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Aglime Benefits C O in T E N T S BETTER Spring-Applied Aglime Can Provide 3 Immediate Soybean Response (Midsouth) CROPS C.S

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Aglime Benefits C O in T E N T S BETTER Spring-Applied Aglime Can Provide 3 Immediate Soybean Response (Midsouth) CROPS C.S I 9 9 6 N u m her 1 Now Inc I uding Intern ationa I Topics m Ji ; 1 In This Issue Aglime Benefits C O IN T E N T S BETTER Spring-Applied Aglime Can Provide 3 Immediate Soybean Response (Midsouth) CROPS C.S. Snyder, J.H. Muir and G.M. Lessman WITH PLANT FOOD Short-term Soil Chemical and 6 Crop Yield Responses to Aglime Vol. LXXX (80) 1996, No. 1 Applications (Virginia) Our Cover: Spreading aglime — an important management M.M. Alley practice for crop production. Photos: J.C. Allen & Son, Inc. Time to Re-Apply Lime to Orchards 8 Design: Design RT in Washington? (Washington) Timothy J. Smith Editor: Donald L. Armstrong Assistant Editor: Kathy A. Hefner Editorial Assistant: Katherine P. Griffin Aglime: A Low-Cost Alternative Source 10 Circulation Manager: Carol Mees of Calcium for Peanuts (Georgia) Gary J. Gascho Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI) J.U. Huber, Chairman of the Board Kalium Chemicals Liming Acid Soils for Ryegrass 14 CO. Dunn, Vice Chairman of the Board Production (Texas) Mississippi Chemical Corporation Vincent A. Haby, Jeff B. Hillard and Greg Clary HEADQUARTERS: NORCROSS, GEORGIA, U.S.A. D.W. Dibb, President Lime Needs under No-till Conditions 16 B. C. Darst, Executive Vice President (Pennsylvania) R.T. Roberts, Vice President Douglas B. Beegle CV. Holcomb, Asst. Treasurer S.O. Fox, Executive Secretary W.R. Agerton, Communications Specialist International Soil Fertility Manual 18 S.K. Rogers, Statistics/Accounting Now Available MANHATTAN, KANSAS L.S. Murphy, Senior Vice President Fun with the Plant Nutrient Team 19 North American Programs Activity Book Available REGIONAL DIRECTORS-North America Foliar Boron Application Enhances 20 T.W. Bruulsema, Guelph, Ontario P.E. Fixen, Brookings, South Dakota Almond Yield (California) A.E. Ludwick, Mill Valley, California Patrick Brown, Hening Hu, H.F. Reetz, Jr., Monticello, Illinois Agnes Nyomora and Mark Freeman T.L. Roberts, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan C. S. Snyder, Conway, Arkansas N.R. Usherwood, Norcross, Georgia Bahiagrass Response to Dolomitic 23 Limestone (Florida/Research Notes) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada M.D. Stauffer, Senior Vice President, International Research Tracks Nitrogen Dissipation 24 Programs (PPI), and President, Potash & Patterns in Rice Production (Texas) Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) Garry N. McCauley J. Gautier, Dir., Admin. Serv. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM LOCATIONS Information Agriculture Conference 26 Brazil-POTAFOS T. Yamada, Piracicaba Planned for July 30 - August 1, 1996 China S.S. Portch, Hong Kong J. Wang, Hong Kong Jin Ji-yun, Beijing Conversion Factors for 27 Wu Ronggui, Beijing Metric and U.S. Units India G. Dev, Dundahera, Gurgaon Latin America J. Espinosa, Quito, Ecuador 28 Mexico I. Lazcano-Ferrat, Queretaro Liming Tropical Soils — A Management Southeast Asia E. Mutert, Singapore Challenge (South America) Jose Espinosa BETTER CROPS WITH PLANT FOOD (ISSN:0006-0089) is published quarterly by the Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI). Second-Class Dr. R.L. Yadav Receives 1995 31 postage paid at Norcross, GA, and at additional mail­ PPIC-FAI Award for Research ing offices (USPS 012-713). Subscription free on request to qualified individuals; others $8.00 per year Plant and Human Nutrition 32 or $2.00 per issue. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Better Crops with Plant Food, 655 Engineering J. Fielding Reed Drive, Suite 110, Norcross, GA 30092-2843. Phone (770) 447-0335; fax (770) 448-0439. Copyright 1996 by Potash & Phosphate Institute Members: Agrium Inc. • Cargill, Incorporated • CF Industries, Inc. • Farmland Hydro, Inc. • Great Salt Lake Minerals Corporation • IMC Global Inc. • Kalium Chemicals )i Chemical Corporation • New Mexico Potash • Potash Company of Canada limited • Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan Inc. • Western Ag-Minerals Company M I D S O U T H Spring-Applied Aglime Can Provide Immediate Soybean Response By C.S. Snyder, J.H. Muir and G.M. Lessman "aintaining proper soil pH is the eral months. Even larger particles within foundation of a good soil fertility the range of 10 to 60 mesh may require a .and nutrient management pro­ year or longer to neutralize soil acidity. gram. Agricultural limestone (aglime) use Other liming materials include fluid where needed remains a good investment or suspension lime and pelletized lime. and is a critical best management practice Fluid lime is a mixture of fine lime (often (BMP) in crop produc­ 200 mesh or finer), water, tion. With increased Research in the Midsouth and a suspending agent in nitrogen (N) use for rota­ shows that application of about a 50:50 mix of water tional crops, larger good quality agricultural and fine lime particles. amounts of crop residues limestone can have benefi­ Pelletized lime is fertilizer associated with reduced cial effects on soybean granule-sized pellets made tillage practices, and yields even when applied from relatively fine lime­ higher yields, soil acidity immediately prior to planting stone particles. As much as and aglime needs should 50 to 70 percent of the be monitored through soil testing. aglime used to make the pellets is 100 Many farmers believe that if they mesh or finer. The final pellet size is com­ don't apply aglime at least six months parable to fertilizers so that pelletized ahead of the crop, they won't see a bene­ lime may be spread by conventional fer­ fit. While it is best to apply aglime and tilizer spreaders. incorporate it well in advance of the tar­ In central Arkansas, aglime costs geted crop, university research in the range from $12 to $24 per ton spread. The Midsouth U.S. indicates good crop price of pelletized lime often ranges from responses can be experienced when it is $90 to over $100 per ton spread. Fluid or applied as late as planting time. suspension lime may be priced near $30 per ton spread. This equates to about $60 Liming Materials per ton of dry, high quality aglime. High quality aglime has a calcium Transportation distance is one of the carbonate equivalence (purity) of 90 per­ major factors affecting the price of the cent or more. It also has a desirable dis­ various sources. tribution of effective particle sizes. In quality aglime, 90 percent of the particles Comparison of Liming Materials pass a 10 mesh sieve, 40 percent pass a Applications of 250 to 300 lb/A of 60 mesh sieve, and 25 percent pass a 100 pelletized lime have been suggested as a mesh sieve. Each ton may contain 500 lb substitute for one ton of aglime. At a 250 or more of fine particles that begin to neu­ to 300 lb/A rate of pelletized lime, costs tralize soil acidity immediately. Larger might range from $11 to $15 per acre. particles (60 to 100 mesh) react over sev­ Lower rates are normally intended only to Better Crops/VoL 80 (1996, No. 1) 3 maintain soil pH at present levels, or to prevent further pH decline. Arkansas research with aglime and pelletized lime was recently conducted on a Loring silt loam soil 250 lb/A with a 3 to 8 percent slope and a 4.8 pelletized 500 lb/A water pH, using no-till soybeans pelletized 1,000 lb/A (nonirrigated) doublecropped after pelletized wheat. Liming materials were 14 18 22 26 applied in early July and a disk was Soybean yield, bu/A used to very lightly scratch the soil FIGURE 1. Doublecropped soybean responses to surface to help ensure the materials aglime and pelletized lime. stayed in place on the slope. The Source: Muir et al., Arkansas results indicate that it would take about 500 to 700 lb/A of pelletized • Low rates (250 lb/A) of pelletized lime to equal the soil reaction and soy­ lime are not an agronomic or economic bean yield response from one ton of good substitute for one ton of good quality quality aglime (Figure 1). Both were aglime. effective in increasing no-till soybean • It may take 1,000 lb/A or more of yields even with minimal incorporation. fluid lime (50 percent water: 50 percent Similar work with soil-incorporated 100 to 200 mesh fine limestone) or 500 to fine lime (100 mesh) and aglime has been 900 lb/A of pelletized lime to provide the conducted in Tennessee. The fine lime material was suspended in 0) water and applied as fluid lime. g Check Figure 2 illustrates the pH S= 300 lb/A £» 400 lb/A response measured within 100 days "O 500 lb/A of application. Little change in soil 75 1,000 lb/A 3 1 ton/A pH was noted until lime rates were aglime O 2 tons/A 1,000 lb/A or greater. aglime First-year soybean lime 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 responses in Tennessee (Figure 3) Soil pH were about 6 bu/A and peaked at the FIGURE 2. Soil pH 100 days after lime application. recommended rate of 2 tons/A of Source: Lessman, Tennessee aglime. A rate of about 500 lb/A of fine lime was required to produce a significant yield response. Responses same short-term response as one ton of over a five-year period (Figure 4) of con­ good quality aglime. tinued aglime application rose to about 14 • Use of low rates of pelletized lime or bu/A with a net application of 4 tons/A. fluid lime will probably result in a need to Summing up, here are several re-lime sooner than if recommended rates guidelines. of aglime are used. • Recommended rates of good quali­ • If pelletized lime is used, it should ty aglime can significantly change soil pH be allowed to "melt-down" with rain or within 100 days of application, and fre­ irrigation before soil incorporation.
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