Open Source Remote Sensing of ORFEO Toolbox and Its Connection to Database of Postgis with NIX File Importing

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Open Source Remote Sensing of ORFEO Toolbox and Its Connection to Database of Postgis with NIX File Importing Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.26, No.3, 2010, pp.361~371 Open Source Remote Sensing of ORFEO Toolbox and Its Connection to Database of PostGIS with NIX File Importing Kiwon Lee† and Sanggoo Kang Dept. of Information Systems Engineering, Hansung University Abstract : In recent, interests regarding open source software for geo-spatial processing are increasing. Open source remote sensing (OSRS) is regarded as one of the progressing and advanced fields in remote sensing. Nevertheless, analyses or application cases regarding OSRS are not enough for general uses or references. In this study, three kinds of OSRS software in consideration of international popularity, types of functionalities, and development environments are taken into account: OSSIM, Opticks, and ORFEO Toolbox (OTB). First, functional comparison with respect to these is carried out on the level of the preliminary survey. According to this investigation, OTB is chosen as the most applicable OSRS software in this study. Running on OTB, NIX format importing module and database connecting module are implemented for widely general uses and further application. As for an example case, airborne image of NIX format is used to region growing segmentation algorithm in OTB, and then the results are stored and retrieved in PostGIS database to test implemented modules. Conclusively, local customization and algorithm development using OSRS software are necessary to build on-demand applications from the developers’ viewpoint. Key Words : NIX format, Open Source Remote Sensing (OSRS), ORFEO, PostGIS, Segmentation. 1. Introduction information, or processors, as well as various kinds of mashup applications of Google Maps API Since the mid-2000s, open source geo-spatial (Application Programming Interface) in Purvis et processing software has been regarded as one of al.(2006), Park and Lee (2008) and Park and Lee important progresses in the geo-spatial communities (2009). from both users’ side and developers’ side, such as As for general information and references of open OSGeo foundation or FOSS4G (Free and Open source geo-spatial software, there are useful Source Software for Geo-spatial) group. Although overviews and articles such as Hall and Leahy open source projects have started from a couple of (2008), Benthall (2009) or Markus (2009). Moreover, decade, they are affected by new computing researches regarding uses of open source in a specific paradigm towards openness and sharing of data, geo-based application domain are also on the Received June 23, 2010; Revised June 24, 2010; Accepted June 25, 2010. †Corresponding Author: Kiwon Lee ([email protected]) –361– Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.26, No.3, 2010 activating stage such as Steiniger and Bocher (2009), covered with all features for these. Steiniger and Hay (2009), and Daoyi et al. (2010). The purposes of this work are brief comparison Nonetheless, these works are focused on open regarding development environment and function sources for generic GIS dealing with the geo-based lists; using one of them, new implementations for objects by vector data models, so that there are rare Korean geo-spatial image standard format named cases for geo-processing open sources for remote NIX (National Image Exchange) and open source sensing. Thus, the main theme in this work is on open geo-database management of PostGIS/PostgreSQL source remote sensing (OSRS) software covering are carried out for practical uses for actual satellite image processing. applications of segmentation and its results to data Normally, open source software for geo-spatial base connection. processing provides dual modes: binary executables for users and full source codes, APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) or development libraries for 2. Brief Comparison of Open Source algorithm developers and programmers. While, it is Remote Sensing Software noted that open source is not same terms with free software, and its opposite is proprietary software, not OSSIM which stands for Open Source Software commercial software. In general, most users who Image Map is an open source software system for have interests in OSRS software are inclined to remote sensing, image processing including compare and assess functionalities of OSRS software photogrammetric functions and GIS. Since the mid- with ones of proprietary remote sensing software. But 1990s, it has been developed as an open source individual OSRS software has its specialty and software project, being funded by several US motivation to fit its purposes, so that simple government agencies in the intelligence and defence comparison limited to its providing functionalities community. Opticks is open-source software may be a trivial detail, especially from application offerings to include new extensions that perform programmers’ or algorithm developers’ viewpoints. hyper-spectral, multispectral and image spectroscopy In this study, three kinds of OSRS software analysis by US-based Ball Aerospace and satisfied with certain conditions are considered. As Technologies Corp. released in 2007. It supports for the conditions, these considerations are used for traditional imagery and multi-spectral data as well as basic criteria: providing possibly full functionalities SAR, hyper-spectral, and motion imagery. Its including pre-processing and post-processing expansion includes tools to convert imagery from modules, supporting low level sources to capable of radiance to reflectance, as well as tools to load and re-compiling or development library or APIs, and no display signatures, specifically wavelength versus cost for license to modify or edit. After a preliminary reflectance. To help grow the practical use of satellite investigation on those conditions, three products are imagery, ORFEO Toolbox (OTB), which stands for selected in this work: OSSIM, Opticks, and ORFEO Optical and Radar Federated Earth Observation, is Toolbox (OTB). These three OSRS software are OSRS software developed by CNES in France, valuable to implement a certain remote sensing started from the mid 2000s. OTB is to enable the user application, and enough to provide unique to process satellite images from different sources functionalities or algorithms, but this work is not including satellite and image provider with different –362– Open Source Remote Sensing of ORFEO Toolbox and Its Connection to Database of PostGIS with NIX File Importing levels of pre-processing to post-processing, with classes and extensions and dependency with other Radar data processing. open libraries in OSSIM, Opticks, and OTB. This Table 1 is the summary of development implies that cross- access between them is possible environment of these three OSRS software. While, as since these three open sources are closely related. In for users-side, user interfaces of these OSRS software the cases of dependency with other open sources of are shown in Fig. 1. Interfaces in OSSIM are OTB, GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) composed of three parts: Imagelinker in Fig. 1(A), is a translator library for raster geospatial data formats iview and ossimplant. Opticks provides an integrated that is released under an X/MIT style Open Source user interface with menus for all functions in Fig. license by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation. 1(B). In OTB, dual access modes are provided: ITK(Insight ToolKit) is for the library for medical or Monteverdi application in Fig. 1(C) and interfaces for other special image processors including registration modular function. and segmentation, and OpenGL and boost are 3D Fig. 2 represents source components including core graphical rendering API and graphical presentation, Table 1. Development environment of OSSIM, Opticks, and OTB Environment OSSIM Opticks OTB Operating System Windows, Linux, Mac, Solaris Windows, Solaris Windows, Linux, Mac, Unix Programming Language C++, Python C++, Python, IDL C++, Python, IDL/ENVI, MatLab, Java URL www.ossim.org Opticks.org otb.cnes.fr Fig. 1. OSRS software user interfaces: (A) Imagelinker interfaces for basic processing in OSSIM, (B) Integrated user interface of Opticks, and (C) Integrated interface of Monteverdi application in OTB. –363– Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.26, No.3, 2010 Fig. 2. Open source components and dependencies with other libraries in OSSIM, Opticks, and ORFEO toolbox (OTB). respectively. More, FLTK, LibSVM, and OpenJPEG Table 2, and Fig. 2, OTB is chosen as open source to are the libraries for graphical user interface, newly implement and test in this work, with the supervised classification of Support Vector Machine reasons of multi-platform supporting, modularity of algorithm, and Jpeg2000 format, respectively. user interfaces, and physical connecting with geo- Further, libKML is for Google vector data format spatial database, besides full functionalities including supporting. And 6S is used for radiometric pre-processing and post-processing. OTB is a processing. OSSIM is for sensor modelling, DEM somewhat complex system and needs to be validated modeling and map projections in OTB. Monteverdi both at a computing engineering level and at in OTB is for uses of GUI to build applications or functionality level. It is known that about 3000 C++ uses the applications. Table 2 is the comparative list classes are already available in the current version of for function types of OSSIM, Opticks, and OTB. This OTB for most of the usual operations on remote comparison work is basically by tentative results sensing images. Besides integrated user interface based on users guide
Recommended publications
  • Uses of Open Source Remote Sensing Software for Interoperable Geo-Web Implementation
    International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, Volume XXXVIII, Part 8, Kyoto Japan 2010 USES OF OPEN SOURCE REMOTE SENSING SOFTWARE FOR INTEROPERABLE GEO-WEB IMPLEMENTATION Kiwon Lee Dept. of Information Systems Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul, Korea, 136-792 [email protected] WG VIII/8 KEY WORDS: Internet/Web, Design, Interoperability, Open Systems, Standards, Software, Interface ABSTRACT: In the geo-spatial domain, new web-based computing technologies for interoperable geo-web are emerged. software as a service, asynchronous particle update, mashup, open sources, rich user experiences, collaborate tagging, open interoperability and structured information. Among them, open source developments or their applications in the geo-spatial community have somewhat long history, and nowadays they are regarded on the maturing stage in both the academics and industries. The main theme in this work is to use of the open source remote sensing (OSRS) software covering satellite image processing. Currently, OSRS software can be categorized into some types: full source codes, application programming interface (API) and development libraries. Furthermore, compared to proprietary remote sensing tools, some OSRS software provides highly advanced functions to fit specific target applications, as well as basic pre-processing or post-processing ones. However, till now, there are a few comparative and guidance studies to OSRS specialties. In this study, OSRS classification and its summary concerning features and especial specifications are presented in the consideration to land applications. Finally, geo-web architecture and system design with several OSRS software is shown in order to land applications to construct remote sensing contents and to provide interoperable web services in geo-web.
    [Show full text]
  • Architecting Location Intelligence Platforms Using Open-Source Components
    The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIII-B4-2021 XXIV ISPRS Congress (2021 edition) ARCHITECTING LOCATION INTELLIGENCE PLATFORMS USING OPEN-SOURCE COMPONENTS A. BENAHMED DAHO 1, H. BEKHELIFI 1 1 TransformaTek, SARL (LLC), Ain Temouchent, Algeria - (ali.benahmeddaho, hatem.bekhelifi)@transformatek.dz Commission IV, WG IV/6 KEY WORDS: GIS, Cloud Architecture, Location intelligence, Agile approach, GeoNode, Source control. ABSTRACT: Location Intelligence is an emerging application of geospatial industry. It allows professionals from different business domains (finance, disaster management, retail, health) and with minimum expertise in GIS technologies to use efficiently many spatial analysis tools and algorithms to solve their day-to-day problems. One of the major characteristics of Location Intelligence is the use of multisource and alternative data either user ingested or directly available in the platform (by geo-enrichment). In this contribution we investigate the architectural challenges raised by the development of this kind of platforms, particularly in term of functionalities, use of open-source components, management practices, deployment on the Cloud and source code control. To validate our assumptions, we built a new platform, named “Geoweba”, based on the GeoNode Project and having as objective to disrupt the Algerian consulting market. The resulting platform is deployed on the internet and freely available for users. In this contribution we demonstrate that our development approach based on Agile principles and open-source components gives a good result, mainly in the early stages when just a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is needed for market validation of the idea. 1. INTRODUCTION Location intelligence software, also called spatial intelligence Functioning software, is a business intelligence solution that provides location Sprint Deliverables analytics to identify the relationship between certain objects TODO 2-4 Weeks based on their physical locations.
    [Show full text]
  • (Eds.) Open Source Archaeology Ethics and Practice
    Andrew T. Wilson and Ben Edwards (Eds.) Open Source Archaeology Ethics and Practice Andrew T. Wilson and Ben Edwards (Eds.) Open Source Archaeology: Ethics and Practice Ê Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalak Associate Editor: Łukasz Połczyński Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license, which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Copyright © 2015 Andrew T. Wilson and Ben Edwards ISBN 978-3-11-044016-4 e-ISBN 978-3-11-044017-1 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliograe; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. www.degruyteropen.com Cover illustration: © Łukasz Połczyński Contents Acknowledgements Ê IX Benjamin Edwards and Andrew T. Wilson 1 Open Archaeology: Denitions, Challenges and Context Ê 1 1.1 Introduction Ê 1 1.2 ‘Open Source’ Archaeology and ‘Open’ Archaeology Ê 1 1.3 Open Source Archaeology Ê 1 1.4 Open Archaeology Ê 2 1.5 The Public Context of Open Access Ê 2 1.6 Open Ethics Ê 4 1.7 Outline of the Volume Ê 5 Bibliography Ê 5 Jeremy Huggett 2 Digital Haystacks: Open Data and the Transformation of Archaeological Knowledge Ê 6 2.1 Introduction Ê 6 2.2 Openness and Access Ê 7 2.3 Openness and Reuse
    [Show full text]
  • The Enmap-Box—A Toolbox and Application Programming Interface for Enmap Data Processing
    Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 11249-11266; doi:10.3390/rs70911249 OPEN ACCESS remote sensing ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Technical Note The EnMAP-Box—A Toolbox and Application Programming Interface for EnMAP Data Processing Sebastian van der Linden *, Andreas Rabe, Matthias Held, Benjamin Jakimow, Pedro J. Leitão, Akpona Okujeni, Marcel Schwieder, Stefan Suess and Patrick Hostert Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Geography Department, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (M.H.); [email protected] (B.J.); [email protected] (P.J.L.); [email protected] (A.O.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (P.H.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-30-2093-6872; Fax: +49-30-2093-6845. Academic Editors: Michael Rast, Saskia Foerster, Véronique Carrere, Karl Staenz, Lenio Soares Galvao, Richard Müller and Prasad S. Thenkabail Received: 29 May 2015 / Accepted: 27 August 2015 / Published: 1 September 2015 Abstract: The EnMAP-Box is a toolbox that is developed for the processing and analysis of data acquired by the German spaceborne imaging spectrometer EnMAP (Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program). It is developed with two aims in mind in order to guarantee full usage of future EnMAP data, i.e., (1) extending the EnMAP user community and (2) providing access to recent approaches for imaging spectroscopy data processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Source Remote Sensing: Introspect and Prospect
    Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 613-617 (2012) 613 DOI: 10.6119/JMST-012-0315-1 OPEN SOURCE REMOTE SENSING: INTROSPECT AND PROSPECT Sanggoo Kang1, Hee Young Yoo2, and Kiwon Lee1 Key words: object-based image analysis, open source, optical image source remote sensing is regarded as one of the progressing processing, remote sensing software, InSAR processing. and advanced fields in remote sensing. Open source has been mainly developed and integrated in one field till now. Each open source usually works for one ABSTRACT module or a target application. Therefore open source mainly It is noteworthy that open source applications have been provides not several functions but a single function. However developed and studied in various fields as well as remote several open source modules from various fields will be uni- sensing field. Open sources for GIS have long history related fied hereafter and we can easily develop software for a specific to open standards over three decades, but those of remote purpose if open source modules from various field were inte- sensing do relatively short. Moreover, there are still no sum- grated adequately. Before developing open source software mary reports for open sources for remote sensing. In this in the integrated user environment for remote sensing, making study, we summarized characteristics of open source applica- a list of functions and investigating characteristics should tions for remotely sensed image processing and discussed be preceded. Therefore we examined the functions of open their strengths and weaknesses at first. Based on the summary, source software for remote sensing and compared each other two open source applications for InSAR Processing and in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Orfeo Toolbox (OTB) from Satellite Images to Geographic Information
    Introduction Applications and librairy Roadmap Extra Orfeo Toolbox (OTB) from satellite images to geographic information "Orfeo Toolbox is not a black box" FOSS4G 2009 www.orfeo-toolbox.org Introduction Applications and librairy Roadmap Extra What When Why How Outline 1 Introduction What is it? A bit of history Why doing that? How? 2 Applications and librairy Components Architecture But steep learning 3 What’s coming next? Monteverdi GIS integration Bindings GPU and clusters FOSS4G 2009 www.orfeo-toolbox.org Introduction Applications and librairy Roadmap Extra What When Why How What is Orfeo Toolbox (OTB)? Initiated by CNES (French Space Agency) Following the feedback from SPOT satellite series In the frame of CNES ORFEO Program to prepare the launch of Pleiades Goal Make the development of new algorithms and their validation easier C++ library: provide many algorithms (pre-processing, image analysis) with a common interface Open-source: free to use, to modify (based on the CeCILL licence) Multiplatform: Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac FOSS4G 2009 www.orfeo-toolbox.org Introduction Applications and librairy Roadmap Extra What When Why How A bit of History Everything begins (2006) Started in 2006 by CNES (French Space Agency), funding several full-time developers Targeted at high resolution images (Pleiades to be launched in 2010) but with application to other sensors 4 year budget, over 1,000,000e Moving towards user friendly applications (2008) Strong interactions with the user community highlighted that applications for non-programmers are
    [Show full text]
  • Orfeo Toolbox: Open Source Processing of Remote Sensing Images
    Grizonnet et al. Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards (2017) 2:15 Open Geospatial Data, DOI 10.1186/s40965-017-0031-6 Software and Standards SOFTWARE Open Access Orfeo ToolBox: open source processing of remote sensing images Manuel Grizonnet1* , Julien Michel1, Victor Poughon1, Jordi Inglada1,2, Mickaël Savinaud3 and Rémi Cresson4 Abstract Orfeo ToolBox is an open-source project for state-of-the-art remote sensing, including a fast image viewer, applications callable from command-line, Python or QGIS, and a powerful C++ API. This article is an introduction to the Orfeo ToolBox’s flagship features from the point of view of the two communities it brings together: remote sensing and software engineering. Keywords: Remote sensing, Image processing, Open source Orfeo ToolBox (OTB) [1] is an open-source project for Thanks to its modular architecture, OTB allows fast processing satellite imagery. Built on the shoulders of the prototyping and covers the full spectrum of algorithms for open-source geospatial community, it can process high remote sensing image processing from pre-processing to resolution optical, multispectral, hyperspectral and radar advanced feature extractions methods allowing one to go images up to the terabyte scale. A wide variety of appli- from raw data to value added products. cations are available that include: ortho-rectification or Here is an incomplete list of OTB capabilities: pan-sharpening, supervised or unsupervised classifica- • Read, write, convert, extract parts of remote sensing tion, feature extraction, SAR processing. data, All of OTB algorithms are accessible from Monteverdi, • Pre-processing like ortho-rectification, radiometric C++ Quantum GIS [2], Python, the command-line or .
    [Show full text]
  • Processing: a Python Framework for the Seamless Integration of Geoprocessing Tools in QGIS
    ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2015, 4, 2219-2245; doi:10.3390/ijgi4042219 OPEN ACCESS ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ISSN 2220-9964 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijgi Article Processing: A Python Framework for the Seamless Integration of Geoprocessing Tools in QGIS Anita Graser 1;* and Victor Olaya 2 1 Austrian Institute of Technology, Giefinggasse 2, Vienna 1210, Austria 2 Boundless, 50 Broad Street, Suite 703, New York, NY 10004, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected] Academic Editor: Wolfgang Kainz Received: 2 July 2015 / Accepted: 10 October 2015 / Published: 22 October 2015 Abstract: Processing is an object-oriented Python framework for the popular open source Geographic Information System QGIS, which provides a seamless integration of geoprocessing tools from a variety of different software libraries. In this paper, we present the development history, software architecture and features of the Processing framework, which make it a versatile tool for the development of geoprocessing algorithms and workflows, as well as an efficient integration platform for algorithms from different sources. Using real-world application examples, we furthermore illustrate how the Processing architecture enables typical geoprocessing use cases in research and development, such as automating and documenting workflows, combining algorithms from different software libraries, as well as developing and integrating custom algorithms. Finally, we discuss how Processing can facilitate reproducible research and provide an outlook towards future development goals. Keywords: QGIS; Python; geoprocessing; open source; software architecture 1. Introduction Geographic information systems (GIS) have found widespread adoption in public administration, industry and a multitude of research disciplines thanks to their capabilities to integrate heterogeneous digital data and to provide data analysis, as well as their visualization functionality [1,2].
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Open Source GIS Geospatial Software for Archaeology: Towards Its Integration Into Everyday Archaeological Practice
    Hector Orengo 5 Open Source GIS Geospatial Software for Archaeology: Towards its Integration into Everyday Archaeological Practice 5.1 Introduction Geospatial software refers to all software employed to display, manipulate, analyse and produce geospatial information. Although this term is normally used for soft- ware classied as geographic information systems (GIS) it also includes others that can work with and produce geographically referenced information such as CAD, Re- mote Sensing or photogrammetric software. This paper focuses on GIS but references will be also made to other types of geospatial software that can work in conjunction or complement GIS. During the last 20 years GIS have played an increasingly important role in archae- ology. Their capacity to work on a multi-layered and multi-scale spatial frame ren- ders them a very exible tool to handle all spatially referenced information. Nowa- days, they are routinely employed in archaeological research and practice with more researchers applying them to address not only landscape but also on site issues. How- ever, their incorporation into the archaeologist’s toolbox is relatively recent. The rst GIS software (if they could have been called as such back then) were developed in the 60s and they were restricted to very basic functions, such as the creation of 3D messes or the extraction of contours. During the 70s the rst commercial software was de- veloped by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), the most successful vendor of proprietary software today. The rst applications, however, of GIS to archae- ological research were only later developed under the inuence of New Geography by the American pioneers of New Archaeology.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual General Meeting 2020
    www.osgeo.org Annual General Meeting 2020 Open Source Geospatial Foundation OSGeo AGM 2020 Virtual Event Open Source Geospatial Foundation Image: from https://2020.foss4g.org/destination-calgary/ 2020 Annual General Meeting Open Source Geospatial Foundation OSGeo AGM 2020 Virtual Event Open Source Geospatial Foundation 2 Introduction 2020 OSGeo AGM 2020 Virtual Event Open Source Geospatial Foundation 3 Empower everyone with open source geospatial • OSGeo is a not-for-profit software foundation • Provides projects financial, organizational and legal support • Outreach and advocacy • Promoting global adoption of open source geospatial technology • Partnerships on open approach to standards, data and education. • OSGeo is a volunteer driven • Passionate membership of individuals from around the world. OSGeo AGM 2020 Virtual Event Open Source Geospatial Foundation 4 Open Geospatial • Working with our partners: • Open Source: a collaborative approach to software development • Open Data: freely available information to use as you wish • Open Standards: avoid lock-in with interoperable software • Open Education: Removing the barriers to learning and teaching • Open Science: Share data and software for responsible research OSGeo AGM 2020 Virtual Event Open Source Geospatial Foundation 5 OSGeo Status Overview Open, free membership: 454 7/09/2020 elected charter members (+33) developers, activists, advocates, distribution by year, region and country http://bl.ocks.org/jsanz/raw/779f9b9954b92461fa50/ (see animated gif) Thanks to Jorge Sanz for the
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Open Source GIS and Geospatial Software in Archaeology: Towards Their Integration Into Everyday Archaeological Practice
    Hector Orengo 5 Open Source GIS and Geospatial Software in Archaeology: Towards their Integration into Everyday Archaeological Practice 5.1 Introduction Geospatial software refers to all software employed to display, manipulate, analyse and produce geospatial information. Although this term is normally used for software classified as geographic information systems (GIS) it also includes others that can work with and produce geographically referenced information such as CAD, Remote Sensing or photogrammetric software. This paper focuses on GIS but references will be also made to other types of geospatial software that can work in conjunction or complement GIS. During the last 20 years GIS have played an increasingly important role in archaeology. Their capacity to work on a multi-layered and multi-scale spatial frame renders them a very flexible tool to handle all spatially referenced information. Nowadays, they are routinely employed in archaeological research and practice with more researchers applying them to address not only landscape but also on site issues. However, their incorporation into the archaeologist’s toolbox is relatively recent. The first GIS software (if they could have been called as such back then) were developed in the 60s and they were restricted to very basic functions, such as the creation of 3D messes or the extraction of contours. During the 70s the first commercial software was developed by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), the most successful vendor of proprietary software today. The first applications, however, of GIS to archaeological research were only later developed under the influence of the New Geography by the American pioneers of the New Archaeology.
    [Show full text]
  • Looking Forward... About the Cover: Page 3
    JANUARY 2008 VOL 12 ISSUE 1 RNI 68561/18/6/98/ISSN 0971-9377 UP/BR-343/2008 Subscriber’s copy. Not for Sale 40 Status of GIS in Africa 44 Status of GIS in Europe 48 Geospatial Initiatives in Israel 54 Geo-information in the The Global Geospatial Magazine Age of Instant Access 58 Geospatial Technology takes centre stage Looking Forward... About the cover: Page 3 AFRICA I AMERICAS I ASIA I AUSTRALIA I EUROPE www.GISdevelopment.net 10 - 13 FEBRUARY, 2009, HYDERABAD, INDIA G27497_GIS-Dev_Oct07.indd 1 9/28/07 9:31:37 AM In this issue... Advisory Board Dato’ Dr. Abdul Kadir bin Taib Deputy Director General of Survey and COLUMNS 48 Geospatial Initiatives in Mapping, Malaysia Israel Aki A. Yamaura Editorial 05 Sr. Vice President, Asuka DBJ Partners, Japan Objectives of the Survey of Israel's National Amitabha Pande Annual News roundup 06 Geospatial Portal… Secretary, Inter-State Council, Government of India Dr. Haim Srebro Tech Horizon 64 Bhupinder Singh Sr. Vice President, Bentley Systems Inc., USA Events 66 52 Public Private Bob Morris President, Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging,USA Partnership in Middle East ARTICLES BVR Mohan Reddy Implementation of PPP model in the Middle Chairman and Managing Director, Infotech Enterprises Ltd., India Usage of OGC Standards East… 30 Fernando Pizzuti David Maguire Director, Products, Solutions and International, in Indonesia, Thailand and ESRI, USA Malaysia 54 Geo-information in the Frank Warmerdam President, OSGeo, USA The current standing of the use of OGC Age of Instant Access Prof. Ian Dowman standards in the development of NSDI and Various application, product inititaives and similar projects… President, ISPRS, UK their regional usage overview… Dr.
    [Show full text]