liste qu'en Chine on se sert des racines dans ce but. est longue et ne serait pas complete sans M. Et comment pourrait-on se priver des de­ Satomi,erudit et de .caractere doux, qui licieuses tasses de the provenant des feuilles de comme l'a fait M. Ishikawa, me receva Camellia sinensis? chaleureusement au Japon en 1962. Toutes ces Revenant au sujet de la hardiesse contre Ie personnes m'ont fait reconnaitre plus pro­ froid nous avons appris qu'en Chine on vient fondement la beaute offerte par les jardins et la de perdre un grand nombre des Camellias que valeur d'idees nouvelles, tout conduisant a un nous avions presente a nos amis a Kunming. renouvellement d'esprit par le moyen de la Le Docteur Zhang Alau nous a informe que beaute. De grands hommes tres sensibles ces arbustes ont souffert de la froid et "pour quant au bien-etre de la vie vegeta,le et cher­ d'autres raisons". La collection provenant de chant a cultiver les plantes jusqu'a la perfec­ l'Amerique comprenant de plus grands ar­ tion. Sans excuses je cite de nouveau Ie poete bustes est celIe qui a mieux survecu; celles anglais Coleridge: "Flowers are lovely, love is d'Australie, de Nouvelle Zelande et de a flower like Friendship in a sheltering Tree." Grande Bretagne ont ete pratiquement de­ Dans Ie climat de violence que nous ep­ cimees. C'est possible que les reglements de rouvons en ce moment la ICS et telles societes quarantaine et Ie passage au vaporisateur etc. jouent un role important en Hant Ie passe et ont contribue aux pertes encourrues. l'avenir, faire croitre etne pas detniire et Pendant que j'etais en Chine je vis plusieurs transmettant l'idee generale d'un monde qui beaux Camellia reticulata a Kunming notam­ peut apprecier et s'occuper des beautes de la merit un qui, soi-disant, avait 600 ans; et je vis nature prenant part dans la conservation etle aussi des beaux jeunes arbustes vigoureux. A renouvelleinent de notre planete. ce sujet, un de nos membres, Monsieur Stephen Haw, photographe et auteur, m'ec­ Au revoir rivit: Violet Lort-Phillips ... ceci demontre encore une fois la comple­ 30-7-85

4 Editorial Editorial Editorial Editoriale

There is continuing and increasing interest in clude a note from India on the subject of tea the horticultural treasures of China. The plant­ and, by coincidence, a number ofother articles ing of the "Garden of Friendship" last year by make a passing reference to Camellia sinensis. representatives of the I.C.S. forged another After all, we are a Camellia Society and should link between China and the horticulturalists of not entirely neglect commercial species in our the rest of the world. It is encouraging to note, love for the decorative. We also have a first in a in Mr. Harold Fraser's article in this Journal, short article from Russia and the substantially that the Chinese Secretary General applauds increased interest in Germany in Camellias the idea of the Garden of Friendship and has and in the I.C.S. will also be noted. given instructions for it to be expanded. The This is the last of the four Journals which extension of this Horticultural connection with your present Editor undertook to edit, and he China is to be commended and fostered. would like to take this opportunity to thank all One of the Society's leading members has those whO', by the supplying of articles, photo­ said thatthe Journal is the 'main spring' of the graphs and general advice have helped to Society. It is true that it provides a valuable maintain (it is hoped) the standard of the Jour­ thread linking all Society members. Neverthe­ nal. In particular he would wish to thank Major less, the printed word, however welcome, is no Walter Magor of Lamellen, Cornwall for his substitute for the personal contact, and it is the considerable assistance over the past 3 years, Congress and the Regional Conferences which not only in proof reading but also in making av­ create the personal contacts and warm ailable to the Editor his substantial horticul­ friendships which are the life blood of any soci­ tural knowledge. At the time ofwriting it is not ety. This was amply demonstrated by the re­ known who the new Editor will be but, who­ cent Brighton Congress and the subsequent ever it is, we wish them every success and ex­ tours, both of which are reported in this Jour­ press the hope.and belief that they will receive nal. the same support as has been accorded to the Once again contributions to the Journal present Editor over the past four years. range over a wide area of the world. We in­

Amazing success at Chelsea

Un remarquable succes aChelsea EXito clamoroso en Chelsea Sorprendente successo a Chelsea See picture on front cover JOYCE WYNDHAM

It was the idea of our President, Mrs. Lort­ The theme of the set piece was a Dutch still Phillips, that the members of the I.C.S. in the life of camellias in a grecian vase on a marble Channel Islands, put on a "Welcome" display table, set in a picture frame of swags of as­ at the Chelsea Flower Show, for the delegates sorted camellia leaves. A background of cream visiting Chelsea, following the Conference at material formed an alcove, and drapery. The Brighton. many camellias received were greatly reduced With the assistance of enthusiastic helpers, by dropping their blooms at the last moment, and the co-operation of the Royal Horticul­ and it was decided to use solely Camellia tural Society, in finding us a stand, late flower­ japonica 'Alexander Hunter' in the vase. Each ing camellias were delivered at Chelsea.. They bloom was carefully wired through the calyx to came from Stonehurst, Trehane Camellias, the stem, and the whole arrangement set in the Savill Gardens, and the Channel Islands. oasis, with the hope that it would stay fresh for 5 the further four days of the show. How suc­ help with this display: cessful this proved to be, was shown by the fact Mrs. V. Lort-Phillips that the blooms were still intact on the last day. Trehane Camellias Amazement was shown by the public that Stonehurst Nurseries camellias were at Chelsea, and photographers Beryl, Countess of Rothes were in abundance all the time to record the Campbell-Preston International Garden De­ stand. Such interest was shown that at times it sign was not possible to get near, and all literature The Savill Gardens and the R.H.S. handbook on Camellias were Helpers from the Channel Islands sold out on the Private viewing day. and all the members who helped to 'man' the My thanks are due to the following for their stand for the length of the show.

New Society Officers

Nouveaux membres du bureau de la societe Nuevos funcionarios de la Sociedad Nuovi dirigenti dell'Asspociazione

He and his wife, Ruth, (who was born in Shanghai) have travelled extensively as have their 3 children - two daughters and a son. All 3 are honours graduates and he is very proud of them. He says, with the usual twinkle in his eye, that the secret of producing bright chil­ dren is to marry brains! Both Ralph and Ruth have "camellia-itis" although, according to Ralph, it is Ruth who is the knowledgeable one of the two. Ralph took over the Secretaryship at short notice when the previous Secretary, David Davies, felt unable to continue and the Society is grateful to him for the efficient and pleasant way in which he has carried out the duties dur­ ing the past year. Pending the result of the presidential election, it is not known who will be the Society's Secretary in 1986 but if his ser­ vices are required he will be happy to serve.

Ralph Budge Ralph Budge retired in February, 1985, after 32 years as group Secretary with the National DAVID DAVIES who resigned as Secretary Farmers' Union in his native Devon. He of the Society about the time that last year's served the 7 years of World War II in the Royal Journal was coming off the press, had acted in Artillery and Indian Artillery. Such service that capacity for nearly two years. He will took him to France, Norway, Ceylon, India chiefly be remembered for the detailed work and Burma. He holds the rank of Major (which he undertook in collating the views of Direc­ he does not now use) and was awarded the Ter­ tors in the production of the form for Registra­ ritorial Decoration. His qualification of Char­ tion of New Camellias which went through no tered Secretary has been of particular value to less than 3 drafts. We are all indebted to him th~ Society. for this conscientious work. 6 Dr. Klaus Hackliinder has consented to be­ come the Membership Representative for the German/Austrian region. Since his teens he has been a garden lover for 30 years and has had a special interest in Camellias for the last 8 years. As will be seen from an article in this Journal, he is particularly concerned with cold hardiness in Camellias and in growing them in tubs and greenhouses. He is enthusiastic about the "Camellia Renaissance" in Germany and it is believed that it is largely due to his en­ thusiasm that the number of Society members in the region has recently increased considera­ bly. Apart from Camellias his interest is in the history of Europe and in co-operation with the city of Trier. His wide horticultural interest has resulted in his becoming a member of the American Camellia Society; The Royal Hor­ ticultural Society; The National Trust and Dr. Klaus Hackliinder Deutsche Rhododendron and Gesellschaft.

Frank Knight, V.M.H. 1902-1985

Frank Knight - une evaluation Frank Knight - una reseiia Frank Knight - un apprezzamento

An Appreciation by MRS. V. LORT-PHILLIPS

Frank Knight began his distinguished career in the charm, enthusiasm and quiet wit of the Horticulture as an apprentice to the well man. Those of us who watched the television known Williams family in Cornwall, when he series "Gardeners World" will remember him was thirteen. At seventeen he started a three showing his "new" garden in Suffolk - and year course at the Royal Botanic Gardens in more recently his brief appearance in a prog­ Edinburgh and in 1923 he went to Kew. He ramme on Cornish gardens. He was a discern­ had the pleasure of planting the Rhododen­ ing judge and generous to his friends. I have dron seeds sent back by George Forrest and se­ living momentoes of this each Spring when his eing them flower and win awards. He moved gift of two lovely yellow roses, named after his on to Bakers' Nurseries at Cogshall. My sister wife Helen Knight, are covered with flowers. and I first met him when he was running the One is planted next to the grotto of St. Fiacre, Knaphill Nurseries at Woking in 1932. During patron Saint of Gardeners, and the other the Second World War Frank was Horticul­ catches the eye as one enters the corner of the tural Officer in Home Security and in charge of garden called the Golden Way, which com­ camouflage. After the war he was Managing memorated our Golden Wedding. Director of Notcutt Nurseries in Suffolk and Frank and his charming wife Helen were the "guru" to many young gardeners. He be­ supporters and members from the beginning of came the Director of the Royal Horticultural the I.C.S. of which he was one of our first Di­ Society Gardens at Wisley in 1955. He retired rectors. Helen introduced me to the delight of in 1969 but continued as a member of the Nerine Lilies, which he grew so well. He will R.H.S. Committees. He received the Victo­ be remembered with much affection by many rian Medal of Honour in 1958. gardeners and friends. This list of appointments does not convey 7 Sir Harold Hillier, VoMoHo Sir Harold Hillier - une evaluation Sir Harold Hillier - une resefia Sir Harold Hillier - un apprezzamento

An Appreciation by LADY ANNE COWDRAY

The death of Harold Hillier has left a great gap name, whether deciduous or evergreen, in in the horticultural world, not only on the pro­ flower or leafless, from tropical or temperate fessional side but also to so many amateurs like climes, as his knowledge seemed to cover myself. To be taken by Harold round his Ar­ every type and species from all corners of the boretum was a great treat and horticulturalles­ earth; but I always felt that conifers were his son. special love. His knowledge of plants was so vast and his Having friends and acquaintances in all parts memory awe inspiring but he was always ready of the world he travelled widely searching for to impart that knowledge and I certainly ap­ new plants, always accompanied by his wife preciated his friendship and the advice he gave Barbara, who looked after him with loving me on many occasions. care. The ICS tours in which he took part were al­ He will be sadly missed by many people but ways the more interesting for that reason as remembered with great affection by his many there would be few plants which he could not friends.

ICS CONGRESS AUSTRALIA: The International Camellia Society -1986 Sunday 14 Sept. to Friday 19 Sept. Camellias of the South Pacific, and Australian Wildflowers, are just two of many reasons why you should plan to be in Sydney by September 14, in the southern springtime of 1986. Here are the tentative arrangements. Talk to your friends about forming a group, and send your reservati~ns EARLY. The Congress Hotel: The Sydney Menzies, opposite Wynyard Park, was totally refurbished this year. It is adjacent to all forms of city transport, close to the magnificent Sydney Opera House, Sydney Harbour and Harbour Bridge, Botanic Gardens, and the city shopping district. Alternative Hotel for "young family" members: In response to the recommendation of M Jean Laborey at the Brighton Meeting of Directors, we have reserved accommodation for 40 couples at OUMS HOTEL, Wylde Street, Potts Point, on the bus route 3km from Menzies. Olims is currently being refurbished, and we have secured a guaranteed 1986 rate somewhat lower than Menzies. The Olims accommodation must necessarily be limited, so that we can assure the con­ gress hotel (Menzies) of a high percentage of occupancy. Deposits for Olims must be received by Nance Swanson by MARCH 30, and payment in full by April 30. Overseas members will have priority; then interstate members, if rooms available. CONGRESS PROGRAM: Sunday 14 September All congressionists are to register at the ICS Congress Suite in Menzies, ir­ respective of where they are accommodated. 6.00-7.00 pm: Get together Welcome Party. Dinner follows; own arrangements. Monday 15 September Breakfast; own arrangements (in hotel room, dining room, or nearby coffee shop). 9.00 am: Official Opening of Congress. 9.15-12.30pm: Congress Addresses, including coffee break. 12.45 pm: Lunch provided, at Menzies. 2.00-5.15pm: After Coach Tour, visiting Koala Park, Pennant Hills -unique Australian ani­ mals and birds; the cuddly Koala, wombat, kangaroo, emu, galah, and dingo. Eryldene, Gordon - superbly-restored garden and home of the late Professor and Mrs E. G. Waterhouse, which won the 1984 Award of Australian Architects for the finest restoration project of that year. Evening: Own arrangements. Home hospitality offered by Sydney members for visiting con­ 8 gressionists. See reservation form. 6.30pm: ICS Directors Meeting (dinner included) Menzies Hotel. Tuesday 16 September Breakfast; own arrangements. 9.00-12.30pm: Congress Addresses, including coffee break. 12.40pm: Coaches leave Menzies to board m.v. "City of Sydney", for two-hour Luncheon Cruise around the world's most beautiful harbour. Lunch supplied; liquor own expense. 3.00: Coaches leave Man '0 War Steps for alternating guided tours of *Sydney Opera House *Sydney Botanic Gardens. Return to hotels by 5.30 p.m. Evening: Own arrangements. Home hospitality available; see reservation form. Wednesday 17 September Breakfast; own arrangements. 9.00am: Coaches leave Menzies for full-day tour, with boxed lunch provided, and visiting * Private gardens at Pymble. *Camellia Grove, St. Ives; one of the world's great camellia nurse­ ries. *Australian Wildflower Garden, St. Ives. *West Head: enjoy lunch in a wildflower reserve offering breathtaking views of Broken Bay, Lion Island, Barrenjey Lighthouse, Palm Beach, and picturesque Pittwater. *Tour continues via Church Point, Bayswater, Mona Vale, Palm Beach. *Return to Sydney via Wakehurst Parkway, French's Forest, The Spit, Sydney Harbour Bridge, reaching hotels by 5.30pm. Evening: Own arrangements. Home hospitality available; see reservation form. NOTE: Sydney Opera House programs will be notified in next bulletin. Advance reserva­ tions may be made. Thursday 18 September Breakfast; own arrangements. 9.00am: Choose from alternative half-day coach tours: 1) Via Rose Bay to Vaucluse House, beautiful home and old camellia gardens of a distinguished early Australian statesman, William Charles Wentworth. Then South Head, glorious views Sydney Heads, Bondi Beach, Centennial Park (Sydney's "Central Park") returning to city by 1.00pm. 2) Via centennial Park to the E. G. Waterhouse National Camellia Garden at Miranda. Return to city by 1.00pm. Lunch and after­ noon own arrangements for city shopping, hairddressing, etc. 7.00pm: Farewell Banquet, Menzies Hotel. Formal conclusion of Congress program. Friday 19 September Breakfast; own arrangements. Post-Congress Tours depart. (See separate sheets for Congress booking and Tour booking forms)

Concession Airfares to Australia: The accredited Travel Agent for our congress hopes to or­ ganise for a co-operating agent in most countries to shortly contact Regional Membership Rep­ resentatives with information concerning the possibility of group airfares. Meantime, inquire from your regular travel agent. Members travelling separately, in any case, should ask their local agent forthe best possible basis, as reduced fares are often available.. Pre-Congress or Post-Congress Tours Apart from information given on following pages, all within-Australia air travel for overseas visitors is now subject to a special "See Australia" 30% discount. If not known to your travel agent, have them telex Traveland South Pacific. Pre-Congress Events you may be able to consider in 1986: Sept 6 and 7: Adelaide Hills (South Australia) camellia exhibition at Stangate House. Enquiries - Elsie Bridgland, 47 Milton Ter­ racem Stirling, S.A.5152. Sept 13 and 14: Canberra camellia and spring bulbs Show at Albert Hall, Australian Capital Ter­ ritory, in cortjunction with Australian daffodil championships. Congress Venue The Menzies Hotel, 14 Carrington Stret, Sydney. Official Congress Travel Agent Traveland South Pacific, GPO Box 3489, Sydney NSW 2001 : Telephone (02) 29-2143 : Telex 22260. . ICS Congress Liaison Officer: Jennifer Yates also Post-Congress Tours enquiries: Jennifer Yates. CONGRESS SECRETARY: Please direct all enquiries and all CONGRESS RESERVATIONS to: Nance Swanson, 43 Wellington Road, East Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia. Phone - (02) 46­ 1287. Congress Co-ordinator: Eric Craig, 4 Lowther Park Ave, Warrawee, NSW 2074. Phone - (02) 449-8906.

9 International Camellia Congress Brighton, England. May, 1985

Le Congres de Brighton EI Congreso de Brighton II congresso di Brighton MA YDA REYNOLDS and LOUISE HARMON Jersey, c.1.

(see colour ~clion)

Our party of four from Jersey, Channel Is­ Thursday, 9th May lands, arrived at the Old Ship Hotel a day early There was a fever of excitement in the morning amd we are delighted to find several delegates as final touches were put to the I.C.S. Recep­ already installed, including Mr. & Mrs. Milton tion Lounge and to the "Shop". John Meade Brown (U.S.A.) Dr. & Mrs. John Pedler, was in charge of the Shop which was well (Australia) and Mr. & Mrs. Richard Clere stocked with items of interest including Camel­ with a large group from New Zealand. lia notelets, Camellia silk scarves, Camellia The Old Ship Hotel is Brighton's only large brooches and back copies of Camellia Jour­ privately owned hotel and prides itself on its nals; paintings of Camellias by Mrs Joyce service and excellent food. The Hotel is full of Wyndham who was also responsible for the character and it was felt our overseas visitors beautiful floral arrangements in the reception would appreciate its "olde worlde" charm! rooms. Brighton is a good centre for that area The official registration commenced at 2.30 known as "The Garden of England", beautiful p.m. 170 delegates from America, Australia, countryside and many gardens of botanical in­ France, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, South Af­ terest. The Congress organiser, Miss Cicely rica, Spain and the United Kingdom; all were Perring, promised us a full and varied prog­ warmly welcomed and given Congress Bags ramme and this was certainly fulfilled. containing a map, pamphlets and brochures of The gardens we visited all showed some evi­ the gardens to be visited and details of lectures dence of a severe winter, but not as much as ex­ - plenty to read! pected, considering the low temperatures we As always on these occasions, there was a had experienced. Fortunately, the Camellia marvellous atmosphere as old friends met and season was late this year and we saw more in new friendships started. bloom than is usual in May. In the evening, we attended a Civic Recep-

John Roberts and Kenwyn & Betty Clapp John Tooby and Jean Laborey

10 tion in the Banqueting Room of the Royal Casoretti', 'Donation', 'Contessa Lavinia Pavilion and much enjoyed the splendid decor Maggi', 'Elegans' and 'E. G. Waterhouse'. We of the room - walls painted with Chinese fi­ wandered down to the Lakes and saw a nesting gures, a marvellous domed ceiling, large chan­ swan. We admired the banks of Azaleas and deliers in tulip design and an enormous table the interesting variety of Conifers and walked set for a formal dinner. The Deputy Mayor, through the Camellia Grove and Rock Garden Mr. Charles Jermy, welcomed the delegates, to the Coaches. It had been quite a long walk commenting that the Pavilion, which is being and we were ready for Lunch, this was a beautifully restored will take another two packed lunch supplied by the Hotel. Some en­ years to be finished. Our President, Mrs. Vi joyed Lunch in the Coaches but many opted Lort-Phillips replied on behalf of the I.C.S. for a picnic and sat on the grass or on wooden and we returned to the Hotel for an excellent logs. dinner. After lunch we went to Heaselands. Unfor­ tunately it became overcast and a little col.d but Friday, 10th May this did not affect our enjoyment of this beauti­ Our first garden visit was to Leonardslee, a ful garden which is open to the Public only on spectacular woodland garden created by Sir certain days and on this occasion was open just Edmund Loder in 1889. He was an athlete, big for the I.C.S. game hunter, traveller and artist and became a Mrs Ernest Kleinwort and her late husband keen botanist when he purchased Leonardslee came to live at Heaselands (part of his family's from his father-in-law. The natural streams of estate) in 1932 and they created this garden the forest were dammed to create a series of from what was originally a meadow and oak­ Hammer ponds. The soil is a deep loam over pine woodland. It is a series of small gardens sandstone, free from lime and well sheltered each distinctive: the formal area near the from the North. Ideal for the growing of house has a two acre lawn and beds of heath­ Rhododendrons, Azaleas and Camellias. ers, roses and azaleas. A well planted Rock Rhododendrons and Conifers were Sir Ed­ Garden is opposite the front door and against mund's main interest;· after his death, his son the house is a large Hydrangea petiolaris and Sir Giles Loder continued to improve the gar­ several Camellias, 'Adolphe Audusson', den and planted many Camellias - he has won 'Donckelarii' and 'St. Ewe'. numerous prizes at the Royal Horticultural The walled garden at the side of the house Society's shows. Sir Giles, a well-known I.C.S. has many shrubs including Rhododendrons, member and former Vice-President, retired in Azaleas, Eucryphia 'Nymansay' and Magnolia 1981 and his son Robin is now in charge. stellata. There is a Rose Garden, Paved Gar­ Robin's wife met us as the coaches arrived­ den, Warm Garden, in which we found a it was a fine sunny day and the first thing we lovely C. 'Lady Clare' and, after strolling noticed was the marvellous perfume from the through these, we came to the water garden­ Rhododendron Loderi. We walked through four ponds formed by damming a stream, a the Loderi area down to the Dell where we wild garden and beyond this, the woodland found many fine Camellias including 'Alba with many Rhododendrons and Camellias.

Lady Anne Cowdray and Violet Lort-Phillips Mrs Jack Pedler, John Tooby and Vi Stone

11 The stream flows from the ponds through a of the Efford Experimental Horticultural Sta­ valley banked by azaleas and bluebells, a tion. Her illustrated and interesting talk in­ lovely picture. cluded advice on the use of pine bark and peat The whole garden is so neat and wel1 main­ as a medium for rooting cuttings. tained, but near the ponds, it was good to see After lunch at the Hotel we sal1ied forth in areas of grass left uncut because cowslips and our four coaches to Sheffield Park Gardens. primroses were growing. It was interesting to We were met by Mr. Skinner who conducted see a Japanese delegate photographing the us round the gardens pointing out special vistas cowslips. This native plant has become so and plantings. The Garden has one of the rare. finest collections of autumn colouring, flower­ We carne back to the house through the ing and coniferous trees and shrubs in the South Garden with its fine Golden Scots Pine British Isles. Even in Spring the diversity in and Blue Atlas Cedar and enjoyed a most wel­ form and colour, and the glorious reflections in come tea and delicious cakes. the Lakes are a delight to behold. This garden seems labour intensive and the There are five Lakes - Fish Pond; 10ft. Head Gardener, Mr. Staples, has a good team Pond; Middle Lake; Upper Woman's Way of five undergardeners, but even so it would be Pond and Lower Woman's Way Pond. These impossible to maintain a garden to this high last two intriguing titles refer to the legend of a standard without the right machinery. But it is headless woman who sometimes appears and the finishing touches, the hand edging which then vanishes into thin air! gives this garden that "well cared for" look, Much of the spring colouring carne from the plus the interest of Mrs. Kleinwort and her large areas of Rhododendrons and Azaleas son. and some Camel1ias. We saw several Camel­ We returned to the Hotel and after Dinner lias which were planted in the early 1900s in­ there was an excel1ent talk and well-presented cluding 'Donckelarii' and a fine 'Lady Clare'. slide show by Mr. A. V. Skinner, the Head Camellias planted in the new "Queens Walk" Gardener of Sheffield Park, the National Trust area which has been developed since 1977, in­ Garden we were to visit the fol1owing day. clude 'Tomorrow', 'Konron-Kuro', 'Guilio Meanwhile, the Society's Directors were "en­ Nuccio', 'Debutante' and 'Magnoliaeflora'. joying" a lengthy meeting! There are so many paths to follow, so many different scenes to enjoy, the afternoon passed Saturday, II th May al1 too quickly. I liked Mr. Skinner's quotation We had three interesting and informative lec­ from Alexander Pope's epistle to Lord Bur­ tures in the morning. The first two were lington, 1731; it rings true for this truly beauti­ Japanese papers with slides. ful garden: 1) The distribution of wild Camellia Japonica Let not each beauty everywhere be spied in Japan and South Korea. When half the skill is decently to hide, 2) The effects of temperature changes. He gains al1 points who pleasingly confounds The third lecture was given by Margaret Scott, Surprises, varies and conceals the bounds.

Tom Perkins and Edith Mazzei Dr. & Mrs Carroll, Frank & Jean Pursel and Greg Davis 12 We enjoyed a quick tea at the Cafe and then After lunch at the Hotel we split into groups returned to the Hotel. In the evening, a Baron and visited one of four gardens according to of Beef Dinner was served in the Ballroom choice. We had been looked after so well, Suite, the Baron was piped in with great cere­ guided and organised, it was difficult for some mony and deftly served. of us to decide! After dinner we had a most interesting slide Wakehurst, High Beeches and Borde Hill show by Mrs. Yvonne Cave, FPSNZ (ARPS) were three of the gardens of which more anon. entitled "Camellias in New Zealand". There Nymans was the garden we selected. were over 300 slides of excellent quality which Another National Trust property, it retains the confirmed what we already knew - they do charm of a family home. Nymans was purch­ grow beautiful Camellias in New Zealand. It ased by Mr. Ludwig Messel nearly 100 years was a long show but many people felt they ago; he introduced a rich variety of plants from would like to see all the slides again - so much all over the world. His son, Leonard continued to absorb at one sitting. the work and became an enthusiastic hyb­ ridiser and his daughter and her husband, the Sunday, 12th May Earl and Countess of Rosse, continued the Our first lecturer was Mr. John Brooks, well­ family interest, introducing many plants from known English Landscape Designer. He gave abroad. Lord Rosse, an I.C.S. life member an interesting talk on the development of Gar­ from the Society's early years, died in 1979 but dens through the ages with particular accent on Lady Rosse still lives at Nymans. the 20th century garden. He presented garden Indeed, Lady Rosse was there to greet us in­ design as an art form using plants, styles and dividually on arrival and we were all en­ fashions as garden furnishings. He referred to chanted! Lady Rosse took charge of our party the work of Lutyens and Gertrude Jekyll and and led us round this beautiful garden, so lov­ although he admitted he was not a great ingly planted and maintained. Although a Camellia fan, we all enjoyed his well illustrated large garden, there is a feeling of intimacy and talk. peace which is remarkable considering the Our next lecturer was Dr. J. Creze who gave proximity of the main London - Brighton an interesting and informative talk on his work road. in grafting 'in vitro'. He followed up his talks Nymans is famed for its Camellias, Mag­ given in Kyoto and Sacramento, giving the re­ nolias and Rhododendrons and many were sults of his experiments in this field. raised here - C. 'Leonard Messel' and 'Maud Mr. Milton Brown gave the next lecture en­ Messel' and Eucryphia X nymansensis to titled "The Yellow Camellia". This was a fas­ name but a few. cinating account of the search for and develop­ Nymans is really several gardens, each dis­ ment of the Camellia chrysantha. "Brownie" tinctive and blending into the whole and full of painted a glowing picture of more colourful surprises. Pamphlets are issued for each sea­ Camellias in the future, through hybridization son to ensure the visitor does not miss the high­ with C. chrysantha. lights of the particular time ofyear. But we had

Boyd McRee and Jean Pursel Dr. Creze

13 no fear of missing anything - our charming Botanic Gardens, Kew. The soil and terrain of guide saw to that! the garden are ideal for many rare plants which The walled garden, so secluded, so beauti­ do not thrive at Kew. fully designed, the centre paths meet at the Ita­ The house is a grand 400 year old Mansion lian Fountain framed by topiary yews. The and has been owned by many families, but the herbaceous borders here must be a wonderful garden itself was largely started by the Boord sight in the summer months. family - Lady Boord of the 1890s created the The Pinetum and Park with its huge Conifers Rock Garden which is still a feature today. In interplanted with Rhododendrons and Euc­ 1903 it was sold to Gerald Loder, later Lord ryphias, the Temple, the Sunk and Heather Wakehurst, who worked to improve the great gardens with a fascinating assortment of qual­ natural beauty of Wakehurst Place. The prop­ ity plants, the Pergola with its amazing old erty was bequeathed to the National Trust by Wisteria floribunda; all were admired but our its late owner Sir Henry Price in 1965. particular interest was in the famous Camel­ Near the house are the usual formal lawns, lias. Lady Rosse indicated all those in the Wall rock and heath gardens, shrub borders and a gardens she brought back as cuttings from Por­ pinetum which is approximately 12 acres. tugal and the new additions from Australia and There are many interesting conifers here, in­ the famous 'Leonard Messel', a cross made by cluding the Pinus patula from Mexico and Lady Rosse's father between C. williamsii Taiwania cryptomerioides. Paths lead steeply 'Mary Christian' and C. reticulata 'Captain downward to a wooded valley and a pictures­ Rawes'. que watercourse linking several lakes and Photographs were taken of our group and ponds. Most of the New Zealand delegates we all said goodbye to Lady Rosse and enjoyed chose this garden and no doubt they were in­ a welcome cup of tea at the picturesque terested to see the many plants from the south­ teahouse near the entrance. ern Hemisphere. In the Border west of the We returned to the Hotel by another coun­ Mansion were Iris histrioides, Nerine bowdenii try route and our enjoyment of the English and Sternbergia lutea, Hedychium, Cautleya countryside was increased by the sight of sev­ spictata and Eucomis comosa L. eral cricket matches and a gymkhana. The heath garden is divided into a series of In the evening, a drinks party was given by beds and here are some of Gerald Loder's orig­ our President. This was another opportunity inal planting from Australasia and South for friends old and new to meet and discuss life America including Leptospermum flavescens, in general and Camellias in particular. We en­ Telopea truncata, various species of Hoheria. joyed yet another delicious Dinner and most of Here also are several Cupressus torulosa and us retired early, a little tired and looking for­ Athrotaxis selaginoides, a Tasmanian conifer, ward to the full day's tour the following day. Hakea epiglottis and Phyllocladus alpinus, the Wakehurst Place is a National Trust prop­ Celery Pine. erty leased by the Ministry of Agriculture, At the south end of the Heath garden is a Fisheries and Food as an addition to the Royal border of Lapponicum series Rhododendrons.

Margaret SCOII and Bill Read Boyd McRee and Lew & Annabell Fellerman

14 A walled garden stocked with old fashioned our destination for the whole day. The journey cottage garden flowers in pastel shades has was longer than those of the previous days so been dedicated to a memorial to Sir Henry we enjoyed a cup of coffee and delicious home­ Price. At the head of the Slips valley is a stone made shortbread on our arrival. sundial, erected to the memory of Gerald The Savill Garden is part of the Windsor Loder and his head gardener Alfred Coates. It Great Park which is administered by the bears the words: Crown Estate Commissioners, and is named "Give fools their gold and knaves their after Sir Eric Savill, who was at first Deputy power, Surveyor then Deputy Ranger. It was origi­ let fortunes bubbles rise and fall, nally landscaped.in the 18th century when the Who sows a field or trains a flower native oaks and beeches were planted; some Or plants a tree, is more than all" still remain. Sir Eric saw the possibilities of a (J. G. Whittier) natural woodland garden and he was encour­ aged in his ideas by the Royal Family. The gar­ High Beeches is the home of the Hon. Ed­ dens are now 50 years old and are a wonderful ward &Mrs. Boscawen. Our delegates spoke testimony to Sir Eric's imaginative landscaping highly of the kind hospitality of their hosts who and plantsmanship. provided a delicious tea and who personally After coffee we were taken by coach to the conducted the I.C.S. Party round this beauti­ Valley Gardens, a large area developed after ful garden. completion of the Savill Garden. Our guide "High Beeches" was originally a Loder was Mr. John Bond, the Keeper of the Gar­ planted woodland and there are some fine dens, who gave us an interesting account of the trees, Magnolias, Maples and Camellias ­ plantings. He emphasized the value of three 'Drama Girl', 'Donation', 'Leonard Messel', storey planting: tall trees to provide the shade 'Lady Vansittart'. Mr. & Mrs. Boscawen are canopy, or the top storey, strong flowering and keen conservationists and they are encourag­ foliage shrubs fill the middle storey "the main ing natural plants - for example, orchids - to crop" and the floor of the woodland, the final colonise. storey is clothed with ground cover. Rhododendrons, both species and hybrids, Borde niH is another garden famed for its predominate in these gardens and this is the Rhododendrons and Camellias, Azaleas and home of the British National Reference Col­ Magnolias., lection of Rhododendron Species as well as This was a different type of garden from the that of Magnolias, Hollies and dwarf conifers. others we had seen. There is a large lawn in A spectacular sight was the Punchbowl - a front of the house with a small woodland to the natural amphitheatre planted with thousands left and a much larger woedland to the right, of evergreen azaleas. The Azalea Valley con­ with Rhododendrons and Camellias in­ tains hundreds of taller deciduous azaleas in­ terplanted and enjoying the shelter of the cluding the Knaphill and Exbury varieties, and trees. The style is informal and paths meander many bred here at Windsor. through woods and glades. There are two Camellia areas, containing Colonel Stephenson Clarke acquired Borde , hundreds of williamsii hybrids and japonicas. Hill in 1893. He was a well known amateur These must be a marvellous sight earlier in the plant collector, and it was he who planted the year: as it was, some were still in bloom due to many rare shrubs found here. He produced the ,the late season. , . Camellia 'Donation' from a cross between C. We saw the National Collection of Hollies, japonica 'Donckelarii and C. saluenensis and Hex species and cultivars planted a year ago, Salutation' which was a cross between C. re- ' and then the Heather garden (1950) with a ticulata 'Captain Rawes' and C. saluenensis. good variety of natural, unclipped plants. " The Camellias seen were excellent although We returned to the coaches and after the much propagating material was lost in the se­ long walk, enjoyed our picnic lunch. We next vere frost of this year. Itwasvery interesting to proceeded to the Savill Garden where we see the stock plants from which C. 'Donation' spent the afternoon exploring on our own, was produced. strolling quietly through the woodland beside the Upper Pond admiring the lovely reflec­ Monday, 13th May tions of the old trees, maples and shrubs and The day started dull and some rain fell in the herbaceous waterside plants. On to the Willow early morning. Savill and Valley Gardens was Garden, the area first developed by Sir Eric 15 Savill in 1932. There are hundreds of We returned to the Entrance and spent some Lysichitums and Primulas and rare Magnolias, time in the Shop buying plants, books and Pieris, Mahonias and Corylopsis and large souvenirs before boarding the coaches for the specimens of Acer palmatum, 'Dissectum' and return to the Old Ship. Rhododendrons 'Blue Tit', 'Elizabeth' and A Banquet was held in the evening in the 'Brocade'. Ballroom Suite of the Old Ship. We enjoyed a The Temperate House contains many in­ superb meal after which we were entertained teresting tender plants including a collection of by an "Ole Thyme" Group singing old Music Camellia -reticulata, some Chinese cultivars Hall Songs, well known to the British, but not which came from Kunming in the late 1940s. so familiar to our visitors. However, everyone Near the Temperate House is a south-facing joined in singing "Waltzing Matilda". wall which affords shelter for tender sun-lov­ After this there were speeches and presenta­ ing plants. This wall was built with bricks sal­ tions to our retiring President, Mrs Violet vaged from bombed buildings in London dur­ Lort-Phillips, by the representatives from the ing the war. To quote Lanning Roper, the overseas countries. American garden expert: "Here beauty and The President thanked all the delegates for life have become the by product of destruction attending the Congress and praised Miss and death". Cicely Perring for making all the arrangements On to the woodland garden with its wide so successfully. range of rhododendron species and numerous Although the weather was not at its best, it hybrids and many Camellias. Here we encoun­ was a most interesting and enjoyable confer­ tered fellow I.C.S. members wandering ence and many of us are looking forward to around examining the vast array of shrubs. meeting again in Australia in 1986.

The Elephant Camellia Camellia kissii Wall (syn. C. keina Buch. Ham. ex D. Don)

Le camelia "elephant" - Camellia kissii La camelia elefante: C. kissii La camelia elefante; C. kissii

TONY SCHILLING Deputy Curator, Wakehurst Place *see colour section Camellia .kissii a species native to the eastern flowers are 2-4 ems across and generally solit­ Himalaya and is recorded from the warm ary and axillary, but somewhat terminally temperate zones of Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, situated on the stem. The obovate petals (usu­ Aranachal Pradesh (N.E.F.A.), Assam, ally 4 or 5 in number) are of short duration and Burma, W. and C. China and parts of Indo­ the attractive yellow anthered stamens are China between altitudes of 900-2,200 metres. bunched and very numerous. It flowers in the sunny post-monsoon season In the wild, C. kissii is frequently lopped by between October and November, and its the villagers for various domestic uses, but if musky fragrant flowers are a frequent delight left uncut it will form a laxly-branched small to those who tread the lowland trails of Nepal tree or large bush 4 metres tall and half as and beyond. . much across. The evergreen leaves are elliptic to obovate­ The leaves are sometimes used as a substi­ elliptic, 5-8 ems long and finely glandular­ tute for tea by the Nepalese, but it is said to toothed at the margins. When mature they are possess only a slight degree of flavour. This is a glossy dark green but the young growth is probably due to the casual manner in which the especially attractive, the best examples foliage is gathered and dried. The local people exhibiting shades close to peach. also extract an oil from the seeds by pressure The single white erect and almost stalkless and this is valued for its medicinal properties. 16 (Don's Mill., i. P 676, adapted). brunonii, Indigofera heterantha, Alnus Camellia kissii was originally described by nepalensis, Luculia gratissima, Osbeckia stel­ Wallich early in the 19th century and was appa­ lata and two other members of the Theaceae rently introduced to western cultivation by a family - Schima wallichii and Eurya Mr Brookes to the garden of the Horticultural acuminata. Rhododendron arboreum joins the Society. list above 1,500 metres. Plants were subsequently propagated by In his original description of C. kissii Wallich grafting onto stocks of the single flowered wrote" ... which I propose calling C. kissii the form of C. japonica and sold in London for 10 Newar name being Kissi or Kissi-Soah..." shillings and 6 pence and at Bollwyller for 30 Kissi is the Newar name for elephant, but un­ francs. In 1838 it was recorded that stools of fortunately the second name Soah (or Swa) the species existed in a cold pit in the Vauxhall does not translate with any real meaning. Ver­ Nursery, but owing to its specialist appeal and nacular names are of little significant value, tender constitution it seems to have been but it is nevertheless interesting to record that gradually lost to cultivation. in other ethnic regions ofNepal C. kissii is vari­ There does not seem to be any further re­ ously referred to as Kengua, hinguwa (a cor­ cord of its garden cultivation, until I recently ruption of the former?), and Chiya Pate which re-introduced it from central Nepal; however, is Nepali for "tea leaf". I stand open to correction on this point. As a final note it is worth adding that C. On 17 October 1977, whilst leading a tour to sinensis, long cultivated in the Darjeeling and the Everest region of east Nepal, I collected a Assam regions of northern India, is also com­ few globular seed capsules (Schilling 2230) monly cultivated in eastern Nepal. In that reg­ from wayside shrubs at an altitude of 1,900 ion C. sinensis var. sinensis can be seen grow­ metres. These were later successfully germi­ ing in the sub-tropical terai under a protective nated, raised and propagated (by cuttings) at open tree-canopy of Shorea robusta (Sal) and Wakehurst Place. The original plant is cur­ Bombax ceiba (The Silk Cotton Tree) between rently 1112 metres tall and as much across, and 450-1000 metres or more. C. sinensis vaL as­ is growing in the Himalayan section of the samica can be seen between 1,000-1,800 Temperate House at Kew. Several small plants metres in extensive plantations around the hill are also held under glass at Wakehurst Place, town of Dam. Here it has brought about a and one ofthese was recently given to Mr John thriving economy, the produce being mar­ Gallagher who has it in his glasshouse in his keted both nationally and internationally. Dorset garden. Several other Camellias (mostly cultivars of In Nepal C. kissii grows in the company of C. japonica) are grown in Nepalese gardens, many other interesting plants including Vibur­especially those of hotels and palaces in the num erubescens, Gaultheria fragrantissima, capital city of Kathmandu. Sarcococca coriacea, Comus oblonga, Rosa Camellia sasanqua

Camellia sasanqua Camellia sasanqua Camellia sasanqua LESLIE RIGGALL Klooj, S. Africa" See colour section

All camellias are known in the Far East as "tea Okinawa, and islands between, would clearly flowers" because of their generic relationship be too tender for cold climates, and this applies with the plant from which tea is made. It is var­ to the superior garden varieties which may iously believed that the Japanese name have some hybridity from natural crosses, or Sazankwa means, "Mountain tea flower" or crosses made by early Japanese growers in pre­ "Plum-flowered tea". vious centuries. The small-flowered original species, which The corollary of coldsusceptibility in plants grows naturally only in southern Jap&n, is heat tolerance, and this is why C. sasanqua is 17 much more successful in South Africa than the was growing C. japonica 'CO M. Wilson' in C. japonica varieties which were always grown hanging baskets. This is a sport of C. j. 'Ele­ in the past. At Fern Valley, in our sub-tropical gans', and he claimed that all mutations of coastal climate, they tolerate full sun. 'Elegans' would weep if the leader was cut out. In addition sasanquas have other advantages No doubt there is scope for more experimenta­ and virtues. They flower in autumn, thus ex­ tion with japonicas, which are extremely vari­ tending the camellia flowering season by three able because of their hybrid origins. months. The pests which attack both leaves However, sasanquas are certainly best for and flowers of japonicas leave sasanquas espaliers and hanging baskets because the alone. The latter may have some kind of de­ stems are so flexible, and the smaller leaves fence against harmful organisms, because they and flowers give a more elegant effect. The tall also resist the root-rot fungus Phytophthora upright varieties are excellent for framing cinnamomi. gateways, doors, and vistas through the gar­ This resistance to a disease which kills so den. many camellias makes C. sasanqua the ideal Another advantage of sasanquas is their to­ grafting stock, and it is compatible with every lerance of soil conditions which are not other species except C. crapnelliana, which adequate for japonicas. In such situations one will grow only on its own roots. If you have an can grow not only sasanquas, but also important scion it is very advisable to use japonicas if they are grafted on sasanquia sasanqua stock. It is easy to have a constant stocks. supply of such stocks, because sasanquas root C. hiemalis is closely related and all the easily as cuttings, and also produce many above comments would apply to it. The vari­ seeds. This prolific production of seeds gave ous cultivars may be hybrids of C. sasanqua, or rise in Japan to production of a very valuable merely different forms of it, but one cannot go oil pressed from the seeds, which is used for wrong by treating them as sasanquas. cooking and the cosmetics industry. All No doubt readers would like some guidance Japanese used to dress their formerly long hair as to which varieties to grow, so I will suggest with camellia oil, and also it is used to make some varieties which are outstanding perfor­ face creams, unguents, shampoos, etc. In mers at Fern Valley. All these varieties are China C. oleifera, a prolific seed-bearer, was fragrant. used as a source of camellia oil, and this species can be linked with C. sasanqua in another way. C. sasanqua Like C. sasanqua, C. oleifera is resistant to 'Narumi-Gata'. Named for Narumi Bay, a root-rot, and thus it should be the preferred famous beauty spot of Japan, this more cold­ rootstock for japonicas which are to be grown hardy variety is one of the oldest sasanquas in climates which are too cold for sasanqua known to the West, and succeeded against stocks. sunny walls even in England. It has often been The blossoms of C. sasanqua are not suitable distributed as C. oleifera, and the plant of this fmcut flowers because they are fragile, but in name which I planted in my species collection the garden their profuse blooming creates turned out to be 'Narumi-Gata'. In the same beautiful carpets of fallen flowers and petals collection I had a plant labelled C. drupifera under the trees or bushes, a feature greatly ad­ which had to be re-labelled C. oleifera. When mired by the Japanese. such confusion is worse confounded by staff Another virtue of C. sasanqua is the fact that who move the labels (sometimes a long dis­ it is fragrant. Although this scent is less attrac­ tance), chop the labels with machines and hide tive when one smells a flower at close quarters, the evidence, or simply bury the labels when the fragrance on the air near a bush is delight­ weeding or mulching, and visitors who are ful. ~, overcome by an irresistible urge to steal the Sasanquas come in all shapes and sizes, tall labels even though they are useless to them, or dwarf, tightly compact or open, upright or and children who take a devilish delight in mix­ willowy, and some are prostrate enough to use ing up the labels, one despairs of ever having a as ground cover. Most varieties have very pli­ garden properly labelled. able stems, thus they are very easy to train, However, to return to 'Narumi-Gata', this is whereas the stiff stems of C. japonica are much an upright growing, open tree which displays more difficult, and reticulatas are even more its individual flowers very well. For this species stiff. I did come across an exception to this they are very large, the shape and size of a many years ago in America, where one man champagne glass, white with a tinge of fus­ 18 chine pink (Royal Horticultural Society, Hor­ 'Exquisite'. Is very similar to the above, except ticultural Colour Chart No. 627/2, or R.H.S. that the pale flowers are delicately washed Fan 63e) at the ends of the large petals. The with phlox pink (H.C.C. 625/3, or Fan 62eto flowers have very strong fragrance, and the 62D), and it has better growth. breeding potential is excellent. 'Bonanza'. This is undoubtedly the best red. 'Crimson King'. This is another old favourite, .The flowers are an intense glowing crimson having arrived in the West many years ago. It is (H.c.c. 26/1, or Fan 67B) with peony-shaped better than most of the new reds, and is surpas­ centre petals and some bright anthers. The sed only by 'Bonanza'. The brilliant, single, petals are waved and fluted. My new plant is seven-petalled flowers are a rich red colour only four feet (120 centimetres) high but it is (H.c.c. 025 to 025/1, or Fan 63ct063B) con­ said to grow to a medium height. If this is cor­ trasting with bright golden anthers. This vari­ rect 'Bonanza' should be in every garden, large ety is tall and upright in habit, and should be in or small. every sasanqua collection. 'Sparkling Burgundy' With typical elegant 'Bettie Patricia'. A plant of medium spreading growth and small dark green leaves, this is a growth, it bears profusely lovely semi-double popular variety with deep pink (H.C.C. 025/1 flowers, very pale pink washed with to 025/2, or Fan Me to 64D) peony flowers. Re­ rhodamine pink (H.C.C. 527/2 to 527/3, or Fan cently my plant laid a beautiful pink carpet of 65B to 65e), which have a few petaloids. It is fallen flowers on the ground. Blooms of this one of our best camellias, and is highly recom­ American variety are said to be better if mended to those who like soft pink flowers. shaded from full sun. But one must remember that all sasanquas need sunlight. 'Jean May'. Very similar to the previous cul­ tivar in all respects, except that the growth is C. hiemalis more compact. This one would be very good as 'Showa-No-Sakae'. The lovely pure pink a screening plant. (H.C.C. 025/2 to 025/3, or Fan 75A to 75B) peony type flowers hold their colour in full 'Rainbow'. This does not grow tall and is very sun, the high centre petals mingling with gol­ compact, making a dense solid mound of dark den anthers. The willowy growth is suitable for green foliage. The seven-petalled (average) hanging baskets, espaliers, or could even be single flowers are large, white with showy deep trained as ground cover. In the latter case one red margins (H.C. C. 627 to 627/1, or Fan 66B to would merely have to remove the vertical 66e). Would be excellent for a small garden or shoots and leave the horizontal branches. a situation in which a taller plant would be un­ desirable. 'Showa Supreme'. This is similar to the above but more vigorous. Thus if one wanted an ordi­ 'Setsugekka'. This is one of the best whites, an nary plant in the garden, not for any of the spe­ old variety like 'Mine-No-Yuki', but without cial purposes mentioned above, a choice bet­ the latter's horrible habit ofcovering itself with ween the two could be made according to the dead flowers. The flowers have rippled and size of the garden. fluted petals and good fragrance, and the growth habit is typical sasanqua and very vig­ 'Chansonette'. A bushy plant with moderate orous. sized formal double lavender-pink flowers. Such flowers are unusual within the sasanqua 'Ko-Gyoku'. An upright growing cultivar, group. with formal double flowers which resemble small roses. They are very pretty, pale blush 'Kanjiro'. Known as 'Hiryu' in Australia, this sharply contrasting with rose-red outer petals superb garden plant is fast growing, upright, (H.C.C. 627/1 to 627/2, or Fan 73A). tall and compact. Thus it can be used as a speci­ men tree, or screen, or windbreak. The deep 'Papaver'. The growth is moderate, open and cerise (H.C.C. 26/1 to 26/2, or Fan 67BtO 67e) upright. The large single flowers resemble petals shade to a paler colour in the centre of poppies, very pale pink shaded with tyrian rose each petal, framing the golden anthers and (H.C.C. 24/3, or Fan 62e) with strong fragr­ showing occasional petaloids. 'Kanjiro' has all ance. the virtues desired in a stock plant, and we are 19 striking cuttings each year, for use as stocks for is not a bad idea to let them flower before be-· grafting all species four years later. heading them. We have a delightful seedling which has achieved the rare distinction of Ifone raises sasanqua seedlings for stocks, it being planted in our Japanese Garden. Guanshan Shumuxue (Study of Ornanlental Plants)

Etude de plantes ornementales Estudio de plantas ornamentales Uno studio delle piante ornamentali CHEN, CHIH Shanghai, 474 pp. 1955d From a translation of the sections on Camellias by J;:m Ke Ang. Edited and footnotes by T. J. Savige, Wirlinga, Australia.

Commonly called "Shan Chahu'" (Mountain the top of a crane's head. It comes from Camellia Flower), or "Chahua" it is also the Sichuan Province.2 known as "Naidonghua" (Winter enduring 2. Damanao... (Cornelian). Red and white flower) Chahua in the Guangdong Province, and comes from Wencheng, a city in the or "Shouxing Cha" (God of Longevity Camel­ Zhejiang Province. 3 lia) in the Sichuan Province. In the Manual of 3. Baozhu Cha... (Jewellery Camellia). Flowering Plants published during the Ching Leafy, bushy habit; petals, deep in colour Dynasty (1644-1911) it was called "Man­ but lacking form. duoluo". 4. Guifei Cha... (Yangguifei is the full It is a member of the Theaceae family. name and refers to the Concubine of a Leaves alternate, leathery, ovate or elliptic­ Tang Dynasty Emperor. She was noted ovate; apex tapers off; base cuneate, 5-12 cm for her beauty and thus her name is long, surface dark green, smooth, glabrous applied to anything that is beautiful). and shiny; edge serrate. One to three flowers Simple form, early flowering, crimson; borne at the tip of the stem or in the leaf axil; sepals, dry and dark.4 complete flower, white to red, 5-6 petals with 5. Balzhu Cha... (White Jewellery). This sometimes up to 60 petals and petaloids de­ resembles 'Baozhu Cha' except that the veloped from the stamens. Flowers, erect, ses­ petals are white~ blooms very early, frag­ sile; sepals, 5-6 or more, imbricated, irregular, rant and lovely. deciduous. The difference between the flower 6. Zhenggongfen and Saigonfen... (Zhen­ of tea and Camellia is that the former is pedici­ gongfen was the central palace occupied late, nodding, sepals persistent. Flowers from by the Empress while Saigongfen is a the end of winter until spring. (In Kunming, similar name for the minor palaces oc­ Yunnan Province, the flowers open from cupied by the concubines). The Camel­ November until March of the following year). lias are pink in colour. Fruit, woody capsule, matures at the end of 7. Shiliu Cha... (Pomegranate Camellia). Autumn, but in the cases where the sexual Red like a pomegranate.6 flower parts have metamorphized into petals, 8. Hailiuhua... (Dwarf Pomegranate). no fruit develops. Small flower. 7 According to Wang, Xianjin's Qunfangpu 9. Cailiu Cha and Zhizhu Zha... (Flower Manual, 1621), there are numerous (Rhododendron). Flowers, bright red. 8 varieties, several of which flower in the 10. Zhenchu Cha... (Pearl) and Chuanzhu winter. I They are: Cha (Rosary). Flowers crimson. 1. Heding Cha... (Crane's crest Camellia). 11. Yun' Cha... (Yun is an abbreviated name The flowers are as big as a waterlily, red for the Yunnan province); 'Qingkou as blood; the compact centre resembles Cha',9 (Empty mouth Camellia); 'Moli 20 · Cha', (Jasmine Camellia); 'Yiniehong nated in South-East China and Japan. Cha' ,10 (One bundle); 'Zhaodianhong', Several hundred varieties have been culti­ (Shrine red), bright red. vated. Following are the important ones: In ancient literature, the Hejingshizu, it is A. Baiyang Cha... (White Ocean Camel­ recorded: "In camellias the big ones are lia). Synonym: 'Qianyebai', called "Yuedan" (Moon red). Bigger. (Thousand petal white). This is also ones are called 'Zhaodianhon¥'. known as 'Alba Plena'. Corolla re­ 'Qianyebai', (Thousand petal white), 1; sembles a rose; petals, flat, 6-10 'Qianyehong', (Thousand petal red). whorls; inner, smaller, imbricated, The leaves of all these vary. There are stamens, rare; almost all developed also flowers yellow in colour. into petals; flowers, pure white. 'Paochu', (Jewellery) is very good but 'Su B. Shiyangjing... (Ten or many forms). Cha', (Sichuan Camellia) is even better. Also called "Shiyangjin" by Yii. The author, Yu Duoying said "Baochu Cha" Many flowers. Blooms resemble has a double flower and blooms for months, 'Baiyang Cha' , but crimson with bright red in colour and is very lovely. In the white streaks or white with red middle parts of Yunnan Province there were streaks. Camellias 20-30 feet tall that bore thousands of C. Youxuehong... (Fish blood red), flowers as big as a peony.12 (var. "Yusuehung", Yii). The flower In the book Geigulun it is written: "There resembles 'Baiyang Cha, but dark red. are many Camellia varieties such as 'Baozhu The outer whorls have white spots. Cha'; flowers like pearls; blooms vigorously; D. Yangguifei... (var. 'Anemoniflora', 'Hailiu Cha' with green sepals. In this "Shiliu CurtiS).13 Yangguifei is the name of Cha" group there are 'Suihua', 'Zhizhu Cha' the mistress of a Tang Emperor as de­ with flowers like Rhododendrons; 'Gongfen scribed previously when the name was Cha' , (probably same as item 6 above), given as "Guifei" instead of 'Chuanzhu Cha' , both pink coloured and other Yangguifei. Yang washer family varieties like 'Yineihong', 'Qianyehong' and name and is often not used. The vari­ 'Qianyebai'. It is hard to enumerate all of ety is also called "Hong Chahua" them. Leaves vary a little from variety to vari­ (Red Camellia) and the flower resem­ ety;amongst them are yellow ones." (Proba­ bles the Autumn Peony. The petals of bly yellow variegated leaves). the outer whorl are broad and flat Numerous varieties of Camellias have been while the inner are :,;mall, broken and mentioned in Japanese literature. According irregular; stamens, rare; flower, crim­ to Kandan Komoku (Flower classification) son. published between 1673-1680, there were 66 E. Xiaowuxing... (Small five star), (var. varieties. In the Chikinsho, which was pub­ "Hsiawusin" Yii). The name refers to lished in the 8th year of Genroku (1695), there its pentagonal shape. Corolla resem­ are listed 205 varieties. In the Korai Tsubaki bles 'Yangguifei'; flower, crimson Nayose, published about 1810, there were 223 with occasional white specks; stamens varieties ,while Ito, Kozaemon, author of the in 3-5 groups within the broken inner Chinkashu, which was published in the 12th whorl of petals. year of the Meiji Dynasty, lists about 200 var­ Zhudi'nghong... (Vermilion superb ieties. red). The flower resembles There are numerous varieties in China con­ 'Yangguifei'; spinel-pink in colour; centrated in· the Yunnan Province. It was a stamens, essentially none. great contribution by Professor T. T. Yii who G. Meigui Chahua... (Rose Camellia classified and identified the Camellias of that var. "Magnoliaeflora". Also called Province. Following are the classifications for "Yulan Chahua", (Magnolia Camel­ the Chinese C. japonica and C. reticulata. lia)). Flowers, rose coloured, almost I. Shan Chahua (Camellia japonica Linn.) double. Petals, 12-15, tapered at Also called "Zhuan Chahua" in the Sic­ apex. 14 . huan Province or "small Camellia". II. Nanshan Cha... (Southern Camellia). Evergreen shrub; leaves ovate to elliptic­ (Camellia reticulata Lind!.). Also called ovate, surface, dark green, shiny; edges "Dianchahua", (Yunnan Camellia) or serrate. The flowers are red or white, "Dachahua", (Large Camellia). Everg­ diameter 3-9 em.; ovary glabrous. Origi­ reen woody plant; bark greyish brown; 21 leaves elliptic, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long elliptic to elliptic; apex, short 7-12cm. long; surface dull dark green; pointed); veins, less conspicuous; veination, conspicuous; edges, serrate; midrib, hairy on underside; corolla flower colour from light red to dark pur­ resembles 'Xiaoguiye'; flower, light ple; diameter, 8-16 em. Flower, large; col­ pink. our, bright and beautiful; ovary covered H. Maye Yinhong... (Reticulate leaf with short hairs. It is popular especially in light pink), (var. "Mayehyinhung", Yunnan and Guangtong Provinces. Se­ Yii). Leaves, flat; long elliptic to venty two varieties were mentioned in an­ ovate-lanceolate; apex acuminate; cient literature but only 18 are common. veins, conspicuous; underside of leaf, A. Juban... (Chrysanthemum Petal), smooth and glabrous; corolla resem­ var. "Tsueban" Yii). Leaves curve bles 'Xiaoguiye'; flower light red but upwards, corolla resembles that of a darker than 'Xiaoguiye'. rose; petals flat, 6-9 whorls, arranged I. Liuye Yinhong... (Willow leaf spinel regularly imbricated; stamens, rare; pink), (var. "Liuyehyinhung", Yii). flowen,~nk;iliamerer~12cm. Leaf, flat; broad-ovate; base, B. Songzilin... (Pine cone scales), (var. rounded; veination, shallow; flower "Sungtzelin", Yii). Also called resembles 'Xiaoguiye, midrib on un­ "Songziko", (Pine cone husk). derside of leaf, hairy; flower, light Leaves, flat; corolla resembles red. 'Juban'; flower, bright red; diameter, J. Dataohong... (Large crimson), (var. 11-12cm. It is named because the ar­ "Tataohung" Yii). Leaf, broad­ rangement of the petals resembles the ovate; base rounded; veination, shal­ scales of a pine cone. Blooms Feb­ low; flower resembles 'Xiaoguiye', 3­ ruary to March. 4 whorls, crimson; darker than C. Zipao... (Purple gown), (var. 'Xiaoguiye'; stamens, numerous. "Tzepao", Yii). Petals, flat; corolla K. Zaotyaohong... (Early crimson), resembles 'Juban'. Flower, large, (var. "Tsaotaohung", Yii). Leaves, purplish red, very popular. Occa­ elliptic to elliptic-ovate; base, obtuse . sional flowers that have white streaks to rounded; veination, shallow. on inner petals are called "Zipao Corolla resembles ~Xiaoguiye'; petals Yutai". (Purple Gown with a White in 3-4 whorls; flowers, crimson but Belt).15 lighter than 'Xiaoguiye'; stamens, D. Hentiangao... (Hate sky too high), numerous. Blooms early. (var. "Hentienko", Yii). Dwarf vari­ L. Mudan Cha... (Peony Camellia), ety,slow growing; corolla resembles (var. "Mutancha", Yii). Leaves, long 'Juban'; flower, double, pink, with elliptic; base wedge shaped; veina­ edge of petal, whitish; diameter, 9-11 tion, deep. Corolla resembles em. Blooming period may be as late as 'Xiaoguiye'; petals 5-6 whorls, more the end of April. One of the most complicated than 'Xiaoguiye'; pink in prized varieties in the Yunnan Group. colour; stamens numerous, blooms E. Xiaoguiye... (Small Osmanthus leaf), late. (var. "Hsiaokueiyeh", Yii). Leaves M. Houye Diechi... (Thick leaved but­ curve upwards, lanceolate; one of the terfly wings), (var. "Houyehtiechih", smallest leaves in all the Yunnan re­ Yii). Also called "Yinhong Diechi", ticulatas. The flower resembles a (Spinel butterfly wings) or peony; petals, wavy, 3-6 whorls, ir­ "Fenhua Diechi", (Pink butterfly regularly arranged; stamens, fairly wings). Leaves, long elliptic-ovate; numerous; flower, pink with a bluish base, wedge shaped; veination, shal­ tint. Late flowering. low; corolla resembles 'Xiaoguiye'; F. Daguiye... (Large Osmanthus leaf), flowers, pink; stamens, numerous, di­ (var. "Takuieiyeh", Yii). Leaves vided into 3-8 bundles dispersed curve upwards, ovate-lanceolate; amongst wavy petals. corolla resembles 'Xiaoguiye'. Flow­ N. Maye Diechi... (Reticulate leaf but­ ers, pink; stamens, few. terfly), (var. "Mayehtiechih", Yii). G. Dayinhong... (Large spinel pink), Also called "Fenhong Diechi" or (var. "Tayinhung" Yii). Leaves, flat, "Yinhong Diechi". (Note: the second 22 synonym is exactly the same as for the name). (c. forrestii, Stuart). Flower, preceding variety). Leaves, long ellip­ light creamy white; leaves, ovate. Found tic; base, rounded or broad, wedge near the town of Shunlin in Yunnan. shaped; veination, deep. Corolla re­ 5. Henglin Shancha... (c. henryana sembles 'Xiaoguiye'; flower, pink; Stuart), (Chun). Flowers, light creamy stamens, few, mostly developed into white; leaves, ovate; apex tapers gradual­ petals. Blooms late. ly. O. Dalicha... (Yunnan Province), (vaL 6. Yiye Shancha... (hetero leaf Camellia), "Talicha", Yii). Leaves, flat, long el­ (c. heterophylla, HU)16. Flower, red. liptic to elliptic-ovate. Corolla resem­ There are two types of leaves; those bles 'Xiaoguiye'; flowers, intense, borne on young branches differ· from light pink; stamens, numerous, united those on old branches. Leaves, apex, or partly united at base and surround­ acute or rounded; general form resem­ ing the pistil. bles C. reticulata. Wang, Chi-won col­ P. Baozhu Cha... (Jewellery Camellia), lected this from a Temple in the town of (vaL "Paochucha", Yii). Also called Shunling. "Baozhu Shancha". Leaves, flat, 7. Zurui Shancha... (Thick short stamen broad-ovate to obovate. Corolla re­ Camellia), (c. pachyandra, Hu). Flow­ sembles 'Xiaoguiye'; flowers, in­ ers, small, white; leaves, long ovate; fila­ tense, bright pink; stamens, numer­ ments, short and thick. ous, 4-9 groups dispersed amongst 8. Pishi Shancha... ("Pishi" is the Chinese wavy petals. version of pronouncing "Pitard"). (c. Q. Shizitou... (Lion Head), (vaL pitardii, Stuart). Also called "Yeshan "Shihtzetou", Yii). Leaves curved up­ Cha" (Wild Camellia) in Kunming city. wards, long elliptic to long elliptic­ Grows wild in Yunnan and along the bor­ vate. Grows rapidly; flowers late. ders of Sichuan and Guizhou Provinces. R. Damanao... (Large Cornelian), (vaL Flower, spinel pink; leaves ovate-Ian­ "Tamano", Yii). Leaves and flowers ceolate with long pointed apex. Grown in resemble those of 'Shizitou'. Flowers the temple gardens around Kunming. are bright red with white blotches. 19 During the Chinese new year (in Feb­ Twenty years ago, (early 1900's ed.) there ruary) they are sold as cut flowers in the were only 4 or 5 species of the Yunnan Camel­ flower market. lias recorded in botanical literature. Through 9. Zarui Shancha.... (mixed stamen Camel­ investigation, collection and research of both lia), (c. polygama, Hu). Leaves,elliptic; Chinese and foreign botanists more than 20 apex, rounded or slightly pointed; species have been discovered. 2 2 flower, white with degenerate stamens. 1. Nanya Chahua... (South Asian Camel­ Found in Wenshan. lia), (c. confusa, Craib.). Flowers, 10. Nujiang Shancha... (Name of a river), white; leaf, large ,long elliptic-ovate. Oc­ (c. saluenensis, Stapf.). Flower, crim­ curs in southern Yunnan near the towns son; leaves, ovate-Ianceolate; apex re­ of Zhuli and Lushun. Also occurs in sembling C. pitardii. Occurs along the Burma, Thailand and India. valley of the Nujiang, a river in western 2. Feidiao Chahua... (Fat twig Camellia), Yunann. (c. crassipes, Sealy). Flower, white; 11. Herngchei Shancha... (Probably the leaves, ovate; apex tapers gradually. E. name of a person), (c. sophiae, Hu).21. E. Maire collected this at Long Dragar Flowers, White; leaves, long ovate. Oc­ Street, Kunming. (Probably the address curs in Shiping. (place name). where the collector obtained his speci­ 12. Sidu Shancha... (Chinese version of mens, ed.) Stuart), (c. stuartiana, Sealy). Occurs 3. Shuili Chahua... (Name of a river in the along the Yuanjiang, river in Yunnan. Yunnan Province), (c. distinctissima 13. Heding Shancha... (close top Camellia), Sealy). Flower, white; leaves, long ellip­ (c. synaptica, Sealy). Flowers, white; tic. Forrest collected this on the Shuili leaves, ovate with long acuminate apex. river.2o 14. Dali Shancha... (name of town in Yun­ 4. Fushi Shancha... (Fushi is the chinese nan), (c. taliensis, Smith). Leaves resem­ version of pronouncing "Forrest", ie the ble "Puer Cha" but flowers larger, pure first syllable of Forrest's name as family white. It may belong to the same species 23 as "Puer Cha". Found near Dali and Ten­ retieulata range. 17 4. Both "Guifei Cha" and "Yangguifei" would seem to gyue. be variations of the name "Yangfei Cha", Ichijima, 15. Tengshi Shancha... (c. tenii, Sealy). 1906. "Zuiyangfei" (Intoxicated Yangfei), Fang, Flowers, small, white; leaves, ovate; (1930), would also appear to be the same. Priority apex, slightly pointed or rounded. Found would lie with 'Guifei Cha', Wang, (1621). 5. This would seem to be the same as "Baibaozhu", near Yanjing. Fang, (1930). The descriptions are the same. 16. Zaishi Shancha... (c. tsaii , Hu). Flow­ 6. 'Shiliua Cha' (Pomegranate Camellia), Fang, (1930). ers, white; leaves, ovate-Ianceolate. Colour fiery red with central petals like a freshly split Found in the western region of Lujiang. pomegranate. Also listed by Li, (1590). 7. 'Hailiuhua', (Dwarf pomegranate), Fang, (1930). (a river) Green calyx, colour pomegranate red, petals frag­ 17. Zengbian Shancha... (Place name) (c. mented. Also listed by Li, (1590). tsingpiensis, Hu). Flowers, small, white; 8. 'Cailiu Cha', (Edible pomegranate Camellia), Fang, leaves, ovate-Ianceolate; apex with (1930). Similar to 'Zhizhu Cha'. Colour bright red. pointed tail; ovary, smooth. Found near Also listed Li, (1590). 9. The name 'Qingkou' is being used for a new C. re­ Pingbian. tieulata. (Feng et ai, 1981). 18. Wenshan Shancha... (Place name), (c. 10. 'Yiniehong'. This is the same as "Yinianhong", wenshanensis, Hu). Flowers, small, (Wang & Yii, 1981) although the centre character is white; leaves, ovate-Ianceolate; apex, different, "nie" meaning "pinch" against "nian" meaning "twist"; the two words have a nearly similar tapers gradually; ovary, hairy. Found import. near Wenshan, a town in Yunnan. 11. 'Qianyebai' is believed to be one of the Chinese 19. Yunnan Shancha... (Name of Province), names for 'Alba Plena'. Chen, Yung, (1937) also (c. yunnanensis, (Pitard) Stuart). Leaves gives "Baichhua". ovate; apex, tapers gradually. Found in 12. This appears to be referring to the C. retieulata cul­ tivar. western Yunnan Province. Evergreen 13. It is interesting that "Yangguifei" has been equated shrub or woody plant; height up to 10 with'Anemoniflora' as the Reeves painting gives the metres. Bushy habit. One tree which is Chinese name of 'Anemoniflora' as "Baozhu Cha" growing in the courtyard of the temple, and Chen, Yung, (1937) gives the name "Hong Chahua" (Red Camellia) as var. 'Anemoniflora' Tai-hua-szu is believed to have been Curtis. ' planted personally by Emperor Chian­ 14. "Meigui Chahua" is given "Magnoliaeflora" as a Wen (1399-1402 reign) at the beginning synonym. This was also repeated by Chen, Yung, of the Ming Dynasty. (1937). Its other synonym, "Yulan Cha" has recently been given to a C. retieulata cultivar. Yii & Barth­ The two old trees in Daihegong (Old olomew, (1981). Imperial Palace) were believed to have 15. As this is a random marking and not stable it cannot been planted during the reign of Wan-Li be classified as a separate cultivar. (1573-1619). One red Camellia and five 16. Heterophylla means "differing leaves" here referring to the different forms of leaves on the old and new Osmanthus trees in the courtyard of the branches. C. heterophylla is treated as a cultivated temple Tai-hua-zsu, which was built in form of C. retieulata by Chang (1981). However 1008 A.D. near the eastern suburb of Western Taxonomists have established that it is a Kunming City, are believed to have been hybrid C. retieulata X C. japoniea. planted during the same dynasty. The 17. Puer Cha or Pu-erh-cha is a form of C. sinensis var. assamiea. This large leaf form is the basis of the tree is about 20 metres tall and blooms Assam teas although Chang, (1981) considers this as every spring with many thousands of close to theorigiilal wild form of the tea plant. In­ flowers as big as a plate, each resembling Chang's hierarchy, both C. taliensis and C. sinensis a peony.18 are placed in Subgenus "Thea", Section, "Thea". Footnotes 18. This seems a little exaggerated even though the plant 1. The Camellias from Wang, (1621) would all seem to referred to is obviously C. retieulata. be cultivars of C. japoniea although in some cases the 19. 'Damanao' is a white blotched, virus affected form of same names have been used for cultivars of C. re­ 'Shizitou' . tieulata, namely: 'Damanao', 'Baozhu Cha' and 20. This species seems to be an error as Sealy makes no 'Heding Cha'. These names were also usedby Fang, mention of a C. distinetissima in his Monograph, Shumei, (1930). (1956). 2. Yii, (1964) gave the name 'Hedinghong' to a C. 21. C. sophiae, Hu has been equated with Tuteheria japoniea cultivar and Feng & Shi, (1966) to a C. re­ speetabilis by Sealy. tieulata cultivar. Therefore, because it is not certain 22. Chang, (1981) lists 64 species and 5 varieties as indi­ that "Heding Cha" (Wang) is a C. japoniea, Yii and genous to Yunnan, quite an increase since 1955. Bartholomew, (1981) gave this name to the C. re­ Bibliography tieulata cultivar, reserving 'Hedinghong' for the C. Bartholomew, B., 1982. Tiannan Chahua Xiazhi and the japoniea. Old Camellia retieulata Cultivars from Yunnan, 3. 'Damanao' here seems likely to have been a C. China. American Camellia Yearbook, 1982, pp. 147­ japoniea as its origin is outside the normal C. 155. 24 Chang, HungTa. A Taxonomy of the Genus Camellifl, Savige, T. J. and Bartholomew, B., 1983; Some notes on 1981. Acta. Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni, monogr. ser. the "Tiannan Chahua Xiaozhi", American Camellia 1:1-180. Yearbook, 1983, pp 131-134. Chen, Yung, 1937. Chung Kuo Shu Ma Fen Lei Hseueh, Sealy, Robert J., 1956; A Revision ofthe Genus Camellia, pp. 808-815, Shanghai. The Royal Horticultural Society, London. Fang, Shumei, 1930, Tiannan Chahua Xiaozhi. (An ac­ Wang, Xianjin, 1621; Qunfangpu, (Thesaurus of Botany) count of the Yunnan Camellia). n.p. (1630 ed). Feng, Kuo-mei and Shi, Zongming, 1966: Yunnan shan­ Yii, Te-tsun, 1950; Camellia reticulata and its Garden chahua Zhiwuxue fexing ji hauxing de tantao. (~Iant Varieties. In: Synge, P.M.ed. Camellias and Mag­ introduction and domestication), 2:105-113. nolias Conference Report. The Royal Horticultural Feng, Kuo-mei; Xia, Li-fang and Zhu, Xing-hua, 1981: Society, London; pp. 13-66. Yunnan Shanchahua, (Yunnan Camellias). Nipon Yii, Te-tsun, 1964; The Garden Camellias of Yunnan. In: Hoso Shippan Kyokai, Tokyo. Griffin, Frank, ed. Camellian, 1964, pp. 29-108. Li, Shizen, 1590, Bencao Gangmu, (Materia Medica with and Bartholomew, B. 1980; The origin and Classifica­ commentaries). commercial Press, Hong Kong. (1930 tion of Garden varieties of Camellia reticulata. Ameri­ ed.) can Camellia Yearbook, 1980, pp. 1-29. Liu, Tsu-ming, 1959, Chung Kuo Chu Ming Ti Chi Chung and Feng, Yaozong, 1958; Yunnan Shanchahua Hua Hui, (Several famous ornamental plants of Tuzhi, (Illustrated account of the Yunnan Camellias); China); 129 pp. Science Press, Beijing. The French Camellia enthusiasts - who are they?

Les amateurs fran<;ais de camelias - qui sont-ils? Los aficionados franceses a las camelias - quienes son? Gli amatori francesi delle camelie - chi sono? M. JEAN LABOREY Paris, France

Readers of this publication who don't know taining a similar richness of species and pre­ France may perhaps be surprised by the article served cultivars, is planted in Claude Thoby's they are about to read. In effect, it emphasizes nurseries at Carquefou on the outskirts of how different the tastes of the French camellia Nantes. Both collections maintain most of the enthusiasts are from those of their American, traditional varieties, but they are also enriched Australian and New Zealand colleagues. Yet by nearly all of the species and cultivars which ­ on the other hand, in the use we make of our after trials in Europe - can be cultivated in our gardens, it demonstrates how close we are to climate. Also to be found there are the first the Japanese and also to our traditional Euro­ crosses obtained by Professor Ackerman, who pean neighbours the English, the Italians and is trying to produce camellias which are reis­ the Spanish. We are different even in the very tant to the cold, thanks to the use of Camellia nature of our organisation, instead of a power­ oleifera. These two collections act as reference ful 'Camellia Society', specialising solely in all gardens, and allow the enthusiasts and garden that concerns Camellias, we French en­ managers, upon request, to breed those thusiasts form only one specialised section of species and cultivars which particularly in­ our 'Societe Nationale d'Horticulture'. It is in­ terest them. conceivable that a French gardener should plant only Camellias in his garden; he wants Reference gardens colour all the year round - or at least nearly all We put forward a proposal to the public gar­ the year round; he wants different blooms to dens of towns in areas of France where Camel­ follow on from each other and he tries to bring lias can be grown that a collection of seventy of to his garden the wonderful abundance of na­ our most popular cultivars should be planted in ture. What can this 'Section Camellia' offer locations easily accessible to the public. The those in France with an acid or neutral soil and local populace can choose designated var­ a climate which permits the cultivation of ieties, thus enlarging the range of colours and camellias? The 'Collection Nationale', in forms, all too often restricted, and find out Nantes, has the peculiarity of being in two . how to grow them. The professionals, who parts. One is open to the public and has been used to offer only a choice of red, pink or white planted"in the town's botanic garden; the camellias, thus find themselves forced to label other, approximately the same in size and con­ their plants. These gardens also permit invalu­ 25 able· studies on their performance in cold where for decades even the smallest garden weather or in excessive summer sunshine in has had at least one camellia. those areas often prone to severe winters or We don't have a publication of our own, but very hot and dry summers. To this day, the each year in February/March '~Jardin de Fr­ botanic gardens of eight large towns have their ance", the monthly magazine of the "Societe 'Jardin de Reference Camellias'. Nationale d'Horticulture", gives over half its pages to information entirely devoted to The camellias in the 'Conservatoire Botanique' camellias, to their cultivation, to all the latest in Brest developments, and to news of our activities. In Brest, situated at the extreme western point of this magazine we summarise, in translation, Brittany, enjoys a climate which is not dissimi­ the most important topics discussed in the lar to that of Cornwall in England. This town journal produced by the I.C.S. which is only has been chosen as the location for a 'Conser­ subscribed to by those of our members who are vatoire Botanique'. It has just been decided to also part of this association and who are capa­ plant a collection of the largest number of ble of reading English. Reading this "I.C.S. species of camellias that can possibly flourish Journal", written entirely in English, is practi­ in this climate. Around each species will be cally impossible for the majority of our mem­ exhibited the main hybrids obtained. For bers who have an imperfect knowledge of En­ example, around a Camellia saluenensis, will glish. This is a considerable obstacle in the re­ be planted the most well known hybrids pro­ cruitment of new members to the I.C.S., duced by crossing with Camellia japonica, something of which our camellia-loving friends Camellia reticulata etc. in Italy, Spain and the Benelux countries are also aware. The distributors of the I.C.S. Jour­ The exhibitions nal must be made to realise this in order to There is nothing comparable with the exhibi­ overcome the problem. tions we have been able to see in Georgia, We differ still more from other countries in California or New Zealand, countries where that almost all the camellias produced in Fr­ ,flowers are shown cut and without foliage, and ance are obtained from cuttings and very where, it seems, the largest flowers are prized. rarely by grafting. Our exhibitions only show flowering plants Finally, another difference should be brought on in containers, the concern of the pointed out which relates to our climate. The exhibitor being to demonstrate the ways they coldness of our Springs only rarely allows the can be used in the garden. Every two years, in fertilization of camellia flowers; consequently close collaboration with the 'Service des Parcs the yield of seed is small and there is no possi­ et Jardins' of Paris, the 'Societe Nationale bility of practising hybridization except in a d'Horticulture' and our 'Section Camellia' or­ greenhouse, the method used by some of our ganise in March an exhibition of Camellias more fortunate English neighbours. It is this lasting for a week. The principal camellia nur­ climate, where the winters are severe enough series take part, bringing large flowering to arrest the growth of our camellias com­ plants and the town of Nantes presents part of pletely for almost five months of the year, its collection in the form of bouquets. De­ which is responsible for a rate of growth which monstrations of the use of Camellias in floral is much slower than in Australia or California art, commentaries and conferences always at­ (where the plants grow two or three times tract a gathering of interested enthusiasts. In more quickly). Therefore it became apparent 1984 the city of Paris recorded eighteen that we had to eradicate the virus. which thousand paying entrants. weakens certain of our varieties far more than In April of each year a camellia festival is or­ in other countries where growth is almost cdn­ ganised at the Parc de Trevarez in Northern tinuous. This accounts for the work underta­ Brittany. The nursery growers bring numerous ken by our President, Dr Jean Creze and for flowering plants to the heart of an important our surprise - at the last Brighton congress - to and already long-established plantation of tall hear an American tell him that he considered camellias. This festival lasts three days and this effort to be pointless since in his opinion also attracts a considerable gathering of en­ the virus gave the foliage of camellias an added thusiasts, happy to follow demonstrations of appeal! We, on the other hand, along with our grafting and the taking of cuttings. These pro­ English friends, think it desirable to have, in cedures are a result of a definite increase in the the future, camellias which are free from virus choice of different varieties here in Brittany, and which will thus regain their former vigouL 26 We distinguish ourselves still further by the more quickly). Therefore it became apparem preference shown more and more by the that we had to eradicate the virus which French camellia enthusiasts for plants with un­ weakens certain of our varieties far more than elaborate flowers, whose beauty, in their opin­ in other countries where growth is almost con­ ion, is also enhanced by quite prominent clus­ tinuous. This accounts for the work underta­ ters of stamens. Like the Japanese, we tend to ken by our President, Dr Jean Creze and for dislike camellias whose flowers are too big, for our surprise - at the last Brighton congress - to they seem out of proportion with the bush hear an American tell him that he considered which bears them and it is, after all, in the gar­ this effort to be pointless since in his opinion den that we admire them. the virus gave the foliage of camellias an added Such are the French camellia enthusiasts. It appeal! We, on the other hand, along with our is clear that we are different, yet we are still English friends, think it desirable to have, in eager to bring our distinctive views to the the future, camellias which are free from virus I.C.S. and which will thus regain their former vigour. Finally, another difference should be We distinguish ourselves still further by the pointed out which relates to our climate. The preference shown more and more by the coldness of our Springs only rarely allows the French camellia enthusiasts for plants with un­ fertilization of camellia flowers; consequently elaborate flowers, whose beauty, in their opin­ the yield of seed is small and thereis no possi­ ion, is also enhanced by quite prominent clus­ bility of practising hybridization except in a ters of stamens. Like the Japanese, we tend to greenhouse, the method used by some of our dislike camellias whose flowers are too big, for more fortunate English neighbours. It is this they seem out of proportion with the bush climate, where the winters are severe enough which bears them and itis, after all, in the gar­ to arrest the growth of our camellias com­ den that we admire them. pletely for almost five months of the year, Such are the French camellia enthusiasts. It which is responsible for a rate of growth which is clear that we are different, yet we are still is much slower than in Australia or California eager to bring our distinctive views to the (where the plants grow two or three times I.C.S.

Les anlateurs fran~ais de camellias: Qui sont-ils? M. JEAN LABOREY Paris, France

Le papier qu'on va lire surprendre peut-etre planter que des camellias dans son jardin; ille les lecteurs de ce journal qui ne connaissent veut fleuri toute l'annee, ou presque, il veut pas la France. 11 souligne en effet combien les que des floraisons differentes s'y succedent, et gouts des amateurs fran<;ais de camellias sont essaie de transposer dans son jardin la merveil­ differents de ceux de leurs confreres ameri­ leuse liberte de la nature. Cette "Section cans, australiens ou neo-zelandais; combien Camellias", qu'apporte-telle a tous ceux qui, par,contre nous sommes proches - dans l'utili­ en France, ont un climat et un sol acide ou sation que nous en faisons dans nos jardins ­ neutre, leur permettant de les cultivar? des Japonais, mais aussi de nos voisins de la D'abord, ala collection nationale", elle se vieille Europe: Anglais, Italiens, ou Espag­ trouve a Nantes et a la particularite d'etre en nols. Differents, nous Ie sommes deja dans la double. L'une est ouverte au public et a ete fa<;on de nous grouper - au lieu d'une puissante plantee dans Ie jardin botanique de la ville; "Camellia" 'Society uniquement specialisee l'autre a peu~pres equivalente en nombre, et dans tout de qui touche aux camellias, nous au­ quant a la richesse des especes et des cultivars tres amateurs fran<;ais nous nOUf; groupons conserves, est plantee dans les pepinieres de seulement dans une section specialiseede notre Claude Thoby a Carquefou, aux portes de Societe nationale d'Horticulture. 11 est incon­ Nantes. Toutes deux conservent la plupart des cevable pour un jardinier fran<;ais de ne varietes anciennes, mais elles se sont enrichies 27 aussi de presque toutes les especes et cultivars prime surtout semble-t-il, les fleurs les plus. qui - apres essais en Europe - peuvent y etre enormes. Nos expositions de montrent que des cultives sous nos climats. On y trouve aussi les plantes elevees en conteneurs et fleuries, Ie premiers croisements obtenus par Ie profes­ souci de I'exposant etant de montrer la place seur Ackerman, tendant a obtenir des camel­ qu'elles peuvent prendre dans un jardin. La lias resistants au froid, grace a I'utilisation du Societe nationale d'horticulture et notre sec­ Camellia olei/era. Ces deux collections servent tion camel1ia, organisent tous les deux ans, en de reference et permettent de mUltiplier a la collaboration etroite avec Ie Service des Parcs demande celles des especes ou des cultivars qui et Jardins de la ville de Paris, une exposition de interessent plus particulierement des amateurs camellias en mars, d'une duree d'une semaine. ou les responsables de nos jardins de refer­ Les principales pepinieres de camellias y par­ ence. ticipent, en apportant de grandes plantes Jardins de reference fleuries, et la vil1e de Nantes y presente, en Nous avons propose auxjardins publics des vil­ bouquets une partie de sa col1ection. Des de­ les situees dans les regions de France ou I'on monstrations· d'utilisation des camellias dans peut planter des camellias, d'y· planter dans l'art floral, des commentaires et des confer­ une partie facilement accessible au public, une . ences attirent un public toujours tres interesse collection de 70 cultivars parmi ceux qui sont d'amateurs. En 1984, la ville de Paris y a en­ les plus populaires chez nous. La population registre 18,000 entres payantes. locale y trouve la possibilite de choisir des var­ ietes denommees, d'elargir ainsi la gamme, Un festival du camellia est organise au parc de trop restreinte souvent, des couleurs et des Trevarez formes et de se renseigner sur leur culture. Les en Bretagne-nord, en avril de chaque annee, professionnels qui souvent encore offraient ou les pepinieristes apportent de nombreuses seulement Ie choix de camellias rouges, ou plantes fleuries au milieu d'une tres impor­ blancs ou roses, se voient ainsi pousses ales tante plantation deja ancienne de camellias de vendre sous etiquette. Ces jardins permettent grande taille. Ce festival dure trois jours et at­ aussi des observations precieuses sur Ie com­ tire lui aussi un public important d'amateurs portement au froid ou a un ensolei1lement trop heureux de suivre des demonstrations de gref­ fort I'ete, dans les regions soumises a des hiv­ fage, de bouturage qui sont a I'origine d'un re­ ers quelquefois rigoureux au a des etes tres nouveau certain dans Ie choix des nouvel1es chauds et secs. A ce jour, 8 jardins botaniques varietes dans cette Bretagne ou Ie moindre publics de grandes villes ont leur "jardin de re­ petit jardin a, depuis des decennies, au moins ference Camellias" . un camel1ia. Nous n'avons pas de journal mais chaque annee en Fevrier-Mars, "Jardins de Fr­ Les camellias au conservatoire botanique de ance" Ie journal mensuel de la· Societe Brest nationale d'horticulture, ouvre la moitie de ses Brest, situe a l'extreme pointe ouest de la Bre­ pages a une information entierement consac­ tagne, jouit d'un climat presque comparable a ree aux camel1ias, a leur culture, a tout ce qui celui de la Cornwall Anglaise. Aussi cette ville est nouveau les concernant et a I'annonce de a-t-elle ete choisie pour y implanter un "con­ nos actitives. Nous y resumons, apres traduc­ servatoire botanique" II vient d'etre decide d'y tion, I'essentiel des sujets traites dans planter la collection du plus grand nombre des "I'I. C. S." journal que seuls re<;oivent nos especes, de camellias que nous pouvons esperer membres faisant aussi partie de cette associa­ voir prosperer sous ce climat. Autour de tion et capables de lire I' Anglais. La lecture de chaque espece, seront presentes les principaux ce "Journal I.C.S." entierement redige. en hybrides qu'ils ont permis d'obtenir et, par anglais, est pratiquement impossible a la exemple, autour d'un Camellia saluenensis, plupart de nos membres connaissant impar­ ceux des hybrides les plus notoires produits par faitement I'anglais. C'est un frein considerable son croisement avec les Camellias japonica, au recrutement de· nouveaux membies a Camellias reticulata etc. I'I.C.S., et que connaissent aussi nos amis camel1iophiles italiens, espagnols et du Be­ Les expositions nelux... II faut que les dirigeants de notre Rien de comparable avec les exp<,:Jsitions que I.C.S. en soient bien conscients, eux, pour que nous avons pu voir en Georgie, en Californie, ce pr?bleme n'existe pas. Nous differons· en­ ou en Nouvel1e-Zelande, pays ou I'on expose core beaucoup d'autres pays dans Ie fait que la des fleurs coupees san feuiIlage, et ou I'on presque totalite des camel1ias produits en Fr­ 28 ance sont obtenus par bouturage et, 'tres rare­ notre etonnement - au dernier coiIgres de ment, de greffage. II nous faut enfin signaler Brighton - d'entendre un Americain lui dire une autre difference qui tient anotre climat: la que cette lutte lui paraissait inutile car Ie virus fraicheur de nos printemps ne permet qu'assez etait, ason avis, un attrait de plus sur les feuil­ exceptionnellement la fecondation des fleurs lages de camellias! Avec nos amis anglais, nous de camellias; aussi n'avons-nous que tres peu pensons, au contraire, qu'il sera bon dans l'av­ de fructifications et done pas de possibilite de enir d'avoir des camellias exempts de virus, pratiquer l'hybridation autrement qu'en serre dont nous retrouverons ainsi la vigueur. Nous comme Ie font quelques une de nos voisins nous singularisons encore par Ie gout que man­ anglais fortunes. C'est a notre climat ou les ifestent de plus en plus les Fran<;ais amateurs hivers sont assez marques pour provoquer de camellias, pour ceux qui ont des [leurs sim­ chez nos camellias un arret total de vegetation ples ainsi que pour ceux dont un pinceau plus de presque 5 mois, que nous devons d'avoir ou moins important d'etamines, augmente a une vegetation bien plus lente qu'en Australie leur avis, la beaute. Comme les Japonais, nous ou en Californie (ou les plantes poussent 2 a3 tendons a rejeter les camellias a fleurs trops fois plus vite que chez nous). Aussi nous-est-il grosses qui ne nous paraissent pas a l'echelle apparu necessaire de supprimer les virus qui de l'arbuste qui les porte puisque c'est dans Ie affaiblissent certaines de nos varietes bien plus jardin que nous les admirons. Differents on Ie qu'ils ne Ie font dans des pays ou la vegetation voit, tels sont les camelliophiles fran<;ais et la est presque continue. D'ou les travaux entrep­ place un peu particuliere qu'ils tiennent apre­ ris par notre president Ie Dr Jean Creze, et ndre dans I'I.C.S. The twenty-first Galician Camellia Show

La 21eme Exposition Galicienne de Camelias, Espagne La XXI Exposici6n Gallega de la Camelia La 21 a Mostra Galiziana della Camelia

ROBERT GIMSON Pontevedra, Spain

As those members of the ICS who came to photographs and postage stamps depicting the Conference in Galicia know, a camellia camellias. Most of the competitors do not keep show is held, usually at the end of February or to the rules, and display a mixture of all colours beginning of March each year, in one of the but enter them under the separate colour clas­ three principal cities of the province of Pon­ ses. There is no rule that the exhibitor may tevedra. This year was the turn of Villagarda show only his or her own flowers, so florists, de Arosa on Saturday and Sunday, 9th and and maybe others, buy flowers to show. The 10th of March, in the Pabellon de Lieeo exhibitors are mainly those who have inherited Maritimo, which was much better than the large gardens with old camellias and most of Polideportivo, the venue three years ago; the them are the same each year, so the half-day latter was then a new building with a tinted before the show allotted for them to arrange glass roof, which made the red camellias ap­ their displays is like a club of old friends, al­ pear to be black and the whites yellowish though some of them may not see each other green, (and made the ladies' make-up most un­ until the show in the following year. The attractive) . judges are locals, and this year the panel was Tom Savige wrote about the Vigo show strengthened by the appointment of Dr San­ "The presentation was quite different from tiago Castroviejo, the Director of the Madrid shows seen in other countries." (Savige 1981). Botanic Garden. The presentation at the 1985 show was the There are lots of prizes, most of them are same, and there were 6 classes for flowers: a) silver-plated dishes and cups, but the top prize white; b) pink; c) red; d) variegated; e) re­ is a pure gold brooch, the Camellia de Oro, the tieulata; f) a mixture of all three, and there stem of a camellia with a flower and leaves of were prizes for flower arrangements, colour superb craftsmanship; the dishes and cups are 29 presented by local firms and banks, and I cal­ there are some large trees in Galicia, and the culated that this year over half the exhibitors flowers are in many displays. Two or three received a prize. The prize giving is held, usu­ exhibitors have imported some of the new re­ ally, at the end of the show, and a dozen or so tieu/ata hybrids and cultivars. This year a local dignatories stand in a row on the stage, young lady arrived in a leopard-skin coat and and take it in turns to present the prizes. announced that she had a plant of C. Coming from old gardens most of the flow­ ehrysantha, but it had not flowered yet. ers are not named, and this year the japonica . The shows are one of the popular events of cultivars which were shown did not vary much the year, and from opening to closing time from previous years, and Tom Savige gave the there is a milling crowd. They have become list (Savige 1981), to which I would add 'Alba even more popular in the last few years, as the Plena' and 'Fimbriata'. This year a lady host municipality has engaged dancers, bag­ showed C. rosaeflora, which she told me she pipers, choirs, etc. to perform on the stage dur­ had bought in London as C. sinensis, so who ing part of the opening time of the shows. are we, English, to criticise the Spaniards for not knowing the names of their plants? C. re­ References tieu/ata 'Captain Rawes' has been available for SAVIGE, T. J. 1981. Camellias in Galicia in International over 110 years from Portuguese nurseries, so Camellia Journal, 13.

The Yellow Camellia

Le camelia jaune La camelia amarilla La camelia gialla MILTON H. BROWN U.S.A. (A paper gh:en at the I. C.S. Congress, Brighton 1985) (·See Colour Section) Madam President and members of the ridizing a yellow camellia with the species then International Camellia Society, I would first prevalent in the West. Mr Peer enclosed a like to thank the President and the Executive cheque "of not so small amount" to assist Pro­ of the International Camellia Society for per­ fessor Tuyama. These were difficult times in mitting me to present this paper to such an au­ Vietnam. Tuyama flew to the east end of Tran gust group. . Ninh Plateau and started on foot northward Camellia hybridisers from all over the world with a porter, a guide and a pony which Profes­ have long desired to cultivate camellias with sor Tuyama said might have looked a "poorest flowers of peach, yellow, orange or various Don Quixote". Unfortunately, he could not shades in between. This dream may soon be­ get to where the yellow camellia was blooming come reality due to the efforts of camellia lov­ and the only camellias he saw were Camellia ers fJ.:om poth sides of the world. sinensis assamiea. Tuyama describes his quest Rumours of the yellow camellia in southwest for the yellow camellia as an absolute failure. China and northwest Vietnam have abounded A few years later he was in Paris and, at the for four or more decades. The 11 th Panpacific herbarium of Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Science Congress was held in Bangkok in he examined the type specimens of the yellow November, 1947. Prior to that time the late camellia C. flava. Ralph Peer, then President of the American In 1965, Theopsis ehrysantha Hu, a golden­ Camellia Society, contacted a Japanese dele­ flowered "tea plant", as it was called by the gate, TakasiTuyama, to see if he would be late Professor HuHsien-Hsu, was publishedin able to find out something about the yellow­ Peking. In the article Hu says, "This fascinat­ flowered camellia described by French ing plant has rather large fragrant, golden-yel­ botanists, and to see if it could be introduced low flowers, ... has very high horticultural outside its native habitat. Peer felt camellia value, as it may be used to hybridize with other horticulture would be greatly aided by hyb­ varieties... " The flowering specimen had actu­ ; 30 Camellia chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama 1. flowering branch; 2. capsules. 1. Camellia euphlebia Merr. ex Sealy 2-3. Camellia tunghinensis Chang 1-2. flowering branches; 3. calyx and pistil.

C. flava; A. twig with flower after corolla and androecium have fallen; B. part of leafy shoot; C. pedicel and part of calyx; D, sepals; E. gynoecium and one stamen X 6; A-D. natural size; A. after a drawing by Stella Ross-Craig of Pitelot 6387; B-E. from Bon 2831. " 31 ally been collected by the Kwangsi Phar­ lia still to break through the "Camellia Cur­ maceutical Institute in Nanning City on 15 De­ tain" set up by Beijing. We must await bloom­ cember 1960. Hu's article did much to spur on ing of the yellow camellia plants now prevalent the interest of camellia hobbyists throughout in most camellia growing areas to check their the world. In October, 1975 Professor Tuyama colours to see which species they might be and proposed the new name Camellia chrysantha also to check what is called C. euphlebia to see (Hu) Tuyama in the Journal of Japanese if it is fragrant as it was described by Dr. Hu. Botany 50: 299. In May of 1979 two new var­ There have been various reports as to who ieties of C. chrysantha were described by Drs. was responsible and when the yellow camellia Mo Sin-Li and Huang Se-Zei in Acta came out of the People's Republic of China. Phytotaxonomica Sinica 17: No.2 as var. mic­ There are some definitive points, however, rocarpa and var. macrophylla. The first­ which can be made. known coloured picture of the C. chrysantha in On 8 November 1979 a group ofJapanese vi­ the Western World was published in the sited Kunming, under the leadership of Dr. American Camellia Society Camellia Journal Takasi Tuyama. While there, he was able to Vol. 34, No.4 in 1979. obtain from Dr. Zhang Aoluo, then the Vice In the early summer of 1976 the ACS made a Chief of the Kunming Botanic Garden, and modest amount of money available to a Xia La-fang and Mr. Shun Shion-Hong, two Chinese-American botanist for a plant explo­ important members of the Camellia team at ration trip to the People's Republic of China. the Kunming Botanic Institute, two scions and It was our hope that he would search out plant seeds of C. chrysantha. These were the first material of the yellow camellia since he was that were permitted out of China. going to the Yunnan Province. There was no Dr William L. Ackerman, then the Re­ after trip to the ACS, but we did learn that he search Horticulturist at the U.S. National Ar­ had no success, apparently, in getting any boretum, and Executive Director of the ACS, material of the yellow camellia. had been in correspondence with Professor In his book A Revision Of The Genus Camel­ Zhang Aoluo for more than two years in an at­ lia, J. Robert Sealy of the Royal Botanical tempt to obtain germ plasm of C. chrysantha. Gardens Kew described C. flava (Pittard) On January 21, 1980 Dr. Ackerman received Sealy in Kew Bull, 1949, p.217 as being yellow five seeds. Due to his extensive work with the and C. euphlebia Merrill (M.S.) Ex. Sealy in Chinese in the field of botany and his close per­ Kew Bull, 1949, p.216 as being sulphur yellow sonal relationship with key Chinese botanical with fragrant flowers. He does point out that it officials, Dr. Bruce Bartholomew, then of the was not possible to soak up a flower and the de­ University of California at Berkeley Ar­ scription and dimensions of the parts are from boretum, likewise obtained five seeds. We un­ the dry material. derstand it was about this time that Tom Professor Chang Hung-Ta published a man­ Savige in Australia received five seeds also. uscript in Chinese in 1981 in China. It is the Each of these two learned Americans were most significant account of camellias since able to bring to fruition four plants each in Sealy's Review of 1958, now outdated, and America. There was some consternation at bears all of the imprints of Professor Chang's first about these seeds as each seed was com­ firsthand knowledge of camellias and their pose<:i of an embryo and four rather than the natural habitat. Professor Chang lists in his customary two cotyledons. From these eight Section.9 Camellia luteoflora as being yellow. seeds hundreds of plants are now growing on at Dr. Bartholomew believes that the very small various institutes, universities and private gar­ yellow flowers of C. luteoflora may prove to be dens in this country and in others. a more important species for breeding yellow In order to bring some order out of chaos colour into other camellias than the yellow and to have some sort of central information camellia species listed in his section bank on the current and ongoing activities con­ Chrysantha. cerning the yellow camellia, the ACS through We now have in the Western World what its Research Horticulturist, Betty Hotchkiss, people believe to be C. chrysantha var. mic­ has established such an information bank. The rocarpa and var. macrophylla and C. ACS was given a generous grant by an over­ euphlebia. However, the prevailing thought is seas horticultural fund to carryon this work that Camellia chrysantha var. macrophylla is over a 3-year period. There have been several actually Camellia euphlebia. As you can see, cooperators who are very generous in their in­ we still have many species of the yellow camel­ formation. Unfortunately, within our hobby 32 chrysantha in an effort to establish an mforma­ tion bank. Information was received from cooperators in the United States, Australia, England, Italy, South Africa and Japan. Two additional letters have been sent to cooperators since that time. Our group of correspondents now con­ tains 29 members. Anyone who has plants of C. chrysantha and is interested in sharing in­ formation regarding culture'and hybridisation efforts is invited to join this group of cooperators by writing to Mrs Hotchkiss, American Camellia Society, P.O.Box 1217, Fort Valley, GA, U.S.A. The American Camellia Society has also been responsible for the exchange of much in­ formation about C. chrysantha both through the quarterly Camellia Journal and the Year­ book. The Camellia Journal published the first colour picture of C. chrysantha in the Western World in the November, 1979 issue. Beginning Camellia pingguoensis Fang with the November, 1979 issue there have' 1. flowering branch; 2. fruiting branch and flower been 10 articles about C.chrysantha published bud; 3. leaf detail. in The Camellia Journal and three articles in there are some who, as the poker player says, the Yearbook. These publications were sent to hold their cards close to their chests in an ef­ the members of the ACS, numbering over fort, hopefully, to surprise the other players 4,500 in 44 states and 22 overseas countrie~. around the table. Fortunately, such people are In the United States, a number of camellia few and most people in our hobby are forth­ enthusiasts have plants of· Camellia coming and most willing to share their know­ chrysantha. Propagation and distribution of ledge. plants has been a primary concern for many Camellias have a long history of cultivation. who have plants. Dr William Ackerman, re­ Over 3,000 varieties of C. japonica, the most tired from the U.S.D.A. Plant Introduction widely grown camellia species in the United Station, has distributed plants to 16 people in States and Europe, have been developed in the U.S., 3 in England, 3 in France and 1 in shades of pink red or white or combinations of Germany. Many of these have been at the re­ these. Most varieties are bred by means of in­ quest of the American Camellia Society. One traspecific hybridisationamong a few species. nursery has had many plants for sale. It ob­ Most of this is by open pollination. Breeding to tained plant material from several sources and introduce new colours can only be achieved by keeps meticulous records on plants from each "Distant Hybridisation" which introduces ad­ source. vantageous genes from a new species. In this Only two camellia growers in the United respect, breeding of Camellia chrysantha, the States (that we are aware of) had a plant of C. yellow camellia, with varieties presently culti­ chrysantha to flower during the 1983-84 sea­ vated has the potential of introducing new col­ son. One of these growers had a few blooms in our combinations while retaining many of the the late spring. The pollen from these blooms desirable traits of the varieties currently one grower generously shared with hybridisers grown. in California and the Headquarters of the The American Camellia Society is taking an American Camellia Society. active part in this endeavour to obtain a "col­ Very little hybridising with C. chrysantha our breakthrough" in camellias. I as its Execu­ was done in the U.S. during the 1983-84 sea­ tive Director, and Betty Hotchkiss, the Hor­ son. In the winter of 1983-84 ACS received a ticulturist, are promoting cooperation of all small amount of pollen from Japan. Several camellia hybridisers involved in this en­ crosses were made onto C. japonica flowers deavour. In this respect, a letter was sent from but none was successful. This pollen was di­ Mrs Hotchkiss in June 1984, to all camellia vided with another hybridiser on the East hybridisers known to have plants of C. Coast who produced one seed on a C. re­ 33 tieulata hybrid. Pollen was also brought back japoniea 'Kingyo-Tsubaki' (Fishtail), C. from Japan by another hybridiser on the East japoniea 'Frank Gibson', his own #7 (a dwarf Coast. He had some 250 pollinations onto C. pink C. japoniea X C. retieulata hybrid), C. retieulata and at this report has 119 seedlings of japonieas 'Lady Vansit~art' and 'Mrs Bertha C. ehrysantha hybrids, some now grafted on A. Harms' (these are repeaters from last year), large understock to speed bloom. ACS also re­ a C. pitardii seedling and probably a few ceived pollen from the West Coast in the others. spring of 1984. No crosses were made with this The American Camellia Society has 11 until 1985 as it was too late in the season in plants of C. ehrysantha from different sources Georgia for blooms. A hybridiser on the West but they did not produce any blooms this year. Coast also received pollen from a source in We received pollen in January 1985 from an Japan during the 1983-84 season and has pro­ eastern U.S. garden that we used for our hyb­ duced seedlings from these crosses of C. ridisation efforts and distributed to camellia japoniea X C. ehrysantha. At this point, we do hybridisers on both the east and west coasts of not know how much hybridising has been done the U.S., Great Britain and New Zealand. in the U.S. during the 1984-85 season. In China, as early as 1958, the Kunming Bo­ The ACS Horticulturist made 213 crosses tanical Institute set forth the goal to cultivate this year with 12 seed capsules forming at the camellias of new colours. In 1973, the Institute time of this writing. These are from crosses obtained the first batch of seedlings by hybridi­ made onto both C. japoniea and C. retieulata. sation with pollen of Camellia ehrysantha. The very newest information that we have is Since then, hybridisation has been carried out rather encouraging. The 12 successful seed each year. In 1978, the hybrid seedlings began pods at Massee Lane are progressing on C. re­ to bloom. Pollen was collected from C. tieulata and C. retieulata hybrids and C. ehrysantha plants growing in the wild and kept japoniea. The developing seeds are three on in refrigerators. Viable pollen was placed on 'Royalty', one on 'Pavlova', one on 'Hongwan flowers of C. retieulata, C. japoniea, C. pitardii Cha', one on 'Terrell Weaver' and one on var. yunnaniea and C. saluenensis. Seedlings 'Four Winds' - and four on C. japoniea 'Charlie were produced from crosses onto C. retieulata Bettes' and one on the japonica 'Elizabeth and C. pitardii var. yunnaniea. A higher per­ Boardman'. centage of successful seedlings was produced One cooperator in Northern California from crosses made with C. retieulata than with made 48 crosses this year of which at this time C. pitardii var. yunnaniea. Out of 456 seeds, (April 16, 1985) 7-8 are holding on. It is too 228 seedlings were produced. Many of these early to start counting chickens - a similar had poor growth, grew very slowly, and did not number all failed last year. The biggest and form fibrous roots. Only 39 larger seedlings best pod is on 'Lasca Beauty' . were obtained out of the original 228. The col­ Another Northern California cooperator our of the flowers of these plants remained had 17 pods on C. ehrysantha of which 13 flo­ reddish in colour. wered. He has made 150 crosses using the pol­ In Australia, plants of C. ehrysantha have len on retieulatas, japonieas and hybrids and a been used extensively for propagation. Two few on some fragrant seedlings. He has 15-16 nurseries were expected to have plants of C. pods at this time (April 16, 1985) that look very ehrysantha for sale this year. A nursery in Syd­ good and he sees no reason why they should ney, New South Wales, made about 70 cutting abort. They are mostly on the C. japoniea 'Mrs grafts in December, 1983. It was noticed in­ Bertha A. Harms' and on his own introduction March, 1984 that 10 of these formed flower of C. japoniea 'Pirouette'. buds. However, as vegetative growth began on Another Northern California cooperator these grafts, the flower buds withered. The who has 4 hybrid seedlings on crosses he made vegetative buds were immediately pinched on last year made 68 crosses this year. On April 13 the remaining grafts and four plants produced it appeared that 45 were coming. On April 19 flowers of C. ehrysantha. On August 16, 1984 he said it looks as if only 28 are and "no doubt the first bud opened. The flowering period more will have to be crossed off". The success­ continued until mid-September and 15 flowers ful pods that appear pretty likely are on C: in all were produced. A limited amount of hyb­ japoniea 'Rosary', his own seedling #257 (c. ridisation was done using this pollen, but the japoniea X C. retieulata hybrid that seeds results are not known by us at this point. well), a C. saluenensis X C. japoniea 'De­ The Royal Horticultural Society's Garden in butante', C. japoniea 'Coronation' , C. Wisley, England has 8 young plants obtained . ; 34 from sources in the United States. None of ticulata/japonica hybrids. these have flowered to date. The American Hybridisation presents some problems in Camellia Society sent pollen of C. chrysantha obtaining seed capsule development. The to the Director in early 1985 for hybridisation Japanese have observed that survival of young suggesting he use C. X williamsii X C. seedlings that do develop is a problem. Some chrysantha. No results are in at this point. young seedlings made an initial spurt ofgrowth One cooperator from Milan, Italy reports he and then go into a state of decline. It is not is the only camellia grower in Italy to possess known whether this is a delayed effect of in­ plants of C. chrysantha. He has three plants, compatibility or improper growing environ­ none which have flowered. ment. Those people most successful provide In Japan, several camellia growers have shade to the seedlings; bloomed C. chrysantha and began hybridising The propagation of camellias through tissue as early as 1981. Some Japanese breeders are culture, or cloning, of plants is an exciting having very good success, while others not so prospect. Betty Hotchkiss, ACS Horticul­ good. At least one hybridiser has flowered a turist, attended a short course at the Univer­ hybrid of C. chrysantha. The flowers are sity of Tennessee on tissue culture. She and Dr stalked (as those of C. chrysantha) and pink Johnny Carter from Fort Valley State College with a slight orangish tinge. Another hyb­ received a grant in February 1985 for $30,000 ridiser made 473 crosses with C. japonica, C. . to develop techniques for commercial propa­ rusticana and C. reticulata. Of these crosses gation of camellias through tissue culture. 124 seeds were produced but only 5 seeds actu­ Propagation through tissue culture should ally germinated. Most seeds were imperfectly prove to be both cheaper and faster than tradi­ formed. A higher percentage of C. reticulata tional methods of propagation. The develop­ seeds germinated than either of the other ment of these techniques should coincide with species. the development of new colour hybrids of At the Tokyo Camellia Show in March 1985, camellias through hybridisation with C. Nurserymen had C. chrysantha plants for sale. chrysantha. These techniques will ensure fas­ One nurseryman friend has had plants for sale ter and cheaper distribution of plants to the for more than two years. He brought a plant to public. ACS and to DrSevesi ofMilan, Italy at the ICS To show you how continuous is our informa­ Congress in Sacramento two years ago. The tion bank, I am going to quote from a letter re­ 10-16 inch plants in Tokyo were being sold for ceived only a very few days before we left to 2000-3000 yen ($7.50-$12;00); large plants 4-5 come to this Congress. It is from a new feet tall were offered for sale at $200-$400. Japanese cooperator. This person's hybridis­ One plant on display was 6 ft. tall and had at ing programme was basically supported by the least 20 blossoms (2-2112 inches) of a buttercup information given by the staff of the Kunming yellow. The Japanese graft C. chrysantha Institute of Botany who visited Japan as fol­ mostly onto C. japonica and C. sasanqua lows: rootstock. C. reticulata is rarely used. (1) Fl hybrids (c. reticulata X C. A cooperator in South Africa now has 5 chrysantha) have so far had no yellow flower, plants of C. chrysantha. None of these plants possibly and presumably because of the an­ have flowered at this time as they are very thocyanin in the flower of the female plant. young. (2) Hybridisation of C. saluenensis X C. Information gathered concerning the cul­ chrysantha and C. japonica X C. chrysantha ture of C. chrysantha is still fragmentary and have generally resulted as incompatible. much needs to be done in this field. These Though fruited, inside of the seeds was hollow plants do not appear to tolerate too much sun and sometimes jellied. and prefer almost complete shade. The plants (3) Buds obtained from hybrids made with also will not tolerate cold weather and have a pollen of C. chrysantha are seen on both sides tendency to drop their leaves if exposed to the of auxiliary growth buds of the branch grown cold. It has been mentioned that C. chrysantha in spring and flowers have their pedicels the is sensitive to high levels of zinc in the soil. same as C. chrysantha. Propagation of this species appears to be fairly This person first selected as female parents easy. Cuttings have been rooted successfully C. japonica, a single white. The seeds were and plants on their own roots have survived. non-fertile. The person stated that the reason Successful grafts have been made onto C. for this is not clear because of short experience sasanqua, C. japonica, C. reticulata and C. re- and noted some differences. C. chrysantha has 35 from 3-5 cotyledons, pedicels and blooms on not give the desired results chemically." both sides of the auxiliary growth bud whereas She then goes on to another problem of, "a C. japonica has 2 cotyledons, no pedicels and complicated biochemical pathway requiring a blooms on the tip sprout. It is also noted that whole group of enzymes working coordi­ when the growth bud grows in the spring and nately... extremely unlikely through sexual re­ the branches become strong the buds on both production. " sides of the auxiliary growth bud are getting Mr Riggall says that he proposes to "leave bigger; as the tip sprout of the branch grows, that one alone" and concentrate on discover­ the buds fall down one by one. As to culture of ing what is the chemical nature of the yellow the Fl hybrids, the growth bud after fruiting on pigment of C. chrysantha". He says he has no the female parent C. japonica were mostly cut flowers for a chemical test as yet but hopes that off. A little Magamp K was used for fertiliser a this information may be available from hyb­ few times. The plants were kept fully watered ridisers in Kunming or Japan or America. He and never let dry. This condition permitted the feels that this information would certainly be fruits to develop leaving only 2-3 fruits as being very favourable in knowing what crosses to adequate, as too many will check the vitality of make and what might bring about a reasonable the seeds and, perhaps, make them not fertile. chance of success. We hope to have answers on Thus the fruits were completely matured in this available in our publications soon. Drs Ac­ mid-September. The seeds after being taken kerman, Bartholomew and Parks have been off and sterilised were sown and kept at a asked to see if they can come up with some temperature of 20-25°C as this type hybrid answers to the conclusions drawn by Professor likes high temperatures and humidity. This van Schaik of the University of Witwater­ spring, three years after germination, 7 of the srand. hybrids had flowers. Unfortunately, these The prospects for the future are bright. As flowers (Fl) were not yellow, but 4 white and 3 more plants of C. chrysantha are distributed blush pink. One of the blush pink flowers had a throughout the world the greater the oppor­ pediceL The fact that the cotyledons of the tunity for hybridisation. Through hybridisa­ hybrids when germinated were black-purple tion, new colours can be developed that until would certainly seem to prove that they were now have never been seen in camellias. undoubtedly C. chrysantha hybrids. The Through tissue culture these new hybrids may diameter of the flowers was 2". be propagated and sold to the public faster and Now two kinds of hybridisation, Hybrid Fl more reasonable in price than ever before. A X Hybrid Fl and Hybrid Fl X C. chrysantha new ERA in camellia culture is just around the are being carried out. The fruits are gradually corner. getting fatter. As this person says, "I hope I could have a success in producing F2." References ACKERMAN, William L., "The Yellow Camellia (c. A very interesting point was raised by Leslie chrysantha) comes to the United States", The Camellia Riggall of the Fern Valley Botanic Garden in Journal, American Camellia Society, Vol. 35, No.3, South Africa. He reported that the Head of the August 1980, pp.32-34. Department of Genetics at the University of CHANG, HUNG-TA, A Taxonomy Of The Genus Witwatersrand said in part, "I think you are Camellia, 1981. probably on the right track in trying to intro­ CHANG, HUNG-TA and BRUCE BARTHOLOMEW, Camellias, 1984, pp.128-136. In this book under Section duce the yellow into white flowered species or XIV, Section Chrysantha, Chang lists the following as cultivars.. It would be useful to know some­ Yellow Camellias: C. [lava (Pitard); C. aurea Chang; C. thing about why the white flowered parents chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama; C. [lavida Chang; C. impre­ you hope to use are white. Different kinds of ssinervis Chang & Liang; C. euphlebia Merr. ex. Sealy, flowers are white for different reasons. Some (c. chrysantha var. macrophylla) Mo. & S. Z. Huang; lack pigment and others have pigments which C. chrysanthoides Chang; C. tunghinensis Chang; C. pingguoensis Fang; C. pubipetala and C. luteoflora. show up as white or ivory colour. Do you hap­ HAGIYA, DR. KAORU, "Interspecific Hybridisation of pen to know what the yellow pigment in the C. Camellias Using C. chrysantha Pollen", American chrysantha is chemically? The breeding ap­ Camellia Society, The Camellia Journal Vol. 39, No.2, proach might be different for different classes May 1984, pp.16-19. of pigments e.g. xanthins, carotenes, etc. Vari­ HU, HSEN-HSU, "New Species and Varieties of Camel­ ous classes of pigments can interfere with each lias and Theopsis of China", Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, Vol. 2, No.2, April 1965, pp.139-140. other so it might be desirable to test for the KIRINO, S., My Green, 1983. You will notice a difference presence of some of these substances before in colour of the two varieties of C. chrysantha on pages 6 expending a lot of effort on crosses that might and 7. ; 36 NUCCIO, JULIUS and WILLIAM DONNAN, "The XIA, LA-FANG, "Seeding-Breeding of Camellia Crazy C. chrysantha Confusion", American Camellia chrysantha", American Camellia Society, American Society, The Camellia 10urnaiVoi. 40, No.2, May '1985. Camellia Yearbook - 1984, pp.42-48. SEALY, J. ROBERT, A Revision Of The Genus Camel­ VARIOUS unpublished correspondence between ACS lia, 1958, pp.39-42. headquarters and cooperators throughout the United' TUYAMA, TAKASI. "The Yellow Camellia Story - An States, Australia, People's Republic of China, South Yunnan Report of Camellias", American Camellia Soc­ Africa, Japan, England and Italy. iety, American Camellia Yearbook - 1980, pp.30-37.

Raising fertilities of double flowering camellias by high temperature treatment in tinle of flower-bud differentiation

Les hautes temperatures font doubler les fleurs Flores dobles mediante alta temperatura Raddoppio dei fioro mediante alta temperatura

PROF. KAORUHAGIYA Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University

Camellia cultivars of double flower forms Selected materials were 'Shishi-Gashire', are generally regarded as ones with a tendency one of the Camellia hiemalis, which were seven of non-fructification and the main reason for years old, potted trees, and regarded as non­ this would be monstrosity of the female organ fructification in case of a double flower form. in process of forming double flowers, espe­ Eight trees were selected for each temperature cially by abortion of embryosac. On the other condition. During the period from 25th June to hand, it is reported that high temperature 25th July, natural temperature varied as shown treatment induces single flower forms, and low in Figure 1 and this period was regarded as the temperature leads to double forms if a diffe­ time of flower-bud differentiation. Eight trees rent temperature is given during the time of were put in this condition. During the same flower bud differentiation. Combining these period, two additional plots of eight trees were two facts, it can be assumed that such non-fruc­ placed in two air-conditioning phytotron, one tification of double flower cultivars would be maintaining temperatures from 28°C at night improved if cultivated in high temperature at to 33°C in daytime, and the other with l7°C at the time of flower-bud differentiation. On this night, noc in daytime respectively. Except for assumption, the following test was conducted: this period, all the three plots were placed in

High Temp. Plot

Open Air Plot

Low Temp. Plot

III

, , 25 June JII I/July III 15 211

Fi~. 1 Daily Highs and Lows of Temperature in the time of Flower-Bud Differentiation 37 the open air, but after the middle of larger the flowers become and the greater the November, all of them were moved to separate number of petals, but the stamens become greenhouses which were kept over SoC, for ob­ fewer and the number of the petaloids increase servation of their flowering and crossing. instead. However, no significant difference was ob­ Pl1ced in higher temperature, the germinat­ served in their flowering time. Pollen used for ing rate of the pollen becomes greater. In case crossing was fresh from 'Tachi-kan-Tsubaki' of lower temperature, germinating power of (c. hiemalis) and C. granthamiana, which have the pollen deteriorated along with increase of the same tlowering time as the seed parents, the petaloids. On the other hand the pistils in but others were freeze-dried ones collected higher temperature are normal in terms of when they opened their flowers. style and stigma as well, but most of those Table 1 shows the results of flower form and placed in lower temperature and open air show characteristics of the three plots. As you will such monstrosity as shortening, thickening, note from this table, the lower the temperature fascination, etc. is the time of flower-bud differentiation, the Table 2 shows the results of interspecific

Table I Effects of Temperature in the Time of Flower-Bud Differentiation on Flower Forms and Sexual Organs of 'Shishi-Gashira' (c. hiemalis)

Pistil Number Number Diameter Number Germinating Plot olPelal olPelaloid of Flowers of Stamen Rate of Pollen Monstrosity Imperfect Normal Normal Rale High Temp 18.5 1.1 6.8cm 25.9 57.4% 1 2 27 90.0% LowTemp 23.8 8.4 7.5cm 3.4 16.4% 28 2 0 0 % Open Air 20.5 5.2 7.2cm 9.3 56.3% 21 8 1 3.3%

Table 2 Effects of Temperature in the Time of Flower-Bud Differentiation on Cross Compatibility of 'Shishi-Gashira' (c. hiemalis)

Seed capsules produced Seeds produced ." Cultivarof Chromosome Numherof Number of §' Pollen Number Flowers Number of Percent per Numberol Percent per Hybrid Parent (2n) Crossed Capsules Pollination Seed Pollination Seedling

C. japonica (Hagoromo) 30 30 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 ::c ciQ' c. reticulata ....,::r (Crimson Robe) 90 28 4 14.3%. 4 14.3% 3 (D C·fraterna 90 29 10 34.5% 13 44.8% 11 3 C. lutchuensis 30 28 1 3.6% 1 3.6% 1 '0 (D >-1 C. sinensis (Yabu-kita) 30 32 2 6.3% 3 9.4% 2 0> C. granthamiana 60 28 3 10.7% 3 10.7% 2 2'>-1 (D C. hiemalis (Tachi-Kan-Tsubaki) 90 27 18 66.7% 31 114.8% 30

C. japonica (Hagoromo) 30 28 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 l' 0 C. reticulata :E...., (Crimson Robe) 90 34 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 (D C.fraterna 90 29 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 3 C. lutchuensis 30 32 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 '0 (D >-1 C. sinensis (Yabu-Kita) 30 33 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 0> C. granthamiana 60 28 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 2'>-1 (D C. hiemalis (Tachi-Kan-Tsubaki) 90 30 0 0 % 0 0 % 0

C. japonica (Hagoromo) 30 31 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 C. reticulata 0 (Crimson Robe) 90 34 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 '0 (D C·fraterna 90 31 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 I:l :J> C. lutchuensis 30 29 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 ;:;. C. sinensis (Yabu-Kita) 30 33 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 C. granthamiana 60 32 0 0 % 0 0 % 0 C. hiemalis (Tachi-Kan-Tsubaki) 90 28 3.6% 2 7.1% 2

38 crossing, using about 30 flowers of each tree 115% of seed-yielding rate in case of using pol­ from respective plots. Analysing this Table, len of 'Tachi-Kan-Tsubaki' and in case of in­ the trees in open air and low temperature plots terspecific cross yield some hybrid seeds ex­ failed to yield seed capsules and seeds because cept pollen of Camellia japonica. of monstrosity and imperfect pistils except one It is revealed from this experiment that even capsule produced by intraspecific cross using if such cultivars as 'Shishi-Gashira' which has a pollen of 'Tachi-Kan-Tsubaki' in open air plot. double flower form and scarcely yields seeds However the trees in the high temperature plot can be used as seed parent by cross breeding where the pistils grew normally, brought such after high temperature treatment for normalis­ success as 66% of capsule-yielding rate and ing formation of the female organ. Villa Borrini S. Andrea di Compito, Lucca

La Villa Borrini Villa Borrini Villa Borrini

Marcella de Meo Florence, Italy

The present shape of the Camellia garden have, in the garden, old Italian Camellia var­ surrounding the Villa Borrini (built in 1698) ieties such as'Aspasi' (Italy); 'Principessa dates back to the beginning of the 19th cen­ Rospigliosi'; 'Parvula' and 'Stella Polare' tury. In fact the garden was created during that (North Star). period by Angelo Borrini, a physician who was Sr. Borrini also tried fabulous experiments, an intimate friend to Carlo Lodovico di Bar­ such as research for a fragrant Camellia. bone, Duke of Lucca. Sr. Borrini combined in Sometimes his work gave important results; he his personality a great passion for Camellias created two new varieties of Camellias which together with a scientific mind that always he dedicated to his children (born in 1835 and guided him in his researches in the field of in 1839 respectively), the 'Oscar Borrini' growing Camellias. Camellia and the 'Ida Borrini' Camellia. The In his garden he collected a large number of former has a very large flower, full, white with Camellia cultivars and at the same time he pink-red streaking, while the latter has a full created new varieties, selecting the plants he flower, not very large, cherry-red with white­ obtained from his seedlings. The love and the rimmed petals. great interest he had in obtaining new Camel­ Both these varieties, whose original plants lia varieties for his garden are testified by some are still living in the Borrini garden, are re­ letters, which are still in the hands of the fam­ corded in the registers of the time and now-a­ ily; which were written to him on the subject by days they are included in the International the famous Florentine Camellia grower, Sr. E. Camellia Register. Santarelli. . In 1848 Angelo Borrini dedicated a wonder­ We know that the first Camellia plants were ful violaceous Camellia to the Marchesa Theresa imported to Europe from China around the d'Ambra; the original water-colour painting of end of the 18th century and, as Sr. Borrini's this Camellia is still in existence and can be correspondence about Camellias took place at seen in the Villa Borrini library. the beginning of the 19th century, we presume Together with the 'Oscar Bohini' Camellia he was almost a "pioneer" in this field. and the other above mentioned varieties there He was bound to Sr. Santarelli by a similar are now-a-days in the garden many other var­ deep interest in Camellias, and they ex­ ieties; some the results of Sr. Borrini's work, changed new varieties as well as their projects, others which have grown spontaneously in the their experiences and the results of their re­ course of the years. This dual work - of man searches. Thanks to these exchanges we still and time - makes the Borrini garden a place of 39 great interest, both aesthetically and scientifi­ 'Oscar Borrini'...Scarlatti, 1888 catalogue. cally. In fact there are about 80 secular Camel­ 'Theresa, Marchesa d'Ambra'...Vershaf­ lia plants of 48 different Camellia varieties in felt, 1849 "Iconographie', 2(7) plate 3. the garden. An historical research concerning Many orthographic variations of the name some varieties is now being carried out in order have been published including: "Teresa, to establish their exact classification. Marchesa d'Ambra"; "Contessa Teresa Following is an extract from The Interna­ d'Ambra"; "Marchesa Teresa d'Ambra"; tional Camellia Register concerning the three "Marchese Theresa d'Ambra"; "Teresa Borrini raised cultivars: d'Ambra"; "Marchesa d'Ambra"; "Thereza 'Ida Borrini'...Published by Leguay in the Marchesa d'Ambra". "Revu Horticole", Jan. 1983, p.30. Canlellia flower fragrance update

Le parfum des camelias - quoi de nouveau? Fragancia actualizada de la flor de la camelia Aggiornamento sulla fragranza del fiore di camelia

KEN HALLSTONE Lafayette, California, U.S.A. Member of Northern California Research Committee

I distinctly remember joining the I. C. S. ers here in Northern California and other because I bought my first membership card areas. This progress has been augmented by from none other than the president of the Soci­ providing the opportunity for the general pub­ ety, Professor E. G. Waterhouse at his home, lic and the camellia growers to see and smell Eryldene. He greeted us from his front porch the new flowers. holding a new seedling he was anxious to show On February 15, 1975 the Santa Clara us and talk about. The year was 1974, but when County Show, held in San Jose provided the I recently looked at the cover picture on the first competition for fragrant flowers. Ten number 6 issue of the Journal, I could see the years later seven of our nine Northern Califor­ same porch and exactly how he looked when nia shows are promoting fragrance. The he greeted us. We had just acquired the late number of entries in the fragrant class has Dr. Robert K. Cutter's collection of fragrant more than doubled. In addition, the early-win­ camellias, and Kay and I were on holiday ning named varieties such as 'Kramer's Sup­ 'down under' looking for new fragrant mate­ reme', 'Fragrant Frill' and 'Scentsation' are rial. The account of that delightful trip can be losing out to the newer hybrid seedlings which found in that same 1974 issue. In 1980 in my ar­ have been develd'ped. One of the reasons for ticle 'Slowly But Surely' I related the progress this trend may be the fact that hybrid seedling we had made in developing and promoting fragrance can usually be detected at about ten fragrance. I am pleased to have this opportun­ degrees lower temperature. And finally the ity to bring you up to date with the develop­ hybridiser, who started out with small flowers ment of camellia flower fragrance here in like C. lutchuensis has increased the size of his Northern California. seedlings by crossing them with C. reticulata ­ After eleven years, and several thousand namely 'Buddha' and 'Crimson Robe'. Dave crosses later, I wish I could report to you that Feathers has two fragrant reticulata flowers, we now have that perfect show winning flower 'Harry M. Bloom' and one he calls 'Darling'. with the most delightful fragrance that His backcrosses to the best ofthe fragrant hyb­ everyone loves. This is turning out to be an im­ rids should improve the fragrance in these ex­ possible task. People cannot agree on what a cellent large reticulata flowers and bring them show winning flower is and it is even worse closer to our objective. when it comes to fragrance because what is One of my 'Crimson Robe' seedlings, #634, pleasing to one may only be tolerated by crossed onto a fragrant hybrid seedling D4(2) another. However, in spite of these problems has been a consistent winner of the fragrant we have been making progress. When I say we, section in our Northern California shows over I mean the Show Committees and the hybridis­ the past two years. We feel seedling L19(1) has 40 earned a name. Because of its burst of golden Winner: Cutter hybrid seedling 03(4) shown stamens with an occasional pink streak on this by Maurice and Jocelyn Vervalle, Sac­ 13 centimetre white reticulata flower we have ramento, CA named it 'Scented Sun'. March 9 Central California Camellia Society Although two of the seven shows are for Show, held in Fresno, CA fragrant seedlings only, it is interesting to note Winner: Unnamed hybrid seedling grown not a single named variety was a winner in the and shown by Wilbur and Mary Ann Ray, 1985 shows. Below is a list ofthe show winners. Fresno, CA March 16 Modesto Camellia Society Show, Northern California 1985 Show Winners held in Modesto, CA (Fragrance Division) Winner: Unnamed Parks hybrid seedling, Feb. 16 Santa Clara County Camellia Show, shown by Dave Feathers, Lafayette, CA held in San Jose, CA March 25 Sonoma County Camellia Society Winner: Cutter hybrid seedling E40, shown Show, held in Santa Rosa, CA by Ken & Kay Hailstone, Lafayette, CA. Winner: Hybrid seedling Ll9(1) shown and March 2 Northern California Camellia Soci­ grown by Ken & Kay Hailstone, Lafayette, ety Show, held in Concord, CA CA Winner: Hybrid seedling Ll9(1) grown and March 30· Queen of the Valley Camellia shown by Ken & Kay Hailstone, Lafayette, Show, held at Atwater, CA CA Winner: Hybrid seedling M26(2) shown and March 9 Sacramento Camellia Society Show, grown by Ken & Kay Hailstone, Lafayette, held in Sacramento CA The Second Oporto Camellia Show· and Contest Portugal 1985

La seconde exposition de camelias d'Oporto Segunda Exposici6n de la Camelia en Oporto La seconda mostra della camelia di Oporto VALDEMAR CORDEIRO Garden Department ofthe Oporto City Hall

·see inside front cover & colour section

It is thought that the Camellia was introduced Baltasar de Melo' and so many other produc­ into Europe by the Portuguese long before the tions of the Portuguese Horticulturalists. time of Missionary Jorge Jose Camelli after Two other factors contributed to the reces­ whom the Camellia was named by Linnaeus. sion ofthe Camellias' popularity and its use in It is quite possible that, right at the begin­ the landscape and gardens. These were its slow ning of the 16th century, the Camellia, a rela­ growth and its high price even when young tive of the tea plant and of the scented gar­ plants were concerned. denia, was brought by the intrepid Portuguese The Oporto Town Hall has been trying to navigators to the continent of Europe. .stimulate the taste for the Camellia which, So in these circumstances it is not surprising . without having claims of an emblematic or that the Camellia reached such an important heraldicflower as it is in Japan, has a great and role in the Portuguese landscape during the dear tradition in Portuguese gardens as al­ 18th and 19th centuries both in the large parks ready referred to. and gardens of the North of Portugal. How­ In 1984 the first Camellia Show was success­ ever the original introductions lost much of fully accomplished and, in 1985 the Oporto their interest and reputation, especially during City Hall organised the second Camellia Show the 20th century, due to the improvement and and Contest that took place in Oporto from the hybridization that produced the famous 28th to the 31st of March. This was specially 'Saudada Martins Branco' the delicate bril­ chosen to coincide with the visit of Her liance of 'D. Pedro V', the immaculate 'Dr. Majesty Queen Elizabeth IIof England. How­ 41 ever the remarkably full schedule of Her 3rd IJrize - Fernando Vieira Coelho Majesty prevented us from the honour of the (Porto) anticipated visit to the Camellia Show. The 1985 poster of the Camellia Show* is an exam­ 2. Classification of the individual flowers ple of the appreciation of the Portuguese Red flower - Francisco F. Rocha Camellia lovers towards Her Majesty. (Paredes) The Second Camellia Show was a complete White flower - Maria Dulce Fonseca success and the numbers involved speak for (Braga) themselves. There were 25 exhibitors and the Pink flower - Lino Nogueira (Porto) number of visitors to the show exceeded 5,000, Strieed flower - Alfredo Moreira da which was extremely rewarding since we are Silva (Porto) living in dreary times full of indifference to­ Reticulata - Maria Augusta Fontes wards everything that is not material. This was (Braga) exactly the aim of the Camellia Exhibition; to Hybrids - Clara Gil de Seabra (Porto) remind the Portuguese and the Oporto in­ This Second Camellia Exhibition was hon­ habitants in particular of all the beauty and oured by the support of the I.C.S. The Asian worth of Camellias - in the simplicity of region sent us a magnificent collection of 100 some; in the large form of so many others; in stamps representing the species Camellia the fascinating colour of all and in the novelty japonica. We were also delighted with the in­ of many. itiative of the British members of the I.C.S. in In this exhibition prizes were awarded offering a prize of Twenty-five pounds. Unfor­ within two distinct groups: tunately it was not possible to award this prize 1. Artistic whole (combination of Camellias at this show as there was nothing within the with decorative elements) rules of the show to permit it. This will cer­ 1st prize - Rosana Ivone (Porto) tainly be corrected next year when the prize 2nd prize - Maria Elisa Pimenta will be awarded on behalf of the I.C.S. We (Famalicao) would like to report that we are very grateful to

The first release of this fantastic flower. CAMELLIA CHRYSANTHA Including gTaft in bud!! Extremely rare. yellow-flowering camellia. Greal pO',"lbditv of producing hybrid variell<:s which bloom f1ower~ never se,'n hefore IIII ported from lis n;.llural hahilat in Ih(' Kwangsi dJslnct of SOlllhelll Chim. INTRODUCTORY OFFER for orders up to 3 plants, graft , (one year 40cm high) - US. $45.00 Graft (three year, 65cm,. high, m bud) - US. $135.00, culting (IScm high)­ U.S. $20.00 plant, includmg \ certificate of inspection and freight (air parcel post). for larger I orders, please ask for our Mitten estimate. Payment In advance please. Membe, of (nee,nariona' Camellia Societ & American Camellia Society. .

Many other varielles of CamellIa also P. O. Box 7, lnazawa, Aichi.ken, Japan. avatlable. and ready to send you, Catalog upon request THE BANK OF' 'I'OKYO TRUST COMPANY CURRENT ACCOUNT 110·009-258

42 Mrs. Violet Lort-Phillips for her kind letter genherio Paulo Valada, a great supporter of and we are proud of her remark when she con­ the exhibition. sidered the city of Oporto to be the "Camellia We think we have obtained our goals - r~­ City". minding the public of the somewhat forgotten Our modest Camellia Exhibition also en­ Camellia beauty, collecting together some of joyed the kind greetings and good wishes ofen­ the considerable number of Camellia amateurs couragement and esteem sent to us from Mr-. and finally strengthening our wish of repeating Eric Craig in distant Australia. similiar initiatives where we will keep on trying We had the privilege of having our exhibition to create a healthy and greater competition opened by the Executive President of the among the Portuguese participants and to pro­ Oporto Town Hall who delivered a com­ mote expansion by welcoming foreign partici­ plimentary speech on behalf of the effective pation. President of the Oporto Town Hall, En­ Camellias in. the world

Les camelias dans Ie monde Las camelias del mundo Le camelie nel mondo TAKAYUKITANAKA Horticultural Laboratory ofVegetable and Ornamental Crops Department ofAgriculture, Kyushu Tokai University, Choyo-mura, Aso-gun, Kunamoto, 869-14, Japan

Introduction marks to the use of Camellia as an ornamental ­ The distribution of the genus Camellia is re­ plant. . stricted to southeast Asia and extends to In­ Camellia japonica grows wild in Japan and donesia in the south, to Nepal in the west and its cultivated varieties were developed exten­ to Korea and Japan in the north and northeast sively during the Edo-period (1603-1868). (see Fig. 1); however, the genus has its greatest More recently, they have spread all over the species diversity in'tlre southern part of China. world as garden plants. Camellia reticulata and Sealy (1958) divided the 82 species of the genus C. sasanqua also were introduced into -Euro­ Camellia into 12 sections, but recently Chang pean countries about 1820 and then spread to (1981) has proposed a classification with a other continents. Now these Camellia species much larger number of species (196) which he are in vogue in the United States of America, divides into 19 sections. Australia, New Zealand and some European The most famous species in this genus are countries as somewhat cold hardy evergreen Camellia japonica L., and C. sinensis (L.) O. shrubs. Ktze. Tea, C. sinensis, is used throughout the In this century especially, other Camellia world as a beverage and camellia is widely cul­ species have been also introduced into the tivated in mild temperature areas as an orna­ countries where Camellia is a popular orna­ mental woody shrub. Tea was originally clas­ mental. The Camellia X williamsii cultivars are sified ina different genus Thea (Thea sinensis a group of hardy free-flowering shrubs de­ L.) by Linnaeus (1738) but the two Linnaean veloped by the late Mr. J. C. Williams and re­ genera are generally united now to form the sult from hybrids between C. japonica and C. genus Camellia. In addition, the genus Camel­saluenensis. As this combination was so suc­ lia also includes other species which are cesful, hybridization became popular among sources of oil and charcoal. Not only C. oleif­Camellia researchers in western countries. era, and C. sasanqua, but also C. japonica and Especially in the United States, many in­ other Camellia species, have been cultivated terspecific hybrids have been developed and commercially for seed oil in China and Japan introduced into cultivation including hybrids since ancient times. . between: C. japonica X C. fraterna, C. japonica X C. reticulata, C. pitardii X C. Camellias as ornamental plants japonica, C. saluenensis X C. cuspidata, C. In this paper, the author will restrict his· re­ rosaeflora X C. tsaii, C. saluenensis X C. gran- . _ 43 Figure 1 Area of distribution of Camellia with numbers of species in each geographical region

thamiana, C. cuspidata X. C. fraterna, C. introducing the gene for fragrance from C. japonica X C. irrawadiensis, C. pitardii X C. lutchuensis into the hybrid between C. reticulata, and so on. japonica and C. lutchuensis. Camellia lutch­ It is a reasonable certainty that interspecific uensis, native to the Liu-kiu Islands of Japan, hybridization, using new species recently in­ has excellent fragrance, but its small white troduced into cultivation will produce more in­ flowers are considered too small for garden ten.sting combinations in the near future. purposes. Parks et al (1981) and the authors Dr. W. L. Ackerman, at the National Ar­ (1980) suggested that the red pigmentation of boretum in Washington D.c., was successful in C. sasanqua was originated from C. japonica , 44

~-,--- via C. vernalis. troduction is listed in Table 3. Some species Furthermore, a yellow Camellja was disco­ are considered by Chang to be synonyms vered in China in 1975, and named C. (Table 1), but they are retained as species here ehrysantha. This species has deep yellow since the taxonomic status of these species is flower colour but the blooms are small and uncertain. Japan is excluded for the taxa single and the leaves onthe shrub are too large originating in Japan. Camellia sinensis, C. re­ (Tuyama 1975). In order to introduce this tieulata and C. oleifera were introduced into species into cultivation in Japan, many people Japan in ancient time, but they were not ex­ visited China, and they not only introduced C. ported to other countries from Japan until ehrysantha but also many other new species more recently. Before 1924, Camellia species after 1979. It is hoped that yellow-flowered were distributed by the English primarily. cultivars will be developed in the future using Camellia japoniea was introduced into Eng­ C. ehrysantha. . land from China in 1739 and the English ex­ Methods ported it to Italy in 1780, US in 1800, France in Last October, the author sent a questionnaire 1808, New Zealand in 1820, Australia in 1831 to twenty-two members of the International and South Africa in 1840 (Table 1 and 3). Be­ Camellia Society, and received answers from cause Japan was closed by an isolationist policy twenty of them representing nine nationalities. from 1635 to 1858, the early distribution of Camellia japoniea was done entirely by theEn­ The questionnaire was designed to identify the manner in which Camellia species have spread glish. over the world. The questionnaire contained The first surge of interest in Camellia culti­ vation came with the introduction of C. questions about species diversity in cultiva­ tion, and names of people who carried out the japoniea, C. retieulata and C. saluenensis into introduction. the West via England. The second surge of in­ terest came from America and involved the Results of the questionnaire and discussion breeding of interspecific hybrids. The third Camellia species cultivated outside of the and very recent surge of interest was started by country of origin are enumerated in Table 1. the discovery of yellow Camellia (c. The listing follows the taxonomic treatment of ehrysantha); some Japanese Camellia parties Chang (1981). Forty-nine species in 12 sections visited China to introduce C. ehrysantha and have been introduced into other countries in­ they brought it and a lot ofother new species of cluding C. maliflora, C. hiemalis, C. uraku (c. Camellia back to Japan in 1979 and 1980. wabisuke) and C. vernalis, which are not The list of Camellia species introduced into known in the wild condition and are thought to nine major Camellia. growing countries is have originated in cultivation. As was men­ shown in Table 4. When Camellia japoniea was tioned by some of the correspondents, the in­ first introduced into England and Italy in the troductions they list are from their personal re­ eighteenth century, it was treated as an exotic cords, so the year when the species was first in­ indoor plant at first. The frequency of interna­ troduced into their country may be earlier than tional circulation of Camellia species at certain the date they record. Many species have been periods is shown by the total number in Table repeatedly introduced and lost. 4. More species of Camellia were accumulated According to Chang's classification, some in the western countries in the first half of the species or varieties were formerly thought to nineteenth century than the latter half. As was be merely synonyms, and synonyms are indi­ pointed out above, after 1950 the United cated here in parenthesis. States took a leading role in the international The number of species, subspecies, varieties circulation of Camellia species. As grafting and synonyms of Camellia in nine countries is methods became more popular in recent years, listed in Table 2.49 species of Camellia are cul­ species often spread to a second country a few tivated outside of the country of origin. years after an initial introduction into cultiva­ Among these 9 countries the largest number of tion. exotic cultivated species are in Japan; this may The same is true of the introduction of C. be because Japan is situated near China, or be­ ehrysantha after the description of it by cause the author could get more precise data Tuyama (1975), and the publication of "A concerning Camellia cultivation there than taxonomy of the genus Camellia" by Chang from other countries. (1981). The interest in yellow camellias was so The first country in which each species was great that C. ehrysantha was available in seven first cultivated as an exotic and the year of in­ countries only 3 years after its first introduc­ 45 tion from China. lationships within the genus Camellia. J. Hered. 64 : The yellow varieties of various flower forms 356-358. and size are desired to be bred up by the introg­ 2. Chang, H. T. 1981. A taxonomy of the genus Camel­ lia. Journal of Sun Yatsen University: 1-180. ressive hybridization of yellow pigmentation 3. Hagiya, K. 1982. Interspecific hybridization of Camel­ of Camellia chrysantha into C. japonica. lia using C. chrysantha pollen (Preliminary report) Conclusion Tubaki 21 : 1-6. The wild species of Camellia are important 4. Hitsman, P. L. 1966. Interspecific Camellia hybrids. both for plant breeding and taxonomic studies Amer. Camellia Yearb. 1966: 113-142. 5. Parks, C. R. 1982. Sasanka and its hybrids. Interna­ on the origin of the species and the genus. The tional Camellia Journal: 29-33. Camellia breeder is constantly searching for 6. Parks, C. R.,K. Kondo and T. Swain. 1981. germplasm that will make it possible to breed Phytochemical evidence for the genetic contamina­ new flower colours such as yellow and blue or tion of C. sasanqua. Japan. J. Breed. 31 : 168-182. develop cold hardiness and fragrance. Al­ 7. Sealy, J. R. 1958. A revision of the genus Camellia. though the author has primarily discussed Roy. Hort. Soc., London: pp 239. . 8. Tuyama, T. 1975. On theopsis chrysantha Hu. Journ. Camellia species in Japan and in Western Jap. Bot. 50(10): 9-11. countries, people in other far Eastern coun­ 9. Uemoto, S., T. Tanaka and K. Fujieda. 1980. tries must undertake the cultivation and study Cytogenetic studies on the origin of C. vernalis. I. on of the species of the genus Camellia. the meiotic chromosomes in some related Camellia forms in Hirado Island. J. Japan. Soc. Hart. Sci. 48 : Literature Cited 475-482. 1. Ackerman, W.L. 1973. Species compatibility re­

Table 1 List of countries in which Camellia species are cultivated including the year of introduction

USA Aus NZ UK SAf It Fra Par Swi Jap Archecamellia 1958 1955 1960 ? 1976 1965 1961 ? C. granthamiana o o Hong Hong Hong Hong USA USA Hong Hong. Stereocarpus 1982 2 C. yunnanensis 1980 1979 1983 1981 Chin Chin USA Aus Chin Oleifera 1935 1873 1900 1896 1976 1822 1960 3 C. sasanqua Orig Jap Jap ? Jap USA ? USA o o 1981 1979 4 C. vietnamensis Chin Chin 1948 1895 1820 1835 Long 5 C. oleifera 1976 Chin Jap o Chin USA ? o ago 1967 1958 ? (C. drupifera) 1970 Chin ? Hong ? Furfuracea 1967 1960 1980 6 C. crapnelliana 1968 Hong Hong Hong Hong 1981 1983 (C. gigantocarpa) 1979 Chin Jap Chin 1980 (C. octopetala) Chin 1977 1967 7 C. furfuracea Jap Taiw Paracamellia 1980 1983 1980 8 c. grijsii Chin USA Chin 1980 1982 1979 (C. yuhsienensis) Chin USA Chin 1972 ? 9 C.confusa Viet Thai 1958 1962 1960 1820 1840 1970 10 C. kissii Nepa USA ? USA 1981 1967 11 C. brevistyla Jap Taiw USA Aus NZ UK SAt It Fra Par Swi Jap 1967 1970 1967 tenuiflora) 0 (G. Taiw Jap Taiw 1937 1835 1956 1816 1976 1870 12 G. ma/iflora 0 1963 Chin UK UK? Chin USA ? USA 1955 1962 1976 13 G.miyagii 0 Orig Jap USA USA Pseudocamellia 1982 14 G. szechuanensis Chin Camellia 1983 1981 15 G. po/yodonta Jap Chin 1979 1979 16 C. semiserrata Chin Chin 1946 1873 1927 1820 1976 1845 1965 1673 17 C. reticu/ata 0 0 Chin UK UK Chin USA ? USA Chin 1954 (G. heterophyJla) UK 1965 1960 1964 18 G.pitardii 0 Chin USA USA 1980 1962 1964 1972 var. yunnanica 0 Chin UK USA Aus 1928 1949 1950 1976 1960 19 G.hiemaJis 0 Orig Jap Jap ? USA UK 20 C.uraku 1938 1938 1935 1976 1965 (C. wabisuke) Orig Jap Jap ? 0 Jap Jap 1955 1954 1957 1874 1976 1962 1958 21 C. hongkongensis 0 Hong Hong USA Hong USA USA Hong 1952 1938 1946 1924 1976 1950 1962 1961 22 G. sa/uenensis 0 0 Chin UK Aus Chin UK ? 8elg USA 1981 1983 1957 1979 23 C. chekiango/eosa Chin Hal ? Chin 1800 1831 1820 173,9 1840 1780 1808 24 G.japonica 0 Orig Jap UK ? Chin UK UK ?, 1970 1967 (var. hozanensis) Jap Taiw 1944 1950 1965 1954 1976 1960 1974 subsp. rusticana Orig Jap Jap Jap Jap Jap UK UK 1980 1978 1978 var. macrocarpa Orig Jap Jap USA Chrysantha 1980 1981 1979 1981 1983 1980 1979 25 G. chrysantha Chin Chin Chin Chin Jap Jap Chin 1981 1979 (var. microcarpa Jap Chin 26 G. euph/ebia (G. chrysantha 1983 1980 var. macrophyJla) Jap Chin Calpandria 1980 27 G. /anceo/ata Phil ,.47 USA Aus NZ UK SAl It Fra Par Swi Jap

Thea 1965 1962 1914 1969 28 C. taliensis 0 0 0 Chin USA Chin Aus 1956 1960 1970 29 C. irrawadiensis 0 Burm USA USA 1953 1835 1925 1768 1829 1910 1191 30 C. sinensis 0 0 0 Jap UK ? Chin ? ? Chin Theopsis 1967 1950 1960 1900 1976 1930 1962 31 C. cuspidata Chin UK ? Chin UK UK Belg 0 0 1980 1979 1982 1980 32 C. forrestii Chin Chin USA Chin 1960 var. acutisepala USA 1961 1955 1965 1917 1976 1960 1972 33 c. tsaii 0 0 UK USA USA Chin USA ? Aus

1966 1970 1974 1983 1967 34 C. transnokoensis Taiw Jap USA Aus Taiw 1955 1960 1960 1981 1976 1970 1976 C. lutchuensis Orig 35 Jap Hong ? USA USA ? USA 1822 36 C. euryoides Chin 1977 1967 37 C. trichoclada* Jap Taiw 1982 38 C. longicarpa Chin 1971 1965 1967 C. transarisanensis 39 Taiw USA Taiw 1948 1949 1955 1955 1976 1955 1960 40 C. fraterna Chin Hong UK? USA USA? USA 0 USA 1979 41 C. dubia USA 1958 1951 1958 1824 1976 1960 42 C. rosaeflora 0 Chin It USA Chin USA USA 1968 1980 1967 43 C. nokoensis Taiw USA Taiw 1982 44 C. tsofuii Chin Camelliopsis 1968 1965 1978 45 C. caudata 0 Hong Hong Assa 1961 1960 1960 1958 46 C.assimilis Hong USA ? Hong 1965 1954 1960 1976 47 C.salicifolia 1950 1958 UK Hong ? ? Taiw Hong (Paracamellia ?) 1981 48 C. meiocarpa 1980 Jap Chin

(Hybrid? between C. sasanqua and C. japonica) ,48 1935 1936 1950 1976 1950 49 C. vernalis Orig ? Jap ? o USA UK o

Aus: Australia.; NZ: New Zealand; Par: Portugal; UK: England; SAf: South Africa; It: Italy; Fra: France; Swi: Switzerland; Jap: Japan; Hong: Hongkong; Chin: China; Nepa: Nepal; Viet: Vietnam; Taiw: Taiwan; Belg: Belgium; Burm: Burma; Hal: Holland; Phil: Philippine; Assa: Assam; Orig: Original.

Table 2 List of the number of Species etc. in the genus Camellia introduced into each of the ten countries investigated

Total USA Aus NZ UK SAf It Fra Par Swi Jap

No. of Species 49 42 35 31 23 23 17 18 10 5 47 No. of Subspecies 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 No. of varieties 3 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 No. of Synonyms 8 5 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 6

See abbreviations in Table 1

Table 3 List of countries in which each Camellia species was first cultivated as an exotic and the year of introduction

Species Year Country Species Year Country

C.japonica 1739 UKY C. transarisanensis ? USA C. sinensis 1768 UKY C. caudata 1965 Aus C. ma/iflora 1816 UK C. transnokoensis 1966 USA C. kissi 1820 UK C. tenuiflora 1967 USA C.o/eifera 1820 UK 1967 Jap C. reticu/ata 1820 UKY C. nokoensis 1967 Jap C. sasanqua 1822 IF C. furfuracea 1967 Jap C. euryoides 1822 UK C. trichoc/ada 1967 Jap C. rosaeflora 1824 UK C.japonica Japz C. hongkongensis 1874 UK var. hozanensis 1967 C. cuspidata 1900 UK C. brevisty/a 1967 Jap C. taliensis 1914 UK C. confusa 1972 Aus C. tsaii 1917 UK C.japonica C. sa/uenensis 1924 UK var. macrocarpa ? USN C. hiemalis 1928 USN C. dubia ? USA C. vernalis 1935 USN C. yunnanensis 1979 Aus C. wabisuke 1935 NZY C. semiserrata 1979 USA (C. uraku) 1979 Jap C.japonica 1944 USN C. gigantocarpa 1979 Jap subsp. rusticana C. vietnamensis 1979 Jap C. fraterna 1948 USA C. forrestii 1979 Aus C. salicifolia 1950 UK C. yuhsienensis 1979 Jap C. heterophylla ? UK C. chrysantha 1979 NZ C. /utchuensis 1955 USA 1979 Jap C. miyagii 1955 USA var. microcarpa 1979 Jap C. granthamiana 1955 Aus var. macrophylla 1980 ,Jap C. irrawadiensis 1956 USA (C. euph/ebia) C. chekiango/eosa 1957 UK C. meiocarpa 1980 Jap C. drupifera 1958 NZ C. octopetalla 1980 USA C. assimilis 1958 Jap C. grijsii 1980 USA C. forrestii ? USA C. /anceo/ata 1980 Jap var. acutisepa/a C. po/yodonta 1981 Jap C. crapnelliana 1960 Aus C. tsofuii 1982 Jap C. pitardii ? USA C. szechuanensis 1982 Jap var. yunnanica ? UK C. /ongicarpa 1982 Jap

y: excluding Japan z: from Taiwan 49 Table 4 Number of Camellia spedes introduced newly for each country in certain period

Country USA AUs NZ UK "SAl ' It Fra Par Swi Jap Total

Original ,-;: species 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 ( 0)2 Before 1966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 ( 0) 1700-1799 0, 0 .. 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 ( 2) 1800-1849 '1 3 1 6' 1 5 1 0 0 0 18( 7) 1850-1899 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 6( 1) 1900-1924 ,0 0 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 6( 4) 1925-1949 8 5 4 0 0 ' 1 0 0 0 0 18( 4) 1950-1959 9 6 6 3 0 3 0 0 0 3 30( 7) 1960-1969 11 11 8 0 0 4 6 0 0 12 52 (10) 1970-1979 4 4 2 0 18 1 1 (} 0 10 40( 7) After1980 9 3 3 2 3 1 1 0 0 9 31 ( 7) Unknown ,0 0 6 4 1 0 8 10 5 4 28( 0) Total 42 35 31 23 23 17 18 10 5 47 241 (49)

z: Number of Camellia species introduced newly for all countries in that period (see Table 3)

Acknowledgement The author is greatly indebted to the following members (Portugal) Mrs Mildred Blandy who answered my questionnaire: (South Africa) Mr L Riggall (Australia) Mr S, Clark, Mr A, W. Jessep and Mr T. J. (Switzerland) Sir P. Smithers Savige (U.S.A.) Dr. W. L. Ackerman, Dr. B. Bartholomew, Mr (England) Mr H. J. Tooby M. H. Brown, Mr J. Nuccio and Dr. C. R. Parks (France) Dr J. Creze and Mr P. Plantiveau The author would also like to thank Dr. H. T. Chang of (Italy) Mr H. Piero and Dr A. Sevesi Zhongshan University, Dr. T. Matsumara of Kyushu (Japan) Mr N. Hakoda Tokai University, Dr. C. R. Parks of University of North (New Zealand) Col. T. Durrant, Mr N. Haydon, Mr D. J. Carolina and Dr. S. Uemoto of Kyushu University for Henderson and Mr T. Lennard their assistance in this ,study.

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; 50 Camellias in Germany

Les camelias en Allemagne Camelias en Alemania Le camelie in Germania

'(See Colour Section)

A considerably increased interest in Camel­ time about the camellia grower Peter Fischer, lias has been shown in Germany in recent years from Wingst, I was not at all surprised that his and this has resulted in the Society's Directors place of residence was in the far north of Ger­ at Brighton agreeing to bring into being a Ger­ many. I was fascinated to have found a gar­ man/Austrian Region of the Society. Dr Klaus dener in Germany who occupied himself so in­ HackHinder of Trier has been appointed the tensively with camellias - above all with his Society's Membership Representative for the own outdoor tests with reference to hardiness. area. It is hoped that this interest will continue Peter Fischer says "many Camellia japonicas to grow in the coming years as a result of the are hardy here also, but do not form enough communications between the members of the buds due to the summer being too short. Vari­ new region and other members of the Society. ous hybrids whose hardiness to some extent is A recent issue of the German magazine better are more certain to blossom. The older "Mein schoner Garten" carried a number of and more woody the plants are, the greater pages on Camellias. We are grateful to that their hardiness. Through preventive mea­ Journal for permitting us to set them out sures, i.e. position, covering with fir below. They clearly indicate the rising interest brushwood, leaves or straw during snowless in the subject in that country and the difficul­ frost - keeping it airy however, the hardiness is ties under which the growers of Camellias much increased. Because of the covering, the labour. quality of the blooms will certainly be en­ hanced." Camellias too tender for our garden? In order to be able to convert Peter Fischer's The honest answer can only be "yes and rio". statements into practical gardening, you must The camellia, in the immediate future, will first know something about the natural habitat hardly become as easy as, for example, the cul­ of the camellia. The home of C. japonica, for tivation of the rhododendron has proved itself example, is in the mountains of Korea and to be. An evergreen shrub of this kind needs, Japan. Therefore it would be absolutely wrong in this country, more special care. Like the to treat it as other exoticplants in our gardens. rhododendron, the camellia does not like lime Most certainly you will cater for the fastidi­ -neither in the ground nor the water, nor the ous requirements of the camellia when you manure. Cold on the other hand does not mat­ plant it in a peat border, as you do the ter so much. rhododendron. This border must be sheltered I had my own personal experience with from the wind, and lightly shaded, i.e. in order camellias on my first Easter holiday on the At­ to break the wind, increase the air moisture, lantic coast of Normandy. Of course, people avoid the heat and temper the frost. So try as like us, do not only look at the usual sights, but much ~s possible to offer the camellia in your first of all glance over the garden fences. I actu­ garden the same cool and humid forest climate ally discovered blooming camellia bushes in as it gets in its homeland. front of every house. As I too until then had Because of the existing unfavourable soil in looked upon the camellia as something espe­ most parts of Germany it will be absolutely cially delicate, you can imagine my surprise. necessary to prepare a special bed for planting There, close to the coast the camellia belongs the lime sensitive camellia. to the normal picture of early spring, as does Finally one must not forget, especially dur­ the yellow 'flowering Forsythia at home in ing the winter, that camellias are evergreen South Baden. plants. Because they keep their foliage they When, two years later, I heard for the first lose moisture through the leaves during the 51 cold season as well. And when, above all in the oil from the seeds of various species, such as C. snowless areas there is a lack of water, the sasanqua. The production is not now of impor­ plants could wither. Under wintercover of fir tance, but camellia oil was formerly used by brushwood and leaves the soil will not only re- . the Japanese in the home asfuel and ointment. main warmer, but also more moist. When in Since long hair, through influence from the the spring the temperature rises during the West, has ceased to be fashionable with both day, you must again check the soil moisture. sexes, the Tsubakki oil, extracted from the C. If, up to now, you have had bad luck with japonica, has now hardly any importance in your indoor camellias, have a go in the open. hair cosmetics. In winter you cover the pot all round with At Dr Hacklander's in Trier the camellias are brushwood and leaves and build a frostproof blooming in the open roof of transparent plastic over the camellia. In Germany now, many camellias grow and th­ Then you can protect flowering plants from re­ rive outside in the garden. Readers' letters peated night frosts. And also put your potted confirm this all the time. Yet anyone who camellia in a sheltered half shaded position. wished to be intensively occupied with this In the house you should always choose the plant up to now has had one disappointment: coolest and lightest spot for the camellia. You There is little German literature on the subject must encourage such "imprisoned" specimens and hardly any sources of supply. to blossom by particularly regular tending Dr Klaus Hackliinder from Trier, who on a without changing their position. It is important visit to England, fell completely for camellias, on Iy. to water with soft water, gradually letting had the same experience. "Many a garden was it dry from July onwards. And for manure a dream", says he today looking back on from December till June choose only special events. Dr Hackliinder started to collect limefree products - take it calmly if you are camellias. Most of them he brought back from given a camellia and it turns sour and drops its abroad in his suitcase. He does riot keep them buds. The Lady from Asia is really only dif­ inside at all, but outside the whole year round. ficult on this point - she does not like dry warm In the cold season he puts the plants together air. EVA RIEGERT close to the house and covers them against the What about the scent? frost with plastic. The best known camellia, C. japonica is not In the autumn of 1983 Dr Hackliinder exactly well known for its scent. - Blame hyb­ planted for the first time nine camellias called ridisation. The future seems more rosy as 'Elegans' in the open in a peat bed. For this American breeders in recent times have in- . purpose he dug a deep hole, lined it with creasingly taken this factor into consideration polythene and filled it with peaty soil, a layer when cross-breeding. of pine needles, turf and sand. For manure he used onlyold cowdung. His 'Elegans' survived The camellia is in the home nearly everywhere their first winter well in their narrow bed shel­ At least its end-product can be found in many tered behind the house amongst pine, households - as tea. The botanical name of the rhododendron and bamboo, the flowers there­ teaplant which produces the desired leaves is fore being in little danger offreezing. Camellia sinensis. All camellias belong to the Our reader, Gerta Krickemeyer .from teaplant family. Originally Europe imported Essen, had the following experience with her its tea exclusively from China. A legend has it 10 year old camellia: "The first few years the that Europe only came to know a different tea camellia stood in the sun against a housewall. camellia because the Chinese cheated the East There it always flowered early and the blooms India Company. It wanted to cultivate tea on froze. For two years now the camellia has been its Indian and American estates and through in the shade, only being in the sun from 4p.m. bribery got Chinese officials to take a teaplant Here it blooms eight weeks later, at the end of out. Instead of the tea camellia, the Chinese April - beginning of May". This year - Gerta are said to have handed over Camellia Krickemeyer. counted them carefully - her japonica. Perhaps not even with malicious in­ camellia had 117 blooms. tent. The Chinese did not and still do not dif­ Those who already have practical know­ ferentiate between the decorative flowering ledge of camellias in the open or who simply camellia and the useful one. To them aU camel­ would like to meet like minded people can con­ lias are teaplants. The teaplant C. sinensis with tact Peter Fischer at Haden 16,2177 Wingst or its white blooms is not the only useful plant of the Trier collector whose address is: Dr Klaus this family. The Japanese e.g. extract camellia Hackliinder, Simeonstr. 5, 5500 Trier. \ 52 The camera and the garden - some hints

Le jardin et l'appareil photographique - quelques conseils El jardfn y la camara - algunos consejos practicos II giardino e la macchina fotografica - alcuni suyggerimenti

YVONNEJ. CAVE, APSNZ,ARPS ·see colour section

The Camera You do need one of these and film can vary a lot in successive printings from for general shots of a garden any type or make the one negative. You're dependent on the can .give satisfactory results. Fixed lens firm who does the printing for the colour in cameras will record, given reasonable lighting your prints because the filtering they use in ex­ conditions, views of bedding plants, borders, posing the negative makes a tremendous dif­ trees and shrubs, just as well as those with in­ ference to the resulting print. With colour terchangeable lenses. Should you want to in­ slides the projector you use, even the type of clude good close-ups of flowers, it is then that lamp and screen can affect the colour a little the inadequacies of the cheaper cameras be­ too, so the brand of slide film I use may not come apparent, as they will not focus close necessarily suit your projection equipment. enough. There are other advantages with the Kodachrome 64 gives me pleasing results for more expensive cameras that I'll explain later. the mixture of subjects taken on my camera To get consistent results from your camera you which vary from landscapes, gardens and flow­ need to feel relaxed with it and operate it as au­ ers to people. Camera lenses can give slight tomatically as you would drive your car. Far colour variations to film too, so here again trial too many people buy a new camera as they and error to suit your gear and personal prefer­ leave for a trip and then, when the critical time ence with critical evaluation are necessary. comes for taking the shots they dreamed of, The ASA or ISO Every packet of film you they don't know whether there's a film or bat­ purchase will have this strange lettering on it. tery in the camera nor do they know how to Kodacolour film has a large 100 in white fi­ load either of these correctly. Disappoint­ gures on black and this is the film speed rating ments follow with films that haven't been that must be set somewhere on your camera going through the camera or films taken with before you begin pressing the shutter button. the lens cap firmly in place and some with the This governs the settings on your camera to ASA on the wrong setting giving useless re­ suit the speed of the film. Should you want to sults. You would save more money by purchas­ take photographs in an area known to have ing a camera locally well before travelling and very low light, you can purchase a film with 200 familiarising yourself with its workings, ensur­ or 400 or even higher ratings. If you fail to set ing that the results are to your liking, rather the ASA rating on your camera, the photos than buying at a duty free store on the way. you take will be either under or over exposed, The Film There are many types of films on that is taken on too long or too short an expo~ the market and most of them will give good sUre and will come out either too light or too photographs, but to begin with you have to dark. Even if your camera is an automatic one, make up your mind whether you want prints or it is essential to check that the ASA is set ac­ slides. Prints are very useful in that you can cording to your film rating and should you hand an album around to friends for instant change film types, always watch that the set­ viewing and you can also have any number of ting matches the film packet. Many films have them printed, but should you be in a position been ruined through neglecting this important where you want to show your photographs to setting. large numbers of people, then colour slides are The Lighting Because it's the light that gives the best. You can also have slides duplicated, images on our film, lighting is an important but often the copies are a little harsh in colour factor in achieving good photographs. You'll and contrast. The brand of film you use may be notice that on a dull day the shapes and out­ determined by trial and error, but for good lines of flowers, trees and hills merge into each even results the Kodak filIlls are reliable. The other, whereas on a bright sunny day the out­ prints you finally receive from colour negative lines are clearer. For even crisper outlines 53 backlighting, that is with the light towards you, manually. In soft or low light this might mean a rather than from behind, gives interesting slow shutterspeed and this in turn can give shapes and helps makes objects stand out from problems with camera shake, so a tripod can each other. Textures .on walls, banks, foliage be used to keep the camera really still. The and flowers and moulding in landscapes come angle of view can make a tremendous differ­ up best with strong cross lighting and give pic­ ence to a photograph and it pays to look at the tures with a lot of punch. Soft morning light· options before pressing the button. When you and even fog or light rain can give the best con­ move in close to small plants or flowers, try to ditions for bush interiors or shots in a densely get an angle that is pleasing to look at. Too planted garden of trees and shrubs. The mist often photographs are taken of plants, like seems to bring light into the shadow areas and those of children, from an adult viewpoint lift them, whereas on a bright sunny day you looking down, when it's usually much more in­ would get very heavy black shadows. Harsh teresting from a lower angle where you get, as bright sunlight often causes so much contrast with children, a much more intimate picture. that it becomes too much for the film to handle There are exceptions of course. You might and results will show patchy burnt out areas want to get an unusual pattern from directly over foliage and again the dead black shadow above a small plant. A higher or lower view­ areas. The light recommended by the film point often gives more impact to certain areas manufacturers is with the sunlight over your and with interchangeable lenses we have a shoulders, but this tends to give very flat. re­ further means of adjusting this angle. Various sults with no textures or moulding in the sub­ wide angle lenses can bring in a much wider jects of interest and is rather boring. It is then field of view and can be good in confined areas, important to look at the garden you're photo­ but the background does diminish with the graphing from different angles of light and very wide ones. On the other hand, telephoto you'll learn to select the angle of light that is lenses can bring up things to look closer to­ best for the subject. Colour intensity in your gether, fill the format better and give more im­ flowers can be either enhanced or degraded ac­ pact. Zoom lenses can be handy where you're cording to the angle of light and again, you getting varying points of view around a garden can, by careful observation, see which angle is and allow you to bring up just the area you going to produce the best colour by moving want to record, eliminating the extraneous. round the flowers. Watch out for ugly stakes and labels. If you The Composition What you see in the view­ can't remove them, a change of angle can often finder is what you get back in your photo­ screen them from view. graph, so make sure it's the area you want to The Closeup All my closeup photographs are see again because it's not going to improve taken with an old macro lens on a Pentax MX during processing. Most people stand too far and this lens allows me to focus on a 35 mm away from the point of interest, so generally it transparency and photograph that 1 to 1 at its pays to move in closer. Check that there is ba­ closest. The standard lenses on most cameras lance to the area you're looking at - don't will not focus as close as that, but the better have a heavy dark mass on one side with no­ ones will focus close enough for camellia thing or something very light in colour on the photography. Some of the macro-zoom lenses other side. Shots with half sky and half land­ are very good too. Inclose up work there are scape aren't usually satisfying, so lift or drop problems with depth of field - that is the shal­ the horizon line according to whether the sky low zone of sharp focus. A small F stop and a or foreground are the most interesting. Paths slow exposure are often needed to, bring most can be used as good lead in lines, providing of the required area into sharp focus in closeup they lead to something interesting and don't work. A balanced composition is just as impor­ occupy too much of the picture area. Make tant in closeups as any other type of work and sure the line doesn't take your eye straight out the lighting .must be interesting to give form of the picture. Pleasing frames for your shots and texture.. The choice of a good flower or can be found through tree trunks, branches or flowers without blemish is a must - photo­ archways and gates. If you want to have a re­ graphy doesn't hide blemishes. Closeups are ally close spray of flowers or leaves in the demanding but they are rewarding and very foreground with garden beyond"it is necessary useful to give variety along with the general to set your lens on a small F stop or aperture views. All long distance shots or all closeups such as F16 to give depth of field, but this can can become monotonous, so changes of view only be done on cameras that you can operate give better balance to your photography. 54 -. The Conclusion Obtaining consistently good .with other photographers whose work is better photographs of the many aspects of our land­ than yours. Study the photographs you like in scape, trees, gardens, plants and flowers re­ books and magazines and work out why they quires a good deal of concentration and have been successful and then try to incorpo­ thought. They don't just happen, and as I've rate those elements in your own work. Wjth a pointed out, familiarity with your equipment is certain amount of self criticism you'll soon im­ half the battle, followed by practice and ex­ prove your photography and gain a greater perience. Try to analyse your efforts and work satisfaction from your hobby. It is indeed a out why certain things have happened and re­ useful hobby and worth doing well because it peat these if they're good and eliminate them if can be shared with others in so many ways. otherwise. Discuss any problems you have

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DorsetJ BH21 7NE England.

55 Nomenclature report

Les nomenclatures - un compte-rendu Informe de nomenclatura Relazione sulla nomenclatura

THOMAS J. SAVIGE International Registrar

The previous report brought the work done up then by the first valid listing located which, if to completing a written manuscript of about possible, included the name of the author, and 23,000 entries as a nomenclature check list that the publication with date and page number. included cultivar names with publishing refer­ This is foUowed by a description, if available, ence and date only. the flowering season and a brief history, which The resulting consensus of opinion was that includes any known information on origin and such a list was of interest only to a few groups originator, synonyms and other non-valid interested in nomenclature and not worth the names, mutations, awards, country of origin expense of publication. It was pointed out that and a reference to published illustrations. Recommendation No.2 for the guidance of As most of this extra data had not been in­ Registration Authorities in the appendix to the cluded on the extract lists and file cards, it is International Code of Nomenclature for Culti­ taking considerable time to extract and record. vated Plants required that Registration Au­ However Sections "A", "B" and "c" are fuUy thorities should publish fuU lists of cultivar written out and, based on the size of these sec­ names including a description and history. tions, it is estimated that the total number of Therefore the task has begun of rewriting entries will reach 30,000. Also that there will the checklist into the "International CameUia be about 2800 sheets of A4 printout from the Register" and feeding this information into a word processor. word processor. The word processor being It must be said that new information is con­ used is a Tandy Model TRS-80, 128K with a 15 tinuaUy coming to hand that requires addi­ megabyte hard disc storage connected to a tions, deletions and changes to the text, there­ Tandy DWT-4 Daisy Wheel Printer. With this fore the entering into the word processor must equipment it is possible to programme be delayed until aU sections are written out in facilities for printing the "program aids" for aU fuU. languages used. This includes grave and acute An "Introduction" for the Register has been accents, umlauts, cedillas, vowel bars etc. drafted. This describes in detail how the Regis­ As Camellias can be long lived trees (plants ter is compiled and the reasons for adopting with ages in excess of 400 years are known), it certain principles. This "Introduction" is sub­ is rarely possible to be certain that a particular ject to change as the Register evolves. cultivar is no longer cultivated somewhere in The word processor approach was adopted the world; therefore aU names that have been as the text and date are capable of being cor­ published for CameUia cultivars as far back as rected and modified right up to "printout" for records go (1525) are included in the Register. ,publication. A second advantage is that it Valid names are printed in "boldface" and makes possible the most inexpensive method non-valid names stepped back and printed in of publication. ordinary type. Valid names are the prior pub­ In this method each page is set out on the lished name as set out in the "Code". Non­ word processor, paginated and proofed on the valid names include, "synonyms"; "erroneous screen. When ready for printout a new daisy names"; "Orthographic errors"; "orthog­ wheel and carbon film ribbon are inserted in raphic variants"; "abbreviated names", and the printer to give clear, clean text. The pub­ "different readings" of oriental characters. It lisher then takes each page of printout and, by was decided to list aU spelling variants of a photo-reduction to a suitable size, produces a name to assist those with only a mis-spelt name printing plate that requires no type setting or to locate the valid name. proof reading. The listing of a valid name is followed by a 2800 pages would produce 1400 leaves which species or group name to which it belongs, would require to be made up in two volumes. 56 Because of their thickness they would need to which the first method does not. However the be bound. At the present time, in Australia, cost would be greater. the cost of producing 1000 copies by this It is estimated that, to write up the full man­ method is estimated at 30,000 dollars Austra­ uscript of about 5000 A4 size pages will take to lian. The cost of normal publishing with set the end of 1985 and to put it on a word proces­ type is variable, depending on type size, qual­ sor until the end of 1986, unless the salary of an ity, paper and so on. However it would pro­ operator can be found when it would be possi­ duce a more prestigious publication, probably ble to finish both about the same time, the end with less pages, and permit the use of various of 1985. typefaces such as italics for species names etc,

A personal account ofthe I.C.S. Spring Tour of 1985

Compte-rendu personnel du voyage organise par I'I.C.S. au printemps, 1985 Una relaci6n personal del viaje de la I.C.A. en la primavera de 1985 Un resoconto personale del viaggio della I.C.S. nella primavera del 1985 MARION SMITH Jersey, C.l.

For those of you who have never been on an who produced a delicious buffet for two coach I.C.S. Tour, Conference or week-end, this is loads of hungry I.C.S. members. I would love an attempt to explain why I enjoy these events to have spent more time looking at their gar­ so much. den which shows evidence of John being a I met members of the I.C.S. for the first time great plantsman. Everything was so beauti­ when the Conference was held in Jersey 4 fully labelled it was a delight to be in it. Then years ago, and my friend Miss Margaret Scott we wended our way up to Bettws-y-Coed in was presenting her paper on her work on North Wales through the very pretty coun­ Camellia propagation. Since then I have met tryside with streams and rocks on each side of some of those members present several times the narrow twisting road. Our skilled drivers and in 1984 my husband and I were lucky had also to avoid the hazards of the sheep, enough to go on the tour of China which was so many of whom had their twin lambs with them. fascinating, and which you will have read The next day we visited a working woollen about in the last LC.S. Journal. mill with a shop full of high quality goods Because Jersey is a small island of approxi­ which was especially interesting for our 30 ± mately 12 miles X 6, when we go away we are New Zealand members to be able to compare always keen to see as many other places as pos­ with their home products. We arrived at Bod­ sible and we love seeing gardens wherever we nant Gardens, which had been one of the can. Consequently the Tour of 1985 fulfilled temptations of the tour for me. We were ex­ my expectation~ admirably. Unfortunately, I tremely lucky in having a fine day and the gar­ was' unable to attend the Conference in dens were at the peak of perfection with regard Brighton but I travelled there to join the other to the Camellias, Rhododendrons and members, and this immediately started off my Azaleas. There is also an excellent retail nur­ week's holiday in fine style, as I stayed the sery under the supervision of Mr Martin Pud­ night with Pat Macdonald of New Zealand. I dle. I had been lucky enough to go round the had last seen Pat and her husband Ron in Hong garden with his father Mr Charles Puddle (who Kong at the end of our tour of China last year has now retired as Head Gardener) and Signor so we had a whole year's news to catch up on! and Signora Wladimiro Abbate from Caserta What a lot we did see in the following week! in Southern Italy, and places I would probably not have had a I was pleased to be told the nursery could chance to visit if it had not been for this tour. . send plants to Jersey, so when I returned here I Travelling via Worcester, where we visited received 2 large boxes and now have some in­ the Cathedral and the porcelain works, we teresting plants growing in my garden, includ­ went to lunch with Nancy and John Tooby, ing several dwarf Rhododendrons and an Os­ 57 manthus delavayi (which had reached the size Lionel de Rothschild's main interest was in of small trees at Bodnant). These will remind making a collection of Rhododendrons,and me of that much larger garden. what a lot of pleasure he has given to all those I enjoyed the visit to Caernarvon Castle and who have visited Exbury Gardens. crossing the Menai Straits to the Isle of We were able to visit Hilliers Arboretum Anglesey, we went to Plas Newydd. Another and have a brisk instructive walk around, cast­ lovely day to remember! ing anxious glances at the darkening skies be­ We left North Wales and drove down the fore the rain started again. This was another beautiful Wye valley, stopping for lunch en wonderful day with two wonderful places to route at the ruined Tintern Abbey. visit! Of course I had often seen photographs of We stayed the night at a very comfortable Stourhead in Wiltshire which is so famous for Hotel at Brockenhurst in the New Forest its landscaping. It was a great pleasure to see which was surrounded by the ponies and their the reality and to sit on the grass on the banks foals. It was sad to hear how they had suffered of the lake with my friends Mrs. Vi Lort-Phil­ from the severe weather of early 1985. lips and Lady Susanna Walton (whom I had On the eighth day of our tour we went to not.seen since our tour in China), and to look Chartwell which has been left much as it was across the lake at the perfectly proportioned when Sir Winston Churchill lived there. I liked Temple of Apollo. Also to see the other fam­ the gardens (including the Golden Rose Gar­ ous views across water to the Pantheon and the den planted for his Golden Wedding Anniver­ elegant Temple of Flora built in 1745. sary not yet in flower of course). I went round The next day was Sunday which was a good this garden with Mrs Pat Widdas from S. Af­ day to have our walking Tour in Bath because, rica whom I had not met previously to this as the shops were shut, the centre of the city tour. We looked at the long brick wall built by was peaceful and not crowded. How interest­ Sir Winston during the time he was out of of­ ing it was to see what has been achieved and fice, when he was also writing his "History of how splendidly the archaeological remains are England". Then we went to his studio, the being displayed with superb lighting and clear walls of which are covered in his paintings from labelling. Not at all a "fusty-dusty" image! Our floor to ceiling. I particularly liked a painting excellent guide told us that when we visit Bath he did of a Street scene in Marrakesh, in the future there will be a natural hot bath (Morocco) which shows an intensity of light open for the public to swim in. We then passed and colour. It is reputed that his answer to close to the University and the American those who criticized his paintings as not being Museum. It was not on our tour schedule to great "works of art" was, that he painted "for visit this but our guide knew I wanted to go to it his own pleasure" and this certainly comes ac­ and kindly stopped the bus for me to get out. I ross. What a versatile man he was! Building had a lovely time in that garden before I went brick walls, painting, writing and being one of inside and saw the collections of furniture, pic­ England's greatest leaders in Parliament. We tures, silver, porcelain and patchwork quilts. I spent the night in Bromley where there is the caught a bus back to Bath and rejoined the rest Churchill Theatre and 3 of us went to a play in of the I.C.S. Members at the Botanical Gar­ which Edward Woodward (Callan on T.V.) dens which were well worth visiting. and his son acted. Monday 20th May started as a cold wet day, What more could one ask for a grand finale not at all "Spring-like"! We stopped briefly at to our tour than the Chelsea Flower Show. It Stonehenge which I have always wanted to was about six years since I last went to it and it see. It was disappointing to see guards in the was all the more enjoyable to go together with process of surrounding it with barbed wire but old and newly-made friends in the I.C.S. Of we were told this was a necessary precaution to course, during the day, I also met 4 people prevent the public doing any damage at the from Jersey with whom to swap impressions! forth coming Pop Festival. Perhaps this account of how much I enjoyed Quickly the weather improved for us to visit the Spring 1985 I.C.S. tour will have conveyed Exbury Gardens with the Rhododendrons and a little of why I, personally, look forward to the Azaleas at their finest and in the sunshine. The highlights in my gardening Calendar. After all garden is only open to the public for 10 weeks. - it is sheer relaxation, enjoyment and a few at this time of the year to see these plants, days off of peace and change from one's every­ which far out number the Camellias of which~ day life. there is also a considerable number. But then Since my return, I have had several letters 58 from my friends made on the 1985 tour. One Chelsea Flower Show. Hari was muttering, to from Dr. Bob Withers of Melbourne, Au­ my amusement and understanding, that she stralia, who very kindly sent me some ofhis lily was "just off to see her marbles in the British seeds. I last saw him and his delightful Greek­ Museum". born wife Hari on the day we went to the That's life!

C. chrysantha -a Progress Report from Australia

Camellia chrysantha - un rapport Camellia chrysantha - un informe Camellia chrysantha - une relazione

A. E. (PETER) CAMPBELL St. [ves, Australia

Two accounts of the introduction of this fas­ growth is very attractive being almost purple cinating species have already appeared in bronze in colour and the leaves show the pro­ "Camellia News" the official organ of The Au­ nounced "quilting" one associated with C. stralian Camellia Research Society, see Nos. granthamiana. 83 and 91 published in December 1982 and De­ However in spite of all this, there was, disap­ cember 1984. The first traced the introduction pointingly, no sign of a flower bud anywhere, of seeds from Kunming in the Yunnan Pro­ and it was felt that perhaps, as all the plants vince of China to Australia, the seeds being re­ were of seedling origin, a long wait for flowers ceived by Mr. Harold Fraser of Wagga Wagga was likely. Then an extraordinary thing hap­ and Mr. Tom Savige of Albury, the latter a pened - several of the very small plants pro­ former President of the I.C.S. Both were suc­ duced by the "cutting graft" method in De­ cesful in raising the seed and one of those cember 1983 showed buds. But if these tiny raised by Harold Fraser eventually found its plants proceeded into their first growth cycle, way into the possession of Camellia Grove thel buds withered and fell off. Fortunately Nursery of St. Ives. The second account traced some of the plants retained their buds and its progress at the Nursery which lost no time in these opened progressively for about a month propagating this material, making two cleft commencing from 16th August 1984. Of the grafts on four year old C. hiemalis 'Kanjiro' plants propagated last December (a year later) stock in July 1981. It may be mentioned here a number are now showing buds and will that this Nursery places great confidence in the doubtless flower this August/September, but use of 'Kanjiro' for all forms of Camellia graft­ none of the large plants, now in their fifth year ing. It readily produces an abundance of good and at least six feet high show any sign of strong roots which are very resistant to flower nor do those which flowered last year! Phytophthora and is compatible with all the 'This was particularly disappointing as it was common species of Camellias. Further cleft felt that those plants, having flowered last grafts were made on similar stock in 1982. All year, should do so again this year. So it was de­ these grew with great vigour and by December cided to enlist the aid of Dr. Peter Valder, who of that year there was sufficient material to is lecturer in Biological Sciences at Sydney commence a programe of "cutting grafts". For University as well as a horticulturalist of dis­ an explanation of this method of Camellia tinction. propagation, see p.25 of the I.C.S. Journal Dr. Valder believes that many plants which No. 16. By the end of 1983 the Nursery had are well grown do not produce flowers in their quite a collection of C. chrysantha, all ofwhich youth unless they are badly treated and placed had originated from one seed. The plants under stress. He points out that the small cut­ were, of course, ofvarying sizes but all showed ting grafts of C. chrysantha which did flower the same remarkable vigour and just grew and did not produce growth i.e. the graft, though grew. The Sydney climate is not unlike that of successful, was not very good and so the scion Nanning in Southern China, the home of C. was under stress and produced blooms. He in­ chrysantha, being warm and humid. The new stances"some seedlings of C. ole(fera var. con­ 59 fusa which he raised from seeds collected in N. pruned in their second or third year and as a re­ Thailand. Some plants, now in his garden five sult produce a great quantity of flower and feet tall and growing strongly have never flo­ seed. All of this leads us to a very interesting wered but some cutting grown plants, very pot series of experiments for, though C. bound and neglected, flower regularly. So he chrysantha will probably make a great addition suggests that a tight wire be placed around the to our gardens for its ornamental value, quite stems of some advanced plants to see if this will apart from its flowers, most will grow it for its induce enough stress to cause the setting of hybridising potential. Just imagine a yellow or buds. He also thinks the use of a fertiliser high orange 'Dr. Clifford Parks' or 'Valley Knud­ in phosphorus and low in nitrogen could be sen'. '. useful. It has long been noted in the growing of So there are two things to do. Firstly induce citrus trees that, when under extreme stress our plants of C. chrysantha to flower readily and about to die, they produce a great abun­ and then embark on a hybridising program. dance of flower and fruit before they expire. The second of these objectives will be, by far, Dr. Valder's views are strongly supported by the more difficult. Last August/September the Mr. Harold Fraser, one of the importers of C. Nursery gave pollen to various hybridists but chrysantha seeds, who has lately been doing no seeds eventuated. They will do the same some research on the commercial production this year but one only has to refer to the article of tea (c. assamica) in Australia. He reports by Prof. Xia Lifang of the Kunming Institute of that tea plants are always grown from seed, Botany on p.18 of the I.C.S. Journal of Oc­ any subsequent flowers being of use only to tober 1984 to see how long the odds are for suc­ produce more seed and not, as the Chinese say, cess; "for admiration". It appears that the presence It appears to the writer that so far C. of a tap root in tea plants is important for the chrysantha has only been used as a pollen pa­ production of maximum foliage. In order to rent, and it may well be that success will come make young plants seed they are heavily from using it as a seed parent. Neville and Erica McMinn invite yo'u to COME TO MELBOURNE (QUEEN CITY OF THE SOUTH)

when you visit Australia for the 19861.C.S. CONGRESS at SYDNEY September 14 to 19 *Come to Melbourne before or after Sydney TO SEE CAMELLIAS AT THEIR BEST

348PrincesHighway CAMELLIA LODGE Noble Park, Melbourne

60 Camellias in a Sussex garden

Des camelias dans un jardin du Sussex, Angleterre Camelias en un jardin de Sussex, Inglaterra Camelie in un giardino del Sussex, Inghilterra A report on the hardiness of camellias during the winter of 1984/85 I.C.S. Member RICHARD WILLAN Lurgashall, Petworth, Sussex, England

Lurgashall is about midway between Hasle­ 2. 'Leonard Messel'. Very reliable and usu­ mere in Surrey and Petworth in Sussex. My ally covered in blooms as this year. garden is in a hollow, where a little stream 3. 'Inspiration'. Very reliable. runs, and is by no means an ideal site for 4. 'St. Ewe'. One of the best; covered with Camellias, even adverse, since the soil is gen­ blooms this year. erally speaking a heavy clay, water-logged in 5. Miniature double pink. Unnamed. winter and drying-out in summer. It is subject Brought as a small rooted cutting from to late spring frosts and fairly low tempera­ Kathmandu, Nepal about 1972. Itflowers very tures during cold spells. early and is sensitive to cold but does flower I have not been able to obtain any tempera­ well in most years - very charming. ture recordings from anyone locally, but the 6. 'Eugenie de Massena'. Flowers profusely met. office has kindly given me data from their every year. nearest stations at Rogate, west of here and for 7. 'Midnight'. An excellent dark red - co­ Gatwick, east of here. vered with blooms this year. Minimum readings of minus lODC were re­ 8. 'Are-jishi'. Planted early in 1984. Flo­ corded on several days in January and Feb­ wered very well this year. An excellent red. ruary at both stations. The lowest was minus 9. 'Adolphe Audusson'. Very reliable and 12.4C at Gatwick on the 13th of February. The cold resistant. grass minimum was minus 17.3C on that day. 10. 'Donation' Usually covered with flowers. At Rogate it was minus 11.7C. There were Only a small plant as yet. cold spells of several days at a time in January, 11. 'Elsie Jury'. Flowered well in 1984. No February and March, when temperatures went flowers this year. below freezing and in January and February 12.. 'Janet Waterhouse'. Flowered beauti­ fairly heavy snQw falls with subsequent freez­ fully in the spring of 1984. Fewer blooms in ing and glazing of foliage. It is possible that 1985 but still good. even lower temperatures occurred in this gar­ 13. 'Mary Costa'. Flowered profusely this den than at Rogate or at Gatwick. year but sensitive to cold as are other whites. All my Camellias are outside and came 14. 'Mathotiana alba'. Probably not suitable through the winter remarkably well with very for outdoors. This was planted some years ago little bud loss and so were covered with blooms before I knew anything about Camellias. later. The only casualty was a small bush of Blooms very well but spoilt by cold nights. 'Elsie Jury', which was overwhelmed in a This year I picked bunches of blooms of all snow-drift and partly broken. All the buds the above except 'Are-jishi' whic~ is a bit too were damaged and there were no blooms later. small. The quality ofnearly all of them was ex­ Another nondescript single pink, unnamed, cellent. Only the whites were affected by cold had lost its buds before the end of 1984. It is but I did get some good blooms. obviously unsuitable and I will replace it. The last winter has shown that the Camellias Most of my plants are small, being about one I have are remarkably hardy. At the moment . metre or a little over but two of the earlier the foliage of all my plants is in excellent condi­ plantings are over 2 metres. They are: tion, beautifully green and glossy so that I am 1. 'The Mikado'. Very sensitive to cold but looking forward to a very good flowering again when perfect blooms are produced they are re­ next year. ally lovely.

61 Journey in China - May 1985

Un voyage en Chine, mai 1985 Viaje por la China, mayo de 1985 Viaggio in Cina, maggio 1985 HAROLD FRASER Wagga Wagga, Australia ·see colour section I arrived in Kunming, the capital of Yunnan, Kaiyuan and M. Xia Lifang that replacements on my own during the last week of May in per­ would be sent soon from Australia. They were fect spring sunshine after the humid heat of much relieved and accepted with expressions Canton, to be greeted by an old friend, Mr. of gratitude my plants and gifts of books etc. Feng Xiao Jian, Asst. Director C.LT.S. He brought from Australia.. told me excitedly of the visit of Sec. Gen. H. An inspection of the much enlarged Re­ U. Yao Bang to Kunming a few weeks before search Nursery previously closed to Western in the Camellia season, who had praised the visitors since 1982 was a delight. Falling rain Garden of Friendship, saying "The finest ges­ and warmth had resulted in a flush of glossy ture ever of friendship made to the People's shining growth. Again I saw evidence of some Republic of China by our Western friends" of the extension advice given previously on and urged Kunming to develop a 10,000 MU potting mixtures, bearing fruit. (about 700 hectares) as a peoples' Camellia Great interest was shown with much ques­ Park. Being part of a 5 year plan currently in tioning about our Camellia chrysantha growth progress, this was something to remember in Australia. My photos were compared, and after our 1984 organisation. the growth they showed was more vigorous What a greeting and challenge to help again than plants of a similar age in this nursery area. our many friends in Kunming, wider Yunnan A trip to Mt. Lijiang, N. W. of Kunming to and people of China. see the famous Camellia reticulata more than I was met by Prof. Wu-Chang-yi, now fully 500 years old, on the slope at about 9000ft, was recovered in health, Dr. Zhang Aoluo, now the next highlight. head of the Academy of Sinica Yunnan, his wife Prof. Wu, Dr. Zhang and Dr. Guian and M. Xia Lifang and Dr. Guian Kaiyuan, Asst. C.LT.S. Kunming were anxious that Lshould Director of the Institute. make a survey trip and be the first westerner to Enquiries by my hosts concerning friends in do so as it is hoped to conduct special visitors to previous visiting groups occupied some time. this glorious area next year. (Note: LIJIANG Discussions on the replacement of lost plants the highest Mt. and Range in S. W. China). for the garden of 1984 took up most of the So after a medical check and formalities at evening over supper, in my suite on the 12th the Foreign Affairs office, I set off early one - floor of the great new Kunming Hotel, looking morning, carrying a special permit, in a brand over to the sunset on the western hills. I was, new Toyota Crown car with an ex-Army driver however, able to hand over some 12 replace­ of mature age (20 years driving trucks on the ments and a number of scions delivered in less Burma Road) and a charming English speak­ than 48 hours from Wagga Wagga and saw ing guide, seconded for my trip from the Re­ them planted safely in pots at the Institute a ception desk at the crowded Kunming Hotel, few days later, with no ill effects from quaran­ Miss Chen Bing. The weather was fine and tine inspection. It is possible to go from Wagga hot, specially in the valleys, but clear and crisp Wagga to Kunming in 28 hours once weekly. on the ranges. We had to cross on our W. N. W. Dorothy, my wife, could not come with me leg to Dali. The car travelled faster than a bus so I travelled alone, a unique experience. and in my back seat position I could spread my Our dear friend (since ·1978) Dr. Guian viewing range. The fresh green foliage and the Kaiyuan who met me on arrival at the Botani­ varying colours were in marked contrast to my cal Institute, gave me an emotional welcome 1982 and 1984 journeys. In the valleys green and conducted me to the Garden of Friendship rice and the golden wheat were maturing and showing plants in nursery care for autumn some were being harvested. Bumper crops planting. All were doing well. I assured Dr were evident. 62 The Burma Road is much improved and before the drop down in the vicinity of Fengyi. duplicated in the Great Gorge but carries a Here a riot of pink to white coloured mighty traffic load including petrol convoys Rhododendrons became visible as we reduced and consumable stores, steel and machinery to altitude. On the run in along the flats to the the west, timber in log form, return empty fuel new city of Xiaguan, a stop was made to in­ waggons and coal, produce etc. East bound. spect mature wheat crops, some in harvest. The skilful driver, weaving his way in such Here farmers proudly conducted me throhgh heavy traffic that I have not seen elsewhere on high yielding crops and I appraised them a mountain road, was fascinating; unable to (more than 50 years experience) to yield a speak English he gave a running commentary bumper harvest of 90 bushels plus per acre, translated to me by the Guide. and had the details translated back. When to a We reached our lunch stop in the city of then gathering audience it was revealed that I Chuxiong at the refurbished Hotel, to be came from Australia's farming country and the greeted by mine host in immaculate Western gums close by were from there too, and my age Morning Dress, speaking good English. After revealed - past 70 - I received a grand wel­ toileting and tea, I was escorted to a small pri­ come in loud handclaps. China is harvesting vate room for a splendid meal and wines. Then another record harvest of grain and I can in filed 8 well dressed men and a lady. They vouch for the accuracy of such claims. I have smiled, ate half their meal and the host then seen four in a row. told me that they had followed me down from After the "Field Day" (many of these I have Kunming Agricultural University, one came arranged in N.S.W.) I had to leave so that the from Beijing, to show me some of the new car could be serviced at the large station on the wheats they were growing for seed increase city outskirts. We had priority at the head of at from small 1/zkg packages which I gave them in least a kilometre of double traffic, many large 1980 and 1982. new trucks were visible. Here I was ,able to This was an honour and surprise"if everthere gaze up the steep mountain slopes of was one. After toasts, short talks, a rest, a Changshan, recalling the climb of 1982 to see farewell by Dr. Li Deh Sing, Prof. of Agricul­ the famous Camellia reticula - of 10,000 ture, and a ramble through the colourful blooms only to find it severely pruned a few grounds of ChuxiongHotel complex, sharp at days before and see its removal by pack 1.30 pm my devoted driver beckoned me to the ponies, for sale as firewood in the free market car and we set offwestward into the hot sun. In in old DaHl .. between 'cat naps' I would wake to see the veg­ On time (8 hours from Kunming) we drove etation on the hills around Nanhau. White and into the crowded city streets to disappear pink Rhododendrons made a floral spectacle through a guard of medical clinical trucks to on the high range tops and slopes. Due to the park in front of the Hotel. It was like "Home" very heavy traffic flow my driver would not to be greeted by my friend Commandant stop, so we passed on and in the valley below Zhong Li alongside his official Volvo car. So some fine wheat crops were inspected on a side nice to see my friend a 3rd time. On the landing road lined by Australian gums. To see these outside my room waiting to see me was Dr. seeds increase plots was a great thrill. On we Zheng Ling Cai M.D. Medical Supervisor of pressed to Xiaguan (Dali) on shores of Lake countries outside Kunming city. He had his Erhai, travelling faster than Marco Polo in team with him bound for Lijiailg. He checked 1270's along this way. The driver was anxious my health in a friendly way saying his depart­ to get me to my destination early so that I could ment was concerned that I should take such a examine further cereal crops. The location of long Journey at my "advanced· age" (I was these being given to my guide by the group amused but thankful). Supper over and the mentioned earlier. night was hot, I was glad to take the cool air Climbing the scenic but winding road to the and sit on the banks of Lake Erhai till the final drop down to DaH, the view down into the "Phone wind" with its high velocity and noise valley was like a grand mosaic of green, red, drove me indoors. I did not however see the brown and amber as one looked East to the legendary Dragon in the Lake who was cre­ mist covered mountains of Yunnan, in all their dited with this nightly occurrence in Summer. glory, with the great Changshan Mountains (of Xiaguan means "Windy City". The three 19 peaks) snow caps visible to the north east on .. famous ancient Pagodas were built to watch the left. " for the great Dragon when the wind blew.

The Burma Road to the frontier junctioned An early start was made next day, with a c. 63 quick drive ahead of traffic to the North on the rooms being so clad in marble (Dali means Tibet Highway past Butterfly Springs (Marco marble). Polo turned back at this spot on his return to The Commandant, Mr. Duan Nan Xing, ar­ Venice) climbing steadily past the end of the rived and greeted me saying I was the first wes­ Lake up a very steep mountain pass, on a wide terner and oldest visitor to come into his area. scaled highway. We encountered a severe He had a jeep and driver at his disposal. A 30 Market Day jam in Bryuan but pressed on to year old Japanese mountain climber and com­ the important road junction at Jianchuan panion had come for one day the week before whence a road goes to the Indian Frontier. to climb the mountain but on advice from loc­ Here the scenery is sublime; tier after tier of als had turned back at 10,000 ft. Mountains. I was told I was the first westerner Next day, and back East to Kunming, my to come by this newly opened way to Tibet. host took me to some nice small Public Gar­ What an honour and how kind my friends in dens thronged with people. The lake was dry Kunming were to arrange in all detail such an because of water shortage due to lack of snow historic journey (even Marco Polo could not and rain in this somewhat arid Tibet like cli­ make it!) but a little old Australian was af­ mate. I was able to identify a few poor small forded such an honoured opportunity to see pink reticulatas. There were many azaleas, this "New Area" shortly to be visited by rhododendrons, magnolias and roses selected special visitors en route to Tibet and (ramblers) - some very large. A large display the border some 600 km away. The road of incredible bonsai in one closed wall garden climbed steadily beyond 10,000 ft with the finalised the day. Supper over in daylight, I slopes gay with Rhododendron species and far strolled the streets of this modernising small to the N.E. the snow capped range with its remote city, attracting much attention by the "Sleeping White Jade Buddha" came into view T.V. and picture going inhabitants. All were - glistening white. Mt. Lijiang 5596 m or very friendly and curious. A call in on a shop to about 17,200 ft in the Yulong Mts in the Naxi purchase some local hand craft and a shirt minority nationality area was a sight I will not made history I feel sure. Those watching had let dim in my memory. Travelling a table land on their lips "and so western tourists are here", - rather droughty - I was able to pause at a I could almost decipher from their expressions large apple growing unit and potato farms (no such a probable remark. cereal) and see a large tree nursery of Austra­ To see famous SOO year old camellia of 20,000 lian Flora, mainly Eucalyptus. Some wild blooms on my second day in Linjiang area. rambling Roses gave roadside colour. Arose at daybreak to see the eastern sun rise Pressing on towards Lijiang, capitol of Naxi, on the glacier. The transport was by jeep, as I country on the lower slopes of Yulong range was to go to see the famous Camel1ias on the the Glacier glistened like silver as we drove mountain slopes at 9,000 ft, 30km away. The into the old rather over-used Hotel complex road was through small villages along a dry with a heavy crunch, caused by a carpet of windy valley. The lanes were lined with Rape being threshed by passing traffic on the Hawthorn and rambling Rose with wheat and clean concrete Highway where groups were barley crops. Again I inspected some new var­ sweeping and winnowing the grain. Arriving ieties. Non shattering dry land, low rainfall for a late meal at 2pm I was afterwards ushered productions from base seed sent from Au­ into a clean humble room; no facilities save a stralia in 1978 following my first China trip. wash basin, much-like the Hotel'Menindie There is no irrigation here on this porous gla­ N.S.W. in my visits there in 1930s and no cial soil in the valley. No rice. Rainfall is in the change to the present time. Well, it was clean main confined to mountain slopes: and the toilet and ablutions were public, some At length we left the flats and started to distance away in the City. I managed an excel­ climb towards the Pine tree-covered slopes lent meal. It was Sunday and not a work day. with a wonderful panoramic view southward My driver had been here once before and told and finally reached about the 9,000 ft level, we me he did not like the place as it had no mod­ left the transport and walked to an ancient ern conveniences and nothing to do. T.V. was monastery, in a picturesque setting of pines, available in a hall from 7pm to 9pm only. Close junipers, spruce and peaches in fruit. The an­ by, a modern beautiful 100 bed Motel complex cient stone terrace displayed ahuge Magnolia in full view of mountain scenery, will be ready tree with 3 large branches from a base trunk 4 in 1986. I was shown all over and scored it first metres in circumference and claimed to be class with its· Dali stone facing and facility over 200 years old. The height was estimated at 64 more than 40ft, about 13m. In this tranquil my coat on a prostrate juniper and in view of Park we walked along a stone path to an an­ the great mountain, we were at 9,000 ft al­ cient Monastery to be greeted by Lama Nahdu titude, a majestic sight. The Yangtze makes a aged 62, coming there as a novice aged 11 (he snake-like bend here because of the mountain was a Naxi local native) and an older Lama­ range diverting it eastward and not in the di­ Zan of Zan clan from Tibet aged 67 attired in rection of India and Burma, but on to the Red robes. These holy men care for the China Sea, and not to the Bay of Bengal as monastery. Its paved small garden with pots of might have been the case if upheavals millions Peonies, Azalea, Clivia, Roses, Maple and a of years ago had been less violent. large reticulata about 3m (not old), Peach trees Returning to the city was by a dusty hard track and over-hanging outside the entrance gate of glacial stones, a bone shaking drive, we were Dawn Red Wood, Yunnan Pine and a rounded the entrance to my rugged Hotel close large Picea abies and some Spruce. to sunset to rest. Supper was hosted by the Last but not least, the huge Camellia tree Commandant before meeting a group of Ag­ dominated the courtyard. "The tree of 20,000 ricultural Supervisors checking performance Blooms" set in a pavement, was never watered of newly introduced wheats which I had or fertilized the Monks said. The senior Lama examined earlier that day. Kunming had ad­ told me that the flowers are so dense that vised of my coming and I had to converse for leaves are obscured and the new red shoots a while. push off the flowers. Gradually as they mature I was glad to retire early after a heavy day a few blooms only remain and the fresh leaves looking at so much new Agricultural and Hor­ are a most attractive canopy. Truly a delightful ticultural treasures, an experience not given to spot to meditate. The few flowers left resem­ a Westerner before in this·remote but exciting bled "Willow Wand". Examination of "The area of Yunnan. Tree" in detail showed that it was really 2sepa­ Rising at daylight next morning, a drive by rate ones fused together, being trained es­ car back to Dali by early afternoon was over palier-like over a frame providing a shade the same landscape. house effect underneath where pot plants th­ A visit to the large Erhai Park Camellia gar­ rive. Such training no doubt assists floweririg. den, containing an extensive collection not pre­ The measurement at the fork has a girth of viously seen on visits made in 1982 and 1984, 1.30m, covering an area of 6m X 5m and a completed the 4th day's travelling - calling in height of 3m with a doorway opposite the on the Earth Quake station too - a first. trunk. This area has an eastern aspect. The An early morning exit from Dali bound for famous tree is under close watch. No flowers Kunming was commenced in heavy rain and can be picked and no cuttings removed by any much traffic, lumber being the main cargo to outsider. be delivered to the rail head just beyond the This was a grand occasion and farewells and city of Chuxiong, our half way lunch stop. thanks were made over tea and some kind of The Burma Road was in a "wet mood" as the local edible nut. We walked down through this wet season had broken; streams were rising old landscape to the waiting jeep to go further and local flooding evident. Lunch was hurried on by rough track climbing the mountain, with no rest time as my driver of 20 years ex­ winding amongst a variety of Pines and under perience on this road section was anxious to cover of flowering azaleas and rhododen­ get ahead of flood waters and clear the drons. Many alpines and creeping junipers treacherous gorge half way to Kunming as it were seen. I recognised many that grew in our had been raining for 4 days. We observed the garden in far away Wagga Wagga, and seen in gorge was a wash of red muddy "boiling" water many temperate climates too. At length the and a landslide, no doubt started by a recent jeep could go no further and I set out to climb earthquake, partially closed our one way pave­ along the gentle track almost to the tree line at ment. In rain, all hands cleared a track and a 10,000 ft plus. Looking further on to the ram­ miracle in driving skill at slow speed brought us parts, the air was rare and my progress was safely through a very rough mountain area to a slow as I collected samples of the vegetation more even terrain. which I hoped to take away for recording, but I Our arrival back at Kunming Hotel safely at had to leave them behind in the "National dusk brought welcome hand shakes· from Park" as my host explained nicely that it was a C.I.T.S. friends, and I gave thanks to a won­ closed area. Lunch was served on the banks of derful driver for such an historic journey in the the upper reaches of the Yangtze. Sitting on cause of Camellia knowledge and Agriculture 65 t06. I shall never forget it. What a trip it was (Editor: It is hoped that a report on the sec­ - over 2,000 lan. Heavy rain and floods caused ond part of Harold Fraser's journey will be in­ me to abandon a trip to Simo and the Mekong cluded in the Journal for 1986). and go on to Beijing. Dubia or Dubious?

Dubia ... ou Doute? Dubia 0 dudosa? Dubia oppure Dubbia?

MRS. VI STONE Baton Rouge, USA

·see colour section

This tale probably spans twenty years. My per­ in the hope that someone could identify the sonal involvement began about fifteen years blooms. Thomas Perkins took two small plants ago when I purchased twelve plants which I ex­ to China during the "Friendship Tour" and has pected to use as understock for grafting. been advised that they were not 'Dubia'. Dr. It was a very cold day in early February so I William Ackerman and Tom Savige have told took two of the plants into the greenhouse, me the same thing. Tom Savige saw the plants sawed them off, and dropped the tops near the when he visited us, but they had finished heater. After the grafting was completed I blooming. gathered up the tops to throw onto the trash The nearest bloom to this is the Tiny Prin­ pile. I was almost overcome by the fragrance; cess, but the colour is much deeper. It has much like hyacinths. At this point I called to seven to nine petals, very pale pink shading Hank to bring a shovel and we immediately slightly deeper around the edges. The stamens planted the remaining ten plants in a small bed are sparse and a deeper pink and the pistil is in our side yard (garden). slightly twisted. Sometimes it has set seed, The following spring the plants were about which I have given away. The foliage measures three feet tall. All along the branches at the from three inches long by one and one fourth axil of each leaf were these tiny, lovely, very wide, also two and a half inches long by one soft pink fragrant blooms. Everyone who came inch wide, down to three fourths wide by three by to see our Camellias in bloom went home eighths inch long, a deeply ribbed centre with with a branch of the blooms. No one in our outer edges slightly curved upwards. area had experienced fragrance of Camellias at I researched the entire Nomenclature book, that time. also Sealy's. Finally I stumbled upon their de­ The first knowledgeable Camelliaphile who scription of "Dubia" which almost exactly came by was Hody Wilson of Hammond, matched our plants. I have taken branches of Lousiana (an American Camellia Society Fel­ blooms to various Camellia shows and to the low). His first expression was "it is a sasan­ American Camellia Society meetings hoping qua". I then asked which sasanquas bloomed that someone could solve my dilemma. in February. Our normal blooming time in this The thing that has really created interest is area being late October, November and into their continued resistance to the very severe early December. I then pointed out the blooms freezes and their ability to come back and underneath the foliage (like those of most bloom profusely after temperatures as low as species); the dull green foliage varied in size, 4°F. In the interim, since 1980, we have lost and was of very soft texture. Next I pointed out over seven hundred Camellia plants ranging in the long willowy branches and the pubescent age from three to thirty years. Reticulatas Were stems and underside of the leaves, which were hardest hit, also saluenensis hybrids. like most rusticanas. In 1984 I took slides showing present height Through a procession of years I sent scions of approximately fourteen feet, with the profu­ to Camellia hybridizers and large growers all sion of blooms not only remaining on the over the USA and to many overseas countrtes, plants, but carpeting the ground around them 66 with a sQlid mass of pale pink. One would look America in the early sixties. Next consider the up expecting to see bare branches but instead time from pollination, seeds to germinate, suf­ they were completely covered with blooms. I ficient time to propagate enough plants to mailed prints to people in Australia, New Zea­ market; this should add another five to ten land, Japan and France and several here in years. Who in America was hybridizing species America asking their help in identification. in those early days? Each reply I received was different but all ag­ Long years ago I went back to the garden reed upon "hybrid". centre from whence they came, hoping they Now take into account the plants we purch­ could throw some light on their source of sup­ ased fifteen years ago had to be three to four ply. They said they had numerous sources and years old to be large enough for grafting stock. had no way to pinpoint them. Consider the fact this now takes us back about I always seem to come back to square one twenty years and that lutchuensis only came to "Dubia or Dubious?". Elimination of variegation viruses from contaminated Camellia apices through grafting 'in vitro' on aseptically cultivated shoots

Elimination des virus par greffage in vitro Eliminaci6n del virus mediante eI injerto in vitro Eliminazione dei virus mediante l'innesto in vitro DR. JEAN CREZE France ('See Colour Section) (A Brighton Congress talk)

I thought you might be interested in the re­ tions of the experiment, the plants which re­ sults obtained by the grafting 'in vitro' of main diseased in spite of the graft do not show Camellias which I have been carrying out since the variation until a year after the graft has 1980 as already mentioned to you in Kyoto and been performed. As far as the Camellia is con­ Sacramento. cerned, we still have not found a serological I have been concentrating my experiments reaction enabling us to establish that the plant upon the elimination of Camellia viruses and is healthy. so, out of 737 grafts performed to date, in 612 Out of612 plants grafted in 1981-1982 by the instances I took the apices from diseased end of 1981 we are left with 331 surviving plants. plants i.e. 54%. . From memory here is a short illustration of Out of 331 surviving plants, 68 show variega­ the technique used: . tions and 263 appear healthy, i.e. 79.4%. It I grow sterile seeds of Camellia japonica in a must be noted that results vary considerably (gelori) bed. When the shoots are well de­ according to the species being grafted: veloped I cut these above the cotyledons and I graft on the stem in apex of the plant to be 'Rose Preston': studied. I seal the bud with paraffin. 34 grafted plants - 25 plants surviving after 2 The new shoot thus reconstituted is put back years. 24 healthy plants - 1 diseased. in a sterile bed containing a solid basis of fine perlite. 'Marjorie': The shoot grows rapidly and can be transfer­ 34 grafted plants - 18 plants surviving after 3 red to a container one or two months after the· years. 17 diseased plants -1 healthy plant. grafting. What are the results? 'Marjorie' is the basis of our test as the col­ I studied only the· results obtained with our is entirely diseased and there are no heal­ grafts more than 2 years old since, in the condi­ thy plants. 67 It is. a virulent contamination which results in were destroyed by such a brutal treatment but burnidg lesions through contact with the sun, the surviving ones showed signs of disease at a but the grafting produced only one healthy much earlier stage than in the case of the non plant out of 18 and it is that which we use as heated ones. (Within a month instead of within another plant to obtain a series of others free a year) and the percentage of healthy plants from variegation. did not increase. Such an apparently paradoxi­ To what can be attributed these different re­ cal result is well known among virologists. sults? Is such a technique bound to be replaced by To the type of virus? Yes if, as Mr Plahidas the cultivating of Camellias in vitro? It is possi­ thinks, there are indeed several types of vir­ ble. Before retiring, Father Beauchesne culti­ uses. vated two varieties of Camellias. He reached To the sensitivity of the cultivar? I should be the multiplication stage but the rooting of the inclined to support that idea since the variega­ young plants obtained proved to be inconsis­ tion virus which brings out enormous lesions as tent and haphazard. It is a long and costly we have seen in the case of 'Marjorie', results method which is probably practicable although in much more discreet ones in the case of other I wonder if it would be an economical one for a cultivars. low demand i.e. a few thousand plants of each To conclude I shall make two more com­ variety of Camellia. ments. The graft 'in vitro' is simple, rapid, costs lit­ I have tried to improve the results through tle and requires a minimum of equipment to the use of thermotherapy. I kept well de­ produce within a month a healthy plant from a veloped young grafted plants at 38°C during 20 diseased Camellia. days, but still in a tube. About half the shoots

Most of our flowers at CAMELLIA GROVE will have gone by the time you reach Australia in 1986

~~=I.C.S. CONGRESS ATSYDNEY SEPTEMBER 14 TO 19

** But come see why so many overseas nurseries wish they couldgrow camellia PLANTS like MONA VALE ROAD CAME·L·LIA GROVE ST IVES - SYDNEY

68 The propagation of Camellia japonica L. by 'in vitro' culture La multiplication des camelias par la culture in vitro Propagaci6n de la camelia mediante el cultivo in vitro Propagazione delle camelie mediante la coltura in vitro

Dr. A. SAMARTtN and DR. Ma. L. GONZALEZ Faculty of Biology, University ofSantiago, Spain

*See Colour Section

The species of the genus Camellia, like many whole plants from cellus cultures initiated other woody ornamental plants, have tradi­ from the cotyledons of C. japonica L. seeds, tionally been reproduced by cuttings, stooling, but recognize that "the need for additional re­ grafting, etc. However in many cases, the low finement in media and growing conditions success rates of these methods make them in­ should lead to techniques for commercial ap­ adequate for supplying today's expanding plication for tissue propagation of camellias". market. The possibility of applying in vitro tis­ The aim of the work described in the present sue culture techniques to the propagation of article has been to study the application to Camellia was suggested by Bennet (1977) and Camellia japonica L. of micropropagation its advantages stressed by Mantell (1982), but techniques designed for the rapid clonal mul­ comparatively little research has so far been tiplication of woody species (Boxus, 1978; carried out in this direction, and the results Mott and Zimmerman, 1981; Brown and Som­ have been only partially satisfactory. How­ mer, 1982). The first phase ofthe investigation " ever, Doi (1981) has obtained whole plants concerned the establishment in vitro of initial from culture of anthers of C. sinensis L. Tian­ explants and the subculture of the buds formed Ling (1982) has described suitable conditions in vitro to produce multiple shoots. In the sec­ and nutrients for the growth and mor­ ond phase shoots obtained from the shoot mul­ phogenesis of immature cotyledons and young tiplication cultures were induced to root so as embryos of C. oleifera Abel. . to produce whole plants fit for transfer to soil The first attempts to regenerate C. japonica and eventual planting out. The results of the L. by in vitro tissue culture techniques seem to present study will be used to orient further re­ have been those of Beauchesne (1978), who search on the optimal conditions required for used stem apices of the varieties 'Donckelarii' , large-scale in vitro propagation of C. japonica 'Wellingtonia' and 'Mother of Pearl'. These L. early experiments produced either the death of the explant or large masses of callus, without Initial cultures any differentiation of organs. Later, Creze and The starting material used consisted of apical Beauchesne (1980) found that the use of 10 gil buds of plantlets grown from seed in the of polyvinylpyrrolidone promoted the growth greenhouse. Juvenile material is both more re­ of small (10 mm) shoots, and promising results sponsive to auxins and cytokinins and of faster were also obtained using apices of C. saluenen­ growth than adult tissue, and is thus preferable sis Staf. ex Bean X C. japonica L. seedlings for initial research, but the results obtained are (i.e. juvenile material), but not when attempts not exclusively relevant to juvenile tissue, were made to rejuvenate long-standing var­ since they provide valuable indications of the ieties such as 'Ville de Nantes' which are nor­ nutrients and conditions required by adult mally propagated by cuttings. When the stem apex explants. micrograft technique developed by Murashige Shoots were surface sterilized bysuccessive (1972) for Citrus was applied by Creze (1983), treatments with 70% ethanol for 2 min and 5% the results were found to depend heavily on calcium hypochlorite for 6 min, followed by the variety involved, but the average success three rinses in sterile water. Apex explants 1 rate of 66.9% opens up interesting prospects em long were placed aseptically in test tubes for the production ofvirus-free plants. Finally, containing the mineral medium of Murashige Bennet and Scheibert (1982) have regenerated and Skoog (1962): 69 NH4N03 6 mM adenine sulphate nor kinetin were found to im­ KN03 7 mM prove either the growth or general condition of CaCl2.2H20 0.5 mM the cultures, whereas the concentration of 1 KH2P04 2 mM mgl1 of benzylaminopurine (BAP) did sig­ MgS04.7H20 1 mM nificantly improve both growth and multiplica­ The medium also contained the microelements tion rates (Fig. 2*). In a further trial, increas­ and Fe-EDTA prescribed by Murashige and ing the photoperiod to 18h failed to cause any Skoog (1962), together with (per litre) 1 mg significant difference in the growth of shoots. thiamine HC1, 1 mg calcium panthotenate, 1 mg nicotinic acid, 1 mg pyridoxine-HC1, 0.01 The rooting of shoots regenerated in vitro mg biotine, 100 mg m-inositol, 2 mg ascorbic The large-scale regeneration of whole plants acid, 20 mg adenine sulphate, 1 mg ben­ fit for transfer to soil requires not only high zylaminopurine, 1 mg kinetin, 0.1 mg in-· multiplication rates but also the successful doleacetic acid, 30 g sucrose and 6 g Dif­ rooting of the regenerated shoots. In this re­ coBacto agar. The pH was brought to 5.5-5.6 spect wide variations were observed among before autoclaving for 15 min at 121°C. Cul­ different clones, a finding analogous to that re­ tures were incubated in a growth chamber with ported by English (1951) for the rooting of cut­ a 12h photoperiod of irradiance intensity tings of different varieties of camellia. 353uW.cm-2 and day and night temperatures In an initial series of root-induction experi­ of respectively 25° and 18°C. ments, 8-week-old shoots 3-4 cm in length were cultured for 11 days on a medium con­ Shoot multiplication taining 1,3, 5, 7 or 10 mgll ofindolebutylic acid The shoot apex explants began to develop (IBA), after which the shoots were transferred after 4 weeks' culture in the basal medium, and to fresh medium with no auxin for the newly the axillary buds of these shoots began to grow formed roots to develop. This technique pro­ at about the sixth week after transfer at fresh duced rooting rates of only 8-16%, with but 1 medium. It was thus possible to start subcul­ or 2 roots per rooted shoot. Much better re­ turing to shoot multiplication cultures some 10 sults were achieved by treating the shoots re­ weeks after stablisment initial explants. Suc­ generated in vitro as "minicuttings", briefly cessive subcultures of the various clones were dipping their basal 2cm in concentrated auxin thereafter made every 8 weeks (Fig. 1*) The solution before their immediate transfer to rapid growth of shoots cultured in vitro as com­ auxin-free medium for the roots to develop. pared with camellias' normal rate of growth Two auxins were tried, IBA and naphthalene outside the laboratory, together with the use of acetic acid (NAA), both at a concentration of 1 nodal sections of the shoots obtained in vitro gil, and each was tested using dipping times of for successive subcultures, ensures an abun­ 10,20 and 30 min. With this kind of treatment dant supply of rootable shoots throughout the the first roots emerged after about 18 days, 70­ year, which contrasts with the short season in 95% of the shoots rooting (depending on the which traditional multiplication by cuttings or dipping time used and the clone involved) grafts can be carried out (and is the principal (Fig. 3*). For both auxins the best results were reason for the popularity of micropropagation given by a dipping time of 30 min. Though the techniques for the largescale production of two auxins did not differ significantly as re­ both herbaceous and woody plants). . gards the rooting rates achieved, IBA-induced Apart .from the Murashige and Skoog roots were long and fibrous, with an abun­ medium described above (MS), a number of dance of hairs, whereas NAA~induced roots other macronutrient formulae were tested at were short, thick and generally abnormal in the shoot multiplication stage: Lepoivre appearance, a finding somewhat similar to that (Quoirin and. Lepoivre, 1977), Knop reported by Stoutmeyer (1954) for the rooting (Tabachnik and Kester, 1977), the medium of camellia cuttings. IBA was thus the auxin prescribed by Schenik and Hildebrandt (1972) chosen for in vitro root induction in all sub­ and Hellers medium (1953) with 1 mM of sequent work, starting with series of experi­ (NH4hS04 added. MS consistently gave the ments in which the optimal concentration of best results as regards both the growth and vig­ IBA and the optimal dipping time were found our of the cultures. Variousconcerttrations of to be respectively 1 gil and 20-40 min for all the the growth regulators used by Creze and clones used, rooting rates of 70-95% being Beauchesne (1980) were also tried, with the re­ achieved. sult that neither indoleacetic acid (IAA) nor 70 The optimal age of regenerated shoots for References BEAUCHESNE, M. 1978. Riproduzione meristematica root induction was found to be 2 months, the della Camellia. Notiziario della Societa Italiana de la rooting rate declining progressively in 3-, 4-, S­ Camellia, Cannero Riviera, anno XIV. March 1978. and 6-month-old shoots, though the number of BENNET, W. Y.1977. Tissue cultureforCamellias? The roots per rooted shoot was less affected. The American Camellia Yearbook 1977 : 188-190. sucrose content of the medium was also found BENNET, W. Y., SCHEIBERT, P. 1982. "In vitro" gen­ to be important. At sucrose concentrations of eration of callus and plantlets from cotyledons of C. japonica. Camellia Journal 37(1): 12-15. 5-10 gil rooting was poor. A threshold effect BOXUS, Ph. 1978. Round-table conference on "in vitro" was observed at 20 g/l,at which concentration multiplication of woody species, 295 pp. CRA, a marked improvement in rooting occurred, Gembloux. and the best results were obtained with 30-50 BROWN, C. L. Y SOMMER, H.E. 1982. Vegetative gil (depending on the clone), above which propagation of dicotyledonous trees. En: Tissue Culture level (at 70, 90 or 110 gil) no increase in rooting in Forestry. Ed. J. M. Bonga y D. J. Durzan. Marinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers. The Hague, Nether­ rate compensated the progressive shortening lands 109-149. of the roots produced and the increasing apical CRf:Z~, J., 1983. Where do we stand in regard to the necrosis rate. grafting of apex of Camellia. International Camellia Keeping rooting cultures in the dark for 9, 18 Journal. 15: 56-60. or 27 days after lEA dipping treatment was CREZE, J. yBEAUCHESNE, M. G.1980. Camellia cul­ found to favour the induction and growth of tivation "in vitro". Inter. Camellia J. 12: 31-34. DOY, I. 1981. Frequency of root differentiation in anther roots in clones which otherwise presented low culture oftea. National Research Institute ofTea, 60: 1­ rooting rates. 18 days' darkness was sufficient 3. to speed up root emergence by 4-5 days with ENGLISH, L. L. 1951. Response of Camellia cuttings to respect to controls exposed to 12 h light per rooting compounds. Amer. Cam. Yearbook: 196-203. day, and to ensure 90-100% rooting rates. In HELLER, R. 1953. Recherches sur la nutrition minerale subsequent series of experiments it was shown des tissus vegetaux cultives in vitro. Ann. Sci. Natur. Bot. BioI. veg. 14: 1-223. that darkness in fact has a greater effect on MANTELL, S. H. 1982. Tissue culture techniques. En: these poor-rooting clones than the concentra­ International Camellia Journal: 61-64. tion of lEA or the choice of mineral medium. MOTT, R. L. YZIMMERMAN, R.H. 1981. Tres: round table summary. Enviro. Exp. Bot. 21: 415-420. Transfer to soil MURASHIGE, T., BITTERS, W. P., RANGAN, T.S., By the eighth week after lEA dipping treat­ NALLER, E. M., ROISTACHER, C. N. and HOL­ ment the rooted shoots had hardened suffi­ LYDAY, P. B., 1972. A techique of shoot apex grafting and its utilization towards recovering virus-free Citrus ciently for transfer to soil (Fig. 4*). This criti­ clones. Hort. Sc. 7. p: 118-119. cal change in the plantlets' environment and MURASHIGE, T. YSKOOG, F.1962. A revised medium nutrition was carried out in two stages. First for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cul­ they were transferred to peat pots containing a tures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497. 1: 1 mixture of peat and perlite and placed for QUORIN, M. YLEPOIVRE, P. 1977. Etude de milieux 15 days in a greenhouse mist chamber, after adaptex aux cultures in vitro de Prunus. Acta Horticul­ turae 78: 437-442. which they were withdrawn from the chamber SCHENK, R. M. yHILDEBRANT,A. C.1972. Medium and exposed to normal greenhouse conditions and techniques for induction and growth of (Fig. 5*). The survival rate was 90% monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cell cul­ The application of in vitro tissue culture . Jures. Can. J. Bot. 50: 199~204. techniques to C. japonica L. opens up exciting STOUTMYER, V. T. 1954. Growth regulators. Nart. prospects for the rapid propagation of plants Hort. MAg. 33 (1): 43-47. TABACHNIK, L. YKESTER, D. E. 1977. Shootcultures on a large scale, and will facilitate the develop­ for almond-peach hybrid clones "in vitro". Hort. Sci­ ment of new hybrids, the production of dis­ ence 12 (6): 545-547. ease-free plants and the storage and transport TIAN-LING, L. V. 1982. Regeneration ofplantlets in cul­ of stocks. tures of immature cotyledons and young embryos of Camellia oleifera. Abel. Acta Biologiae Experimentalis Sinica. Vol. 5, no. 4.

71 Making a garden

Creation d'un jardin Creando un jardin Come ereare un giardillo MRS. NANCY BIRD Quarndon Hall, Derby, England (see colour section)

The growing of Camellias in the East Midlands Bryant', 'Satan's Robe', 'Trewithen White', by a beginner has, like most things in life, 'Sunset Oaks', 'Miss Charlston', 'Guilio Nuc­ proved the adage ... "easier when you know cio', 'Betty Sheffield', 'Anticipation', 'Reg how". So by more error than trial I have Ragland', 'Bow Bells', 'Elsie Jury', 'Margaret learned that to give the plants a good start one Davis', 'Sea Foam', 'Mercury Variegated', should not plant small immature Camellias 'Betty Sheffield Supreme', 'Silver Anniver­ outside in this part of the British Isles. sary'. Also in the camellia house are 'Shiro­ I have this spring the bodies of Camellias Dinkagura', 'Frau Minna Seidel', 'Tahiti', 'Grand Jury', 'Contessa Lavinia Maggi', 'Do­ 'Beau Harp', 'Francie L'. These are all rooted nation' and 'Floradora Girl'. These were cuttings from Col. Glanville's collection. 'Cor­ planted out in 1983. Some other shrubs mys­ nish Spring' and Retieulata 'Miss Tulare' came teriously died this year as well. Namely a large from Mr. Trehane's nursery. 'Mathotiana Rhododendron barbatum, Hamamelis mollis Rosea', 'Billie McFarland', 'Bob Hope', 'Ale­ and a Chaenomeles. We sent them all off for xander Hunter', 'Narumi-gata', 'Water Lily', examination to The Ministry of Agriculture in 'Jury's Yellow', 'White Swan', 'Nishiki Kirin', Derbyshire. The results are as follows and I 'St. Ewe', 'Wildfire', 'Mary Wheeler' , 'Mrs D. quote ... "We have been seeing many strange W. Davis', 'Guest of Honor' and 'China Clay'. effects this year that seem to have been due to These have come from The Savill Gardens and a combination of the summer drought last year our local nursery. Every year they have made weakening the plants, and then the hard winter good growth and flowered well. This spring killing them off". they all contributed to a spectacular display. Lt. Col. & Mrs. Glanville, who are near 'Jury's Yellow' is worth a special mention. It neighbours and fellow members, have been a flowered for the first time this year and pro­ source of good advice and have managed to duced exquisite round creamy flowers on a improve my Camellia growing considerably. I beautiful compact bush, the flowers lasting can report more success with my larger out­ some three weeks. Retieulata 'Miss Tulare' has door varieties which are as follows ... C. come through the winter very well indeed, pro­ 'Apollo', 'Nancy Bird', 'Donation', 'CO M. ducing three lovely flowers. This particularly Hovey', 'Barbara May', 'Lady Clare', 'Shin­ pleased me because the camellia house is not Akebono', 'Spencer's Pink', 'Tomorrow', heated at all. This has encouraged me to at­ 'Adolphe Audusson', 'Magnoliaeflora' and tempt to build up a collection of the Re­ 'Inspiration'. These are on average seven years tieulatas. old. They have all flowered well this year and We visited Dr. James Smart's wonderful added great lustre to the garden. Of the re­ garden "Marwood Hill" this spring, which was maining slightly younger outdoor Camellias a joy to behold. I left clutching the following 'Scentsation', 'Alba Plena', 'Rubescens cuttings very kindly given to me by Dr. Smart, Major' and 'Are-jishi' are all growing well but Retieulatas 'Pharaoh', 'Royalty', 'Howard have not yet flowered. 'R. L. Wheeler', 'De­ Asper' , 'Butterfly Wings', 'Pink Sparkle', butante', 'Elegans' and 'Brigadoon'· were all· 'Mandalay Queen', Camellia japoniea 'In the dug up and brought into the camellia hou~e to Pink' and granthamiana. I am glad to report remain until they have a more robust appear­ that the majority, at this stage, are beginning ance... to set roots. I also purchased Camellias 'Grand In the cold camellia house I am bringing on Slam', 'Leonard Messel', 'Sunset Glory' and the following varieties purchased in 1983 from 'Drama Girl'. I await their future development Mr. John Allen: 'Lady Vansittart', 'Bowen with much anticipation. 72

._ .J The progress in our garden overall is a mix­ A secret garden is also beginning to take ture of excitement and disappointment. Some shape at the lower end of the old vegetable borders romping away and others not happy at plot. Eighty Castlewellan Conifers are forming all. We are finding out how greedy Yew Trees the enclosure, to make a hedge six feet high. are, not only in the depletion of the soil but in The overall planting at the moment is also sec­ obscuring light from the plants around them. ret. We have not decided our planting scheme. So many of these have been severely topped. Our gardener, who is full time and has been We saw Rhododendrons thomsonii, 'Unique', with us since we moved here some five years 'Olympic Lady', morii, 'Lady Chamberlain', ago, has the assistance of a young lady Y.T.S. 'Calstocker', bauhiniiflorum, flavidum X student. He has furnished the following figures 'Lady Rosebery' and Yunncinn all flower for which might be of interest to readers. To date the first time this spring and all worth waiting we have used some thirty tons of coarse bark, for. Rhododendron 'Hawk Crest' and a large twenty tons pulverised bark, ten tons medium Camellia 'Donation' were well budded but the bark, twenty tons sedge peat, fifty tons of hops squirrels removed all the buds systematically and fifteen tons of boxed manure. Yearly, we over winter. They left them all lying on the put in some two and a half thousand bedding ground, not attempting to eat them... plants and take some thousand cuttings per The two acre field which rises on the other year, of which two thirds are successful. We side of the lake is now being prepared for have installed a polythene tunnel adjacent to planting. Some one hundred trees consisting of the green house, where most of the young Oaks, Birches, Conifers, Magnolias and Sor­ plants are kept. bus were planted last autumn. The pathways When we purchased this old house, built in are now ready, the beds marked out but not­ 1845, it had to its credit a beautiful garden lay­ quite ready for planting. out of four acres with a mature one acre lawn. We decided to extend the rockery and Beech Trees of over one hundred years old and waterfall further back into the field. An extra a small natural lake, but little else of interest. pond with some sixty feet of stream was added Weare aiming to improve the interest so that improving the general proportions. Fifty tons each season brings its own rewards. We have of Magnesium Limestone was used in the ini­ still a long way to go in the making of our gar­ tial construction. This was obtained from a den... local quarry.

The distribution of wild Camellia japonica in Japan and South Korea

Camelliajaponica sauvage au Japan et en Coree du Sud Camellia japonicasilvestre en Japan y Corea del Sur La Camellia japonica selvatica in Giappone e nella Corea del Sud SHUNPEI UEMOTO and GLORIA MAY CADDELL Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812, ,fapan * See colour section

Concerning the origins of Camellia japonica, 1. First we will discuss the distribution of two theories have been discussed by groups of natural populations of C. japonica in Camellia researchers. One is that Camellia Japan and South Korea. japonica originated in south-western Japan, In Japan as shown in Fig. 1., the distribution and another is that it originated in south-west­ range of wild C. japonica extends from the ern China. To properly evaluate these Ryukyu Islands, situated in the most southern theories, a large amount of data on the dis­ part of Japan, through Aomori Prefecture, tribution of C. japonica is necessary. In thisre­ which is located in the northernmost part of port, we discuss the progressive distribution of the Honshu Island of Japan. In the south-west­ wild C. japonica in Japan and South Korea. ern area, the distribution of wild type Camellia 73 ...f------1II------1 i 51

II

. , I

I 'I '1" 120 121 IZ8 132 136 110 14& , ..

Fig, 1 The distribution of wild Camelliajaponica in Japan (Horikawa 1972) is more concentrated, populations being found that they were naturally established (Wendel throughout the evergreen broad-leaved forest and Parks, [in press], Caddell and Uemoto, up to 1,300m above sea level. However, in the 1984). north-eastern area, especially in the Tohoku In South Korea, wild type C. japonica is dis­ district, C. japonica forms scattered clumps of tributed in the south-western area, as scattered almost pure populations in the deciduous populations on the seacoast and islands in the forest, and on the sea coasts ofthe peninsulas. south-western sea, andforms pure forests as in Genetic polymorphism and heterozygosity are the Tohoku district of Japan (Fig. 2). high in most populations, and it is assumed 74 2. The extension of wild type C. japonica to the northern area of Japan and South Korea. Nowadays, the C. japonica located in the southern islands of the Ryukyus is classified as C. japonica var. hozanensis. However, there are no distinctive differences between C. japonica (var. japonica) and var. hozanensis except for bud dormancy phenomena. That is, it is recognised that many characteristics, such as morphological ones, flower pigmentation (Sakata et ai, 1983), flowering practices, etc., are similar. Only the growth responses con­ trolled by bud dormancy show distinctive dif­ ferences in both varieties, japonica and hozanensis. Camellia japonica var. japonica trees usually have deep dormancy in both leaf and flower buds, so they show some cold resistance in northern areas. However, C. japonica var. hozanensis, distributed in the southern Ryukyu islands, has no dormancy and shows no cold resistance, and often sprouts a shoot about three to four times per year (Uemoto et al). It is assumed that C. japonica populations have moved gradually to more northern areas of Japan from the Ryukyus accompanying the retreat of the last glacierin the inter-glacier Fig. 2. The distribution of wild Camellia japonica period. Consequently, C. japonica popula­ in South Korea

"

." i ._/ I f '" '" '" Fig. 3 The main warm currents near at Japan and South Korea. 75 tions have become distributed widely in Japan 4. The differentiation of wild C. japonica in and South Korea, and we can enjoy wild Japan camellia flowers for a long period, over half In the course of its movement into northern the year throughout Japan, from early autumn areas, C. japonica became specialized and dif­ in the Ryukyus to late spring in Aomori. ferentiated with respect to some characteris­ tics, such as flower colour, doubleness of 3. The processes of the northward advance of flower petals, capsule and seed size, etc. wild C. Japonica in Japan and South Korea Variation in flower colour, from red through As shown Fig. 3, a main warm current, the pink to white, is often found in populations lo­ Kuro-current, flows along the Pacific Sea coast cated in the Ryukyus and Kyushu. We can oc­ to Japan, .and its branch current, the casionally find semi-double flowered trees in Tsushima"current, flows along the Japan Sea populations distributed in Kyushu and Hon­ side of Japan and the Yellow Sea side of South shu. Especially the population located in the Korea. It is assumed that C. japonica capsules mountain areas of Yaku island, which is and seeds might have been carried up by these situated just south of Kyushu, has large cap­ two warm currents. Camellia japonica capsules sules and small seeds, and has been classified very easily absciss from the peduncle in strong as var. macrocarpa. wind such as in a typhoon and the capsules fall Several years ago a flower of C. japonica from the stalk easily. Thus, mature seed, con­ with white margins* was found in a natural tained within undehisced capsules from sea population on one of the Goto Islands, 'Tama­ coast populations, may be carried northward no-Ura'. by these currents. The present distribution of A tree growing in a shrine on the Pacific C. japonica in Japan and South Korea may be coast of Iwate prefecture is supposed to be at least partly a result of distribution in this about 1200 years old and is the oldest living manner. Camellia tree in Japan.

A Camellia garden for posterity Eryldene restored

Eryldene restauree Eryldene restaurada Eryldene restaurata SIR ALEXANDER BEATTIE Sydney, Australia

In the 1979 issue of this journal (Vol 11 page 4) the I.C.S. in Sydney in September 1986. under the heading "Safeguarding Eryldene for E. G. Waterhouse married Janet Kellie at Posterity" it was reported that The Eryldene Kilmarnock in Scotland in October 1912. He Trust had been established with the objective brought his bride to Australia ,and took up of acquiring the home and garden of the late duties as Senior Lecturer in modern languages Professor Eben Gowrie Waterhouse, founda­ at Sydney Teachers College. He commis­ tion President of the International Camellia sioned architect William Hardy Wilson to Society, and that an appeal had been launched build him a bungalow on a 7/8 acre block at to raise the necessary funds. Gordon, New South Wales, about 10 miles The main purpose of this further article is to from Sydney on the north side of the harbour, let members know that the appeal was success­ and took possession of the finished home on ful, that the Trust has acquired the property Good Friday 1914. It had cost the then-consid­ and contents, that the house and garden have erable sum of £1,760 and was given the name been restored, and that the Board of Gover­ of his wife's home, "Eryldene". He was to live nors of the Trust is looking forward to meeting there until his death in 1977 in his 97th year. members who come to the next Congress of Janet died in 1973. 76 The garden was planned by a partnership of owner and architect. It took its final form only after a number of Hardy Wilson designed out­ buildings had been completed. By 1921 Janet had produced four sons and, finding the bun­ galow less than pertect for academic study, E.G.W. commissioned a garden study - with bathroom! Then in 1927, following his ap­ pointment as Professor of German at the Uni­ versity of Sydney, he asked his architect friend, who had been studying in China, to de­ sign a tea-house for the western side of the grass tennis court, and that was built. At other times, the temple in the front garden, the pi­ geon house (which still houses some dozen white fantail pigeons), the moon gate in the tennis court fence, the tool shed and the gar­ age, all architect designed, were built. It was around these buildings that the garden was created. Near the end of his life, the pro­ E.G. W. at "Eryldene' fessor was to say on a television programme (see "Camellia Concerto" in I.C.S. Journal Vol. 9 page 9): "I proceeded from the start to layout the garden in relation to the home. That has al­

Front elevation of Eryldene with Temple at left 77 Teahouse at "Eryldene"

ways been my idea of combining the house death, the garden contained over 700 camellia and the garden so that they are one together. plants in the ground or in tubs. They included I regard the various parts of the garden as cultivars associated with the history of early different open air rooms in which the plants Australian nurserymen, camellias which he are arranged and disposed as you would ar­ raised and named, and camellias given to him range furniture and chairs and so on in a by his international friends. room. The basic pattern was to combine Camellia nomenclature 1984 published by things into a harmonious unity, so that one the Southern California Camellia Society lists thing leads to another." among Waterhouse registered cultivars C. Camellias were out of fashion when work japonica: 'Barbara Mary', 'Betty Cuthbert', began on the Eryldene garden and it was a little 'Campanella', 'Corroboree', 'Carillon', later before E.G.W. became interested in 'Candy Stripe', 'Dainty Maiden', 'Henry them. He said that his interest grew from his Price', 'Jamie', 'Kurrajong', 'Merrillees', desire to add dignity and refinement to his gar­ 'Moonflower', 'Polar Bear', 'Paul Jones Sup­ den. In 1914 he bought a dozen plants about reme', 'Red Moon', 'Robin', 'Roberta', and one metre high, gave six of them to Hardy Wil­ 'St. Ives'; while Waterhouse registered hybrids son, and planted the rest "at strategic points are 'Bowen Bryant', 'Charles Colbert', 'C1ar­ around the house". Few varieties were availa­ rie Fawcett', 'Crinkles', 'E. G. Waterhouse ble at nurseries but, C. japonica 'Fimbriata', variegated', 'Ellamine', 'Farfalla', 'Lady Gow­ 'Great Eastern', 'Spencer's Pink' and'Angela rie', 'Margaret Waterhouse', 'Shocking Pink', Cocchi' were bought, and used for making cut­ 'Sayonara', 'Tatters' and 'White Lily'. tings, which he struck in coarse river sand In his introduction to Mary Armati's "E. G. under glass in a frame. By the time of his Waterhouse of Eryldene", Sir Norman Cooper 78 Ihe pnnclpal obJecls Of (he flU:S( al C (v d~­ quire Eryldene, to maintain and promote it, and preserve the garden landscape and its at­ mosphere; to establish a public library, museum and art gallery; to foster the work of the Australian Camellia Research Society (A.C.R.S.) and to provide facilities at Eryl­ dene for that society. The Trust has ordinary members, who pay an annual subscription of $10, and life members elected from substantial donors. There is a Board of Governors, includ­ ing nominees of A.C.R.S. and of the local municipal council. The Trust was instrumental in having Eryl­ dene included in the National Estate Register of the Australian Heritage Council, and made subject to a permanent conservation order by the New South Wales Heritage Council. Aided by a grant of $80,000 from that Council, the Trust commissioned architects Clive Lucas and Partners to plan and supervise the restora­ tion of the fabric of the house and outbuild­ ings. The work was completed in 1983, and the Board was gratified when the Australian Insti­ tute of Architects awarded the prestigious Greenway Medal for a conservation project to the architects, who expressed the Board's view The pigeon house at "Eryldene" when they said: "It is hoped by this restoration that such a house can be converted to museum purposes without loss of its important identity, said that the professor rescued the camellia and that if the Professor could come back he from neglect and restored it to the princedom would notice no change". of the garden, while, under his hands, his own Within five years of its incorporation, the house and garden became "an entrancing com­ Trust has acquired from the Waterhouse fam­ bination of taste, elegance and beauty". ily and paid for the Eryldene property and its However as the years went by, it all became contents, including furniture, pictures and ob­ more than its owner was able to cope with, as jets d'art. These were valued at over $350,000­ happens with so many buildings lived in by 00. More than $150,000-00 had come as dona­ people for a long time, maintenance was re­ tions in response to appeals, and the balance duced and, although the aesthetic standard of resulted from the enthusiastic efforts of the the ensemble never lapsed, much major up­ Friends of Eryldene, a band of supporters who grading and repair work was badly needed dO.all-that is needed to be done when the house when the professor died. and garden are opened for public inspection: But his friends and admirers quickly moved organise the function, collect gate money to give effect to what they knew had been his ($2.50 per adult), do the flowers in the house, greatest wish - that Eryldene be preserved for provide security in each room, arrange the sale posterity. The I.C.S. Executive in Sydney ap­ of morning and afternoon tea, serve in gift and pointed a team to advise the Waterhouse fam­ garden stalls and many other tasks. ily on the maintenance of the garden. At­ The Trust's policy is to open Eryldene during tempts were made to interest the National the season when camellias and azaleas are Trust of Australia in acquiring the property flowering (April to September) and also in the but these were unsuccessful. Finally a decision warmer months up to December. Openings was made to establish a special trust for that usually include a special attraction involving a purpose and, on 10 September, 1979, The group such as the Embroiderers Guild, the Eryldene Trust was incorporated under the Ikebana Society, the Society of Interior De­ N.S.W. Companies Code as a company li­ corators or the Royal Art Society. Concerts on mited by guarantee. the lawn are held in the Spring and Summer. 79 In 1982 the Trust commissioned a well­ lication Camellia News, devotes much time to known horticulturalist, Mary Davis, who in the propagation and other work in the garden. period after Professor Waterhouse's death had The Trust has been most fortunate in having done valuable work as an interim curator, to secured the services, as Custodian of Eryl­ prepare a conservation plan for the garden at dene, of Mr Harry West, a former District Eryldene. Her report included plan drawings Commissioner in Papua New Guinea. Under recording the plant material existing in the gar­ his supervision the property and the garden den at April/May 1983, distinguishing plants in have reached a very satisfactory state of pots and in the ground and it contained recom­ maintenance. Inquiries may bemade by tele­ mendations concerning the policy for garden phoning him at (02) 498 2291. The address is 17 maintenance, the main tenor of which was that McIntosh Street, Gordon, and the mail ad­ the garden should be kept as its owner had dress is P.O.Box 293, Gordon, N.S.W. 2072, planned and left it. The report was approved Australia. by the Heritage Council and is being applied The President, Vice President, and five of by a Garden Council of Trust members ap­ The Eryldene Trust's eight Governors, are pointed by the Board. One of the governors, members of the International Camellia Soci­ Mrs Helen Simon, editor of the A.C.R.S. pub­ ety.

The ancient canlellias of Europe Les Camelias d'antan en Europe Las antiguas camelias de Europa Le antiche camelie d'Europa T. J. SAVIGE Wirlinga, Australia

Ancient Camellias occur with some fre­ In 1959 Dr Frederick G. Meyer was in Por­ quency in the countries of China and Japan, tugal in charge of a plant exploration expedi­ the lands of their origin, some reputedly with tion in Europe by members of the New Crop ages up to 600 years. However, in Europe, Research Branch ofthe U.S. Dept. of Agricul­ Camellias over 150 years of age are very rare, ture and the Longwood Gardens. In a report largely due to the fact that early Camellia in­ on the expedition which was published in! troductions were rarely planted in environ­ "Plant Explorations", October 1959 he wrote: ments which would permit them to survive "The old trees of the Villa Nova de Gaya in without care. Oporto, evidence indicates, are the oldest Nevertheless there are three cases of survi­ specimens of Camellia japonica in cultivation, val of Camellias which were planted before the yet recorded in Europe. Old family archives of year 1800. These are known as the "Caserta the Conde de Campo Bello, present owner of Camellia" near Naples, Italy; the "Campo the villa, indicate that three living plants of C. Bello Camellias" near Oporto, Portugal and japonica from Japan were planted in the gar­ the "Pillnitz Camellia" near Potsdam, East den about the middle of the 16th century..." Germany. There are no concise records of Frank Griffin, editor of the magazine their origins or planting dates and many "Camellian" (since defunct) contacted Mr legends have grown up round them. Joaquim Moreira da Silva, a noted Portuguese Beginning with the "Campo Bello Camel­ nurseryman, to request confirmatory informa­ lias"; these consist of three trees of what ap­ tion. He then published an article2 on the sub­ pears to be an identical clone of a small, sim­ ject in the March, 1960 "Camellian" in which ple, single red-flowering wild form Camellia he states that: "Feriiao Mendes Pinto, a Por­ japonica ssp. japonica var. japonica. the trunks tuguese navigator, was in Japan on three sepa­ of the two largest trees are about two metres rate occasions, the last in August 1549 when in apart and their combined spread is now in ex­ the company of St. Francisco Xavier. They re­ cess of 150 square metres. There were origi­ turned to Lisbon in September 1558, to where nally four plants but one died about 1924. they brought plants from Japan, including 80 Tsubaki, which were planted at the home of Its ongm, according to other unverified the parents of Xavier at Montemoro Velho, sources, is that it is one of four Camellia plants near Coimbra." sent to England by Karl Peter Thunberg, fol­ Although unsubstantiated, it is alleged that lowing his second voyage to Japan in 1775. these Camellias must have been planted in One of these is reported to have remained at Portugal before 1580 as,in that year, Spain in­ Kew, the others delivered to the gardens of vaded Portugal, after which the forebears of Herrenhausen in Hanover, one to Schaen­ the Conde de Campo Bello made no further brunn in Vienna and the other to Pillnitz. trips to Japan. However, Kew advised that they could find no In 1962 Alfredo Moreira da Silva wrote an evidence that Thunberg had ever sent any article on the Camellias ofOport03 in which he plants to them. refutes the Griffin story stating: "As will be The first definite evidence of the early exis­ seen, my opinion on the subject is the same as tence of the Pillnitz Camellia is in a report on that held by ancient Camellia historians, the planting of the garden by Adolph namely, that the Camellia was first introduced Terscheck in 1801, when he planted out of into England in 1739 and did not reach Por­ doors a Camellia that had been already grow­ 6 tugal until 1800-1810 when it was brought by ing for some years in a tub. ,7 Siebert's investi­ the English port wine traders." Regarding the gations (1885) from word of mouth attributed claim that Ferfiao Mendes Pinto and St. Fran­ to Terscheck, indicate a date of origin 1775­ cisco Xavier brought Camellias from Japan to 1785. Portugal he says: "St Francisco was born in his The "Caserta Camellia" grows in the English parents' castle of Xavier in Spain. He died in Garden of the Caserta Park. At present it con­ India in 1552. It is impossible to believe that sists of four or five small trunks growing Ferfiao Mendes Pinto could have, in 1558 around the remains of what was once a large brought the plants to the parents of St. Fran­ central trunk. It apparently was almost de­ cisco if they had never lived in Montemoro." stroyed about 1920 but re-established from the Again, in the International Camellia Journal base of the Qriginal plant. A number of plants 4 No. 11, Oct. 1979 , Robert Gimson, reports propagated from the original exist in Caserta that the Conde de Campo Bello, in a history of and Naples. The largest is in the Naples his family stated: "In the archives of Campo Botanic Gardens, about 6 metres high and 8 Bello there are records of four sons of the fam­ metres in diameter, while there are three ily going to the Indies in the 16th Century, but specimens in Capodemonte Park. . there is no reference to them bringing back The Abbe Berlese8 in his "Monographie du Camellias or other plants." Genre Camellia", 1837 mentions the Caserta It is now believed that the Campo Bello Camellia, said to be planted in 1760, which he Camellias were probably brought from Eng­ states at that time to be 15 metres tall. It flo­ land amongst those imported by Van Zeller, wered abundantly and produced seed in large 1800-1808 and came from the Mile End Nur­ quantities. Berlese says he obtained seed from sery, London. it during a visit in 1819. In the magazine L'1l­ The "Pillnitz Camellia" grows in the park of lustration Horticole", vol. 33. p.76, 1886, it Pillnitz Castle near Dresden. It was said to be was reported that the Caserta Camellia was 10 one of four plants sent to the gardens of the metres high. It is not clear ifits height had been European Courts in the second half of the 18th reduced or Berlese was a poor judge of height. Century by the Czar of Russia. It originally It, like the two previous Camellias, bears grew in the Orangery but was planted out in small, simple, single, red flowers, 5-6 em. in the park in 1801 where it was protected in diameter. Also they all form most vigorous, winter by a wooden structure with windows. In large, wide-spreading trees. In fact the writer 1905 this burnt down, seriously reducing the was not able to discern any significant seedling plant's size. However it survived and the struc­ variation between the Caserta Camellia and ture was rebuilt. In 1950 a glasshouse of mod­ the group of Campo Bello Camellias, and, ern design with removeable window panels, from a photo of the Pillnitz Camellia, this also replaced the old wooden structure. This is seems very similar. Stories of the origin of the heated in winter. The plant is a Camellia Caserta Camellia include one that it was a gift japonica and is now about 9 metres high and 11 from Admiral Nelson to the Queen of Naples. metres in diameter and, in season, bears large It is the writer's contention that all these numbers of small, red, single flowers, 5-6 em. Camellias had a common source which is as in diameter. follows. If the situation regarding Camellia 81 plants in Europe in the middle of the 18th cen­ under the supervision of Sir William Hamil­ tury is surveyed, the only source that is ton, who, in the same year, took the beautiful documented is the Petre Camellia growing at painter's model Emma Hant to Naples, where Thorndon Hall in 1737. she soon became the second Lady Hamilton, Lord Petre was a noted horticulturalist and a eventually met Horatio Nelson, and entered keen collector of exotic plants. He was also a history as his "poor Emma". Roman Catholic and a supporter of the Jesuits' It seems an obvious thing that, with these missionary work in the East. The Jesuits were English horticulturalists in charge of the En­ temporarily expelled from China about 1732, glish Garden they would ensure that the gar­ due to over zealous missionary efforts drawing den contained one of the very latest in plants ­ the ire of the Chinese authorities. Most of the Camellia. them went to Macau and some returned to Research by Dr Stelvio Coggiatti, horticul­ Europe at that time. It can be assumed that tural author of Rome, indicates that the they brought plants, seeds and other curios Caserta Camellia was planted in 1784 and with them. What more natural than that they came from England. As there was no other gave some plant material to their patron, the source in Europe for Camellias at the time, noble Lord Petre, and that this included plants and due to the similarity of the three lots of and seeds of Camellias. This appears the most Camellias, it seems logical to conclude that logical origin of the Petre Camellia. they were all supplied from England and prob­ Petre's gardener9 was Mr James. Gordon, ably from the Mile End Nursery. who, shortly after the death of Lord Petre, set up a Nursery at Mile End near London about References 1742. He soon had a Camellia stock tree that 1. Meyer, Dr Frederick G. "Plant Explorations", Oct., grew for 94 years until the nursery closed in 1959. 2. Griffin, Frank, ed. "An Astonishing Revelation, 1837. No doubt this originated from the Camellia History Changed", "Camellian", March Camellia at Thorndon Hall but whether as a 1960. cutting, sucker or seedling is not known. How­ 3. Da Silva, Alfredo Moreira, Historical Facts on the ever Edwards illustration, made in 1745 of the Camellias of Oporto", "International Camellia Jour­ Peacock Pheasant with flowers from the Petre nal", Vol. No.1, Dec., 1963, p.24. Camellia, shows it to be an open informal dou­ 4. Gimson, Robert M. "Further ventilation on the His­ tory of the Oporto Camellia", "International Camel­ ble, while Gordon's Camellia was a single orig­ liaJournal", No. 11, Oct. 1979, p.68. inally, although one of his catalogues ca. 1771­ 5. Savige, Thomas J. "Journey in Portugal", "Interna­ 1775 lists: "63 Double Scarlet Chinese Roses". tional Camellia Journal", No. 13, Oct., 1981, pp.24­ The "Botanical Magazine" of March 1788 in­ 27. cludes an illustration of a single, deep pink 6. Korner, Dr Wolfgang, "Old Camellias in Germany", Camellia flower, so it would seem that Camel­ "International Camellia Journal", Vol. I, No.1, Dec. 1962, pp.48-51. lias were obtainable in England at least from 7. Kummel, Fritz, "The Oldest Camellia in the German about 1771 onwards. Democratic Republic", "American Yearbook", 1981, When Gordon retired in 1775, his sons pp.I64-175. brought in John Graefer as a partner, so he 8. Berlese, Abbe Lorenzo, "Monographie du Genre would have been familiar with Camellias when Camellia", 1837. he left in 1786 to take up the appointment as 9. Tooby, John, "The Early Introduction of Camellias to England from China", "International Camellia Jour­ Gardener for the Queens of Naples newly nal", No. 13, Oct., 1981, pp.32-36. started English Garden at Caserta. This was ------_._------­

82 Sheffield Park Garden

Les jardins de Sheffield Park Jardin del Parque de Sheffield II giardino di Sheffield Park

ARCHIE SKINNER Sussex, England see Colour Section

The history of Sheffield Park estate dates as far tury landscape with his 20th century plantings back as 1249, when Simon de Montfort held of conifers, rhododendrons and autumn col­ the manor of 'Sifelle' - Sheffield, but for the ouring subjects for which the garden is now re­ garden and plant lovers our interest really be­ nowned. He was a dedicated plantsman to gins in the year 1769 when a man called John whom we all owe a great debt. Baker. Holroyd purchased the estate from the Mr Granville Soames carried the garden Lord de la Warr. Holroyd was a Member of through the war years, and did much restora­ Parliament and President of the Board of Ag­ tion after the war ended, until 1954, when the riculture, and was to become Earl of Sheffield. estate was broken up and sold. He is also well known as a friend of Edward The National Trust acquired the garden at Gibbon the historian, who wrote some of his this time, but had insufficient funds to buy the history books in the library of Lord Sheffield's house which, to this day is still in private own­ house. ership. In 1775 Lord Sheffield employed 'Capabil­ During the period from 1909 there have ity' Brown to layout a part of the garden. He been three Head Gardeners: Mr T. H. Set­ built the third and fourth lakes, the Upper and ford, who retired in 1955, his successor was Mr Lower Womans Way. These two Lakes are F. Dench who died in 1971 and I was appointed farthest from the house and, as we see them in September 1971. today, are not typical 'Brown Landscape'. Bet­ Sadly, Sheffield Park Garden cannot boast a ter examples of his work are to be seen at large and varied collection of Camellias. Blenheim Palace or Petworth House, where A number of sizeable old plants are to be wide sweeping park-land to the waters-edge is seen, no doubt planted by Mr Arthur Soames evident. in the early 1900's, some of which are now 9-10 Following Brown, further work was carried ft high and as wide. They do make a contribu­ out by Humphrey Repton, the very first man tion to the garden scene and even when not in­ to use the term 'Landscape-Gardener', but flower, the healthy looking foliage is much ad­ sadly, little is known of what contribution he mired. Old varieties such as 'Donckelarii', made to the garden. 'Blackburniana', 'Latifolia' and 'Lady Clare' The second Lord Sheffield as far as is known are represented. did little, if anything, to the garden, but the The lack of Camellias has, to some extent third Lord Sheffield, whose period was the late been rectified in recent years by the planting of 19th century, did a great deal to improve his es­ quite a number in the new 'Queen's Walk' area tate. The first and second lakes were con­ which has been developed since 1977. Here on structed, thus joining Brown's lakes to the a rather steep slope facing north west they are house. This was no mean undertaking to build proving amenable, responding to care in plant­ two lakes, with a difference in height oftwenty ing and regular mulching with well rotted com­ five feet between the two. John Pulham was post, showing that further planting would be the man employed to carry out this work; he is worthwhile. also remembered as the builder of the Rock With this in mind we are slowly acquiring Garden at the Royal Horticultural Society's more. We are also, with our very modest Garden at Wisley. facilities, beginning to propagate in cold In 1909 upon the death of the third Lord frames, a rather slow process. Sheffield, the three thousand acre estate was A list of Camellias planted since 1977 is as purchased by Mr Arthur Soames, who spent follows: twenty five years transforming the 18th cen­ 'C. M. Hovey' 'Contessa Lavinia Maggi' 83 'Leonard Messel' 'Donation' 'Nobilissima' 'C. cuspidata 'Kouron Jura' 'Elsie Jury' 'R. L. Wheeler' 'Adolphe Audusson' 'Apollo' 'Tomorrow' 'Edwina Folk' 'Magnoliiflora' 'Guilio Nuccio' 'Jubilation' 'Dobrei' 'Admiral Nimitz' 'Debutante' 'Wildfire' 'C. M. Wilson' 'Inspiration' 'Mary Christian'

International Camellia Society Trials in lTK: Report No. 1 as at December 1984

Essais de la Societe des Camellias au Royaume Uni Ensayos de la Sociedad de la Camelia en el R.U. Concorsi dell'Associazione della CameIia in Gran Bretagna A. E. F. LANE Leeds, England

Pleas are still made from time to time in hor­ soil - cannot be identical at any two of the ticultural journals for a more comprehensive centres. But sufficient recordings now exist to classification of camellias. The ICS UK trials make a start with a flowering rating. Certainly offer an opportunity for further analysis, and .this should become more accurate with con­ they are now thought to have produced suffi­ tinuing observation and perhaps, in due cient evidence of performance for a start to be course, ratings showing hardiness and the ap­ made on the task. An annual audit of progress peal of foliage and form of growth may be could follow, derived from the helpful records added. An overall recommendation - for vari­ being kept at the four trial centres. ous UK localities - may also be possible in In the past some authors have attempted to time. rate hardiness, appearance or flowering qual­ The best results so far are from the following ity, while others have chosen a system of stars three varieties which have a category 3 aver­ to indicate the extent of their recommendation age: 'Bow Bells' (saluenensis hybrid), 'Cornish of individual varieties. The accompanying Spring' (cuspidata hybrid) and 'Inspiration' table concentrates on the flowering ability of (reticulata hybrid). Of those with a category 2 the plants - probably their most prized quality ­ average the following seem to be prominent: and shows how the 124 varieties in the trial 'Dainty Dale', 'Donation', 'Lady Vansittart', were performing in terms of number of buds. 'Leonard Messel', 'George Blandford', 'Mary The following rating system was adopted: Christian', 'Mary Larcom' and '1820'. o No Buds NR "No Report" The following table shows the performance 1· 1-10 Buds either because a plant by category at the four centres. It seems that in 2 11-50 Buds was not supplied for 1985 the best show of flowers will certainly be 3 Over 50 Buds trial, or has since died. at Belfast! An attempt has also been made to give each Categories 0 1 2 3 Total variety an overall rating taking into account Edinburgh 22 28 32 8 90 the results for individual plants at the four Harlow Car 41 8 18 67 centres. As yet the evidence is inadequate for Willoughbridge 45 18 22 6 91 firm conclusions to be drawn for many of the Belfast 14 18 34 16 82 varieties on trial. For example, the effect of the Total 122 72 106 30 330 severity of the 81/82 winter stiILinhibitscom­ The varieties doing best at each of the parisons, even at individual trial centres, since centres are: the original plants that survived are several Belfast: 'Charles Michael', 'Sayonara', 'Dr years older than their 1983 replacements and, Louis Polizzi', 'Lady Vansittart', 'Brigadoon', again, some survivors were more seriously re­ 'Alba Simplex' X 'J. C. Williams', 'Dainti­ tarded than others. Indeed it has to be ac­ ness', 'Inspiration', 'Charity', '1820', 'Cornish cepted that trial conditions - site, aspect and Spring'. 84 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY TRIALS IN UK: AS AT DECEMBER 1984 Legend: NR = No report; 0 = No buds; 1 = Up to 10 buds; 2 = 11-50 buds; 3 = Over 50 buds Name Belfast Edinburgh Harlow Car Willoughbridge Average·

'Elizabeth Anderson' NR NR NR NR 'Janie Anderson' NR 2 NR NR 2 'Judith Anderson' NR NR NR 1 1 'Kate Anderson' NR NR NR NR

'Mollie Anderson' NR NR NR NR 'Rosie Anderson' 2 0 NR 0 1 'LHH3C' 2 2 NR NR 2 'Dainty Dale' 2 3 2 2 2

'E T R Carlyon' 2 1 0 0 1 'Tristrem Carlyon' NR 2 NR 0 1 'Emperor of Russia' NR NR NR 0 0 'Eximea' 0 NR NR 1 1 'M'me V de Bisschop' 2 2 0 a 1 'Margaret Rose' NR 1 NR 2 2 'Pink Perfection' 1 2 a a 1 'R. L. Wheeler' 1 NR a 3 1

'SunsetGlory' NR NR NR 1 1 'Tricolor' 1 2 a 1 1 'Yours Truly' 1 1 a a 1 'Karenza' 2 1 NR 2 2

'StEwe' 1 2 a 2 1 'Alba Simplex' x J C Williams 3 NR a a 1 Williamsiixx NR NR NR 2 2 'BowBells' 2 3 NR NR 3

'Althaeiflora' NR NR NR NR ,Anemoniflora' 2 2 NR 1 2

'Comte de Gomer' 2 NR a NR 'Guidita Rosare' NR 2 NR a 'Kenny' NR NR NR NR 'Lady Clare' 2 a a 2

'Lady Vansittart' 3 1 2 1 2 'Ludgvan Red' 2 2 NR 1 2 'Margherita Coleoni' NR NR Nr NR 'Peach Blossom' NR NR NR NR

'Thelma Dale' 2 0 a NR 1 'Donation' NR 1 2 3 2 'Leonard Messel' 2 1 2 2 2 'Maud Messel' NR NR NR a a 'Adolphe Audusson' a a NR a a 'Alba Simplex' a NR NR a a 'Apollo' 2 a NR a 1 'Arejishi' 1 NR NR 2 2

'Baronne Leguay' NR NR NR 2 2 'Beaute de Nantes' NR 2 NR NR 2 'Berenice Boddy' a a a a a 'Betty Sheffield' 1 a NR a a 'Duchess of York' 2 a a a 1 'Elegans' NR a NR NR a 'Guilio Nuccio' 2 1 NR a 1 'Joseph Pfingstl' NR NR NR NR

'Jupiter' NR a a a a 'Magnoliiflora' 1 2 a NR 1 'Mathotiana Alba' NR NR NR NR 'Mathotiana Rosea' NR NR NR NR

'Mercury' NR NR NR 0 a 'Nagasaki' 1 NR NR 0 1 'Rubescens Major' a a a a 0

'Victor Emmanuel' NR NR NR NR ,Anticipation' 2 a 2 a 1 'Blue Danube' 3 NR NR a 2 85 Name Belfast Edinburgh Harlow Car Willoughbridge Average

'Brigadoon' 3 NR 2 1 2 'Charity' 3 0 0 0 1 'Charles Colbert' 2 1 0 0 1 'Charles Michael' 3 0 0 3 2

'Christmas Daffodil' 0 0 NR 0 0 'Citation' NR 2 NR NR 2 'Cornish Snow' NR 1 0 1 1 'Cornish Spring' 3 2 NR 3 3

'Daintiness' 3 0 1 1 'Debbie' NR 0 0 0 . 'EGWaterhouse' 0 1 2 1 'Elegant Beauty' 1 1 1 1

'Ellamine' 2 0 2 1 1 'Elsie Jury' 2 1 1 0 1 'Freedom Bell' 2 1 2 NR 2 'Galaxie' 1 2 2 0 1

'Garden Glory' 1 2 0 0 1 'GayTime' 0 0 1 2 1 'George Blandford' 2 3 1 3 2 'Glenn's Orbit' 1 1 0 2 1 'J C Wiliiams' 2 0 2 2 2

'Joan Trehane' 3 1 0 2 2 'Julia Hamiter' 0 1 NR 2 1 'Little Lavender' 0 0 NR 0 0 'Mary Christian' NR 3 2 2 2

'Mary Larcom' 3 3 2 1 2 'Phillipa Forwood' NR 2 2 NR 2 'China Clay' 2 NR NR 0 1 'Rose Parade' 2 2 1 2 2

'Rosemary Wiliiams' 1 2 0 NR 1 'Sayonara' 3 3 1 0 2 'Spring Festival' 2 2 0 NR 1 'Tiptoe' 2 1 2 2 2 'Water Lily' NR 3 2 1 2

'Wilbur Foss' 0 2 NR 0 1 '1005' 3 0 0 0 1 '1820' 3 1 2 3 2 'Inspiration' 3 3 2 2 3

'Blaze ofGlory' 0 1 0 2 1 'Bob's Tinsie' 0 2 NR 0 1 'CMHovey' 3 2 0 2 2 'Ceci.le Brunazzi' 2 2 0 NR 1

'Charlotte Rothschild' 2 2 0 0 1 'Contessa Lavinia Maggi' NR 1 0 0 0 'Drama Girl' NR NR NR 0 0 'Grand Slam' 1 1 0 0 1

'Janet Waterhouse' 2 2 0 0 1 'Lucy Hester' 1 0 0 NR 0 'Mattie Cole' 2 1 NR 0 1 'TCCole' 2 2 0 0 1

'Tinker Beli' 1 2 0 NR 1 'Clarise Carleton' 2 2 2 1 2 'Arbutus Gum' NR NR NR 1 1 'Arch ofTriumph' NR 1 NR 1 1

'Black Lace' 0 NR 0 NR 0 'Dr Louis Polizzi' 3 2 0 2 2 'FrancieL' 1 2 0 0 1 'Grand Jl)ry' NR 2 NR NR 2

'Innovation' 2 1 1 0 'K a Hester' NR NR NR NR 'Royalty' NR NR NR NR 'Valentine Day' NR 0 NR NR 0

'William Hertrich' NR NR

86

------Edinburgh: 'Dainty Dale', 'Bow Bells', Willoughby: 'Donation', 'Charles Michael', 'George Blandford', 'Mary Christian', 'Mary 'George Blandford', '1820', 'R. L. Wheeler', Larcom', 'Sayonara', 'Water Lily', 'Inspira­ 'Cornish Spring', 'C. M. Hovey', 'Lady Clare', tion', 'St Ewe', 'Guidita Rosare', 'Cornish 'Glenn's Orbit', 'Tiptoe', 'Baronne Leguay', Spring', 'Grand Jury'. 'St Ewe', 'Mary Christian'. Harlow Car: 'Dainty Dale', 'Lady Vansit­ I should like to place on record my indebted­ tart', 'Donation', 'Leonard Messel', 'Anticipa­ ness and thanks to Mr Wallace at Belfast, Mr tion', 'Brigadoon', 'Ellamine', 'Freedom Robertson at Edinburgh and Mr Op­ Bell', 'Galaxie', 'J. C. Williams', 'Mary Christ­ penheimer at Willoughbridge for their help ian', 'Mary Larcom'. with this report.

------A home for the Camellia Collection Mount Edgcumbe, Cornwall, England

Un site ideal pour la Collection de Camelias - Mount Edgcumbe, Cornouailles Un hogar para la colecci6n de camelias - Mount Edgcumbe, Cornualles Una dimora per la Collezione delle Camelie - Mount Edgcumbe, in Cornovaglia DON WATERHOUSE

The International Camellia Society decided with the advent of the second world war they that the founding of a reference collection of were plunged into years of neglect. To add to camellias would be both a useful and an in­ this problem the then Earl was killed in action teresting asset but the size of such a collection and later the U.S. Army used the Park as a made finding a venue large enough to hold it a tank park in readiness for fhe D-Day landings. seemingly impossible task. The specification From the end of the war until the Plymouth for any suitable site had to include not only suf­ City and Cornwall County Councils bought it ficient area to house a collection of several in 1971 very little gardening was done and thousand large growing shrubs, but also be sheep rambled freely everywhere. satisfactory with respect to climatic conditions After the takeover in 1971 exploratory work and to soil type. The "discovery" of Mount began and was followed by very basic restora- . Edgcumbe Park in Cornwall appears to be the tion, much of which consisted of clearing a answer to the Society's prayers. Mount massive overgrowth. Large areas of ash, syca­ Edgcumbe has been the home of the Earls of more, laurel and Rhododendron ponticum Mount Edgcumbe since the seventeenth cen­ were removed. Gradually the gardens which tury and the gardens suggest from their design formerly existed became identifiable. that they were developed in the eighteenth. It soon became apparent that the original Research into the history of the Park is not layout of the park included several widely dis­ yet completed but there are indications that its persed gardens separated by tracts of open gardens were not designed by anyone of the grassland with small copses of pine and beech. well known designers to the stereotyped lay­ The steeper slopes were wooded. Old maps in­ outs of most other major houses. The English, dicate all of these features together with a deer French and Italian gardens were probably cre­ park. The only evidence of the deer park is the ations of a former Countess, Sophia. The presence of a fairly large herd of fallow deer. superb layout takes full advantage of magnifi­ Mount Edgcumbe House stands well within cent seascape vistas. They already hold the the boundaries of the park surrounded by a Historic Building Society's Garden Commit­ stout fence enclosing seven acres of garden. tee Grade 1 status. Research by the Garden This garden appears to have been set out on in­ History Society will probably reveal many val­ formal lines, except where it immediately ad­ uable pointers to what the original concept was joins the house, with curved pathways wending and give guides to future restoration work. their ways through tree and shrub plantings. It The gardens were well managed for many has been maintained regularly but not to a very years by a succession of interested earls but, _ high standard and is in need of restoration. 87 Once restored, it would make a good place for garden formed a collection of large growing the display ofselected camellias. A few old cul­ Rhododendron hybrids. The. remnants of this tivars, as yet unnamed, look very healthy after collection exist as aged, straggly plants that are growing there for many years. probably beyond saving. A second area comprises a group of small The open grassland linking the different gar­ gardens, known collectively as the formal gar­ dens was starved but is now improving fo.1low­ dens. Three gardens constructed in English, ing improved husbandry after many years of French and Italian styles, form the bulk of the maintenance by a system of sheep grazing and area. They had all been completely neglected neglect. As well as the sheep grazing the whole for over thirty years and had to be pulled back park was grazed by descendants of the former to something resembling their earlier forms. inhabitants of the deer park. The deer are Each garden has its own particular building all looked upon as a mixed blessing because vis­ of which have been restored. Two of these, an itors to the park want to see them but the gar­ orangery in the Italian garden and the French deners don't want them damaging their plants. garden conservatory, should prove ideal for Now that a new deer fence has been con­ over-wintering tender plants in tubs. The for­ structed these problems are excluded from the mal gardens are bordered on their north and reclaimed garden areas. Some replanting of east by the sea and on the others by thinly the copses has been undertaken. planted woodland that gives both wind protec­ tion and light shade. The sea gives the garden a Soil conditions very mild climate with frost considered as an The soil throughout the estate, with the excep­ exception rather than the rule. In addition, the tion of part of the formal garden, is of an acid cold north and east winds are obstructed by nature with a fairly high clay content. It is tall, dense hedges of Quercus ilex and Laurus formed on a sub-stratum of clay and slate typi­ nobilis. cal of a large part of the district. Many years of The third garden is in a steep sided, east-fac­ neglect have allowed a deep layer of leaf ing valley called the Amphitheatre. Its east mould to develop and this has produced what end opens up onto the Plymouth Sound. Hav­ appears to be an excellent medium for growing ing been completely neglected since before the camellias. Indicators, in the form of long es­ war, it had become a dense jungle of both tablished calcifuges, confirm this by their ap­ choice and unwanted plants. The vegetation parent good health. was dominated by ash and sycamore. When The exception is part of the formal gardens these were cleared a system of pathways cut through which there is a narrow belt of very into the sides of the valley was revealed. The hard limestone. Even here the insoluble na­ bottom of the valley has been cleared and now ture of this rock is such that only mild chlorosis contains only a narrow watercourse running is evident. through mown grassland to a pool. The steep sides are covered with tall trees that give light The start ofthe collection shade now that the saplings have gone. Traces Representatives of the International Camellia of the former planting still remain with exam­ Society thoroughly inspected the' estate and ples of Rhododendron arboreum, Leycesteria considered the formal gardens, amphitheatre formosa, Actinidia and other species. The and gardens of the main house to be well suited branches of trees growing near the bottom of to requirements of the camellia genus. A resol­ the banks afford these plants a degree of pro­ ution that the Reference Collection should be tection from easterly winds and because of kept at Mount Edgcumbe Park was confirmed this, and the adjacent warm mass of sea, the and the Joint Committee of the two councils Amphitheatre is another very mild location. which owned the estate was asked if it could be Evidence of former gardens on land sloping planted there. The idea was readily approved. down to the English Channel has been found. An initial planting ceremony was arranged One of these gardens was a complex system of in 1976 to coincide with the visit to the estate in pathways and terraces upon which camellias, that year of the International Camellia Society acacias, dicksonias and many tender plants conference. This planting consisted of william­ were successfull¥ grown. Apart from clearing sii hybrids and one 'Gloire de Nantes'. some of the pathways to improve access, no ef­ The ceremonial planting was followed by a fort has yet been made towards restoration of number of trial plantings, mostly in the am­ this garden so it remains overgrown by forest phitheatre, in positions where the suitability of trees and Rhododendron ponticum. Another the various parts of the garden for growing 88 camellias could be tested. These trial plantings themselves or been rejected. The successful' varied from sea level to about a hundred feet ones can be included in the collection, the above it, and in open positions through to more recent ones though will have to be tried heavy shade. Some were placed where the win­ out first. New registrations are running at try east winds would hit them. about two hundred a year at the present time. In 1981 the National Council for the Conser­ A trial ground, either at Mount Edgcumbe or vation of Plants and Gardens agreed to sup­ elsewhere, will have to be created to test the port the Reference Collection of Camellias at suitability of these new cultivars before they Mount Edgcumbe by formally adding it to· its are recommended for the collection and, by list of collections. the same token, for gardens generally. It may be that a commercial grower or several of them Planning the collection may have to operate such an area. The progress of the initial plantings was moni­ Arrangement has not been determined. tored. All the plants survived except for two or Clearly, several distinct groups exist, each with three of Camellia 'Donation' that had been its own particular requirements. Some require placed in grass. These had their trunks gnawed more sun, others are less hardy and in the case by mice. A group of C. japonica 'Elegans' of the C. japonica cultivars, there are so many forms were planted in the formal gardens on of them that it will be necessary to split them the limestone outcrop and show symptoms of artificially by colour, form or both. The princi­ chlorosis. pal groups will be species, japonica cultivars, With the knowledge that the gardens are williamsii and closely related hybrids and re­ suitable for the family, planning started. The ticulata hybrids. collection has to be developed within certain These proposals will probably be acceptable strict definitions set by the requirements of to the NCCPG. both the ICS and the NCCPG. It must also be Some of the older cultivars and many of the set out in such a way that the estate's Grade 1 new ones will have to be rejected because, al­ classification is not endangered. The commit­ though the park will be able to hold a very tee running the collection is well aware of these large number of plants, not all of them are of conditions and the views of the estate held by special merit and others are unsuited to our cli­ its many visitors. mate. It must also be remembered that, in The ICS requires that its collection holds all cases where parent plants are scarce, reserves camellias of interest to the British enthusiast. may have to be kept,using up valuable space. It must contain each of the following elements: Much thought has been given to siting the a) Species. Some species are fully hardy in collection. This has to be done in such a way the British Isles, some will survive most win­ that it displays each plant to maximum advan­ ters and others need a form of protection. It is tage without dominating what is already a park intended that this group should be kept in con­ with an important historic character of its own. tainers so that they can be over-wintered in It must also be remembered, that the park is either the Orangery or French garden conser­ used all the year round so allowance must be vatory. During the summer months they will made for display at all seasons. The special fea­ stand out in the open. tures will have to be avoided. Even with all b) Camellias of British origin. This section these restrictions large areas remain available, may contain up to one hundred of the very old for camellia planting. In the Amphitheatre, cultivars some of which will only be of interest where most bf the planting will be done, it has because of their age. Many of the plants in this been noticed that a very high proportion of the section may be very difficult to find and ident­ visitors to the valley keeps to the bottom third. ify. Only a few venture to the higher pathways and c) Camellias of historic interest. Included in most of these are walkers intending to reach this section will be very old cultivars regardless more distant places. This leaves the top part, of their origins and those grown in British gar­ referred to earlier as one of the mildest places dens since the first camellia was introduced in in the estate, for camellias and support plant­ the eighteenth century. Problems of discovery ing. Solid planting of very large groups will and identification will be similar to those of the have to be avoided if the effect on the valley is previous section. not to be one of massed dark green foliage for d) . Newer cultivars. There is a vast number of many months of the year. This would be unac­ camellias of Plore recent origin. Some have al­ ceptable to both the Joint Committee and reg­ ready been tried in Britain and either proved ular users of the park. 89 Camellias at not less than eight feet apart in first arrivals are anticipated late in 1983. small groups, with support or contrast plants It will of course be some time before the col­ between them appears to be the requirement. lection becomes a mature display, but it is Examples of suitable companions for the col­ hoped that it will be worth a visit within a com­ lection, taken from a long list, include low paratively short period. Its value as a represen­ growers like Sarcococca, Hosta and ferns; tal­ tative collection should be achieved very ler growers, Mahonia, Fothergilla, Embot­ quickly. Its completion is, however, another hrium and Eucryphia; and a canopy of Mag­ matter! Many of the older cultivars, especially nolia, Stewartia, and Acer. those of British origin and the earliest intro­ The main summer, autumn and winter dis­ ductions may only exist as isolated plants, plays will not be arranged within the camellia probably unlabelled, in private gardens where areas but concentrated in nearby places. they will be extremely difficult to find let alone To a lesser extent the formal gardens and identify. Hopefully, their owners will realise possibly at some future date, the garden of the what they are, or might be, and offer propagat­ main house, once it has been restored, will be ing material to the collection. Identification used to hold small sections of the collection will be left to persons with specialist know­ but, in these parts the special characters of in­ ledge of the old varieties. dividual gardens will dictate their use. If it is to be the Reference Collection it will So far the collection has developed slowly. be essential that a proper system of catalogu­ The original plants represent all that have been ing and labelling is practised. Several difficul­ placed in the park. These consist of eighty five ties have to be overcome before such a system Australian and New Zealand japonica cul­ can operate. Firstly, the older, unlabelled cul­ tivars and a small number of representatives of tivars must be correctly identified; then the the Elegans group and some williamsii hyb­ many synonyms will need to be sorted out and rids. Further introductions have been delayed cross referenced, and a way of introducing because it was necessary to see how the origi­ worthwhile new registrations incorporated. nals survived and there remained the problem The next essential will be a practical method of of the grazing habits of descendants of inhabit­ locating any given cultivar from the informa­ ants of the former deer park which had access tion in the catalogue. This apparently simple to all but the formal gardens. Now that a new exercise is complicated by that mysterious ob­ deer fence has been constructed, the building session some people have for moving labelsor of the collection can begin in earnest. taking them home. It is optimistically felt that Progress has been made during the waiting these difficulties can be removed. time. A number of older cultivars have been Once the Collection is under way the obtained from gardens such as Trewithen, catalogue of its contents will be kept up to date Wisley and Windsor; and promises of support and available to anyone who thinks that he is in have been received from several National a position to provide missing links or who Trust and other gardens. The more recent ac­ might just want to visit and enjoy seeing a large quisitions have been raised in the Plymouth display of this beautiful genus of plant. City Council's nursery where they will remain Reprinted, with the kind consent of the until the final planting plan has been com­ Editor, from the Royal Horticultural Society's pleted. The acquisition of newer introductions year book, 'Rhododendrons 1983/84 with is being examined at the present time and the Magnolias & Camellias'.

90 Some historical notes on Mount Edgcumbe

Quelques details historiques sur Mount Edgcumbe Algunas notas hist6ricas sobre Mount Edgcumbe Alcune note storiche su Mount Edgcumbe

DAVID TREHANE Probus, England

The history of the family, house, and gardens was a wealthy Dutch merchant who fled to En­ at Mt Edgcumbe has some international as­ gland from the Spanish Inquisition, lent pects which may interest readers of Don money to King James I, by whom he was Waterhouse's article. knighted, but liked living at Cotehele and mar­ The family has always had strong ties with ried his daughter to Sir Richard after his first the land on both sides of the river Tamar which wife had died. Today Cotehele, cared for by separates Devon, its county of origin, from the National Trust, contains much original fur­ Cornwall, and particularly with Cotehele, an niture, armour, weapons, two Bronze Age ancient house twelve miles upstream from brass horns from an Irish bog, and a Saxon Plymouth Sound. Hilaria de Cotehele married horn. William Edgcumbe in 1353, bringing to him When Charles II visited Mt Edgcumbe in wealth and a great estate. 1671 and 1677 the park and gardens were William's great-grandson, Richard, de­ noted for their formal avenues of trees. clared against King Richard III and was be­ In 1742 Richard Edgcumbe was made a sieged at Cotehele by the local tyrant, Sir Baron, some said because he was the only man Henry Trenowth of Bodrugan. Richard slit the at court shorter than the king, George III! He sentry's throat and hid in undergrowth by the moved the ferry from Barn"Pool below the river until his pursuers were close upon him Amphitheatre to its present site at Cremyll,.so when he threw a heavy stone into the river fol­ ensuring the privacy of the garden, later to be lowed by his cap which floated down among shattered by American tanks moving down to the ripples leading his pursuers to believe he embark for Normandy. had drowned. He escaped to Brittany whence There is a story concerning, I think, he returned and gained his revenge on Sir Richard's wife, Matilda. She was pronounced Henry Trenowth, chasing him into the sea at a dead and placed in the family vault. According place still known as Bodrugan's Leap. In 1489 to the historian, Polwhele, the sexton noticed Richard Edgcumbe died fighting for Anne of the rings still on her finger and returned at Brittany at Morlaix, a town now twinned with· night with a lantern to remove them but could the city of Truro, the capital of Cornwall. His not do so easily. He bent and squeezed the son, Piers, enclosed the deer-park at Mt. finger whereupon her ladyship came back to Edgcumbe in 1539 and Piers' son Richard built life. The sexton fled, she picked up the lantern the house in 1553. Its international role began and walked up to the house, where she lived the following year when Richard and his wife for many years after. Mary Coteele entertained the admirals of the The next Baron, also Richard, brought the combined fleet of 160 ships of England, Spain, orange trees to the Italian Garden. He did not and Flanders accompanying Philip of Spain to marry and the title passed to his brother his marriage with Queen Mary. George, an admiral of the fleet who had fought Thirty years later the commander of the at Quiberon Bay. He had the unpleasant task Spanish Armada, the Duke of Medina of removing all the trees on the estate, in case Sidonia, announced that' Mt Edgcumbe would they provided cover for·an expected Franco­ be his home when England was conquered. Sir Spanish invasion. Francis Drake, who lived upstream at Buck­ There was more than one dividend from this land Abbey, facing Cotehele across the destruction. The admiral's loyalty was re­ - Tamar, thought otherwise! warded by a Viscounty when George III and . Mary Coteele Edgcumbe provides a curious Queen Charlotte visited Mount Edgcumbe link with Holland. Her father, Sir Thomas two years later. They so enjoyed their stay that Coteele (in no way related to Hilaria's family), they came again in 1789, and made the admiral 91 an Earl in gratitude for his hospitality and the stirred memories of bygone wars in Plymouth organisation of the royal tour of the southwest! the other side of the water. Mt Edgcumbe was The greater dividend was the creation of the for the King in the Civil War and Plymouth for gardens, including much that remains today in Cromwell. spite of the Great Blizzard of March 1891, Coming closer to the present day, the direct which buried Cornwall under twelve feet of heir was killed at Dunkirk in 1940 and the fol­ snow and blew down most of the trees. lowing year the house was burnt by German in­ Richard, the second earl, had artistic talent cendiary bombs and stood, devastated, until it and his wife Sophia possessed great natural was partly rebuilt by the sixth earl who died skills, not least in garden design, commemo­ seven years later in 1965 leaving a cousin, Ed­ rated on a stone memorial urn which stands in ward Piers, to come from New Zealand to un­ the French garden which she created. They re­ ravel the tangle of death duties, which he did created the lower garden, with its orangery, as by selling the estate to Cornwall County Coun­ an Italian Garden with a marble fountain and cil and Plymouth City Council to become a an elaborate stairway surmounted by three Country Park for all to enjoy. He died in 1982, statues. his wife a little earlier. She is commemorated The characteristic of the garden and its by the title of the Mount Edgcumbe Cancer buildings is, perhaps, the native homeliness of Hospice at St. Austell in which she took a lead­ the design, proportions, and planting, which ing interest. The camellia which she planted lack the expansive formality of the great land­ when the I.C.S. visited the garden in 1976 was scapes of the professional designers ofthe day. 'Inspiration', appropriately enough for the This and the legendary hospitality of the own­ planting was her idea. ers was enough to bring to Mt Edgcumbe the The link with New Zealand was forged anew Grand Duke Michael of Russia in 1818, the fu­ when the prescnt, the 8th, Earl, left his sheep ture king, William IV and his consort Adelaide farm in New Zealand a year or so ago to reside in 1827, Queen Victoria in 1843, Emperor Fre­ at Mt Edgcumbe with his wife and five derick of Germany in 1871; Emperor Napo­ daughters. The authorities have done their leon III of France the same year (one assumes best to make him feel at home for he looks out they did not meet!) and, later, Empress on a flock of 500 to 700 sheep grazing in the Elizabeth of Austria and the King of Sweden. park! At least one of his daughters is a gar­ One of the responses to the threat of a dener. The camellias nearest to the house are Franco-Spanish invasion was the installation those from New Zealand and Australia. Long of a battery in the sea wall at the bottom of the may they enjoy their presence and the wider garden, which enabled the gunners to fire a 21­ planting of the National Collection. gun salute, an occurrence which must have

A note on the Reginald Cory Menlorial Cup

La Compe Commemorative "Reginald Cory" La Copa Conmemorativa "Reginald Cory" La Coppa cmmemorativa "Reginald Cory" MAJOR E. W. M. MAGOR Corn wall, England' See Colour Section

The Reginald Cory Memorial Cup, which is he(:tt.amellia 'Jender Carlyon', a large silvery won outright, is awarded annually by the pin'k"siemi double X williamsii camellia, cros­ Royal Horticultural Society, to the raiser of a sed in 1972 (saluenensis x japonica 'Co M. Wil­ perennial or woody ornamental plant, which is son'). This received an Award of Merit onth:e a deliberate cross that has not been made be­ 20th March, 1984. .. . fore, and which received an award at one of the This highly es~eemed award has only once Society's shows during the current year. before been given for a camellia hybrid, to the This has now been awarded to Miss Gillian Countess of Rosse in 1970 for 'Leonard Mes­ Carlyon of Tregrehan Camellia Nurseries for seI' . 92 ·Camellia sinensis Recent developments in vegetative propagation of tea Camellia sinensis - developpements recents de la multiplication du the Camellia sinensis - ultimos adelantos en la propagaci6n vegetativa del te Camellia sinensis - Recenti sviluppi nella propagazione vegetativa del te

DR. V. S. SHARMA Upasi Tea Research Institute, Cinchona-642106

Rooting hormonal formulation: We have developed and streamlined We have developed a rooting hormonal for­ techniques to graft fresh, single-node, semi­ mulation primarily to induce and hasten root­ hard wood cuttings of tea before striking for ing of single-node, semi-hard wood cuttings of rooting; this is a unique development in the tea. Intensive and extensive trials were carried propagation of horticultural crops. This out and the results were published in UPASI technique also has been tested in different ex­ Tea Sci. Dep. Bull. 37 :29-40. 1981 and PLAC­ periments and the results were published in the ROSYM-IV (Proc. 4th ann. Symp. Plant. first article mentioned above and PLAC­ Crops): 107-112. (1981) 1982. The formulation ROSYM-IV (Proc. 4th ann. Symp. Plant. has been widely tested in various commercial Crops): 120-126, (1981) 1982. tea nurseries in South India over the years and We are of the view that grafting of fresh, now, its use has become a routine practice. semi-hard wood cuttings will be feasible in We have a feeling that this rooting hormonal other horticultural plants too. Grafting the formulation, for whose patent an application fresh cuttings reduced the time span in the nur­ has been filed, may also be useful in the root­ sery. ing of the ornamental Camellias and other (Editor's Note: Dr. Sharma kindly states semi-hard wood cuttings. that the Institute is willing to supply experi­ mental samples of the rooting hormonal for­ Grafting offresh cuttings: mulation to interested parties.)

Camellias in a Russian work's greenhouse

Des camelias dans la serre d'une usine sovietique Camelias en un invernadero de una fabrica rusa Camelie nella serra di uno stabilimento russo U. S. KIRICHENKO, gardener Korosten', near Zhitomir

In 1971 we obtained from Adler! ten rooted window-sill, and yet in the room the dry air cuttings of Camellia japonica. When we re­ caused bud-drop. turned home, we planted them in two-litre Hence we had to take little bushes into our pots using a mixture of leaf mould, greenhouse work's greenhouse. There we planted them in soil, top peat and sand (1:2:1:1).. soil made out of three-year old humus, peat At first we kept the plants under room con­ and coarsepeat3 (2:1:2}.When the camellias ditions. For the winter we put them by a south had taken we started to feed them with well­ window, separated from the room by a plastic rotted cow-manure (1 ;10) alternating with am­ film, and syringed them with water (20°C). mophos2 (30-40 g per 10 litres). The plants During their growth we fed them with liquid were syringed daily with warm water. During nitroammophos2 (30 g to 10 litres of water). the summer the greenhouse is well ventilated The camellias grew well and two years later and the air in it humidified. flowered. But they became crowded on the For five years now, from December to 93

-' .. March, the camellias delight us with their red, After the cuttings are rooted we remove the pink and white double-petalled flowers. plastic cover. First we replant the camellias in We propagate the plants under plastic sheet~ two-litre pots, and when they have grown, all ing (frame height 25 cm). the contents of the pot is replanted in the soil of After flowering we take cuttings from young the greenhouse, which is prepared from the 4 woody shoots, with three nodes . We leave the hot-bed soil, two-year old humus and peat top leaf. The rest of the leaves we cut in half. (2:1:1) with urea (30 g per square metre). The The cut at the bottom (under the bud) is bushes grow splendidly and flower every year. slanted. Cuttings are put into a solution of heteroaucsin *5 (1 g per litre) for 4 hours. After Notes by translator Mrs L. V. Jones: which we plant them at an angle on a 1. Town in Caucasus on Black Sea Coast, SE of Soch. 2. Trivial name for ammonium phosphate plus am­ greenhouse bench in a mixture of hot-bed soil monium nitrate. and peat (2:1). We cover it with 2 cm of 3. Forest soil or coarse mountain earth. sterilised clean river sand. We regularly 4. Literally: two between-the-nodes spaces. syringe the plants with warm water and at the 5. Trivial names for fungicide. same time ventilate the frames. Twice, before and after the rooting, we apply a solution of Note by John Tooby 5 *heteroaucsin must surely be a rooting hormone. phundozole (0.2%) to prevent fungal infec­ Korosten is about 100 miles NW of Kiev. tions. The percentage take is 90%.

I.C.S. Exhibits at R.H.S. Shows 1985

Les expos de la R.H.S. en 1985 Exposiciones de la R.H.S. en 1985 Mostre della R.H.S., 1985 JOYCE WYNDHAM (London Organiser) See colour section

Report on Camellia Competition, Report on Camellia Show, 12th-13th March, 1985 10th-11th April, 1985 Camellias were scarce at the approach of the With the approach of the International Con­ first Show at the R. H.S. Hall, owing to the se­ gress to be held at Brighton in May, 1985, it vere weather, which affected the amount of was decided to make this the theme of the sec­ blooms available. ond show. With the co-operation of Trehane Camel­ Once again, camellias were in short supply, lias, the standwas set up with a display ofgraft­ but much help was given by the Camellia Nur­ ing, showing the initial plant to be used, and series, and gardens. A square of moss, care­ then different plants through the procedure to fully prepared, had in the centre, the letters the final new plant growing healthily. All I.C.S. in red camellias, with arrangements of materials needed were shown,and blooms camellias in each corner. At the back a large oil were arranged as a background on moss, with a painting of assorted blooms was placed, with large centrepiece of camellias. These were the heading above, "International Camellia supplied by Stonehurst, Chatsworth, the Savill Congress, Brighton, 1985". Many photographs Garden, and various individual contributors. were taken of the display, and my thanks again The result received great interest from the to all who contributed, and worked so hard to public, and the exhibit was awarded the Flora make the stand such an attraction to the pub­ Silver Medal. I would like to extend my thanks lic. It is a notable fact of the interest shown, to all who helped to put on such a good show. that a record number of new members were enrolled at these two shows.

94 The New Zealand Camellia Society National Show and Convention Tauranga, 24/26 August, 1984

Exposition et Convention Nationales de la Societe Neo-Zelandaise des Camelias Convenci6n y Exposici6n Nacional de la Sociedad Neocelandesa de la Camelia Mostra e Convegno Nazionale dell'Associazione Neozelandese della Camelia

JIM HANSEN Waikanae, New Zealand' See colour section

As expected, Tauranga proved to be a Best Miniature bloom (Clere Memorial popular venue, with some 330 members regis­ Trophy) - 'Bon Bon' Mr & Mrs H. B. Cave. tering for the Convention. The members of the Best small bloom (Society Award) - 'Dolly Western Bay of Plenty branch were the hosts, Dyer' Mr & Mrs R. Roberts. and the chairman of the branch, Mr Trevor Best reticulata or reticulata hybrid seedling Lennard, with the able assistance of an energe­ bloom (Clark Cup) - Mr & Mrs H. B. Cave. tic committee, prepared an interesting prog­ Best japonica seedling bloom (Clark Cup) - Mr ramme, with visits to a variety of private gar­ N. Haydon. dens, an avocado orchard, a kiwi fruit winery Best any other seedling bloom (Society and a scenic tour of Tauranga. Arrangements Award) - Mr & Mrs H. Austin. . were also made for members to inspect gar­ Three japonica blooms, different varieties. dens further afield on their way home on the (Boon Memorial Trophy); Six japonica Sunday and Monday. We were fortunate in blooms, different varieties (Corkill Trophy); having fine weather for the three days of the Twelve japonica blooms, different varieties convention, sandwiched in between some very (Society Award); Six reticulata or reticulata wet days. hybrid blooms different varieties. (Society The Show, held in the Queen Elizabeth Award); Twelve blooms different, Any Youth Centre, * provided some fine blooms in species or varieties. (Society Award) - Mr & spite of the inclement weather beforehand. A Mrs H. B. Cave. feature of the show was the large number of Three non-reticulata hybrid blooms different entries in the seedling classes. varieties (Les Jury Memorial Trophy); Six The successful exhibitors were: non-reticulata hybrid blooms, different var­ Best bloom in show (Bethwaite Memorial ieties. (Sir Victor and Lady Davies Memorial Trophy); Best reticulata or reticulata Hybrid; Trophy) - Mr & Mrs R. J. Macdonald. Best bloom of American Origin (American Most first places in individual bloom classes Camellia Society Trophy) - 'Dr Clifford (Society Award) - Mrs M. Mathers. Parks'* Mrs C. D. Turnbull. Best japonica (McLisky Memorial Trophy) ­ 'Nuccio's Jewel' Mrs J. A. Rodgers. Honours Table Blooms: Best hybrid with no reticulata parentage (Soci­ 'Swan Lake' Mrs P. A. Nelson ety Award) - 'Seedling' Mr & Mrs H. Austin. 'Mrs Charles Simmons'Mrs M. D.Manuel Best Yunnan reticulata (Durrant Trophy) ­ 'Brushfield's Yellow' Mrs J. Currie 'Crimson Robe' Mr & Mrs G. Wallis. 'Fashionata' and Mr & Mrs R. J. Best white bloom (Rayner Memorial Trophy) 'Tom Knudsen' Macdonald -'Elegans Champagne' Mr & Mrs R. Bambery. 'South Seas' Mrs J. Sole Best Doak Hybrid (Doak Memorial Trophy)­ . 'Kathryn Funari' Mr& Mrs H. B. Cave 'Phyl Doak' Mr & Mrs J. A. Hansen. 'Neisha Gamlin' Mr A. Gamlin Best bloom of New Zealand Origin (Edith 'Tiffany' Mr &Mrs W. A. Peters Mazzei Trophy) - 'Patricia Coull' Mr & Mrs J. 'Tamsin Coull' Mr & Mrs T. Lennard N. Rolfe. 'Galaxie' Mr&MrsJ. A. Best bloom of Australian Origin (Colin Elliott Hansen Trophy) 'Dolly Dyer' Mr & Mrs R. Roberts. 'Elsie Ruth Marshall' Mrs K. Joyce 95 'Massee Lane' and 'Lasca Beauty' Mr & Mrs C. R. 'Howard Asper' Mrs M. M. McRae Whittle 'William Hertrich' Mr & Mrs T. C. Devereux The next National Show and Convention is 'Mouchang' Mrs N. Turner to be held in Wanganui at the end of August, 'Woodford Harrison' Mr & Mrs R. R Clere 1985. Anenloniflora Anemoniflora Anemoniflora Anemoniflora

T. J. SAVIGE Wirlinga, Australia

In the International· Camellia Journal same Camellia as we now know as "Anemonif­ Number 13,1981, in John Tooby's article "The lora'. Early Introductions of Camellias to England However some confusion has arisen in mod­ from China", mention is made of 'Anemonif­ ern times· as Fang, Shumei in "Tiannan lora' under the name "Po Chu Cha". Chahua Xiaozhi" (An Account of Kunming When the International Camellia Society's Camellias), 1930 also published the same expedition to China to plant the Camellia name for an old C. reticulata cultivar. This par­ Friendship Gardens was planned, a china plate ticular reticulata has been given the Western was commissioned as a souvenir for those at­ synonym "Noble Pearl" by Dr W. E. Lam­ tending. This plate carried on its face a replica merts in his article "The New Reticulata Hyb­ of one of the earliest Camellias to reach the rids" published in the "American Camellia West. This was a painting of "Po Chu Cha" Yearbook", 1950 pp.1-11. It has since col­ from the collection of Camellia Paintings in the lected other synonyms such as "Red Jewel­ R.H.S. Lindley Library, which were commis­ lery", "Jewellery" and "Precious Pearl Camel­ sioned by John Reeves, from Chinese artists, lia" . while he was stationed as Inspector of Tea for It is possible, but doubtful, that the 'Baozhu the Eastern India Company at Canton. Cha' published by Wang, Xiarijin,1621 in On the back of the plate are the characters "Qunfangpu" (Thesaurus of Botany) is the C. • J.* ~"Po Chu Cha" and 'Anemonif­ reticulata cultivar. lora', followed by the inscription: "The design However a publication of 1937 from China is is based on Number 12 of the Reeves collection Chung kuo shu mu fen lei hsueh by Chen, Yung of Chinese paintings of Camellias (1816-1831) which has '''Hong Chahua', (Red Camellia); in the Lindley Library by kind permission of C. japonica var. 'Anemoniflora' Curtis. Flow­ the Royal Horticultural Society. " ers, red with 5 large petals; stamens developed The above characters, which were originally into small narrow petals." transliterated as Po Chu Cha, are now written Then in 1955 another author, Chen, Chih in the modern "Pinyin" form as "Baozhu wrote in his work, Kuan Shan shu mu hsueh,. Cha". The first character "Bai", (Po) • has (Study of Ornamental Plants); f'Yangguifei";· been simplified to 3r and translated as "trea­ (var. 'Anemoniflora', Curtis). Yangguifei is sure" or "precious". The second character, the name of a concubine of a Tang EmperQr "Zhu", (Chu), Ef- translates as "pearl" or previously described under the name "Guifei;' "jewel" and the third character "Cha" ~ instead of Yangguifei. Yang was her family translates as Camellia. The complete epithet name and often not used. It is also called has been translated both as "Precious Pearl "Hong Chahua", (Red Camellia) and the Camellia"and "Jewellery Camellia". flower resembles an Autumn Peony. The The first record of the characters for outer petals are broad and flat while the inner "Baozhu" is in the "Bencao Gangmu" ones are small, broken and irregular. Stamens, (Materia Medica with commentaries) by Li, rare; flower crimson." Shizhen, published in the year 1590 AD and it Wang, Xianjil, (1621) in Qunfangpu used seems likely from later writings that this is the the name "Guifei Cha". Then, in the manus­ 96 Ii cript of Professor Te-Tsun Yu written about one scene of which she makes herself intoxi­ 1948, but published by Frank Griffin in the cated to foil the Emperor's advances. Camellian, 1964 is listed a Camellia It seems likely that these are all the same "Zuiyangfei" or the "Intoxicated Lady Yang". Camellia and if so it would seem that 'Baozhu This is the same concubine who is the heroine Cha' is the priority name. of the famous Pekin opera "The Pear Tree" , in

Lakeland U.K. Conference, 1986 25th - 28th April

Conference britannique 1986 dans la Region des Lacs, Angleterre Conferencia de la Region de los Lagos, R.D., 1986 Conferenza Britannica 1986 nella Regione dei laghi

JOYCE WYNDHAM London Organiser

For the first time, the International Camellia at Harlow Car. On the Sunday we will be tak­ Society are planning to visit the Lake District, ing a trip on the Ravenglass railway up and see many famous gardens, and beauty Eskdale. spots. Delegates planning to arrive on the Thurs­ It will be based at Windermere, and dele­ day evening will be accommodated by Mr. gates will stay at the well-known old coaching J .Bertlin, manager of the Swan Hotel, who Inn, the Swan Hotel, at Newby Bridge, right will make arrangements to meet anyone arriv­ on the shores of the lake. ing by train. . Gardens to be visited are Lingholm, Mun­ We are indebted to Mr. Geoff Yates, whose caster, Holker Hall, White Craggs, Stagshaw, knowledge of the area, and the hosts of the Brockhole and Holehird. gardens we are going to see, has been a great The highlight of the weekend will be a visit help in compiling a very interesting prog­ to the Harrogate Show on the Saturday, which ramme. will incorporate seeing over the trial grounds

97 1985 I.C.S. MEMBERSHIP

Life Ordinary Total Single Family Single Family Members

Argentina

Australia 5 3 150 66 293

Austria 2 2

Belgium 3 5

Canada 2 2

Channel Islands 4 32 11 60

China 2 2

Denmark 2 2

France 39 IR 75

Germany 23 23

Isle of Man

Hong Kong 2 2

Italy 4 15 21

Japan 20 2 149 173

Korea 2 2

Malta

Netherlands 3 2 7

New Zealand 5 27 27 88

Portugal 2 8 18

Rep. of Ireland 9 12

South Africa 3 21 26

Spain 28 29

Switzerland 5 5

U.K. 14 194 60 328

U.S.A. 11 132 68 279

Zimbabwe 1 3

TOTAL 72 7 844 265 1460

98

- --­--_._-­ - By-Laws of the International Camellia Society as at 10th May, 1985 ARTICLE 1-MEMBERS, MEMBERSHIP AND FEES: A. There shall be the following classes of members of the Society: . 1. REGULAR MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of the Society and who make an annual contribution to the Society, such contribution to be deter­ mined by the Directors from time to time. 2. LIFE MEMBERS. Persons who desire to contribute a sum equal to at least twenty times the current annual subscription, in lieu of any annual contributions. 3. HONORARY MEMBERS. The Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, may bes­ tow this title on any person who has furthered the purposes of this Society in some out­ standing manner. Such Honorary Member shall be relieved of any requirement to make any monetary contribution to the Society.. B. RIGHTS OF MEMBERS. 1. Each member of the Society shall be entitled to cast one vote for the election of Direc­ tors and other officials in the manner hereinafter prescribed. 2. Each member shall be entitled to attend and participate in any annual or other meeting of the membership as may be called by the Directors. ARTICLE II - DIRECTORS A. NUMBER. 1. Apart from the duly elected officers, who shall be ex-officio members of the Board, having the same powers, voting rights and responsibilities as other members of the Board, members residing in each specified region shall elect their own Director or Di­ rectors in accord with the following numbers: UNITED KINGDOM 3 FRANCE 2 AMERICA 3 ITALY 1 AUSTRALIA 3 NEW ZEALAND 1 ASIA 2 PORTUGAL 1 AFRICA 1 SPAIN 1 OTHER REGIONS­ (different regions) 2 2. The number of the Board of Directors may be increased or decreased within the limits of the charter by majority vote of the Board of Directors. B. TERM. 1. The term of office of a member of the Board shall be three years or thereafter until a successor has been elected. 2. If any member of the Board dies, resigns or for other reasons ceases to be a Director, the vacancy shall be filled for the unexpired portion of the term on a motion to the Board by the President who shall consult with the surviving Director(s) and Member­ ship Representative of that Region or in their absence with the membership of that Re­ gion before making such nomination. C. POWER OF BOARD. 1. The Board of Directors shall regulate and supervise the management and operation of the Society. It shall attend to and manage all of the affairs of the Society, shall make such arrangements for carrying on the business of the Society as it deems best, and in addition to the powers by these By-Laws expressly conferred upon the Board, it may exercise all of the powers of the Corporate Society and do all such lawful acts and things as are not by statute or by the charter or by these By-Laws required to be exer­ cised or done by the members. 2. A majority vote of the Board of Directors shall constitute a decision of the Board. 3. Because of the International aspect of the Society it is contemplated that practically all of the affairs of the Society shall be conducted by mail. Board of Directors meetings and decisions necessarily will have to be conducted by mail and the Board is hereby ex­ pressly authorised to promulgate such rules of procedure for presentation of policy and voting thereon as it deems expedient. 99 D. Absence from a Meeting ofDirectors-in-person: When a meeting of the Board of Directors is called, a Director who cannot attend may nominate a proxy from his Country or Regiol1 to act in his stead. The Secretary must be advised in writingbythe Director concerned prior to the commencement of the meeting. Acceptance shall be on the vote of those Directors present, with immediate effect.

ARTICLE III - PLACES OF BUSINESS, MEETINGS OF MEMBERS: A. The Society may have as many places of business and in such locations as its Board of Di­ rectors deems required. . B. It is not expected that it will be possible for members from every part of the world to gather at an Annual Meeting, but there may be periodical Regional Meetings of the Society, the time and place of such Regional Meetings to be fixed and notified to the President, the Sec­ retary, and to all members resident in the region by the Regional Director or Directors. ARTICLE IV - OFFICERS: A. The Officers of the Society shall be a Patron, a President, three Vice-Presidents, an Editor, a Secretary, a Treasurer and a Membership Representative from each Region. From time to time the Board may create such other offices as it may deem necessary. B. The President and Vice-Presidents of the Society shall be from members of the Society and shall be elected by the members every three years. Vacancies may be filled or new offices created and filled at any meeting of the Board. Each Officer shall hold office until his suc­ cessor shall have been duly elected and shall have qualified. A President may not hold of~ fice for more than two successive periods of three years, except for having filled a vacancy in the office for a preceding period of less than three years. C. The Secretary, Treasurer, Editor and Officers other than the President and Vice-Presi­ . dents shall be appointed by the Board of Directors, and shall serve for such length of time as the Board of Directors determines. D. A Membership Representative shall be appointed on a motion to the Board by the Direc­ tor(s) of the Region concerned or in the absence of such Director(s) by the President after consultation with the Membership of that Region. E. The duties of the Officers shall be such as usually attach to sucil offices, and in addition thereto, such further duties as may be designated or delegated to them from time to time by the Board. The Duties of a Membership Representative shall be to co-ordinate the ac­ tivities of members in the Region; to provide a link between the Board of Directors and the members. Membership Representatives shall be circulated with all papers sent to Direc­ tors and shall be invited to Directors' meetings but shall not be entitled to vote. The Board of Directors shall be authorised to prescribe the amount of compensation for any Officer, or employee of the Society.

ARTICLE V - COMMITTEES: The Board ofDirectors may delegate such of its powers as deemed required to Officers of the Society or to any committee it may see fit to create. .

ARTICLE VI: The Board shall promulgate such rules as may be deemed proper to permit this Society to af­ filiate with other Horticultural Societies, or other societies to affiliate with this Society.

ARTICLE VII - CONTRACTS, CHEQUES, DEPOSITS AND FUNDS: A. CONTRACTS: The Board of Directors may authorise any Officer or Officers, agent or agents of the Cor­ porate Society, to enter into any contract or execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporate Society and such authority may be general or con­ fined to specific instances. B. CHEQUES, DRAFTS, ETC.: All cheques, drafts and other orders for the payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of the Corporate Society, shall be signed by such Officer 100 or Officers, agent or agents of the Corporate Society and in such manner as shall from time to time be determined by resolution of the Board of Directors. C. DEPOSITS: All funds of the Corporate Society shall be deposited to the credit of the Corporate Society in such banks, trust companies or other depositories as the Board of Directors may select. D. GIFTS: The Board of Directors may accept on behalf of the Corporate Society any contribution, gift, bequest or devise for the general purpose or for any special purpose of the Corporate Society.

ARTICLE VIII - BOOKS AND RECORDS: The Corporate Society shall keep correct and complete books and records of account and shall also keep minutes of the proceedings of its members and Board of Directors, and shall keep at the registered or principal office a record giving the names and addresses of the members. All books and records of the Corporate Society may be inspected by any member, or his agent, or attorney for any proper purpose at any reasonable time.

ARTICLE IX: These By-Laws may be altered, amended or repealed and new By-Laws may be adopted by the members at an annual meeting or by a majority vote of the Board of Directors provided that at least thirty (30) days written notice is given to each member of the Board of the intention to alter, amend, or repeal or to adopt the new By-Laws at such meeting.

INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended 31st December 1984

INCOME EXPENDITURE

By Subscriptions 4,312,62 To Printing and Stationery 326.81 Advertisement in Journal 51.35 Postage and Telephone 96.16 Donation to Journal Hire of room for Meetings 45.00 from UK 200.00 Journal: Printing 4,149.23 Raffle at Cornish Postage 446.99 Weekend 72.50 5,064.19 Interest on Deposit Supply ofTies 481.33 Accounts 445.31 Contribution to work on Total Income 5,081.78 Nomenclature 1,199.39 Balance of Expenditure over Income 1,633.13 Total Expenses 6,744.91

£6,744.91 £6,744.91

Balance Sheet as at 31st December 1984 LIABILITIES ASSETS

Accumulated Funds Sundry Debtors 29.31 Balance blf 6,253.63 Cash: At Bank Less Balance of Special Deposit Expenditure over Account '4;00O~OO Income for year 1,663.13 4,590.50 Deposit Account 81.82 Current Account 479.37 4,561.19

£4,590.50 £4,590.50

101 ICS Members' Subscriptions Rates and the representatives to whom payable:

AFRICA (R 10.00, or Husband and Wife R 13.00) Mr Leslie Riggall, Mdoni Road, Kloof, Natal 3600, South Africa AUSTRALIA ($ 10.00, or Husband and Wife $ 14.00) Miss Nance Swanson, 43 Wellington Road, East Lingfield, N.S.W. 2070 Australia AMERICA ($ 11.00, or Husband and Wife $15.00) Mr Thomas H. Perkins III, 405 Perkins Drive, Brookhaven, Miss. 39601, U.S.A. ASIA (Y 2400 or Husband and Wife Y 3300) Mr Goro Iimure, 3-1-13 Kouyama Nerima-Ku, Tokyo, Japan FRANCE (60.00 Frs, or Husband and Wife 80.00 Frs) M. Claude Thoby, Route de Paris, B.P.3, 44470 Carquefou, France GERMANY (22.00 DM, or Husband and Wife 29.00 DM) Dr. Klaus Hacklander, 05500 Trier, Simeonstrasse 5, Germany ITALY AND SWITZERLAND (Lire 12000, or Husband and Wife Lire 16000) Dr Antonio Sevesi, Piazzale Cadorna 6,20123 Milano, Italia NEW ZEALAND ($ 12.00, or Husband and Wife $16.00) Mr R. H. Clere, 8 Chesham Ave., Taupo, New Zealand PORTUGAL (E. 800, or Husband and Wife E. 1000) Senora Clara de Seabra, Praceta Prof, Egas Moniz, 167-4° esq. 4100 Porto, Portugal SPAIN (P. 1100, or Husband and Wife P. 1400) D. Juan Armada Diez de Rivera, po Castel­ lana 213,28046, Madrid UNITED KINGDOM AND WESTERN EUROPE (£6.00, or Husband and Wife £8.00) Mr John E. Mead, 20 Hassocks Road, Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex, BN6 9QN Life Memberships available for an amount ofat least twenty times that rate for annual subscrip­ tions.

To Life Members NEW MEMBERS of the International ROGERS, MrsJ. Y., "Camelot". 40 Martin Road, Centennial Park, N.S.W. Camellia Society 2021 At the Brighton Congress 1985 the Board of From f2~~sh Medical Laboratories Pty. Ltd., P.O.Box 31, Ameliffe, N.S.W. Directors decided that a complete list of Soci­ SNOOK, Mrs H. J., 50 Hobhs Ave., Dalkeith, W.A. 6009 Amendments to Names ety Members wouldbe published in the Jour­ BOER, Miss Eva, 6 Linden Crescent, Linden Park, S.A. 5065 nal only every third year. In the intervening Not Mrs Eva Boer PATON, Mr & Mrs John. 141110ura Ave., Wahrdonga, N.S.W. 2076 years the Journal will publish the names and To Dr & Mrs John

addresses of new members and changes of ad­ Omission from 1984 Journal dresses or status and the correction of errors in KNYVETT, Mrs B. J. "Brombee", Leadville, N.S.W. 2831 previous listing of existing members. Change of Address ALPEN, Mr & Mrs John E. * Life Members t Honorary Member To Villa 128, Bayview Gardens Village, Cabbage Tree Road, Bayview, N.S.W.2104 AUSTRALIAN CAMELLIA RESEARCH SOCIETY To C/- Treasurer, Mr B. H. Smith, 32 North Arm Road, Middle Cove, N.S. W. AUSTRALIA 2068 New Members A.C.R.S. N.S.W. FOUNDATION BRANCH HAMPTON, Mrs Evelyn. 108 River Terrace, Kangaroo PT. Old. 4169 To C/- Treasurer, Mrs G. Clubb, 27 Raglan Street, Mosman, N.S.W. 2088 MCPHERSON, MrT. W., Box 19 P.O., Gundagai, N.S.W. 2722 A.C.R.S. WEST AUSTRALIAN BRANCH MORROW, Dr. & MrsC. A., 168 Samford Road, Enogerra, Old. 4051 To C/- II Evershed Street, Myaree, W.A. 6154 SULLIVAN, Mr & Mrs Cecil, "Lindfield Park", Mt. Irvine Road, Mt. Wil ST. ALBANS (EPPING) GARDEN LOVERS CLUB son, N.S. W. 2740 To C/- Han. Treasurer, Mr P. E. Buesnel, 2/37 Fairlight Cr., Fairlight, THOMPSON, Mr Philip, 86 Cessnock Road, Weston, N.S.W. 2326 N.S. W. 2094 . WHITE, Mrs Joyce, 8 Blytheswood Ave., Warrawee; N.S.W. 2074 FERGUSON, Mr. & Mrs. J. WYLIE, Mr & Mrs L. G., 10 Boomerang Road, Springwood, N.S.W. 2777 To 16 Spri'ilgdale Road, Killara, N.S.W. 2071 102

i ___ <----'~i To Joint Membership , Ernest Whitcutt Road, Cowies Hill ,WIO, Natal. CAMPBELL, Prof. & Mrs, K, 0., 188 Beecroft Road, Cheltenham. N,S, W, WIDDAS, Mrs P, Y., 124Jan Smuts Ave" Gillits 3610, Natal. 2119 WOODLANDS, Mr & Mrs E, F.. Three Bears Nursery, 72 Castle Hill Road, UNITED KINGDOM West Pennant Hills, N,S,W. 2120 New Members BROWN, F, L" 113, Durham Road, Bromley, Kent BR20SP, To Joint Membership & Change of Address COOPER, Mr and Mrs M, R" Bwlch-y-Gwynt, Capel Uchaf, Clynnogfawr, HOOPER Caernarfon, Gwynedd, To Mr & Mrs L R, c., Unit lOA/I 9-20 South Esplanade, Glenelg Sth, S,A, FLOGDELL, Geoffrey, c., cia Duncan and Davies (U.K.) Ltd. Highleigh 5045 Nurseries, Highleigh Road, Sidlcsham, Chichester, W. Sussex P02D 7NR. KINGSBURY GILBERT, F, R, S" Professor G, A" 194 Selly Park Road, Birmingham B29 To Dr. & Mrs A" 37 Shenton Road, Swanbourne. W,A, 6010 7HY, GREDLEY, Mrs L S.,45 Warwick Road, Wanstead, London EII2DZ. AUSTRIA GUEST, B, R" 4 Thatchers Close, Wimblehurst Park, Horsham, W, New Members Sussex RH 12 4 TL HOLEBAUER, Alois, Rohr IS. A 8413, St. Georgen, HAINES. Dr. A, M" 5 Rectory Park, Pelt, Nr. Hastings, E, Sussex TN35 NOGRASEK, Gunther, Bauernfeldstrasse 31, A 8020 Graz. 4EU. HALL,George, Achamore Gardens, Isle of Gigha, Argyll, Scotland. BELGIUM HARRIS, Mr and Mrs W, M" I Plymcol'e, 15 Green Park Way, Chilington, New Members Nr. Kingsbridge. Devon. IIMURE, Koichi. Clos Dandoy I, IIRO Bruxelles, HICKMAN, P. N,. Hale Park, Fordingbridge, Hants. SP6 2LR, HOBBS, Mr and Mrs J. S.. Cathay, 3 Stepstone Lane. Knowle, Braunton, CHANNEL ISLANDS Devon EX33 2NB. New Members JONES, Thomas, Chilton Cantelo Gardens, Chilton Cantelo, Yeovil, Some­ BOURKE, Martin, Le Jardin de Verp, Douet de Rue, St. Lawrence, Jersey. rset BA22 8BE, HALL, Mrs Anthea, La Chasserie, Mont eochon, ·St. Lawrence, Jersey. LIGHT. J, S" 'Negril', Alton Lane, Four Marks, Hants, HALL, Mr & Mrs Nicholas. La Falaise, St. Mary, Jersey, LIPPE, Mrs Nadia, 224 Clepington Road, Dundee, Scotland, HARMON. Gordon J, G., Kurangarira, SI. Saviour's Hill, Jersey, LORT-PHILLlPS, Peregrine, 1'45 Hurlingham Road, London S, W,6, LEEDS, Lady, Le Vivier, Le Grande Route de Rozel, St. Martin, Jersey, LOWE, Mrs E, W" 5 King Harold's Way, Bexley Heath, Kent. REYNOLDS, Miehael, Westward. La Marquanderie, St. Brelade, Jersey, MOLE. Eric S" 14A, Wiverton Road, Sydenham, London S,E,26, SCOTT-DALGLEISH, Mrs M.. La Ferriere, Five Oaks. St. Saviour, Jersey, MORRIS, Mrs P, J" Karingal, Colchester Main Road, Alresford, Colches­ ter, Suffolk C07 8DH, WEST GERMANY NASH, Mr and Mrs Ralph H" 51 Inchmery Road, Catford, London SEQ New Members 2NA. ANSEMS, Paul, Am Bersherg 14,4194 Bedburg-Hau, PARKER, C. B" D.S,O" D,S,C., A,F.C" Rear Admiral and Mrs 0, G" BATZENSCHLAGER, Dr. Ingrid, Altstadt 28, 8300 Landshut. High Meadow, Walhampton, Lymington, Hants, S04 8SB, BILLIG. Reinhold, Quellenstrasse 36, D 5480, Remagen-Kripp, PETHERICK, Mrs Christopher, Tredeague, Porthpean, St. Austell, BOEHE, Wilhelm-Dietrich, Langer Rehm 8, 2305 Heikendorf. Cornwall PL26 6AX, BRANDIS, Professor Dr. H., Zederweg3, D 5300 Bonn L PLUMMER, Mr and Mrs R, J,. The Rest, Station Road, Chaiky, Lewes, E, DE SILVA, Frau Elisabeth, Merianstrasse 21,5500 Trier, , Sussex BN841XG, ELSNER, RolfW, G., Kaiser Wilhelmstrasse 12, D 4980 Buende, PRESSLEE, Richard J., Summerlands, n South Drive, Ferring, Worthing, HARTNAGEL, Frau Mariette, Sittardheide 10,4050 Miinchengladbach 5, W, Sussex BNI2 5QS. HOERSCH, Frau Ingrid S" Hagenwiesenstrasse 3, 7336 Uhingen J. PRICE, John c., Majorea, Mile Hill, Porthtowan, Truro, Cornwall. HORSCH, Frai Hanna, Am Kandelback 41, 5500 Trier. '7 PUDDLE, M,B,E" V,M,H" Mr and Mrs Charles, Cae Derw, Tal-y-Cafn, MEHLHORN-SCHMIDT, Frau Dagmar, Bismarekstrasse 8, 7443 Friek­ enhausen. RI~'l.\M8~N:6:wS~i~;;,8f~I}'irs,Fallowfield, Manehester MI4 6HE, MEISHEIT, Wolfgang, H,mptstrasse 79, 5068 Odenthal 3, ROBERTS, Miss M" 75 Inverness Avenue, Enfield, Middlesex ENI3NX, MEISSNER, Frau Gisela, Am Kornberg 64,5900 Siegen 21, SHORT, Mr and Mrs Herbert c., 41 Galveston Rd, East Putney, London NOUSCH, Joachim, Rheinbacher Weg II, 5308 Rheinbach 5, SWI52RZ, PFEIFFER, Frau Ingrid, Am SWuben 6, 899 Lindau, STANKLER, Dr. Leslie, 54 Victoria St, Aberdeen, ABI IXA, Scotland,' SCHMIDT, Eilhard, Hauptstrasse 24, 6581 Kempfeld, TAYLOR, Mr and Mrs E, J" 56 Newstead Rd, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 SCHWANKE, Dr. Werner, Moerikestrasse 41, D 4030 Ratingen 4 - OAU. Lintorf. TYLER, Mrs C. I., Holmers Farm Cottage, Holmers Lane, Cressex, High STEPHAN, Gisbert. Bischoestrasse 39. 4500 Osnabruck. Wycombe, Bucks. HP12 4QA, STRUNZ, Christian. Thuelecke 4, 4795, Delbrueck. ~:rl6~:ilr:~d,;:.~ TRh~~r~~l~~J:r~g~d~~e~~~p~ndon VOGEL, Frau Anita, Heinrich-Delgs-Strasse 260, 61 Darmstadt 13, EC4P 4BL. YEOMANS, Mr and Mrs Alan, 76 Charminster Avenue, Bournemouth, REPUBLIC OF IRELAND Dorset BH9 ISE, New Members MERRY, B,Sc" Mrs Tracy J" 29 Vale View Lawn, The Park, Cabinteely, JAPAN Dublin 18, KYUSHU Tookai Daigaku Library, Nogaku-Ka Kawayo Choyosox Asogun, Kumamoto, 869-14 Japan M Z ITALY New Members U,S,A, CATTOLlCA, Guido - via Ravizza No, 71 - 57100 Livorno, New Members BOTTAI Martin - via Irnerio No, 6 - 40126 Bologna, GOODSON, Mr and Mrs C. B" 745 Lenox Drive. Jackson, Ms, '3921 1 TESl, Roberto - via di Ramini No. 159 - 51030 Pistoia, HAIR, William D" 910 East Ave, North Augusta, S.c. 29R41 SOPRANO arch. Lidia - via Guido Reni No.2 - 00196 Roma, HELD, Mr and Mrs Louis, P,O,Box 306, Clinton, N.C. 28328 L~~89fY' Mr and Mrs A, P" 10522 Ferncliffe Ave" Baton Rouge, La. THE NETHERLANDS New Members PEER II, Ralph, 8159 Hollywood Blod, Los Angeles Ca, 90069 ROGGEMA, Dr, Jacques, Oosterweg 17, 9995 V J Kantens, SHORE, Mr and Mrs Martin E" 24 North 5t. Katonah N.Y, 10536 NEW ZEALAND Life Member New Members • ARMSTRONG, J. J" 107 N, Central Ave., Belmont, N.C. 28012 ABRAHAM, Mrs D, 19 Jickell St., Palmerston North, BEASLEY, Mrs A, J" 47 Churchill St,. Whakatane, Address Change BETSCHART, Miss A" Paraonui Rd., R,D.I, Tokoroa, HALBERT, Mr and Mrs Sherrill, 100 Thorndale Dr" Unit 272 San Rafael CAMPBELL, Mrs B" 3/314 Gloucester S(" Taradale, Napier. Ca,94903 ' : CAMPBELL, Mrs M., R,D,7, Kaimata, Inglewood, ACKERMAN, Mr and Mrs Wm, L., P,O,Box 120, Ashton, Md, 20861 CURRIE, MrsJ. F" 134 Pah Rd" Hawick. Auckland, BELL, Mrs Milton R., 1820 Stratton circle, Walnut Creek, Ca, 94596 DECKE, Mrs l" 30 Crescent Rd" Tauranga, CUNNINGHAM Mr George M" 270 Sunnycroft Rd" Ben Lomand, Ca, DEVERAUX. Mr & Mrs T. C" "Springwood", Green Lane, Motueka. 95005 , ' DONALD, Mr& MrsJ, B., R,D, Kakatahi, Wanganui, EYSTER, Flora c., 1992 Commonwealth Ave" 8 Brighton, MA 02135 DRURY, Mrs P" C/O P.O,Kutarere, Opotiki, FENDIG Albert, Box 2083, Etowah, N,C. 28729 FITZWATER, Mrs C. J,. Ahuroa Rd., R,D,2, Te Kuitl. FENDlG, Mrs Albert, Box 2083, Etowah, N,C. 28729 HEDLEY, Mr & Mrs J, R., P,O,Box 297, Opotiki. GORERTZ, W" 1763 Royal Oaks Dr" Duarle,Ca, 91010 KNIGHT, Mr & Mrs N" Kauri Creek, Katikatl. HANCKEL, Mr and Mrs R, M" 3741 Ideland Dr, Johns Island, S.c. KNOX, Mr & Mrs K" 26 Ewing Grove, Taupo, 29455 MCDONELL, MrS, S" P,O,Box 66, Waikanae, JOHNSON, Mr and Mrs Alfur, 585 Longspur Dr, Woodlands, Texas, 77380 WILLIAMS, MrsS, A" 108 Point View Dr" R,D,I, Papatactoe, MERRITT, Mildred, 5844 Evans-Baton Rouge, La, 70806 WILSON. Mrs N, H" 7 Landscape Rd" Auckland, 4, METCALF, Edward H" 8330 Lanlser him Blod, North Hollywood, Ca, WRAGGE, Mrs B., II Tirnui Crest Rd., Otumoetai, Tauranga, 91605 YEOMAN, Mr& Mrs G, R" R,D,I I, Whakatane, MITCHELL, Avan. 2 Box 2684, Santa Fe Lake, 32666 SOUTH AFRICA THOMPSON, Bernice Gunn, 15280 Corretera Dr, Whittier, Ca, 90605 New Members BERNSTEIN, Mrs B,L, Endebeni Forest, P.O,Box IS, Lidgetton 3270 Natal. ZIMBABWE BROWN, Mr Bernard, 2 Boundary Road, Gillits 3610, Natal. Members Omitted from 1984 List NEWTON-KING, Mr Pierce, Kings Kloof, Somerset West 7130, Cape, GOSS, Mr & Mrs Gary T., P,O.Box 56, Penhalonga, Mutare, SOUTH AFRICAN CAMELLIA SOCIETY, Sec, Mrs Veronica Joubert, 32 • SOFFE, Mrs 0, R., Strickland Lodge, Kingsley Fairbridge St.. Mutare.

~---- STOP PRESS

Ballot for President We hereby certify that having counted the vot- Mrs Violet Stone USA 379 ing papers placed before us that the votes cast Mr John Tooby UK 406 for each candidate were as follows: Signed: Moore Bedworth & Co. Incorporated accountants, Barnstaple, Devon. Dated: 30~9.85 A message from the President Elect Un message du President designe Un mensaje del Presidente electo Messaggiodel Presidente nominato

JOHN TOOBY

First of all I must thank all those members who to go up; but the level remains modest and voted for me. Now that the result of the elec­ members will still find the Society very good tion is known we must work together for the value. Certaiqly the Executive is doing all it general good of the Society. We can count our­ can tocontain costs while maintaining the high selves fortunate to have two teams of people standard of the Journal. able and willing to give their time for the be­ Nancy and I look forward to meeting old nefit of us all. I am sure that the British team friends and making new ones next September do not wish to hang on to the job indefinitely. at Sydney where a very attractive programme Next I want everyone to know that Mrs Vio­ has been arranged. Till then our very best· let (Vi) Stone is very highly regarded by all of wishes to everyone. us and not only by the large number of mem­ bers who voted for her. She has done great I want now to pay my tribute to our retiring work for the Society and for camellias which President Mrs. Violet Lort-Phillips. Over the we shall all remember with gratitude. . last· three years she has devoted· generous Our membership is up again. Here I must amounts of time energy and skill to the affairs congratulate aIr our Membership Representa­ of our Society in a way which is an example to tives for their hard work in collecting subscrip­ us all. tions and enrolling new members; in particular Please note that following the appointment of our new Membership Representative for Ger­ John Tooby as the Society's President, the new many/Austria, Dr.". Klaus Hacklander has,· Journal Editor, to whom all future copy should with enthusiastic help from Peter Fischer, vas­ be sent is: MRS. JO FREEMAN, tly increased our membership in those coun­ THELEAR1G, tries. PELYNT, LOOE, After three years the rate of subscription has CORNWALL, PL13 2LU. Above: Society officers and Directors at Heaselands. 1"'11/ "}"o righ!: Oa\'ttl Trr'//(/!/c. H(I/ph Hllrlge. 101111 "l"uu!Jy. Hie/111ft! (kfe. Je(ln rllhor('y. 1I/(1I/ Armumlrl. ,'v/aydll Rn'l/olds. Vi SfWH'. VI I,orr·P/,ill;/)." ,-,'w;.\" "'('(lCfOWII. NOllce SlI'tIIl\IJJI. nr, Amol/fo .)('1"/'\;. jlJ(m II/,...,..\I\ill. ('lCely Paring. I{I'''''':.\'" C/apt'. T'umttls/'..,kiux. (;afO limlln'. J)r !-fag/yo

Vi Stone, John Tooby & Boyd McRee at Leonardslee

Lady Rosse with a group oj I.CS. members at Nymans See page 16 See page 19

Camellia kissii 'Bonanza'

/ / See page 19 See page 95

'Rainbow' Championship bloom N. Z. Show Seepage 95 See page 30

The Show Hall, Tauranga 1984

A branch of C. chrysantha in the wild

A "hybridizer's nightmare" -looking at all 'he wasted pollen

An exhibit at the OporLO Show by the Society's Membership Representative Senora Clara de Seabra Seepage 63

500 year old reticulata

Dr. Hacklander's Camellias

'Dubia or Dubious?' Quarndon Hall garden and Camellia House See page 53

Low sop light, background OUf 0/focu"" because wide fslOp used - /4. SOutt' Brigh, ,wI/lighf. hackground IS sharper hCCfIfl.,"e ~m{/llerJ "top lI.\C'd-fX. !)fll dew;1 and wllmg i" IUlI/ging wistaria ol'a/raltging wisInria gOlf(' dark against bright "gltt

Perem.inl borders with Sun behind a cloud. hut still agaittSllhe lig},t, giving Perennial borders wi,h bright }tlI/IiXJII amlllKtlimf tI,(, light. KinllK mOr(' good detail On hai,>, leaves and buds COnlraS1 and s1roll8 sha(/ulI"5

Reticulata hyhrid San 1""0,i,,0 in sunlight. Background hOJ gone dark and Re/lcu(m{l hyhrul Son l'vfaril/o lVllh duller Ilghl, SUI/ hdlind (/ (/olfd, giving !lwl"e {Ire bright highligl'lts in rhe pela!s Kreuler de/ailm {he hackground (1m' Rood dewill1l rhe l'ewls LVitl/ow sIron/-: highflighl\' Seepage 67

Culture sur gelose de graine de Camellia greffe in vitro

culture sur milieu perlite greffe apres 10 jours

greffe apres 20 fours greffe apres 27 jours

greffe apres 30 jours, mise en container greffe apres 3 ans See pages 70 and 71

Top: The rooting ofshoots regenerated in vitro (Fig. 3) Bottom: Transfer to soil the rooted shoot (Fig. 4) Top: 8 week's old cultures of various clones (Fig. 1) Middle: SUige ofshoot multiplication (Fig. 2) Bottpm: General aspect ofseveral plantlets under ambiental conditions (Fig. 5) See page 76

See page 83

C. japonica with white margins found on Sheffield Park - The second lake in May one of the COlO Islands

1. C. S. Exhibit at Royal Horticultural Society's Show, London

'Jenefer Carlyon' - AM -~~'~"t,-:;,:.~,;~~---, 'j':i ';) ]'1

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~tins and other publica- all nationalities. l I j L

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