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Pferdezucht, -Haltung Und -Fütterung Empfehlungen Für Die Praxis

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Pferdezucht, -Haltung Und -Fütterung Empfehlungen Für Die Praxis Sonderheft 353 Special Issue Pferdezucht, -haltung und -fütterung Empfehlungen für die Praxis Wilfried Brade, Ottmar Distl, Harald Sieme und Anette Zeyner (Hrsg.) Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research Sonderheft 353 Special Issue Preis / Price 10 € LBF_SH_353_U4 9,63 LBF_SH_353_U1 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbiblio- grafie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http:// www.d-nb.de/ abrufbar. 2011 Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ländliche Räume, Wald und Fischerei (vTI) Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany Die Verantwortung für die Inhalte liegt bei den jeweiligen Verfassern bzw. Verfasserinnen. [email protected] www.vti.bund.de Preis 10 € ISSN 0376-0723 ISBN 978-3-86576-079-1 LBF_SH 353_U2 9,63 LBF_SH 353_U3 Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research Sonderheft 353 Special Issue Pferdezucht, -haltung und -fütterung Empfehlungen für die Praxis Wilfried Brade1, Ottmar Distl2, Harald Sieme3 und Anette Zeyner4 (Hrsg.) 1 Stiftung Tierärztl. Hochschule Hannover, zur Zeit: Leibnitz-Institut für Nutztierbiologie (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Email: [email protected] 2 Stiftung Tierärztl. Hochschule Hannover, Institut für Tierzucht und Vererbungsfor- schung, Bünteweg 17 p, 30559 Hannover, Email: [email protected] 3 Stiftung Tierärztl. Hochschule Hannover, Reprod.-med. Einheit der Kliniken, Bünteweg 15, 30559 Hannover, Email: [email protected] 4 Universität Rostock, Professur für Ernährungsphysiologie u. Tierernährung, Justus- von-Liebig-Weg 8, 18059 Rostock, Email: [email protected] W. Brade, O. Distl, H. Sieme, A. Zeyner (Hrsg.), Pferdezucht, -haltung und -fütterung - Empfehlungen für die Praxis Vorwort Lange Zeit befanden sich die meisten Pferde in bäuerlicher Hand. Sie wurden hier vorrangig wegen ihrer Zugkraft gehalten. Die Verdrängung des Pferdes aus der Landwirtschaft, aber auch aus dem Militär und dem Transportwesen, war die Folge der Motorisierung. Nur die (inzwischen auch nicht mehr gültige) Maßeinheit für die mechanische Leistung PS (= Pferdestärke) erinnert noch an die zentrale Stellung des Pferdes als Zugtier. Das Pferd hat innerhalb der Landwirtschaft seine ursprüngliche Funktion als landwirtschaftliches Nutztier längst abgegeben. Es hat dafür eine andere ebenfalls anspruchsvolle Rolle übernommen: das Pferd wurde Sport- und Freizeitgefährte. Nach neueren Erhebungen treibt etwa die Hälfte unserer Bevölkerung regelmäßig Sport; sei es aus Zeitvertreib oder aus gesundheitlichen Gründen. Das Freizeitreiten ist in den westlichen Industrieländern eine vergleichsweise moderne Art der sportlichen Betätigung. Das schnelle Wachstum des Pferdesports im Verlaufe der letzten 50 Jahre - insbesondere auch in Großstadtnähe - zeigt, dass das Reiten heute längst nicht mehr eine elitäre Sportart bzw. Freizeitbeschäftigung ist. Die wachsende Bedeutung des Freizeitreitens hat aber auch zu erhöhten Anforderungen an die Qualität der reiterlichen Ausbildung sowie Qualität der Pferde geführt. Das Freizeitreiten erfordert ein vielseitiges Sportpferd. Zahlreiche Rassen wurden deshalb umgezüchtet bzw. passten sich neuen, veränderten Zuchtzielen an. Mit wachsendem Können setzte sich bei den neuen Pferdebesitzern die Erkenntnis durch, dass die Qualität von zuverlässigen und sicheren Pferden durchaus verbesserungswürdig ist. Die Zucht steht damit unter permanentem Druck, ein kostengünstiges, leistungswilliges, umgängliches und gesundes Freizeitpferd anzu- bieten. Laut einer früheren repräsentativen Umfrage des Bundesverbandes der Deutschen Volks- und Raiffeisenbanken (Bonn) bei 6- bis 16-jährigen Kindern und Jugendlichen nach ihren Lieblingshobbys, rangierte das Reiten in der Beliebtheitsskala hinter Schwimmen und Fußball bundesweit an dritter Stelle. Bei den jungen Mädchen war das Hobby „Reiten/Pferde“ sogar die unangefochtene Nummer eins! Zwischenzeitlich beklagen ausgerechnet Reitervereine deutliche Nachwuchssorgen bei jugendlichen Mitgliedern. In der Tat weisen zahlreiche Reit- und Fahrvereine aktuell eine rückläufige Tendenz in der Mitgliederzahl aus; speziell in der Altersgruppe unter 14 Jahren. Für diesen Schwund kann man sicherlich weiter veränderte Freizeit- und auch Natur- orientierungen in der modernen Gesellschaft sowie die neuere wirtschaftliche Rezession/Bankenkrise in Rechnung stellen. Fest steht, dass Bewegungsmangel und fehlender Stressabbau - neben falschen Essgewohnheiten, Genussmittelmissbrauch und schädlichen Umwelteinflüssen - zu den wichtigsten Gefährdungen der Gesundheit unter den Lebensbedingungen unserer Zivilisation gehören. Sportmedizinische Untersuchungen haben ergeben, dass Reiten ein vollwertiger Ausgleichssport ist; ja sogar harte Arbeit sein kann, die sich wesentlich auf das Stütz- und Bewegungssystem, aber auch auf das Herz- Kreislaufsystem günstig auswirkt. Die positiven psychischen Auswirkungen des Reitens, wie sie auch im therapeutischen Bereich genutzt werden, können von zahlreichen Laien in ihrem Wert nicht immer gleich erkannt und die körperlichen Auswirkungen nur ungenau eingeschätzt werden. 1 Landbauforschung - vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research, Sonderheft 353 / Special Issue 353 (2011) Pferdesport und -zucht haben sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem nicht unbedeut- enden Wirtschaftsfaktor entwickelt. Etwa eine Million Pferde leben heute wieder auf dem Gebiet der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Eine Marktanalyse der Deutschen Reiterlichen Vereinigung (FN) ergab, dass der Beitrag des Pferdes zum Bruttosozialprodukt der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ca. 5 - 6 Milliarden Euro beträgt. Da für 3 bis 4 Pferde ein Arbeitsplatz geschaffen wird, beschäftigen aktuell Pferdezucht und -sport permanent ca. 300.000 Menschen. Statistische Auswertungen belegen zusätzlich, dass Deutschland - sowohl bei der Zahl der Reiter als auch bei der Anzahl an Pferden - eine Spitzen- position in Europa einnimmt. Die Erfolge von Pferden aus deutscher Zucht genießen weltweit hohe Anerkennung. Die Entwicklung der Pferdehaltung, weg vom Nutztier hin zum Freizeitgefährten, bringt auch eine Veränderung in den Haltungsbedingungen für Pferde mit sich. Bezüglich einer ethische Bewertung der Pferdehaltung ist davon ausgehen, dass Tiere fähig sind, Schmerzen zu empfinden und zu leiden. Weil es jeweils das einzelne Tier ist, das leidensfähig ist, muss das Handeln des Menschen auch auf das Tier bezogen werden, Leiden (z.B. hervorgerufen durch zu hohe Belastungen) zu verhindern. Hier kommt unweigerlich die Frage auf: Was ist eine für das einzelne Tier gerecht werdende Pferdehaltung? In Anlehnung an eine frühere Definition des Autors zum Wohlbefinden der Tiere lässt sich eine Haltungsbedingung als eine jedem einzelnen Tier gerecht werdende Pferdehaltung einstufen, wenn sie den spezifischen Anforderungen der in ihr lebenden Tiere folgendermaßen erfüllt: - keine Gesundheitsgefährdung der Tiere; - keine Beeinträchtigung körperlicher Funktionen; - keine Überforderung der Anpassungsfähigkeit jedes Einzeltieres; - keine Einschränkung bzw. Modifikation wichtiger Verhaltenseigenschaften in der Weise, dass dadurch Schmerzen, Leiden oder Schäden an einem Tier entstehen. Moderne, helle und gut klimatisierte Stallungen sind heute wesentlich tiergerechter als frühere (= vorzugsweise ältere Anbindehaltungen). Darüber hinaus bieten sie den darin tätigen Menschen auch komfortablere Arbeitsbedingungen als früher. Die vorliegende Broschüre soll - analog den vorangegangenen Sonderheften (= „Rinderzucht und Milcherzeugung“ (Heft Nr. 289/2005), „Schweinezucht und Schweinefleischerzeugung“ (Heft Nr. 296/2006), „Rinderzucht und Rindfleisch- erzeugung“ (Heft Nr. 313/2007) bzw. „Legehuhnzucht und Eiererzeugung“ (Heft Nr. 322/2008)) - ein Leitfaden für den praktischen Züchter und Halter, für den Auszubildenden, für Berater, aber auch für interessierte Pferdefreunde sein. Als Herausgeber freuen wir uns, dass es uns wieder gelungen ist, Spezialisten der verschiedenen Fachdisziplinen für die Bearbeitung der jeweiligen Kapitel zu gewinnen. Die Darstellung von gesichertem Grundlagenwissen und von Erfahrungen aus der Praxis stand im Vordergrund. Wir hoffen, dass diese Broschüre eine breite Zustimmung erfährt. An Hinweisen zur möglichen weiteren Verbesserung der vorliegenden Broschüre sind die Verfasser sehr interessiert. Hannover/Dummerstorf, Herbst 2011 Prof. Dr. habil. Wilfried Brade (im Auftrag aller Herausgeber) 2 W. Brade, O. Distl, H. Sieme, A. Zeyner (Hrsg.), Pferdezucht, -haltung und -fütterung - Empfehlungen für die Praxis Autorenliste Dr. rer. nat. Willa Bohnet Dr. Jutta Jaitner Institut für Tierschutz und Verhalten vit Verden, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Bereich Biometrie/Zuchtwertschätzung Hannover, Bünteweg 2, Heideweg 1, 30559 Hannover 27283 Verden (Email: [email protected]) (Email: [email protected]) Prof. Dr. Wilfried Brade Prof. Dr. Ellen Kienzle Stiftung Tierärztl. Hochschule Hannover LMU München, Tierärztl Fakultät zur Zeit: Leibnitz-Institut für Nutztierbio- Lehrstuhl für Tierernährung und Diätetik logie (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, Schönleutnerstraße 8, 85764 18196 Dummerstorf Oberschleißheim; E-Mail: (Email: [email protected]) [email protected] Prof. Dr. Manfred Coenen Dr. Hinrich Köhne Universität Leipzig, Vet.-med. Fakultät Öffentlich bestellter und vereidigter Institut für Tierernährung, Sachverständiger,
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