(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,585,627 B2 Dacey, Jr

US008585627B2

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,585,627 B2 Dacey, Jr. et al. (45) Date of Patent: Nov. 19, 2013

(54) SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND METHODS (51) Int. Cl. INCLUDING CATHETERS CONFIGURED TO A6B 9/00 (2006.01) MONITOR BOFILMI FORMATION HAVING (52) U.S. Cl. BOFILMI SPECTRAL INFORMATION USPC ...... 604/8; 604/6.08; 604/9 CONFIGURED ASA DATASTRUCTURE (58) Field of Classification Search USPC ...... 604/6.08, 8, 9, 20 (75) Inventors: Ralph G. Dacey, Jr., St. Louis,MO See application file for complete search history. (US); Roderick A. Hyde, Redmond, WA (US); Muriel Y. Ishikawa, Livermore, CA (US); Jordin T. Kare, Seattle, WA (56) References Cited (US); Eric C. Leuthardt, St. Louis,MO U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS (US); Nathan P. Myhrvold, Bellevue, WA (US); Dennis J. Rivet, Chesapeake, 3,274.406 A 9/1966 Sommers, Jr. VA (US); Michael A. Smith, Phoenix, 3,825,016 A 7, 1974 Lale et al. AZ (US); Elizabeth A. Sweeney, Seattle, (Continued) WA (US); Clarence T. Tegreene, Bellevue, WA (US); Lowell L. Wood, FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Jr., Bellevue, WA (US); Victoria Y. H. EP 1614 442 A2 1, 2006 Wood, Livermore, CA (US) WO WO91,06855 A2 5, 1991 (73) Assignee: The Invention Science Fund I, LLC (Continued) (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this OTHER PUBLICATIONS patent is extended or adjusted under 35 PCT International Search Report; International App. No. PCT/ U.S.C. 154(b) by 291 days. US2010/003088; Apr. 1, 2011; pp. 1-4. (21) Appl. No.: 12/927,294 (Continued) (22) Filed: Nov. 10, 2010 Primary Examiner — Leslie Deak (65) Prior Publication Data (57) ABSTRACT US 2011 FO152978 A1 Jun. 23, 2011 Systems, devices, methods, and compositions are described Related U.S. Application Data for providing an actively-controllable disinfecting implant able device configured to, for example, treat or prevent an (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 12/315,880, infection in a biological Subject. filed on Dec. 4, 2008, and a continuation-in-part of (Continued) 14 Claims, 25 Drawing Sheets

US 8,585,627 B2 Page 2

Related U.S. Application Data 6,008,896 12, 1999 Sabsabi et al. 6,057,561 5/2000 Kawasaki et al. 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US 8,585,627 B2 1. 2 SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND METHODS Wood, Jr.; and Victoria Y. H. Wood as inventors, filed 4 Dec. INCLUDING CATHETERS CONFIGURED TO 2008, which is currently co-pending or is an application of MONITOR BOFILMI FORMATION HAVING which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the BOFILMI SPECTRAL INFORMATION benefit of the filing date. CONFIGURED ASA DATASTRUCTURE For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent APPLICATIONS application Ser. No. 12/315,883, titled SYSTEM, DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING ACTIVELY CONTROL The present application is related to and claims the benefit 10 LABLE ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY-EMITTING of the earliest available effective filing dates from the follow DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND ENERGYACTIVATABLE ing listed applications (the “Related applications”) (e.g., DISINFECTING AGENTS, naming Ralph G. Dacey, Jr., claims earliest available priority dates for other than provi Roderick A. Hyde, Muriel Y. Ishikawa, Jordin T. Kare, Eric C. sional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 U.S.C. Leuthardt, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Dennis J. Rivet, Michael A. S116(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all 15 Smith, Elizabeth A. Sweeney, Clarence T. Tegreene, and parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of Lowell L. Wood, Jr., Victoria Y. H. Wood as inventors, filed 4 the Related applications). All subject matter of the Related Dec. 2008, which is currently co-pending or is an application applications and of any and all parent, grandparent, great of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the grandparent, etc. applications of the Related applications is benefit of the filing date. incorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark matter is not inconsistent herewith. Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent RELATED APPLICATIONS application Ser. No. 12/315,884, titled SYSTEM, DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING ACTIVELY CONTROL For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark 25 LABLE STERILIZING EXCITATION DELIVERY Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present IMPLANTS, naming Edward S. Boyden, Ralph G. Dacey, Jr., application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent Gregory J. Della Rocca, Joshua L. Dowling, Roderick A. application Ser. No. 12/315,880, titled SYSTEM, DEVICES, Hyde, Muriel Y. Ishikawa, Jordin T. Kare, Eric C. Leuthardt, AND METHODS INCLUDING ACTIVELY CONTROL Nathan P. Myhrvold, Dennis J. Rivet, Paul Santiago, Michael LABLE SUPEROXIDE WATER GENERATING SYS 30 A. Smith, Todd J. Stewart, Elizabeth A. Sweeney, Clarence T. TEMS, naming Edward S. Boyden; Ralph G. Dacey, Jr.; Tegreene, Lowell L. Wood, Jr., Victoria Y. H. Wood as inven Gregory J. Della Rocca; Joshua L. Dowling; Roderick A. tors, filed 4 Dec. 2008, which is currently co-pending or is an Hyde; Muriel Y. Ishikawa; Jordin T. Kare; Eric C. Leuthardt; application of which a currently co-pending application is Nathan P. Myhrvold; Dennis J. Rivet; Paul Santiago; Michael entitled to the benefit of the filing date. A. Smith; Todd J. Stewart; Elizabeth A. Sweeney; Clarence T. 35 For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark Tegreene; Lowell L. Wood, Jr.; and Victoria Y. H. Wood as Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present inventors, filed 4 Dec. 2008, which is currently co-pending or application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent is an application of which a currently co-pending application application Ser. No. 12/315,885, titled SYSTEM, DEVICES, is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. AND METHODS INCLUDING ACTIVELY CONTROL For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark 40 LABLE ELECTROSTATIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present STERILIZING EXCITATION DELIVERY SYSTEM, nam application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent ing Edward S. Boyden; Ralph G. Dacey, Jr.; Gregory J. Della application Ser. No. 12/315,881, titled SYSTEM, DEVICES, Rocca; Joshua L. Dowling; Roderick A. Hyde; Muriel Y. AND METHODS INCLUDING STERILIZING EXCITA Ishikawa; Jordin T. Kare: Eric C. Leuthardt; Nathan P. Myhr TION DELIVERY IMPLANTS WITH CRYPTOGRAPHIC 45 Vold; Dennis J. Rivet; Paul Santiago; Michael A. Smith; Todd LOGIC COMPONENTS, naming Edward S. Boyden; Ralph J. Stewart; Elizabeth A. Sweeney; Clarence T. Tegreene: G. Dacey, Jr.; Gregory J. Della Rocca; Joshua L. Dowling: Lowell L. Wood, Jr.; and Victoria Y. H. Wood as inventors, Roderick A. Hyde; Muriel Y. Ishikawa; Jordin T. Kare: Eric C. filed 4 Dec. 2008, which is currently co-pending or is an Leuthardt; Nathan P. Myhrvold; Dennis J. Rivet; Paul San application of which a currently co-pending application is tiago; Michael A. Smith; Todd J. Stewart; Elizabeth A. 50 entitled to the benefit of the filing date. Sweeney; Clarence T. Tegreene; Lowell L. Wood, Jr.; and For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark Victoria Y. H. Wood as inventors, filed 4 Dec. 2008, which is Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present currently co-pending or is an application of which a currently application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing application Ser. No. 12/380,553, titled SYSTEM, DEVICES, date. 55 AND METHODS INCLUDING ACTIVELY CONTROL For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark LABLE STERILIZING EXCITATION DELIVERY Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present IMPLANTS, naming Edward S. Boyden; Ralph G. Dacey, application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent Jr.; Gregory J. Della Rocca; Joshua L. Dowling; Roderick A. application Ser. No. 12/315,882, titled SYSTEM, DEVICES, Hyde; Muriel Y. Ishikawa; Jordin T. Kare; Eric C. Leuthardt; AND METHODS INCLUDING STERILIZING EXCITA 60 Nathan P. Myhrvold; Dennis J. Rivet; Paul Santiago; Michael TION DELIVERY IMPLANTS WITH GENERAL CON A. Smith; Todd J. Stewart; Elizabeth A. Sweeney; Clarence T. TROLLERS AND ONBOARD POWER, naming Edward S. Tegreene; Lowell L. Wood; and Jr.; and VictoriaY. H. Wood as Boyden; Ralph G. Dacey, Jr.; Gregory J. Della Rocca; Joshua inventors, filed 27 Feb. 2009, which is currently co-pending L. Dowling; Roderick A. Hyde; Muriel Y. Ishikawa; Jordin T. or is an application of which a currently co-pending applica Kare; Eric C. Leuthardt; Nathan P. Myhrvold; Dennis J. 65 tion is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. Rivet; Paul Santiago; Michael A. Smith; Todd J. Stewart; For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark Elizabeth A. Sweeney; Clarence T. Tegreene; Lowell L. Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present US 8,585,627 B2 3 4 application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent co-pending or is an application of which a currently co application Ser. No. 12/592,976, titled SYSTEM, DEVICES, pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. AND METHODS INCLUDING ACTIVELY CONTROL For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark LABLE STERILIZING EXCITATION DELIVERY Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present IMPLANTS, naming Edward S. Boyden, Ralph G. Dacey, Jr., application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent Gregory J. Della Rocca, Joshua L. Dowling, Roderick A. application Ser. No. 12/800,779, titled SYSTEMS, Hyde, Muriel Y. Ishikawa, Jordin T. Kare, Eric C. Leuthardt, DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION Nathan P. Myhrvold, Dennis J. Rivet, Paul Santiago, Michael FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming A. Smith, Todd J. Stewart, Elizabeth A. Sweeney, Clarence T. RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL Tegreene, Lowell L. Wood, Jr., and Victoria Y. H. Wood. as 10 Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, inventors, filed 3 Dec. 2009, which is currently co-pending or NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL is an application of which a currently copending application A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present 15 co-pending or is an application of which a currently co application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. application Ser. No. 12/660,156, titled SYSTEMS, For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL application Ser. No. 12/800,780, titled SYSTEMS, Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, WOOD as inventors, filed 19, FEB., 2010, which is currently 25 NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL co-pending or is an application of which a currently co A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present co-pending or is an application of which a currently co application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent 30 pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. application Ser. No. 12/800,766, titled SYSTEMS, For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL application Ser. No. 12/800,781, titled SYSTEMS, Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, 35 DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL co-pending or is an application of which a currently co 40 A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present co-pending or is an application of which a currently co application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. application Ser. No. 12/800,774, titled SYSTEMS, 45 For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL application Ser. No. 12/800,786, titled SYSTEMS, Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL 50 FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL co-pending or is an application of which a currently co A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 55 TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present co-pending or is an application of which a currently co application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. application Ser. No. 12/800,778, titled SYSTEMS, For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION 60 Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL application Ser. No. 12/800,790, titled SYSTEMS, Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. 65 RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL US 8,585,627 B2 5 6 A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. MURIELY. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERIC C. TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. LEUTHARDT, NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS J. WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently RIVET, MICHAEL A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. co-pending or is an application of which a currently co SWEENEY, CLARENCE. T. TEGREENE, LOWELL L. pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. WOOD, JR., VICTORIAY. H. WOOD as inventors, filed 10, For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark NOV., 2010. Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent the present application is related to U.S. patent application application Ser. No. 12/800,791, titled SYSTEMS, Ser. No. 12/927,297, titled SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION 10 METHODS INCLUDING CATHETERS HAVING COM FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming PONENTS THAT ARE ACTIVELY CONTROLLABLE RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, BETWEEN TRANSMISSIVE AND REFLECTIVE NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL STATES, naming RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICK A. A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. 15 HYDE, MURIELY. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERIC TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. C. LEUTHARDT, NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS J. WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently RIVET, MICHAEL A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. co-pending or is an application of which a currently co SWEENEY, CLARENCE. T. TEGREENE, LOWELL L. pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. WOOD, JR., VICTORIAY. H. WOOD as inventors, filed 10, For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark NOV., 2010. Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent the present application is related to U.S. patent application application Ser. No. 12/800,792, titled SYSTEMS, Ser. No. 12/927,284, titled SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION METHODS INCLUDING CATHETERS HAVING COM FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming 25 PONENTS THAT ARE ACTIVELY CONTROLLABLE RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL BETWEEN TWO OR MORE WETTABILITY STATES, Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, naming RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICK A. HYDE, NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL MURIELY. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERIC C. A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. LEUTHARDT, NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS J. TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. 30 RIVET, MICHAEL A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently SWEENEY, CLARENCE. T. TEGREENE, LOWELL L. co-pending or is an application of which a currently co WOOD, JR., VICTORIAY. H. WOOD as inventors, filed 10, pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. NOV., 2010. For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present 35 the present application is related to U.S. patent application application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent Ser. No. 12/927,288, titled SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND application Ser. No. 12/800,793, titled SYSTEMS, METHODS INCLUDING CATHETERS HAVING AN DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION ACTIVELY CONTROLLABLE THERAPEUTICAGENT FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming DELIVERY COMPONENT, naming RALPH G. DACEY, RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL 40 JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIELY. ISHIKAWA, JOR Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, DIN T. KARE, ERIC C. LEUTHARDT, NATHAN P. NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL MYHRVOLD, DENNIS J. RIVET, MICHAEL A. SMITH, A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. ELIZABETHA. SWEENEY, CLARENCET. TEGREENE, TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIAY. H. WOOD as inven WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently 45 tors, filed 10, NOV., 2010. co-pending or is an application of which a currently co For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. the present application is related to U.S. patent application For purposes of the United States Patent and Trademark Ser. No. 12/927,296, titled SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND Office (USPTO) extra-statutory requirements, the present METHODS INCLUDING CATHETERS HAVING UV-EN application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent 50 ERGY EMITTING COATINGS, naming RALPH G. application Ser. No. 12/800,798, titled SYSTEMS, DACEY, JR., RODERICK A. HYDE, MURIEL Y. ISH DEVICES, AND METHODS INCLUDING INFECTION IKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERIC C. LEUTHARDT, FIGHTING AND MONITORING SHUNTS, naming NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. HYDE, MURIEL A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. Y. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERICC. LEUTHARDT, 55 TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL WOOD as inventors, filed 10, NOV., 2010. A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCE T. For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, TEGREENE, LOWELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIA Y. H. the present application is related to U.S. patent application WOOD as inventors, filed 21, MAY, 2010, which is currently Ser. No. 12/927,287, titled SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND co-pending or is an application of which a currently co 60 METHODS INCLUDING CATHETERS HAVING SELF pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. CLEANING SURFACES, naming RALPH G. DACEY, JR., For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, RODERICK A. HYDE, MURIELY. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN the present application is related to U.S. patent application T. KARE, ERIC C. LEUTHARDT, NATHAN P. MYHR Ser. No. 12/927,290, titled SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND VOLD, DENNIS.J. RIVET, MICHAEL A. SMITH, ELIZA METHODS INCLUDING CATHETERS CONFIGURED 65 BETH A. SWEENEY, CLARENCET. TEGREENE, LOW TO MONITOR AND INHIBIT BIOFILM FORMATION, ELL L. WOOD, JR., VICTORIAY. H. WOOD as inventors, naming RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICK A. HYDE, filed 10, NOV., 2010. US 8,585,627 B2 7 8 For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, SUMMARY the present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/927,285, titled SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among METHODS INCLUDING CATHETERS HAVING other things, a catheter device. In an embodiment, the catheter ACOUSTICALLY ACTUATABLE WAVEGUIDE COM device includes a body structure having an outer Surface and PONENTS FOR DELIVERING ASTERILIZING STIMU an inner Surface defining one or more fluid-flow passageways. LUS TO A REGION PROXIMATE A SURFACE OF THE In an embodiment, the catheter device includes a plurality of CATHETER, naming RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICK selectively actuatable energy waveguides operably coupled to A. HYDE, MURIELY. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, one or more energy emitters and configured to direct electro 10 magnetic energy to one or more regions near or on the catheter ERIC C. LEUTHARDT, NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DEN device. For example, in an embodiment, selected ones of the NIS J. RIVET, MICHAEL A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides are SWEENEY, CLARENCE. T. TEGREENE, LOWELL L. actuated to direct a patterned electromagnetic energy stimu WOOD, JR., VICTORIAY. H. WOOD as inventors, filed 10, lus to one or more regions proximate (e.g., on, near, or the NOV., 2010. 15 like) at least one of the outer surface or the inner surface of the For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, body structure. the present application is related to U.S. patent application In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable Ser. No. 12/927,291, titled SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND energy waveguides are operably coupled to one or more METHODS INCLUDING CATHETERS HAVING LIGHT energy emitters via at least one optical router. In an embodi REMOVABLE COATINGS BASED ON A SENSED CON ment, the optical router is configured to create a translucent DITION, naming RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. optical connection from the one or more energy emitters to HYDE, MURIELY. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERIC selective ones of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy C. LEUTHARDT, NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS J. waveguides. Such a connection allows electromagnetic RIVET, MICHAEL A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. energy to flow from the one or more energy emitters to SWEENEY, CLARENCE. T. TEGREENE, LOWELL L. 25 selected ones of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy WOOD, JR., VICTORIAY. H. WOOD as inventors, filed 10, waveguides. In an embodiment, the optical router is actuated NOV., 2010. via one or more mechanical-optic components, electro-optic For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, components, or acousto-optic components. In an embodi the present application is related to U.S. patent application ment, the catheter device includes an overmoded electromag Ser. No. 12/927,295, titled SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND 30 netic energy waveguide photonically coupled to one or more METHODS INCLUDING CATHETERS CONFIGURED of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides. TO RELEASE ULTRAVIOLET ENERGY ABSORBING In an embodiment, the overmoded electromagnetic energy AGENTS, naming RALPH G. DACEY, JR., RODERICKA. waveguide is configured to actuate one or more of the plural HYDE, MURIELY. ISHIKAWA, JORDIN T. KARE, ERIC ity of selectively actuatable energy waveguides. C. LEUTHARDT, NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, DENNIS J. 35 In an embodiment, the catheter device includes at least one RIVET, MICHAEL A. SMITH, ELIZABETH A. reflective surface forming part of at least a portion of the body SWEENEY, CLARENCE. T. TEGREENE, LOWELL L. structure that is reflective at a first wavelength and transmis WOOD, JR., VICTORIAY. H. WOOD as inventors, filed 10, sive at a second wavelength different from the first wave NOV., 2010. length. In an embodiment, the catheter device includes at least The USPTO has published a notice to the effect that the 40 one reflective surface forming part of at least a portion of the USPTO's computer programs require that patent applicants body structure that is reflective at a first polarization and reference both a serial number and indicate whether an appli transmissive at a second polarization. In an embodiment, the cation is a continuation or continuation-in-part. Stephen G. catheter device includes at least one reflective surface form Kunin, Benefit of Prior-Filed Application, USPTO Official ing part of at least a portion of the body structure that is Gazette Mar. 18, 2003, available at http://www.uspto.gov/ 45 reflective at a first power level and transmissive at a second web/offices/com/sol/og/2003/week 11/patbene.htm. The power level. present Applicant Entity (hereinafter Applicant”) has pro In an embodiment, the catheter device includes one or vided above a specific reference to the application(s) from more internally reflective components forming part of at least which priority is being claimed as recited by statute. Appli a portion of the body structure. For example, in an embodi cant understands that the statute is unambiguous in its specific 50 ment, the catheter device includes at least one of an outer reference language and does not require eithera serial number internally reflective coating and an inner internally reflective or any characterization, such as "continuation' or “continu coating configured to internally reflect at least a portion of an ation-in-part, for claiming priority to U.S. patent applica emitted energy stimulus within an interior of at least one of tions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Applicant understands the one or more fluid-flow passageways. that the USPTO's computer programs have certain data entry 55 In an embodiment, the internally reflective components are requirements, and hence Applicant is designating the present configured to manage a delivery of interrogation energy to a application as a continuation-in-part of its parent applications sample and configured to manage a collection of emitted as set forth above, but expressly points out that such designa interrogation energy or remitted interrogation energy from tions are not to be construed in any way as any type of the sample. For example, in an embodiment, the internally commentary and/or admission as to whether or not the 60 reflective components are configured to direct electromag present application contains any new matter in addition to the netic energy to a sample within at least one of the one or more matter of its parent application(s). fluid-flow passageways and further configured to manage a All subject matter of the Related applications and of any collection of a spectral response to the interrogation energy and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applica from the sample. tions of the Related applications is incorporated herein by 65 In an embodiment, the catheter device includes one or reference to the extent Such subject matter is not inconsistent more optical materials forming part of at least a portion of the herewith. body structure. In an embodiment, the one or more optical US 8,585,627 B2 10 materials are configured to limit an amount of the energy cuitry configured to store the obtained information. In an stimulus that can traverse within the one or more fluid-flow embodiment, the catheter device includes a cryptographic passageways and through the outer Surface of the body struc logic component. ture. In an embodiment, the catheter device includes one or In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among more optical materials on at least a portion of the body struc other things, a system including a catheter device having a ture that reflect an emitted energy stimulus within an interior plurality of independently addressable energy emitting com of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways. In ponents disposed along a longitudinal axis of the catheter an embodiment, the catheter device includes an optical com device. In an embodiment, the plurality of independently ponent that directs at least a portion of an emitted energy addressable energy emitting components are configured to 10 direct an emitted energy stimulus to one or more regions stimulus from the one or more energy emitters to one or more proximate at least one of the outer Surface or the inner Surface of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides. of the body structure. In an embodiment, the system further In an embodiment, the catheter device includes one or more includes circuitry configured to determine a microorganism proximal catheters, distal catheters, or flow-regulating colonization event in one or more regions proximate at least devices having one or more fluid-flow passageways extend 15 one of the outer surface or the inner surface of the body ing through an interior of the one or more proximal catheters, structure. In an embodiment, the system further includes distal catheters, or flow-regulating devices. actuating means for concurrently or sequentially actuating In an embodiment, the catheter device includes a power two or more of the plurality of independently addressable Source having at least one of a thermoelectric generator, a energy emitting components in one or more regions deter piezoelectric generator, an electromechanical generator, or a mined to have a microorganism colonization event. biomechanical-energy harvesting generator. In an embodi In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among ment, the catheter device includes one or more sensors for other things, a catheter device. In an embodiment, the catheter detecting a microbial presence in one or more regions proxi device includes one or more selectively actuatable energy mate at least one of the outer surface of the body structure, the waveguides extending over a portion of a Surface of a body inner surface of the body structure, or within at least one of the 25 structure. In an embodiment, the one or more selectively one or more fluid flow passageways. In an embodiment, the actuatable energy waveguides are configured to direct an catheter device includes a computing device operably emitted energy stimulus from one or more energy emitters to coupled to at least one of the plurality of selectively actuat one or more regions proximate the Surface of the body struc able energy waveguides, the one or more sensors, the power ture. In an embodiment, the catheter device includes one or 30 more sensors and one or more Switches associated with one or Source, as well as other components of the catheter device. In more of the selectively actuatable energy waveguides. In an an embodiment, the computing device actuates one or more embodiment, the one or more sensors are configured to detect of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides in a spectral property associated with the presence of a micro response to detected information from the one or more sen bial colonization in one or more regions proximate the Surface sors. In an embodiment, the computing device actuates one or 35 of the body structure. For example, in an embodiment, at least more of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy one sensor is configured to detect a change to a refractive waveguides in response to a scheduled program, an external index associated with the presence of a microbial coloniza command, a history of a previous microbial presence, or a tion. In an embodiment, the Switches are configured to estab history of a previous actuation. lish or interrupt a connection between the selectively actuat In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among 40 able energy waveguides and respective ones of the one or other things, a catheter device including an energy emitter more energy emitters based on the detected spectral property. component that delivers optical energy to one or more regions In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among proximate the catheter device. In an embodiment, the catheter other things, a method of inhibiting a microbial colonization device includes a sensor component and one or more com of a partially or completely implanted catheter device. In an puter-readable memory media having biofilm marker infor 45 embodiment, the method includes generating an evanescent mation configured as a data structure. In an embodiment, the electromagnetic field proximate one or more regions of at data structure includes a characteristic information section least one of an outer Surface or an inner Surface of a body having characteristic microbial colonization spectral infor structure of the partially or completely implanted catheter mation representative of the presence of a microbial coloni device based on an automatically detected spectral parameter Zation proximate the catheter device. In an embodiment, the 50 indicative of the presence of an infectious agent. sensor component is operable to detect at least one of an In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among electromagnetic energy, a thermal energy, or an acoustic other things, a method of modulating microbial activity energy from one or more regions proximate the catheter proximate a surface of an at least partially implanted catheter device and to generate a first response based on the detected device. In an embodiment, the method includes generating a energy. In an embodiment, the generated first response 55 spatially patterned evanescent electromagnetic field proxi includes comparing detect at least one of the electromagnetic mate one or more surface regions of the at least partially energy, the thermal energy, or the acoustic energy to the implanted catheter device based on a detected change to a biofilm marker information and initiating a treatment proto refractive index property associated with the one or more col based on the comparison. In an embodiment, the catheter Surface regions of the at least partially implanted catheter device includes at least one transmitter for sending informa 60 device. tion based at least in part on detecting at least one of the In an aspect, a method includes, among other things, selec electromagnetic energy, the thermal energy, or the acoustic tively energizing a plurality of regions proximate a surface of energy. In an embodiment, the catheter device includes at an implanted portion of a catheter device via one or more least one transmitter configured to send a request for trans energy-emitting components in response to real-time mission of at least one of data, a command, an authorization, 65 detected information associated with a biological sample an update, or a code. In an embodiment, the catheter device within one or more regions proximate the Surface of the includes circuitry configured to obtain information and cir implanted portion of the catheter device. In an embodiment, US 8,585,627 B2 11 12 the method further includes determining a microbial coloni In an embodiment, the catheter device includes an actively Zation score in response to real-time detected information. In controllable excitation component configured to deliver, in an embodiment, the method further includes energetically Vivo, an energy stimulus to one or more regions proximate at interrogating the one or more regions proximate the Surface of least one of the outer surface or the inner surface of the body the implanted portion of the catheter device based on the 5 structure. In an embodiment, the actively controllable excita determined microbial colonization score. tion component is configured to deliver, concurrently or In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among sequentially, at least a first energy stimulus or a second energy other things, a method of inhibiting biofilm formation in a stimulus. In an embodiment, the first energy stimulus com catheter device. In an embodiment, the method includes actu prises an electromagnetic energy stimulus, an electrical ating one or more selectively actuatable energy waveguides 10 ofanat least partially implanted catheter device in response to energy stimulus, an acoustic energy stimulus, or a thermal an in vivo detected change in a refractive index parameter energy stimulus, and the second energy stimulus comprises a associated with a biological sample proximate an outer Sur different one of an electromagnetic energy stimulus, an elec face or an inner surface of the catheter device. trical energy stimulus, an acoustic energy stimulus, or a ther In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among 15 mal energy stimulus. other things, an at least partially implantable catheter device In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among including a body structure having a plurality of actuatable other things, a method of inhibiting biofilm formation. In an regions that are independently actuatable between at least a embodiment, the method includes actuating one or more Sur first transmissive state and a second transmissive state. In an face regions of a catheter device between at least a first wet embodiment, the at least partially implantable catheter device tability state and a second wettability state in response to a includes one or more sensors for detecting at least one char detected event associate with a microbial colonization proxi acteristic associated with a biological sample proximate at mate one or more surface regions of a catheter device. least one of an outer surface or an inner surface of the body In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among structure. In an embodiment, the at least partially implantable other things, a catheter device including a body structure catheter device includes one or more energy emitters config 25 having an outer Surface and an inner Surface defining one or ured to emit an energy stimulus based at least in part on at more fluid-flow passageway and one or more actuatable least one detected characteristic associated with the biologi energy waveguides. In an embodiment, the one or more actu cal sample. atable energy waveguides are configured to direct an emitted In an embodiment, the at least partially implantable cath energy stimulus to one or more regions proximate at least one eter device includes one or more actively controllable reflec 30 of the outer surface or the inner surface of the body structure, tive or transmissive components for outwardly transmitting and to deliver a patterned energy stimulus to the one or more or internally reflecting an energy stimulus propagated there regions proximate at least one of the outer surface or the inner through. In an embodiment, the at least partially implantable surface of the body structure. In an embodiment, the catheter catheter device includes one or more optical materials on a device includes an active agent assembly including at least portion of a body structure to internally reflect at least a 35 one reservoir. In an embodiment, the active agent assembly is portion of an emitted energy stimulus from the one or more configured to deliver one or more active agents from the at energy emitters into an interior of at least one fluid-flow least one reservoir to one or more regions proximate at least passageway. one of the outer surface or the inner surface of the body In an embodiment, the at least partially implantable cath Structure. eter device includes a computing device operably coupled to 40 In an embodiment, the catheter device includes control at least one of the plurality of actuatable regions, the actively circuitry operably coupled to the one or more actuatable controllable reflective or transmissive components, or the energy waveguides and configured to control at least one of a energy emitters. In an embodiment, the computing device spaced-apart configuration parameter, an electromagnetic causes a change between the first and the second transmissive energy spatial distribution parameter, or an electromagnetic states based on detected information from the one or more 45 energy temporal distribution parameter associated with the sensors. For example, in an embodiment, the computing delivery of the patterned energy stimulus. In an embodiment, device causes a change between a transmissive state and a the catheter device includes a computing device operably reflective state based on detected information from the one or coupled to the one or more actuatable energy waveguides and more sensors. In an embodiment, the computing device actu configured to control at least one of a delivery regiment, a ates one or more of the plurality of actuatable regions between 50 spatial distribution, or a temporal distribution associated with the at least first transmissive state and the second transmissive the delivery of the patterned energy stimulus. state based on a comparison of a detected characteristic asso In an embodiment, the catheter device includes one or ciated with the biological sample proximate the body struc more sensors configured to detect at least one characteristic ture. associated one or more regions proximate at least one of the In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among 55 outer surface or the inner surface of the body structure. In an other things, a catheter device including a body structure embodiment, the catheter device includes a plurality of having one or more Surface regions that are configured to spaced-apart-release-ports operably coupled to at least one controllably actuate between at least a first wettability state computing device. In an embodiment, the computing device and a second wettability state. In an embodiment, the catheter is configured to actuate one or more of the plurality of spaced device includes a computing device operably coupled to the 60 apart-release-ports between an active agent discharge state Surface regions and configured to controllably actuate the and an active agent retention state based on a comparison of Surface regions between at least a first wettability state and a a detected characteristic to stored reference data. In an second wettability state. For example, in an embodiment, the embodiment, the catheter device includes at least one receiver computing device is configured to cause a change between a configured to acquire information based at least in part on first wettability state and a second wettability state based on 65 whether a detect optical energy from one or more regions detected information indicating a presence of an infectious proximate at least one of the outer Surface or the inner Surface agent near or on the catheter device. of the body structure satisfies a target condition. US 8,585,627 B2 13 14 In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among face regions. For example, in an embodiment, the catheter other things, a method of inhibiting a microbial colonization device includes one or more self-cleaning Surface regions ofa Surface on an implanted portion of a catheter device. In an having structural components or coatings that modulate (e.g., embodiment, the method includes selectively energizing one inhibit, etc.) the adherence of biofilms. In an embodiment, the or more regions proximate at least one of an outer Surface or 5 catheter device includes one or more self-cleaning Surface an inner surface of the implanted portion of the catheter regions including a self-cleaning coating composition. device via one or more energy-emitting components. In an In an embodiment, the catheter device further includes one embodiment, the method includes delivering an active agent or more selectively actuatable energy waveguides configured composition to the one or more regions proximate one or to direct an emitted energy stimulus to one or more regions more surfaces of the implanted portion of the catheter device, 10 proximate at least one of an outer Surface or an inner Surface via one or more active agent assemblies, in response to an of the one or more catheters. In an embodiment, the catheter automatically detected measurand associated with biological device includes one or more energy emitters operatively sample proximate the one or more Surfaces of the implanted coupled to the one or more selectively actuatable energy portion. waveguides and configured to emit an energy stimulus. In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among 15 In an aspect, a method includes, but is not limited to, other things, an at least partially implantable fluid manage automatically comparing one or more characteristics commu ment system. In an embodiment, the at least partially implant nicated from a catheter device to stored reference data. In an able fluid management system includes a catheter device embodiment, the one or more characteristics include at least having a body structure having at least an outer Surface and an one of information associated with a microbial colonization inner Surface defining one or more fluid-flow passageways. In proximate the catheter device, information associated with an an embodiment, the at least partially implantable fluid man infection marker detected proximate the catheter device, or agement system includes a plurality of independently activat information associated with a sample received within one or able ultraviolet energy delivering Substrates configured to more fluid-flow passageways of the catheter device. In an deliver a sterilizing energy stimulus to one or more regions embodiment, the method includes initiating a treatment pro proximate at least one of the outer Surface or the inner Surface 25 tocol based at least in part on the comparison. of the body structure. In an embodiment, the plurality of In an embodiment, the method includes selectively ener independently activatable ultraviolet energy delivering Sub gizing one or more regions proximate the Surface on an strates define at least a portion of at least one of the outer implanted portion of the catheter device via one or more surface or the inner surface of the body structure. energy-emitting components based at least in part on the In an embodiment, the at least partially implantable fluid 30 comparison. In an embodiment, the method includes selec management system includes a sensor component including tively energizing one or more regions proximate the Surface one or more sensors configured to detect a microbial pres on an implanted portion of the catheter device via one or more ences proximate at least one of the outer Surface or the inner selectively actuatable energy waveguides configured to direct surface of the body structure. In an embodiment, the at least an emitted energy stimulus to one or more regions proximate partially implantable fluid management system includes a 35 at least one of the outer surface or the inner surface of the body computing device operably coupled to the plurality of inde structure. In an embodiment, the method includes selectively pendently activatable ultraviolet energy delivering Substrates, energizing one or more regions proximate the Surface on an and configured to activate one or more of the plurality of implanted portion of the catheter device determined to have a independently activatable ultraviolet energy delivering Sub microbial colonization based at least in part on the compari strates in response to detected microbial presence informa 40 SO. tion from the sensor component. In an aspect, a method includes, but is not limited to, In an aspect, a method includes, but is not limited to, electronically comparing one or more characteristics commu concurrently or sequentially delivering to one or more regions nicated from an implanted catheter device to stored reference proximate a surface of a catheter device a spatially patterned data, the one or more characteristics including at least one of sterilizing energy stimulus via a plurality of independently 45 an in vivo detected microbial colonization presence proxi activatable ultraviolet energy delivering Substrates. In an mate a surface of the implanted catheter device, an in vivo embodiment, the plurality of independently activatable ultra real-time detected infection marker presence proximate a violet energy delivering Substrates are configured to indepen surface of the implanted catheter device, and in vivo detected dently activate in response to a real-time detected measurand measurand associated with a biofilm-specific tag. In an associated with a biological sample within the one or more 50 embodiment, the method includes initiating a treatment pro regions proximate the Surface of the catheter device. tocol based at least in part on the comparison. In an aspect, a method includes, but is not limited to, In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among concurrently or sequentially delivering to one or more regions other things, a catheter device. In an embodiment, the catheter proximate a Surface of a catheter device a temporally pat device includes a body structure and one or more acoustically terned sterilizing energy stimulus via a plurality of indepen 55 actuatable electromagnetic energy waveguides configured to dently activatable ultraviolet energy delivering substrates. In direct an emitted energy stimulus to one or more regions an embodiment, the plurality of independently activatable proximate the body structure. In an embodiment, the catheter ultraviolet energy delivering Substrates are configured to device includes one or more energy emitters operatively independently activate in response to a real-time detected coupled to the one or more acoustically actuatable electro measurand associated with at least one of temporal metabo 60 magnetic energy waveguides. lite information or spatial metabolite information associated In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among with a biological sample within the one or more regions other things, a method of inhibiting biofilm formation in proximate the surface of the catheter device. catheter device. In an embodiment, the method includes In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among acoustically modulating one or more internally reflecting other things, a catheter device having a body structure defin 65 optical waveguides so as to partially emit an electromagnetic ing one or more catheters. In an embodiment, at least a portion energy propagating within the one or more internally reflect of the body structure includes one or more self-cleaning Sur ing optical waveguides through at least one of an outer Surface US 8,585,627 B2 15 16 or an inner Surface of the catheter device. In an embodiment, ing removed. In an embodiment, the implantable catheter the method includes applying an acoustic energy stimulus to device includes circuitry configured to determine a microor the one or more internally reflecting optical waveguides of a ganism colonization event in one or more of the plurality of character and for a sufficient duration to affect at least one of regions having the one or more in vivo selectively removable an index of refraction or a physical dimension of the one or protective coatings. more internally reflecting optical waveguides. In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among other things, a catheter device including a body structure a other things, a method of inhibiting biofilm formation in a plurality of selectively actuatable waveguides elements defin catheter device. In an embodiment, the method includes ing at least a portion of a surface of the body structure. In an selectively actuating one or more optical waveguides so as to 10 embodiment, the selectively actuatable waveguides elements partially emit an electromagnetic energy propagating within are configured to guide an emitted ultraviolet energy stimulus the one or more optical waveguides through at least one of an to one or more regions proximate the Surface of the body outer Surface or an inner Surface of the catheter device. In an structure. In an embodiment, the catheter device includes an embodiment, the method includes selectively actuating the active agent assembly including at least one reservoir, the one or more optical waveguides in response to real-time 15 active agent assembly configured to deliver an ultraviolet detected information associated with a microbial coloniza energy absorbing agent from the at least one ultraviolet tion in one or more regions proximate at least one of an outer energy absorbing reservoir to one or more regions proximate surface or an inner surface of the catheter device. the surface of the body structure. In an embodiment, one or In an aspect, a method includes, but is not limited to, more of the plurality of selectively actuatable waveguides detecting a measurand associated with a microbial presence elements are configured to guide one or more of an electro proximate at a Surface of a catheter device using an interro magnetic energy stimulus, an acoustic energy stimulus, an gation energy having a first peak emission wavelength. In an acoustic energy stimulus, and a thermal energy stimulus. embodiment, the method includes delivering a sterilizing In an aspect, a method includes, but is not limited to, stimulus having a second peak emission wavelength different delivering an ultraviolet energy absorbing composition to one from the first peak emission wavelength to one or more 25 or more regions proximate a surface of a catheter device prior regions proximate the Surface on the catheter device in to delivering a patterned energy stimulus to the one or more response to the detecting a measurand. regions based on a detected measurand associated with bio In an aspect, a method includes, but is not limited to, logical sample proximate the one or more regions. real-time monitoring of a plurality of portions of a catheter In an aspect, a method includes, but is not limited to, device for a microbial colonization by detecting spectral 30 delivering an ultraviolet energy absorbing composition to one information associated with an interrogating stimulus having or more regions proximate an implanted portion of a catheter a first peak emission wavelength. In an embodiment, the device prior to selectively energizing the one or more regions method includes delivering a sterilizing stimulus having a in response to a real-time detected spectral information asso second peak emission wavelength different from the first ciated with a microbial presence within the one or more peak emission wavelength to select ones of the plurality of 35 regions. In an embodiment, the method includes delivering a portions of the catheter device based on a determined micro sterilizing stimulus to select ones of the one or more regions bial colonization score. in response to the real-time detected spectral information In an aspect, a method includes, but is not limited to, associated with the microbial presence within the one or more real-time monitoring at least one of an outer Surface or an regions. inner surface of an indwelling portion of a catheter device for 40 The foregoing Summary is illustrative only and is not a microbial colonization by detecting spectral information intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustra associated with an interrogating stimulus having a first peak tive aspects, embodiments, and features described above, fur emission wavelength. In an embodiment, the method includes ther aspects, embodiments, and features will become appar delivering an interrogating stimulus to one or more region ent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed proximate the at least one of the outer surface or the inner 45 description. Surface of an indwelling portion of a catheter device. In an embodiment, the method includes determining a BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES microbial colonization score for the one or more region proxi mate one or more surfaces of an indwelling portion of a FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a system including a catheter device in response to detecting spectral information. 50 catheter device according to one embodiment. In an embodiment, the method includes selective-delivering a FIG.1B is a perspective view of a portion of catheter device sterilizing stimulus having a second peak emission wave including a fluid-flow passageway according to one embodi length different from the first peak emission wavelength to at ment. least one of the one or more region proximate one or more FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a system including a catheter Surfaces of an indwelling portion of a catheter device based 55 device according to one embodiment. on a determined microbial colonization score. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a system including a In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to, among catheter device according to one embodiment. other things, an implantable catheter device including a plu FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a portion of a catheter device rality of regions having one or more in vivo selectively including plurality of selectively actuatable energy removable protective coatings defining at least a portion of at 60 waveguides configured to provide a patterned energy stimu least one of the outer surface or the inner surface of the body lus, according to one embodiment. structure. In an embodiment, the body structure includes an FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a system including a outer Surface or an inner Surface defining one or more fluid catheter device according to one embodiment. flow passageways and is configured to transmit at least a FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a system including a portion of an emitted energy stimulus propagated within the 65 catheter device according to one embodiment. body structure though one or more of a the plurality of regions FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a system including a having had an in vivo selectively removable protective coat catheter device according to one embodiment. US 8,585,627 B2 17 18 FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a system including a medications, pharmaceuticals, intravenous fluids, blood catheter device according to one embodiment. products, or parenteral nutrition. FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a system including a Infections, malfunctions (e.g., blocked or clogged fluid catheter device according to one embodiment. flow passageways, etc.), and failures account for many of the FIG. 10A is a flow diagram of a method according to one complications associated with implantable medical devices embodiment. (e.g., catheter devices, etc.) and pose tremendous conse FIG. 10B is a flow diagram of a method according to one quences for patients. For example, during an infection, an embodiment. infectious agent (e.g., fungi, micro-organisms, parasites, FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a method according to one pathogens (e.g., viral pathogens, bacterial pathogens, or the 10 like), prions, viroids, viruses, or the like) generally interferes embodiment. with the normal functioning of a biological Subject, and FIGS. 12A, 12B, and 12C are flow diagrams of a method causes, in some cases, chronic wounds, necrosis, loss of an according to one embodiment. infected tissue, loss of an infected limb, and occasionally FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of a method according to one death of the biological Subject. Implant-associated infections embodiment. 15 account for a significant amount of nosocomial infections and FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of a method according to one despite sterilization and aseptic procedures, remain as a major embodiment. impediment to medical implants including artificial hearts, FIGS. 15A and 15B are flow diagrams of a method accord artificial joints, artificial prosthetics, breast implants, cath ing to one embodiment. eters, contact lens, implantable biological sample drainage FIG. 16 is a flow diagram of a method according to one system, mechanical heart Valves, stents, Subcutaneous sen embodiment. sors, shunts, vertebral spacers, or the like. Implant-associated FIG. 17 is a flow diagram of a method according to one infections are often difficult to detect, problematic to cure, embodiment. and at times expensive to manage. For example, in cases FIGS. 18A and 18B are flow diagrams of a method accord where the infection fails to subside quickly, it sometimes ing to one embodiment. 25 becomes necessary to remove the implant. FIG. 19 is a flow diagram of a method according to O Implant-associated infections can result from bacterial embodiment. adhesion and Subsequent biofilm formation proximate an FIG. 20 is a flow diagram of a method according to O implantation site. For example, biofilm-forming microorgan embodiment. isms sometimes colonize the Surface of a catheter device. FIG. 21 is a flow diagram of a method according to O 30 Once a biofilm-induced infection takes hold, it can prove embodiment. difficult to treat. In the case of catheters, for example, infec FIG. 22 is a flow diagram of a method according to O tious agents can make their way from an insertion site into an embodiment. outer Surface of an indwelling portion of a catheter device. FIG. 23 is a flow diagram of a method according to O Likewise, contamination of an outer portion, Such as a venous embodiment. 35 line of catheter device, can initiate migration of an infectious FIG. 24 is a flow diagram of a method according to O agent along an internal passageway. Adherence of infections embodiment. agents to host proteins, such as fibronectin, commonly found FIG. 25 is a flow diagram of a method according to O on catheter components at times worsens the problem. See embodiment. e.g., Frasca et al., Critical Care 14:212 1-8 (2010). 40 Accordingly, an aspect includes systems, devices, and DETAILED DESCRIPTION methods, including a catheter device configured to, for example, detect (e.g., assess, calculate, evaluate, determine, In the following detailed description, reference is made to gauge, identify, measure, monitor, quantify, resolve, sense, or the accompanying drawings, which form a parthereof. In the the like) an infectious agent present proximate the catheter drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar compo 45 device. A non-limiting example includes systems, devices, nents, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative and methods including a catheter device configured to, for embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, example, detect an infectious agent present in, for example, a and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments biological specimen (e.g., tissue, biological fluid, target can be utilized, and other changes can be made, without sample, infectious agent, or the like) proximate (e.g., on, near, departing from the spirit or scope of the Subject matter pre 50 or the like) a surface of the catheter device. sented here. An aspect includes systems, devices, methods, and com Catheters (e.g., central venous catheters, multi-lumen cath positions for actively detecting, treating, or preventing an eters, peripherally inserted central catheters, Quinton cath infection associated with an indwelling catheter. An aspect eters, Swan-Ganz catheters, tunneled catheters, intravenous includes systems, devices, and methods for managing move lines, or the like), shunts (e.g., cardiac shunts, cerebral shunts, 55 ment of fluids; directly detecting and monitoring functions or portacaval shunts, portosystemic shunts, pulmonary shunts, conditions (e.g., mechanical, physical, physiological, or bio or the like), medical ports (e.g., arterial ports, low profile chemical functions or conditions) associated with a biologi ports, multi-lumen ports, vascular ports, or the like), or the cal Subject, draining or collecting body fluids; providing like are useful for, among other things, managing movement access to an interior of a biological Subject; distending at least of fluids; directly detecting (e.g., assessing, calculating, 60 one passageway; as well as for administering therapeutics, evaluating, determining, gauging, identifying, measuring, medications, pharmaceuticals, intravenous fluids, or monitoring, quantifying, resolving, sensing, or the like) parenteral nutrition. A non-limiting example includes sys mechanical, physical, or biochemical information (e.g., the tems, devices, and methods for actively detecting, treating, or presence of a biomarker, intracranial pressure, blood pres preventing fluid-flow obstructions in catheters. Sure, a disease State, or the like) associated with a biological 65 FIGS. 1A and 1B show a system 100 (e.g., a catheter Subject; draining or collecting body fluids; providing access system, an implantable catheter system, an implantable sys to Surgical tools; as well as for administering therapeutics, tem, an indwelling system, a partially implantable system, a US 8,585,627 B2 19 20 fluid management system, or the like) in which one or more provide access to, or from, an interior environment of at least methodologies or technologies can be implemented Such as, one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an for example, managing a transport of fluids, providing Surgi embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more cal access, as well as actively detecting, treating, or prevent biocompatible materials, polymeric materials, thermoplas ing an infection (e.g., an implant-associated infection, a 5 tics, silicone materials (e.g., polydimethysiloxanes), polyvi hematogenous associated infection, an infection present in nyl chloride materials, latex rubber materials, or the like. tissue or biological fluid, a biofilm formation, a microbial Further non-limiting examples of catheters 112, shunts, or colonization, or the like), a biological sample abnormality components thereof, may be found in, for example the fol (e.g., a cerebral spinal fluid abnormality, a hematological lowing documents (each of which is incorporated herein by abnormality, a tissue abnormality, or the like), or the like. 10 reference): U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,524.298 (issued Apr. 28, 2009), In an embodiment, the system 100 is configured to, among 7,390,310 (issued Jun. 24, 2008), 7,334,594 (issued Feb. 26, other things, reduce an in vivo concentration of an infectious 2008), 7.309,330 (issued Dec. 18, 2007), 7.226,441 (issued agent present in a biological fluid (e.g., bodily fluid, blood, Jun. 5, 2007), 7,118,548 (issued Oct. 10, 2006), 6,932,787 amniotic fluid, ascites, bile, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial (issued Aug. 23, 2005), 6,913,589 (issued Jul. 5, 2005), fluid, pleural fluid, transcellular fluid, or the like) managed by 15 6,743,190 (issued Jun. 1, 2004), 6,585,677 (issued Jul. 1, the system 100, or a biological sample proximate one or more 2003); and U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2009/0118661 (pub components of the system 100. In an embodiment, the system lished May 7, 2009), 2009/0054824 (published Feb. 26, 100 is configured to provide antimicrobial therapy. 2009), 2009/0054827 (published Feb. 26, 2009), 2008/ In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other 0039768 (published Feb. 14, 2008), and 2006/0004317 (pub things, at least one catheter device 102. In an embodiment, the lished Jan. 5, 2006); each of which is incorporated herein by catheter device 102 includes, among other things, a body reference). structure 104 having an outer surface 106 and an inner surface FIG. 2 shows various configurations of a system 100 in 108 defining one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an which one or more methodologies or technologies can be embodiment, the system 100 is configured to reduce the con implemented. In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, centration of an infectious agent in the immediate vicinity of 25 among other things, at least one catheter device 102 including a catheter device 102. For example, in an embodiment, the one or more energy waveguides 202. The energy waveguides system 100 is configured to controllably deliver one or more 202 can take a variety of shapes, configurations, and geom energy stimuli to at least one of an interior or an exterior of etries including, but not limited to, cylindrical, conical, pla one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 of a catheter device nar, parabolic, regular or irregular forms. In an embodiment, 102 at a dose sufficient to modulate the activity of the infec 30 multiple energy waveguides 202 are formed from a single tious agent in the immediate vicinity of a catheter device. Substrate or structure. Non-limiting examples of energy In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes, among waveguides 202 include electromagnetic waveguides 204, other things, one or more catheters 112. In an embodiment, acoustic energy waveguides 206 (e.g., ultrasonic energy the catheter device 102 is positioned to facilitate the admin waveguides), thermal energy waveguides 208, optical energy istration of therapeutics, medications, pharmaceuticals, intra 35 waveguides 210 (e.g., optical fibers, photonic-crystal fibers, venous fluids, blood products, parenteral nutrition, or the like. or the like), ultrasound energy waveguides 212, multi-energy In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 is positioned to waveguides 214, or the like. Further non-limiting examples of provide access for Surgical instruments. In an embodiment, energy waveguides 202 include lens structures, light-diffus the catheter device 102 is positioned to provide vascular ing structures, mirror structures, mirrored surfaces, reflective access. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 is posi 40 coatings, reflective materials, reflective surfaces, or combi tioned to facilitate drainage. nations thereof. Further non-limiting examples of energy Among catheters 112, examples include, but are not lim waveguides 202 include etchings, facets, grooves, thin-films, ited to, arterial catheters, dialysis catheters, drainage cath optical micro-prisms, lenses (e.g., micro-lenses, or the like), eters, indwelling catheters, long term non-tunneled central diffusing elements, diffractive elements (e.g., gratings, cross venous catheters, long term tunneled central venous cath 45 gratings, or the like), texturing, or the like. In an embodiment, eters, mechanical catheters, peripheral venous catheters, the energy waveguides 202 include structures suitable for peripherally insertable central venous catheters, peritoneal directing energy waves. catheters, pulmonary artery Swan-Ganz catheters, short-term In an embodiment, one or more of the energy waveguides central venous catheters, urinary catheters, Ventricular cath 202 include at least one of a transparent, translucent, or light eters, or the like. In an embodiment, the body structure 104 50 transmitting material, and combinations or composites includes one or more catheters 112 each having a proximal thereof. Among transparent, translucent, or light-transmitting portion 114, a distal portion 116, and at least one inner fluid materials, examples include those materials that offer a low flow passageway 110 extending therethrough. In an embodi optical attenuation rate to the transmission or propagation of ment, one or more of the catheters 112 are configured for light waves. Non-limiting examples of transparent, translu insertion into a body cavity, a duct, a vessel, or the like of a 55 cent, or light-transmitting materials include crystals, epoxies, subject in need thereof. glasses, borosilicate glasses, optically clear materials, semi In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or clear materials, plastics, thermo plastics, polymers, resins, more catheters 112 configured for directly detecting and thermal resins, or the like, or combinations or composites monitoring mechanical, physical, or biochemical functions thereof. associated with a biological Subject, draining or collecting 60 In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other body fluids; providing access to an interior of a biological things, a plurality of selectively actuatable energy Subject; or distending at least one passageway 110; as well as waveguides 202a. For example, in an embodiment, the cath for administering therapeutics, medications, pharmaceuti eter device 102 includes a plurality of selectively actuatable cals, intravenous fluids, or nutrition. In an embodiment, the energy waveguides 202a that define one or more portions of catheter device 102 includes one or more at least partially 65 the body structure 104. In an embodiment, at least a portion of implantable catheters 112. In an embodiment, the catheter the outer surface of the body structure 104 includes one or device 102 includes one or more ports 118 configured to more of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy US 8,585,627 B2 21 22 waveguides 202a. In an embodiment, at least a portion of the ent, translucent, or light-transmitting material include one or inner surface of the body structure 104 includes one or more more of acrylonitrile butadaine styrene polymers, cellulosic, of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides epoxy, ethylene butyl acrylate, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, 202a. ethylene vinyl alcohol, fluorinated ethylene propylene, furan, Referring to FIG. 3, in an embodiment, the system 100 nylon, phenolic, polyI2,2,4-trifluoro-5-trifluoromethoxy-1, includes, among other things, a catheter device 102 having 3-dioxole-co-tetrafluoroethylene, polyI2.2-bistrifluorom body structure 104 configured to sufficiently internally reflect ethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole-co-tetrafluoroethylene, poly at least a portion of an emitted energy stimulus 302 and to 2,3-(perfluoroalkenyl)perfluorotetrahydrofuran, generate an evanescent field 304 across one or more regions polyacrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polybenzimidazole, 10 polycarbonate, polyester, polyetheretherketone, polyether of the body structure 104. In an embodiment, at least a portion imide, polyetherSulfone, polyethylene, polyimide, polym of the body structure 104 includes one or more energy ethyl methacrylate, polynorbornene, polyperfluoroalkoxy waveguides 202 configured to sufficiently internally reflect at ethylene, polystyrene, polysulfone, polyurethane, polyvinyl least a portion of an emitted energy stimulus 302 and to generate an evanescent field 304. chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, diallyl phthalate, thermo 15 plastic elastomer, transparent polymers, an vinyl ester, and Evanescent fields 304 can be generated, for example, via composites thereof. diffraction from a grating or a collection of apertures; scat In an embodiment, a plurality of energy waveguides 202 tering from an aperture; or total internal reflection at the are coupled (e.g., optically coupled, operably coupled, physi interface between two media See e.g., Smith et. al. Evanes cally coupled, or the like) to form, for example, an array of cent Wave Imaging in Optical Lithography, Proc. SPIE 6154, energy waveguides 202. In an embodiment, one or more of (2006). For example, electromagnetic energy 302 crossing a the plurality of energy waveguides 202 comprise a laminate boundary 306 between materials with different refractive including one or more optically active coatings, materials, or indices (n), partially refracts at the boundary Surface, and the like. In an embodiment, one or more of the plurality of partially reflects. (See, e.g., FIG. 3). When the incident angle energy waveguides 202 direct an emitted energy stimulus to (0), exceeds the critical angle of incidence, define as: 25 one or more regions proximate at least one of the outer Surface 106 or the inner surface 108 of the body structure 104. In an embodiment, the plurality of energy waveguides 202 are - fitlow (critical = sin ( thigh } arranged to form a part of patterned energy emitting compo nent 216. 30 In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other the electromagnetic energy traveling from a medium of things, a plurality of selectively actuatable energy higher refractive index (n) to that of a lower one (n) waveguides 202a. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 undergoes total internal reflection (see e.g., FIG. 3), and gen includes a plurality of selectively actuatable energy erates an evanescent field 304 near the boundary 306 (the waveguides 202a. In an embodiment, the plurality selectively intensity of which decays exponentially with increasing dis 35 actuatable energy waveguides 202a direct an emitted energy tance from the Surface). In an embodiment, at least a portion stimulus to one or more regions proximate at least one of the of the body structure 104 is configured to sufficiently inter outer surface 106 or the inner surface 108 of the body struc nally reflect at least a portion of an emitted energy stimulus ture 104. 302 to cause an evanescent electromagnetic field 304 to ema In an embodiment, the system 100 is configured to, among nate from at least a portion of the body structure 104. In an 40 other things, treat a condition associated with an infection. embodiment, at least a portion of the body structure 104 is For example, in an embodiment, upon an indication of a configured to internally reflect at least a portion of an emitted presence or severity of an infection, selected ones of the energy stimulus 302 within an interior of at least one of the plurality selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a are one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, actuated to deliver an emitted energy stimulus to modulate at least a portion of the body structure 104 is configured to 45 microbial activity within those regions having an indication totally internally reflect at least a portion of an emitted energy of a presence or severity of an infection. In an embodiment, stimulus 302 propagated within an interior of at least one of the system 100 is configured to, among other things, reduce the one or more fluid-flow passageways. the risk of infection. In an embodiment, the system 100 is In an embodiment, infectious agents 308 cause changes in configured to, among other things, modulate a microbial the local index of refraction, resulting in changes in the reso 50 colonization. nance conditions of the evanescent electromagnetic field 304. In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable In an embodiment, detected index of refraction changes are energy waveguides 202a include one or more acoustic energy correlated to the presence of an infectious agent. waveguides 206 (e.g., one or more ultrasound-guiding With continued reference to FIG. 2, in an embodiment, one waveguides, or the like). In an embodiment, the plurality of or more of the energy waveguides 202 include at least one of 55 selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a include one or an optically transparent, optically translucent, or light-trans more thermal energy waveguides 208. In an embodiment, the mitting component. In an embodiment, one or more of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a energy waveguides 202 include at least one optically trans include one or more electrical energy waveguides. parent, translucent, or light-transmitting material. Non-limit In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable ing examples of optically transparent, translucent, or light 60 energy waveguides 202a include a light-transmitting mate transmitting material include one or more of acetal rial. In an embodiment, at least one of the plurality of selec copolymers, acrylic, glass, AgBr, AgCl, Al-O, GeAsSe tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a includes an elec glass, BaF, CaF2, CdTe. AsSeTeglass, CSI, diamond, GaAs, tromagnetic energy transmitting material and a reflective Ge, ITRAN materials, KBr, thallium bromide-Iodide, LiF, boundary. In an embodiment, at least one of the plurality of MgF2, NaCl, polyethylene, Pyrex, Si, SiO, ZnS, ZnSe, ther 65 selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a includes an moplastic polymers, or thermoset polymers, and composites electrical conducting portion and an electrical insulating por thereof. Further non-limiting examples of optically transpar tion. In an embodiment, at least one of the plurality of selec US 8,585,627 B2 23 24 tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a includes a thermal stimulus having at least a first region 406 and a second region conducting portion and a thermal insulating portion. 408 different from the first region 406. For example, in an In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable embodiment, the second region 408 includes at least one of a energy waveguides 202a include one or more optical spectral power distribution (SPD), an irradiance (I), or a waveguides. In an embodiment, the selectively actuatable peak power (P.) different from the first region 406. In an energy waveguides 202a include one or more optical embodiment, the second region 408 includes at least one of an waveguides having one or more ports configured to allow illumination intensity, a peak emission wavelength, or a pulse electromagnetic energy to escape. In an embodiment, the frequency different from the first region 406. In an embodi plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a ment, the second region 408 includes at least one of an inten include one or more optical waveguides having distributed 10 sity, a phase, or a polarization different from the first region light escape along a portion of a length of the one or more 406. In an embodiment, the second region 408 includes at optical waveguides. In an embodiment, the plurality of selec least one of a frequency, a repetition rate, or a bandwidth tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a include one or different from the first region 406. In an embodiment, the more optical fibers. In an embodiment, one or more of the second region 408 includes at least one of an energy-emitting plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a 15 pattern, an ON-pulse duration, or an OFF-pulse duration dif comprise an optically transparent material and an optically ferent from the first region 406. In an embodiment, the second opaque material. region 408 includes at least one of an emission intensity, an In an embodiment, one or more of the plurality of selec emission phase, an emission polarization, or an emission tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a are disposed along wavelength different from the first region 406. the outer surface of the body structure, the inner surface 108 In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable of the body structure 104, or both. For example, in an embodi energy waveguides 202a include at least a first waveguide and ment, one or more of the plurality of selectively actuatable a second waveguide, the second waveguide configured to energy waveguides 202a form part of the outer surface 106, to transport electromagnetic energy of a wavelength different form part of the inner surface 108, or both. from that of the first waveguide. For example, in an embodi In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other 25 ment, the first waveguide provides an electromagnetic energy things, at least one catheter device 102 including one or more stimulus, an electrical energy stimulus, an acoustic energy acoustically actuatable electromagnetic energy waveguides. stimulus, or a thermal energy stimulus, and the second In an embodiment, the one or more acoustically actuatable waveguide provides a different one of an electromagnetic electromagnetic energy waveguides direct an emitted energy energy stimulus, an electrical energy stimulus, an acoustic stimulus to one or more regions proximate at least one of an 30 energy stimulus, or a thermal energy stimulus. In an embodi outer surface 106 or an inner surface 108 of the body structure ment, the plurality of selectively actuatable energy 104. waveguides 202a are configured to deliver at least one of a In an embodiment, the one or more acoustically actuatable spatially collimated energy stimulus; spatially focused electromagnetic energy waveguides include at least one of an energy stimulus; a temporally patterned energy stimulus; or a acoustically sensitive cladding material; an acoustically sen 35 spaced-apart patterned energy stimulus. sitive material coating; or an acoustically deforming material In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable coating. In an embodiment, the one or more acoustically energy waveguides 202a provide an illumination pattern actuatable electromagnetic energy waveguides are config comprising at least a first actuated selectively actuatable ured for selective-actuation via one or more transducers. In an energy waveguide and a second actuated selectively actuat embodiment, the one or more acoustically actuatable electro 40 able energy waveguide. In an embodiment, the plurality of magnetic energy waveguides are configured to outwardly selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a provide an transmit a portion of an electromagnetic energy internally illumination pattern comprising selectively actuatable energy reflected within in the presence of an acoustic stimulus. In an waveguides 202a configured to be concurrently actuated. embodiment, the one or more acoustically actuatable electro In an embodiment, one or more energy emitter 220 are magnetic energy waveguides are configured to deform in the 45 operably coupled to a plurality of selectively actuatable presence of an acoustic stimulus. In an embodiment, the one energy waveguides 202a and are configured to deliver a mul or more acoustically actuatable electromagnetic energy tiplex energy stimulus having, for example, two or more peak waveguides are configured to exhibit a change to a refractive emission wavelengths. In an embodiment, a multiplex energy index in the presence of an acoustic stimulus. In an embodi stimulus can be routed to two or more of the selectively ment, the one or more acoustically actuatable electromag 50 actuatable energy waveguides 202a based on a wavelength, netic energy waveguides are configured to generate an eva an intensity, a spectral power distribution, a waveguide-spe nescent electromagnetic field across one or more regions of cific address, or the like. Once routed, the a plurality of the body structure in the presence of an acoustic stimulus. In selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a can deliver a an embodiment, the one or more acoustically actuatable elec spatially patterned energy stimulus having at least a first tromagnetic energy waveguides are operably coupled to one 55 region and a second region 408 different from the first region or more acoustic energy emitters. 406 where the difference depends on the selection rule (e.g., Referring to FIG. 4, in an embodiment, the plurality of spectral power distribution, irradiance, peak power, intensity, selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a provide a spa phase, polarization, frequency, repetition rate, bandwidth, tially patterned energy stimulus 402. In an embodiment, the waveguide-specific address, or the like) used to route the plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a 60 energy stimulus. deliver an energy stimulus of a dose Sufficient (e.g., of char Referring to FIG. 2, in an embodiment, the plurality of acter and for a duration Sufficient, of Sufficient strength or selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a are config duration, etc.) to provide a spatially patterned energy stimulus ured to internally direct at least a portion of an emitted energy to one or more regions proximate at least a first Surface 404 of stimulus propagated within an interior of at least one of the the body structure 104. 65 one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable the plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides energy waveguides 202a provide a spatially patterned energy 202a are configured to direct at least a portion of an emitted US 8,585,627 B2 25 26 energy stimulus within an interior of at least one of the one or stantially longitudinal direction in one or more regions of at more fluid-flow passageways 110 based on at least one of a least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an polarization, an intensity, or a wavelength. For example, in an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable energy embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a are configured to direct at least a portion of waveguides 202a include one or more polarization-, inten an emitted energy stimulus along a Substantially lateral direc sity-, or wavelength-selective elements, coatings, materials, tion in a first region of at least one of the one or more fluid etchings, facets, grooves, thin-films, optical micro-prisms, flow passageways 110 and configured to direct at least a lenses (e.g., micro-lenses, or the like), diffusing elements, portion of the emitted energy stimulus along a substantially diffractive elements (e.g., gratings, cross-gratings, or the lateral direction in a second region of the one or more fluid like), texturing, or the like configured to direct at least a 10 flow passageways 110, the second region different from the portion of an emitted energy stimulus. first region. In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable actuatable energy waveguides 202a are configured to directat energy waveguides 202a are configured to direct at least a least a portion of an emitted energy stimulus along a substan portion of an emitted energy stimulus within an interior of at tially longitudinal direction in a first region of at least one of least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 based 15 the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 and configured to on a power level of the emitted energy stimulus. In an embodi direct at least a portion of the emitted energy stimulus along ment, one or more of the plurality of selectively actuatable a Substantially longitudinal direction in a second region of the energy waveguides 202a extend over a portion of a surface of one or more fluid-flow passageways 110, the second region the body structure 104. different from the first region. In an embodiment, the plurality In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes at least of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a are config one selectively actuatable energy waveguide 202a that forms ured to externally direct at least a portion of an emitted energy part of a surface along a longitudinal direction 120 of a stimulus propagated within. In an embodiment, the plurality fluid-flow passageway 110. In an embodiment, the catheter of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a are config device 102 includes at least one selectively actuatable energy ured to externally direct at least a portion of an emitted energy waveguide 202a that forms part of a surface along a lateral 25 stimulus propagated within one or more regions proximate at direction 122 of a fluid-flow passageway 110. In an embodi least one surface of the body structure 104. ment, the plurality of selectively actuatable energy In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes a plu waveguides 202a are configured to laterally internally direct rality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a con or longitudinally internally direct at least a portion of an figured to selectively actuate via one or more switches 218. In emitted energy stimulus within an interior of at least one of 30 an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable energy the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. For example, in waveguides 202a are selectively actuatable via one or more an embodiment, a catheter device 102 includes one or more opto-mechanical switches; electro-optic switches; acousto selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a that extend optic Switches; thermo-optic Switches, or the like. In an along alongitudinal direction of a fluid-flow passageway 110. embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable energy Accordingly, when actuated, the one or more selectively actu 35 waveguides 202a can be actuated via one or more thermally atable energy waveguides 202a direct at least a portion of an actuated devices (e.g., thermally activatable Switches, or the emitted energy stimulus within an interior of at least one of like), electromagnetically actuated devices (e.g., electromag the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 along a longitu netic activatable switches, optically activatable switches, or dinal direction. the like), acoustically actuated devices, electrically actuated In an embodiment, one or more of the plurality of selec 40 devices, or the like. tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a extend Substan Non-limiting examples of Switches 218, or components tially longitudinally along at least one of the one or more thereof, may be found in, for example the following docu fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, one or more ments: U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0316195 (published of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides Dec. 24, 2009): U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,706,178 (issued Apr. 27, 202a extend substantially laterally within at least one of the 45 2010), 7,130,459 (issued Dec. 18, 2007), 6.853,765 (issued one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, Feb. 8, 2005), and 6,222,953 (issued Apr. 24, 2001); Coppola, at least one of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy G. et al., Visualization of Optical Deflection and Switching waveguides 202a extends Substantially laterally along a first Operations by a Domain-Engineered Based LiNbO Electro portion of the body structure 104 and a different one of the Optic Device, Optics Express, 11 (10), 1212-1222. (May plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a 50 2003); Liou, J. C. et al. An ASIC Control Circuit for Thermal extends Substantially laterally along a second portion of the Actuated Large Optical Packet Switch Array, Proceedings of body structure 104. In an embodiment, one or more of the the World Congress on Engineering 2008, Vol. I, WCE 2008, plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a pp386-391 (2008); and Yang, J., et al., Polyimide-Waveguide extend substantially helically within at least one of the one or Based Thermal Optical Switch Using Total-Internal-Reflec more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, at least 55 tion Effect, Applied Physics Letters, 81 (16): 2947-2949 one of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy (2002); each of which is incorporated herein by reference. waveguides 202a extends Substantially helically along a first In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes, among portion of the body structure 104 and a different one of the other things, a plurality of selectively actuatable energy plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a waveguides 202a configured to selectively actuate via one or extends Substantially helically along a second portion of the 60 more antifuses 219. In an embodiment, the one or more anti body structure 104. fuses 219 are operably coupled to at least one of the plurality In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a and are energy waveguides 202a are configured to direct a first por configured to establish an electromagnetic energy path when tion of an emitted energy stimulus alonga Substantially lateral an electromagnetic energy transmitted therethrough exceeds direction in one or more regions of at least one of the one or 65 a threshold value. more fluid-flow passageways 110 and configured to direct a In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable second portion of the emitted energy stimulus along a Sub energy waveguides 202a are selectively actuatable via one or US 8,585,627 B2 27 28 more optical antifuses 219. In an embodiment, the plurality of able energy waveguides 202a. In an embodiment, the router selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a are selec 222 is configured to actuate via one or more mechanical-optic tively actuatable via one or more antifuses 219 that are con components, electro-optic components, or acousto-optic figured to actuate from a first transmissive state to a second components. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 transmissive state when a power level of an electromagnetic includes, among other things, at least one router 222 operably energy exceeds a exceeds a threshold value. For example, coupled to one or more energy emitters 220. In an embodi during operation when the input power level is lower than a ment, at least one router 222 is configured to guide an energy designated threshold level, the optical antifuse 219 remains stimulus based on one or more selection rules. For example, opaque. When the input power level exceeds the designated in an embodiment, the system 100 includes a router 224 threshold level, the optical antifuse 219 becomes transparent. 10 operably coupled to at least one of the one or more energy In an embodiment, the antifuse 219 is configured to transition emitters 220, and configured to guide an energy stimulus from a non-transmissive state to a transmissive state by, for based on one or more selection rules. Non-limiting examples example, insulation breakdown. of selection rules include routing schemes, energy character Non-limiting examples of antifuses 219, or components istics, waveguide-specific destination information, delivery thereof, may be found in, for example the following docu 15 protocols, routing metrics, address protocols, waveguide ments: U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0007885 (published specific addresses, or the like. Jan. 10, 2008): U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,714,326 (issued May 11, In an embodiment, two or more of the plurality of selec 2010), 7.691,894 (issued Apr. 6, 2010), and 7,116,857 (issued tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a are operably Oct. 3, 2006); Davis et al., A New Electro-Optic Waveguide coupled to at least one optical router 224. In an embodiment, Architecture and the Unprecedented Devices it Enables, the optical router 224 includes at least one switch 218 (e.g., an Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6975, pp. 697503-1-12 (2008); Piccolo et optical Switch, an opto-mechanical Switch, an electro-optic al., Antifiuse Injectors for SOI LEDs, Proceedings of the 11th Switch, an acousto-optic Switch, athermo-optic Switch, or the Annual Workshop on Semiconductor Advances for Future like). In an embodiment, the optical router 224 includes at Electronics and Sensors (SAFE 2008), pp. 573-575 (2008); least one of an electro-mechanical Switch, an opto-mechani and Vázquez et al., Optical Router for Optical Fiber Sensor 25 cal Switch, an electro-optic Switch, an acousto-optic Switch, Networks Based on a Liquid Crystal Cell, IEEE Sensors or a thermo-optic Switch. Journal, Vol. 3:(4), pp. 513-518 (2003); each of which is In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other incorporated herein by reference. things, at least one optical router 224 operably coupled to at In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes, among least one of the one or more energy emitters via one or more other things, a plurality of selectively actuatable energy 30 switches 218. In an embodiment, the optical router 224 is waveguides 202a configured to selectively actuate via one or activatable via one or more acousto-optic components, elec more light movable liquid crystals. For example, in an tro-mechanical components, electro-optic components, or embodiment, during operation, a position of one or more light mechanical-optic components. movable liquid crystals is altered by impinging a sufficient In an embodiment, two or more of the plurality of selec electromagnetic energy to cause physical movement of the 35 tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a are operably light movable liquid crystals. Accordingly, one or more of the coupled to at least one passive optical router 226. In an light movable liquid crystals are actuated between transmis embodiment, the at least one passive optical router 226 is sive and reflective states by interrogation with electromag configured to guide electromagnetic energy based on at least netic energy. Non-limiting examples of light movable crys one of waveguide-specific address, wavelength, polarization, tals, or components thereof, may be found in, for example 40 intensity, or frequency. In an embodiment, the at least one U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,116,857 (issued Oct. 3, 2006) and 7,197,204 passive optical router 226 is configured to guide electromag (issued Mar. 27, 2004); each of which is incorporated herein netic energy based on a polarization. In an embodiment, the by reference). In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively router 222 includes one or more switches 218. actuatable energy waveguides 202a are selectively actuatable In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other via one or more light movable liquid crystals positionable 45 things, an overmoded electromagnetic energy waveguide between at least a transmissive position and a reflective posi 202b photonically coupled to one or more of the plurality of tion. In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a. In an energy waveguides 202a are selectively actuatable via one or embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes an overmoded more light movable liquid crystals positionable between at electromagnetic energy waveguide 202b photonically least an activated position and an inactivated position. In an 50 coupled to one or more of the plurality of selectively actuat embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable energy able energy waveguides 202a. In an embodiment, the over waveguides 202a are selectively actuatable via one or more moded electromagnetic energy waveguide 202b is configured prisms. In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuat to selectively actuate one or more of the plurality of selec able energy waveguides 202a are selectively actuatable via tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a. In an embodiment, one or more diffractive beam directing elements. In an 55 two or more of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a are selectively actuatable via one or more waveguides 202a are selectively actuatable via one or more overmoded electromagnetic energy waveguides 202b. In an reflective mirrors. In an embodiment, the plurality of selec embodiment, the overmoded electromagnetic energy tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a include one or waveguide 202b is configured to propagate electromagnetic more electromagnetic energy waveguides. 60 energy in at least a first mode and a second mode different In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other from the first mode. In an embodiment, the first mode is things, at least one router 222 (e.g., energy router, signal configured to actuate one or more of the plurality of selec router, data packets router, information router, or the like) tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a, and the second operably coupled to one or more of the plurality of selectively mode is configured to actuate a different ones of the one or actuatable energy waveguides 202a. In an embodiment, the 65 more the plurality of selectively actuatable energy catheter device 102 includes at least one router 222 operably waveguides 202a. In an embodiment, the plurality of selec coupled to one or more of the plurality of selectively actuat tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a include one or US 8,585,627 B2 29 30 more single-mode electromagnetic energy waveguides 202c In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are coupled to an overmoded electromagnetic energy waveguide configured to deliver an in vivo stimulus waveform to a bio 202b. In an embodiment, the plurality of selectively actuat logical Subject. For example, in an embodiment, the one or able energy waveguides 202a include one or more single more energy emitters 220 are configured to generate one or mode electromagnetic energy waveguides 202c coupled to a more continuous or pulsed energy waves, or combinations multimode electromagnetic energy waveguide 202d. thereof. In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters Referring to FIG. 2, in an embodiment, the system 100 220 are configured to deliver a sterilizing energy stimulus to includes, among other things, one or more energy emitters a region proximate the catheter device 102. In an embodi 220. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one ment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are configured to or more energy emitters 220. In an embodiment, the one or 10 more energy emitters 220 are configured to emit at least one deliver an emitted energy to a biological specimen (e.g., of an electromagnetic stimulus, an electrical stimulus, an tissue, biological fluid, target sample, infectious agent, or the acoustic stimulus (e.g., ultrasonic stimulus, or the like), and a like) proximate at least one of an outer surface 106 oran inner thermal stimulus. In an embodiment, the one or more energy Surface 108 of the catheter device 102. emitters 220 are configured to generate a sterilizing energy 15 In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are stimulus. In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters energetically coupled to the exterior or interior surfaces 108, 220 are configured to deliver an energy stimulus to a biologi 110 of a body structure 104 via one or more waveguides 202 cal sample received within the one or more fluid-flow pas (e.g., via one or more selectively actuatable energy sageways 110. In an embodiment, the one or more energy waveguides 202a). In an embodiment, one or more of the emitters 220 are configured to deliver an emitted energy waveguides 202 are operably coupled to respective energy stimulus to a biological sample proximate a surface of cath emitters 220 and are configured to direct an emitted energy eter device 102. stimulus from the respective energy emitters 220 to one or In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are more regions proximate the body structure 104 based on a configured to deliver an energy stimulus along a Substantially determined microorganism colonization event. In an embodi longitudinal direction, along a Substantially lateral direction, 25 ment, at least one of the one or more energy emitters 220 is or both of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passage operably coupled to two or more of the plurality of selectively ways 110. In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters actuatable energy waveguides 202a. In an embodiment, at 220 are configured to deliver a first portion of an emitted least one of the one or more energy emitters 220 is operably energy stimulus along a Substantially lateral direction in one coupled to three or more of the plurality of selectively actu or more regions of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow 30 atable energy waveguides 202a. passageways 110 and deliver a second portion of the emitted Energy emitters 220 forming part of the catheter device energy stimulus along a substantially longitudinal direction 102 can take a variety of forms, configurations, and geometri in one or more regions of at least one of the one or more cal patterns including for example, but not limited to, a one-, fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, the one or two-, or three-dimensional arrays, a pattern comprising con more energy emitters 220 are configured to deliver at least a 35 centric geometrical shapes, a pattern comprising rectangles, portion of an emitted energy stimulus along a substantially Squares, circles, triangles, polygons, any regular or irregular lateral direction in a first region of at least one of the one or shapes, or the like, or any combination thereof. One or more more fluid-flow passageways 110 and deliver at least a por of the energy emitters 220 can have a peak emission wave tion of the emitted energy stimulus along a substantially length in the X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, near infrared, lateral direction in a second region of the one or more fluid 40 terahertz, microwave, or radio frequency spectrum. In an flow passageways 110, the second region different from the embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy emitters first region. In an embodiment, the one or more energy emit 220 is configured to deliver one or more charged particles. ters 220 are configured to deliver at least a portion of an Non-limiting examples of energy emitters 220 include emitted energy stimulus along a Substantially longitudinal electromagnetic energy emitters 221, acoustic energy emit direction in a first region of at least one of the one or more 45 ters 223, thermal energy emitters 225, or electrical energy fluid-flow passageways 110 and deliver at least a portion of emitters 227. Further non-limiting examples of energy emit the emitted energy stimulus alonga Substantially longitudinal ters 220 include optical energy emitters and ultrasound direction in a second region of the one or more fluid-flow energy emitters. Further non-limiting examples of energy passageways 110, the second region different from the first emitters 220 include, electric circuits, electrical conductors, region. In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 50 electrodes (e.g., nano- and micro-electrodes, patterned-elec 220 are configured to deliver at least a portion of an emitted trodes, electrode arrays (e.g., multi-electrode arrays, micro energy stimulus alonga Substantially lateral directionina first fabricated multi-electrode arrays, patterned-electrode arrays, region of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passage or the like), electrocautery electrodes 225a, or the like), cavity ways 110 and at least a portion of the emitted energy stimulus resonators, conducting traces 227a, ceramic patterned elec alonga Substantially lateral direction in a second region of the 55 trodes, electro-mechanical components, lasers, quantum one or more fluid-flow passageways 110, the second region dots, laser diodes, light-emitting diodes 221a (e.g., organic different from the first region. light-emitting diodes, polymer light-emitting diodes, poly In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are merphosphorescent light-emitting diodes, microcavity light configured to emit one or more energy stimuli (e.g., one or emitting diodes, high-efficiency UV light-emitting diodes, or more electromagnetic stimuli, electrical stimuli, acoustic 60 the like), arc flashlamps, incandescent emitters, transducers stimuli, and thermal stimuli, or the like) at a dose sufficient to 223a, heat sources, continuous wave bulbs, ultrasound emit modulate microbial activity proximate a surface of the cath ting elements, ultrasonic transducers, thermal energy emit eter device 102. For example, in an embodiment, the one or ting elements, or the like. In an embodiment, the one or more more energy emitters 220 are configured to emit one or more energy emitters 220 include at least one two-photon excita energy stimuli of a dose sufficient to inhibit a DNA replica 65 tion component. In an embodiment, the one or more energy tion process of an infectious agent proximate a Surface of the emitters 220 include at least one of an exciplex laser, a diode catheter device 102. pumped solid state laser, or a semiconductor laser. US 8,585,627 B2 31 32 Further non-limiting examples of energy emitters 220 can be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,488,704 (issued include radiation emitters, ion emitters, photon emitters, elec Dec. 3, 2002), which is incorporated herein by reference. tron emitters, gamma emitters, or the like. In an embodiment, In an embodiment, a plurality of electrodes 227a provide the one or more energy emitters 220 include one or more an electrical energy stimulus. Electrodes 227a can take a incandescent emitters, transducers, heat sources, or continu 5 variety of forms, configurations, and geometrical patterns ous wave bulbs. In an embodiment, the one or more energy including for example, but not limited to, a one-, two-, or emitters 220 include one or more laser, light-emitting diodes, three-dimensional arrays, a pattern comprising concentric laser diodes, fiber lasers, lasers, or ultra-fast lasers, quantum geometrical shapes, a pattern comprising rectangles, squares, dots, organic light-emitting diodes, microcavity light-emit circles, triangles, polygons, any regular or irregular shapes, or ting diodes, or polymer light-emitting diodes. 10 Further non-limiting examples of energy emitters 220 the like, and any combination thereof. Techniques suitable for include electromagnetic energy emitters 221. In an embodi making patterned electrodes include, but are not limited to, ment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more electro electro-deposition, electro-deposition onto laser-drilled poly magnetic energy emitters 221. In an embodiment, the one or mer molds, laser cutting and electro-polishing, laser micro more electromagnetic energy emitters 221 provide a Voltage 15 machining, Surface micro-machining, soft lithography, X-ray across at least a portion of cells proximate an outer Surface lithography, LIGA techniques (e.g., X-ray lithography, elec 106 of the catheter device 102. In an embodiment, the one or troplating, and molding), conductive paint silk screen tech more electromagnetic energy emitters 221 include one or niques, conventional patterning techniques, injection mold more electrodes. In an embodiment, the one or more electro ing, conventional silicon-based fabrication methods (e.g., magnetic energy emitters 221 include one or more light inductively coupled plasma etching, wet etching, isotropic emitting diodes 221a. In an embodiment, the one or more and anisotropic etching, isotropic silicon etching, anisotropic electromagnetic energy emitters 221 include at least one elec silicon etching, anisotropic GaAs etching, deep reactive ion tron emitting material. etching, silicon isotropic etching, silicon bulk micromachin In an embodiment, the one or more electromagnetic energy ing, or the like), complementary-symmetry/metal-oxide emitters 221 provide a Voltage across at least a portion of 25 semiconductor (CMOS) technology, deep X-ray exposure tissue proximate the catheter device 102, and to induce pore techniques, or the like. formation in a plasma membrane of at least a portion of In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 infectious agents within a region proximate the catheter include at least one light-emitting diode 221a. In an embodi device 102. In an embodiment, the voltage is of a dose suffi ment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more light cient to exceed a nominal dielectric strength of at least one 30 emitting diodes 221a. Light-emitting diodes 221 a come in a cell plasma membrane. In an embodiment, the one or more variety of forms and types including, for example, standard, electromagnetic energy emitters 221 provide a voltage across high intensity, super bright, low current types, or the like. at least a portion of cells within a biological fluid received Typically, the light-emitting diode's color is determined by within at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways the peak wavelength of the light emitted. For example, red 110. In an embodiment, the voltage is of sufficient strength 35 light-emitting diodes have a peak emission ranging from and duration to exceed a nominal dielectric strength of at least about 610 nm to about 660 nm. Non-limiting examples of one cell plasma membrane. In an embodiment, the Voltage is light-emitting diode colors include amber, blue, red, green, of sufficient strength and duration to exceed a nominal dielec white, yellow, orange-red, ultraviolet, or the like. Further tric strength of a cell plasma membrane without Substantially non-limiting examples of light-emitting diodes include bi interfering with a normal operation of the implantable shunt 40 color, tri-color, or the like. Light-emitting diode's emission system. wavelength may depend on a variety of factors including, for Further non-limiting examples of energy emitters 220 example, the current delivered to the light-emitting diode. include thermal energy emitters 225. Non-limiting examples The color or peak emission wavelength spectrum of the emit of thermal energy emitters 225 include transducers 223a, ted light may also generally depend on the composition or metallic heat-radiating elements, high power light-emitting 45 condition of the semi-conducting material used, and can diodes, thermal energy emitting elements, thermal energy include, among other things, peak emission wavelengths in conducting elements, thermal energy dissipating elements, the infrared, visible, near-ultraviolet, or ultraviolet spectrum, electrodes, or the like. In an embodiment, the one or more or combinations thereof. thermal energy emitters 225 are configured to emit a suffi Light-emitting diodes 221 a can be mounted on, for cient amount of an energy stimulus to inactivate an infectious 50 example, but not limited to a Surface, a Substrate, a portion, or agent. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes a component of the catheter device 102 using a variety of one or more thermal energy emitters 225 configured to ther methodologies and technologies including, for example, wire mally shock an infectious agent. bonding, flip chip, controlled collapse chip connection, inte Further non-limiting examples of energy emitters 220 grated circuit chip mounting arrangement, or the like. In an include electrical energy emitters 227. In an embodiment, the 55 embodiment, the light-emitting diodes 221a are mounted on one or more electrical energy emitters 227 include at least one a Surface. Substrate, portion, or component of the catheter electrode 227a. In an embodiment, a plurality of electrodes device 102 using, for example, but not limited to a flip-chip 227a are configured to energize a region proximate the cath arrangement. A flip-chip is one type of integrated circuit chip eter device 102 in the presence of an applied potential. In an mounting arrangement that generally does not require wire embodiment, the applied potential is sufficient to produce 60 bonding between chips. In an embodiment, instead of wire Superoxidized water from an aqueous salt composition proxi bonding, solder beads or other elements are positioned or mate the plurality of electrodes 227a. In an embodiment, the deposited on chip pads such that when the chip is mounted, applied potential is sufficient to produce at least one of a electrical connections are established between conductive triplet excited-state specie, a reactive oxygen specie, a reac traces carried by circuitry within the system 100. In an tive nitrogen specie, a free radical, a peroxide, or any other 65 embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 include one inorganic or organic ion or molecules that include oxygen or more light-emitting diode arrays. In an embodiment, the ions. Further non-limiting examples of energy emitters 220 one or more energy emitters 220 include at least one of a US 8,585,627 B2 33 34 one-dimensional light-emitting diode array, a two-dimen embodiment, applying a Sufficient ultrasonic energy to tissue sional light-emitting diode array, or a three-dimensional infected with, for example, pathogenic bacteria, can lead to a light-emitting diode array. reduction of the pathogenic bacteria in at least a portion of the In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 infected tissue. In an embodiment, applying a sufficient ultra include at least one acoustic energy emitter 223. In an Sonic energy to tissue infected with, for example, pathogenic embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more bacteria, in the presence of one or more disinfecting agents acoustic energy emitters 223. In an embodiment, the one or can lead to a reduction of the pathogenic bacteria in at least a more energy emitters 220 include one or more transducers portion of the infected tissue. In an embodiment, applying a 223a (e.g., acoustic transducers, electroacoustic transducers, sufficient ultrasonic energy to tissue infected with, for electrochemical transducers, electromagnetic transducers, 10 example, pathogenic bacteria, in the presence of one or more electromechanical transducers, electrostatic transducers, photoelectric transducers, radioacoustic transducers, thermo disinfecting agents can reduce biofilm viability, as well as electric transducers, ultrasonic transducers, or the like). In an actively-impeding biofilm formation on an implant. embodiment, the one or more transducers 223a are config In an embodiment, the system 100 includes electro-me ured to deliver an acoustic energy stimulus (e.g., an acoustic 15 chanical components for generating, transmitting, or receiv non-thermal stimulus, an acoustic thermal stimulus, a low or ing waves (e.g., ultrasonic waves, electromagnetic waves, or high intensity acoustic stimulus, a pulsed acoustic stimulus, a the like). For example, in an embodiment, the system 100 focused acoustic stimulus, or the like) to a region within the includes one or more waveform generators 229, as well as any biological Subject. In an embodiment, the one or more trans associated hardware, Software, or the like. In an embodiment, ducers 223a are configured to generate an ultrasonic stimulus. the system 100 includes one or more computing devices 230 In an embodiment, the one or more transducers 223a are configured to concurrently or sequentially operate multiple configured to detect an acoustic signal. In an embodiment, the transducers 223a. In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more transducers 223a are configured to transmit and multiple drive circuits (e.g., one drive circuit for each trans receive acoustic waves. In an embodiment, the one or more ducer 223a) and is configured to generate varying waveforms transducers 223a are configured to deliver an ultrasonic 25 from each coupled transducer 223a (e.g., multiple waveform stimulus to a region proximate the catheter device 102. In an generators, or the like). In an embodiment, the system 100 embodiment, the one or more transducers 223a are config includes, among other things, an electronic timing controller ured to deliver an in vivo ultrasonic interrogation waveform to coupled to an ultrasonic waveform generator. In an embodi a biological Subject. In an embodiment, the one or more ment, one or more computing devices 230 are configured to transducers 223a are configured to generate one or more 30 automatically control one or more of a frequency, a duration, continuous or a pulsed ultrasonic waves, or combinations a pulse rate, a duty cycle, an amount of energy, or the like thereof. associated with the ultrasonic energy generated by the one or Non-limiting examples of transducers 223a include, more transducers 223a. among others, acoustic transducers, composite piezoelectric In an embodiment, the one or more transducers 223a are transducers, conformal transducers, flexible transducers, 35 communicatively coupled to one or more waveform genera flexible ultrasonic multi-element transducer arrays, flexible tors 229. In an embodiment, a waveform generator 229 can ultrasound transducers, immersible ultrasonic transducers, include, among other things, an oscillator 231 and a pulse integrated ultrasonic transducers, micro-fabricated ultra generator 233 configured to generate one or more drive sig Sound transducers, piezoelectric materials (e.g., lead-zircon nals for causing one or more transducer 223a to ultrasonically ate-titanate, bismuth titanate, lithium niobate, piezoelectric 40 vibrate and generate ultrasonic energy. ceramic films or laminates, Sol-gel sprayed piezoelectric In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 employs high ceramic composite films or laminates, piezoelectric crystals, intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to induce localized heat or the like), piezoelectric ring transducers, piezoelectric ing. For example, in an embodiment, the catheter device 102 transducers, ultrasonic sensors, ultrasonic transducers, or the includes one or more acoustic energy emitters 223 configured like. In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 45 to deliver a high intensity focused ultrasound stimulus. High include one or more one-dimensional transducer arrays, two acoustic intensities associated with HIFU can cause rapid dimensional transducer arrays, or three-dimensional trans heat generation in cells and tissue due to absorption of the ducer arrays. The one or more transducers 223a can include, acoustic energy. Delivering a HIFU stimulus can cause the but are not limited to, a single design where a single piezo temperature in a region including cells (e.g., Subject cells, electric component outputs one single waveform at a time, or 50 intracellularly infected cells, microbial cells, bacterial cell, can be compound where two or more piezoelectric compo yeast cells, fungal cells, or the like) and or tissue to rise very nents are utilized in a single transducer 223a or in multiple rapidly, inducing thermal stressing of at least one of the transducers 223a thereby allowing multiple waveforms to be targeted cells or tissue which in turn can lead to programmed output sequentially or concurrently. cell death. The degree of thermal stressing of cells may be a The effects of therapeutic ultrasound on living tissues vary. 55 function of the character or duration of the energy stimulus For example, ultrasound typically has a greater affect on delivered to induce a temperature change. For example, rapid highly organized, structurally rigid tissues such as bone, ten heating of cells using HIFU may be advantageous for rapidly dons, ligaments, cartilage, and muscle. Due to their different attenuating an infectious activity by inducing cell death as depths within the body, however, the different tissue types opposed to slow increases in temperature to which the cells require different ultrasonic frequencies for effective treat 60 may become adapted. See, e.g., Somwaru, et al., J. Androl. ment. See, e.g., U.S. Publication No. 2007/0249969 (pub 25:506-513, 2004; Stankiewicz, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 280: lished Oct. 25, 2007) (which is incorporated herein by refer 38729-38739, 2005; Sodja, et al., J. Cell Sci. 111:2305-2313, ence). Ultrasound can cause increases in tissue relaxation, (1998); Setroikromo, et al., Cell Stress Chaperones 12:320 local blood flow, and scar tissue breakdown. In an embodi 330, 2007; Dubinsky, et al., AJR 190:191-199, 2008: Lepock. ment, the effect of the increase in local blood flow are used to, 65 Int. J. Hyperthermia, 19:252-266, 2003; Roti Int. J. Hyper for example, aid in reducing local Swelling and chronic thermia 24:3-15, 2008; Fuchs, et al., “The Laser's Position in inflammation, as well as promote bone fracture healing. In an Medicine” pp 187-198 in Applied Laser Medicine. Ed. Hans US 8,585,627 B2 35 36 Peter Berlien, Gerhard J. Muller, Springer-Verlag New York, Non-limiting examples of methodologies and technologies LLC, 2003; each of which is incorporated herein by refer for inducing PCD can be found the following documents: CCC. Abdollahi et al., Apoptosis signals in Lymphoblasts Induced In an embodiment, one or more energy emitters 220 are by Focused Ultrasound. FASEB Journal Express Article doi: configured to emit a sterilizing energy stimulus having one or 10.1096/f.04-1601 fe (Published online Jul. 1, 2004); more peak emission wavelengths in the infrared, visible, or Ashush et al., Apoptosis Induction of Human Myeloid Leuke ultraviolet spectrum, or combinations thereof. For example, mic Cells by Ultrasound Exposure, Cancer Res. 60: 1014 in an embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy 1020 (2000); Beebe et al., Nanosecond, High-intensity emitters 220 comprises a peak emission wavelength ranging Pulsed Electric Fields Induce Apoptosis in Human Cells, The from about 100 nanometers to about 400 nanometers. In an 10 FASEB Journal express article 10.1096/f.02-0859fe (Pub embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy emitters lished online Jun. 17, 2003); Caricchio et al., Ultraviolet B 220 comprises a peak emission wavelength ranging from Radiation-Induced Cell Death. Critical Role of Ultraviolet about 100 nanometers to about 320 nanometers. In an Dose in Inflammation and Lupus Autoantigen Redistribution, embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy emitters 15 J. Immunol., 171: 5778-5786 (2003); Fabo et al., Ultraviolet 220 comprises an electromagnetic energy peak emission B but not Ultraviolet A Radiation Initiates Melanoma, Cancer wavelength ranging from about 100 nanometers to about 280 Res. 64 (18): 6372-376 (2004): Fent et al., Low intensity nanometers. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more Ultrasound-induced Apoptosis in Human Gastric Carcinoma energy emitters 220 comprises an electromagnetic energy Cells, World J. Gastroenterol, 14 (31):4873-879 (2008); Hall peak emission wavelength ranging from about 200 nanom et al., Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields Induce Apoptosis in eters to about 290 nanometers. In an embodiment, at least one p53-Wildtype and p53-Null HCT116 Colon Carcinoma Cells, of the one or more energy emitters 220 comprises a peak Apoptosis, 12 (9): 1721-31 (2007); and Rediske et al., Pulsed emission wavelength ranging from about 280 nanometers to Ultrasound Enhances the Killing of Escherichia coli Biofilms about 320 nanometers. In an embodiment, at least one of the by Aminoglycoside Antibiotics In vivo, Antimicrob. Agents one or more energy emitters 220 comprises a peak emission 25 Chemother, 44(3): 771-72 (2000); each of which is incor wavelength ranging from about 260 nanometers to about 265 porated herein by reference. nanometers. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 is configured to energy emitters 220 comprises a peak emission wavelength emit a sufficient amount of an energy stimulus to induce PCD about 260 nanometers without Substantially inducing necrosis of a portion of cells in In an embodiment, an operational fluence of one or more 30 the vicinity of the catheter device 102. For example, in an energy emitters 220 is less than about 80 milli-joules per embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more square centimeter. In an embodiment, an operational fluence energy emitters 220 configured to deliver electromagnetic of one or more energy emitters 220 is less than about 35 radiation of a dose sufficient to induce PCD without substan milli-joules per square centimeter. In an embodiment, an tially inducing necrosis of a tissue proximate a Surface (e.g., operational fluence of one or more energy emitters 220 is less 35 an outer surface, inner surface, or the like) of the catheter than about 15 milli-joules per square centimeter. In an device 102. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more embodiment, an average energy density of one or more energy emitters 220 is configured to emit a pulsed energy energy emitters 220 ranges from about less than about 15 stimulus of a dose sufficient to induce PCD without substan milli-joules per square centimeter to about less than about 80 tially inducing necrosis of an infectious agent within a bio milli-joules per square centimeter. 40 logical sample proximate the Surface of the body structure In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are 104. In an embodiment, one or more of the energy emitters configured to emit one or more energy stimuli of at a dose 220 are configured to deliver a sufficient amount of an ultra Sufficient to induce programmed cell death (PCD) (e.g., apo violet radiation to induce cell death by PCD. In an embodi ptosis) of at least a portion of cells proximate the catheter ment, one or more of the energy emitters 220 are configured device 102. PCD can be induced using a variety of method 45 to deliver an effective dose of optical energy at which a cell ologies and technologies including, for example, using preferentially undergoes PCD compared to necrosis. acoustic energy, electricity, electromagnetic energy, thermal In an embodiment, one or more of the energy emitters 220 energy, pulsed electric fields, pulsed ultrasound, focused are configured to deliver a thermal sterilizing stimulus (e.g., a ultrasound, low intensity ultrasound, ultraviolet radiation, or pulse thermal sterilizing stimulus, a spatially patterned ther the like. Localized heating therapy caused by the delivery of 50 mal sterilizing stimulus, a temporally patterned Sterilizing energy, for example via one or more energy emitters 220, can stimulus, or the like) of a dose sufficient to elevate a tempera likewise induce PCD (e.g., apoptosis) or necrosis of cells or ture of at least a portion of cells proximate a catheter device tissue depending upon the temperature experienced by the 102. Elevating the temperature of a mammalian cell, for cells or tissue. For example, localized heating therapy example, to 43° C. can cause changes in cellular protein between 40° C. and 60° C. can result in disordered cellular 55 expression and increased PCD. metabolism and membrane function and in many instances, In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or cell death (e.g., PCD). In general, at temperatures below 60° more thermal energy emitters 225 configured to emit a ther C., localized heating is more likely to induce PCD in cells mal energy stimulus of a dose to thermally induce PCD of a without Substantially inducing necrosis. At temperatures portion of infected cells proximate the catheter device 102. greater than about 60° C., the likelihood of inducing coagul 60 For example, in an embodiment, one or more of the thermal lation necrosis of cells and tissue increases. Relatively small energy emitters 225 are operable to emit a sufficient amount increases in temperature (e.g., a 3° C. increase) above the of an energy stimulus to increase the temperature of at least a normal functioning temperature of a cell can cause apoptotic portion of a biological sample received within at least one of cell death. For example, temperatures ranging from 40°C. to the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 by about 5°C. to 47°C. can induce cell death in a reproducible time and tem 65 about 20° C. In an embodiment, the one or more thermal perature dependent manner in cells normally functioning at energy emitters 225 are operable to emit a sufficient amount 370 C. of an energy stimulus to increase the temperature of at least a US 8,585,627 B2 37 38 portion of a biological sample received within at least one of In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 by about 5°C. to emitters 220 is configured to deliver a pulsed thermal steril about 6° C. izing stimulus of a dose sufficient to elevate a temperature of In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy at least a portion of cells proximate the catheter device 102 emitters 220 is configured to emit an energy stimulus of a from about 37°C. to less than about 60°C. In an embodiment, dose sufficient to induce PCD in a pathogen within a fluid at least one of the one or more energy emitters 220 is config received within at least one of the one or more fluid-flow ured to deliver a pulsed thermal sterilizing stimulus of a dose passageways 110. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or sufficient to elevate a temperature of at least a portion of cells more energy emitters 220 is configured to deliver an energy proximate the catheter device 102 from about 37° C. to less stimulus of a dose sufficient to induce poration (e.g., elec 10 than about 47°C. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or troporation) of a plasma membrane in at least a portion of more energy emitters 220 is configured to deliver a pulsed cells proximate the catheter device 102. In an embodiment, thermal sterilizing stimulus 37° C. of a dose sufficient to the one or more energy emitters 220 include at least one elevate a temperature of at least a portion of cells proximate ultraviolet energy emitter. In an embodiment, the one or more the catheter device 102 from about 37° C. to less than about energy emitters 220 are configured to deliver a sufficient 15 45° C. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more amount of an optical energy to initiate ultraviolet energy energy emitters 220 is configured to deliver a pulsed thermal induced PCD. In an embodiment, the one or more energy sterilizing stimulus of a dose Sufficient to elevate a tempera emitters 220 include at least one ultraviolet B energy emitter. ture of at least a portion of cells proximate the catheter device In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 102 from about 37°C. to less than about 42°C. In an embodi include at least one ultraViolet C energy emitter. In an ment, at least one of the one or more energy emitters 220 is embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy emitters configured to deliver a pulsed thermal sterilizing stimulus of 220 is a germicidal light emitter. In an embodiment, at least a dose Sufficient to elevate a temperature of at least a portion one of the one or more energy emitters 220 is an ultraviolet C of cells proximate the catheter device 102 from about 37°C. light emitting diode. to a temperature ranging from greater than about 41° C. to less In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes, among 25 than about 63° C. other things, one or more energy emitters 220 configured to In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are emit a pulsed thermal sterilizing stimulus of a dose sufficient configured to direct optical energy along the optical path for to induce PCD without substantially inducing necrosis of at a duration Sufficient to interact with a biological sample least a portion of cells proximate the catheter device 102 in received within one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. For response to a detected measurand. In an embodiment, at least 30 example, in an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters one of the one or more energy emitters 220 is configured to 220 are configured to generate one or more non-ionizing laser emit a pulsed thermal sterilizing stimulus of a dose sufficient pulses in an amount and for a duration sufficient to induce the to induce PCD without substantially inducing necrosis of an formation of Sound waves associated with changes in a bio infectious agent within a tissue proximate the catheter device logical mass present along an optical path. In an embodiment, 102 in response to a detect level of an infectious agent. In an 35 the one or more energy emitters 220 are configured to direct embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy emitters a pulsed optical energy waveform along an optical path of a 220 is configured to deliver a pulsed thermal sterilizing stimu dose Sufficient to cause a biological mass, a portion of cells, a lus of a dose Sufficient to induce thermally enhanced poration sample, or the like within a focal volume interrogated by the of a plasma membrane in at least a portion of cells within a pulsed optical energy waveform to temporarily expand. In an tissue proximate the catheter device 102. In an embodiment, 40 embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are con at least of the one or more energy emitters 220 is configured figured to direct a pulsed optical energy stimulus along an to deliver a pulsed thermal sterilizing stimulus of a dose optical path in an amount and for a duration Sufficient to elicit Sufficient to induce poration of a plasma membrane in at least the formation of acoustic waves associated with changes in a a portion of cells on a surface of the catheter device 102. biological mass present along the optical path. In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are 45 In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are operable to emit a Sufficient amount of a pulsed sterilizing configured to direct a pulsed optical energy waveform along stimulus to increase the temperature of at least a portion of an optical path of a dose Sufficient to cause at least a portion cells proximate a surface of the catheter device 102. In an of cells within a focal volume interrogated by the pulsed embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are oper optical energy waveform to temporarily expand. In an able to emit a Sufficient amount of a pulsed sterilizing stimu 50 embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are con lus to increase the temperature of at least a portion cells within figured to direct a pulsed optical energy waveform along an a biological sample received within at least one of the one or optical pathin an amount and fora duration Sufficient to cause more fluid-flow passageways 110. For example, in an at least a portion of cells within a focal Volume interrogated embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are oper by the pulsed optical energy waveform to temporarily fluo able to emita Sufficient amount of a pulsed thermal sterilizing 55 resce. In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 stimulus to increase the temperature of at least a portion of are further configured to direct a portion of an emitted optical cells proximate the catheter device 102 by about 3° C. to energy to a sensor component in optical communication about 22°C. along the optical path. In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are operable to emit a sufficient amount of a pulsed thermal 60 concurrently or sequentially deliver one or more electromag sterilizing stimulus to increase the temperature of at least a netic stimuli, electrical stimuli, acoustic stimuli, or thermal portion of cells proximate the catheter device 102 by about 3° stimuli, in Vivo, to at least one of a target sample, a biological C. to about 10°C. In an embodiment, the one or more energy sample, an infectious agent, or the like received within at least emitters 220 are operable to emit a sufficient amount of a one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an pulsed thermal sterilizing stimulus to increase the tempera 65 embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy emitters ture of at least a portion of cells proximate the catheter device 220 is photonically coupleable to at least one of an interior or 102 by about 3° C. to about 4° C. an exterior of one or more of the one or more fluid-flow US 8,585,627 B2 39 40 passageways 110 via one or more energy waveguides 202. In deliver a spatially or temporally patterned energy stimulus. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy emit an embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy emit ters 220 is configured to emit an energy stimulus from an ters 220 is configured to emit a multiplex energy stimulus interior of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passage having two or more peak emission wavelengths. In an ways to an exterior of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow embodiment, a multiplex energy stimulus can be routed to passageways 110. respective waveguides 202 based on a wavelength, an inten In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 sity, a spectral power distribution, a waveguide-specific provide a Voltage across at least a portion of cells in the address, a polarization, or the like. In an embodiment, the vicinity of the catheter device 102. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more polarization rotators Voltage is of a dose sufficient to exceed a nominal dielectric 10 operably coupled to at least one of the one or more energy strength of at least one cell plasma membrane. In an embodi emitters 220. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or ment, the Voltage is of a dose Sufficient to exceed a nominal more energy emitters 220 is operably coupled to one or more dielectric strength of a cell plasma membrane without Sub polarization rotators. stantially interfering with a normal operation of the implant In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other able shunt system 100 or the catheter device 102. 15 things, one or more energy emitters 220 configured to provide In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are a spatially patterned energy stimulus having at least a first implanted within a biological Subject. In an embodiment, the region and a second region different from the first region. In one or more energy emitters 220 are configured to apply an embodiment, the first region comprises one of a spatially energy (e.g., electrical energy, electromagnetic energy, ther patterned electromagnetic energy stimulus, a spatially pat mal energy, ultrasonic energy, or the like, or combinations terned electrical energy stimulus, a spatially patterned ultra thereof) to tissue proximate a catheter device 102 to, for Sonic energy stimulus, or a spatially patterned thermal energy example, treat or prevent an infection (e.g., an implant-asso stimulus, and the second region comprises a different one of ciated infection, hematogenous implant-associated infection, a spatially patterned electromagnetic energy stimulus, a spa or the like), a hematological abnormality, or the like. In an tially patterned electrical energy stimulus, a spatially pat embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are con 25 terned ultrasonic energy stimulus, or a spatially patterned figured to apply energy to tissue proximate a catheter device thermal energy stimulus. In an embodiment, the second 102 to promote at least one of a tissue healing process, a tissue region comprises at least one of an emission intensity, an growing process, a tissue scarring process, or the like. In an emission phase, an emission polarization, or an emission embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are con wavelength different from the first region. In an embodiment, figured to apply energy of a dose Sufficient to tissue proximate 30 the second region comprises a peak irradiance different from an implant to inhibit a tissue scarring process. In an embodi the first region. ment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are configured to In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more apply energy to tissue proximate an implant to treat, prevent, spatially patterned energy emitters 235. In an embodiment, inhibit, or reduce post-operative adhesion, fibrin sheath for the system 100 includes, among other things, one or more mation, or scartissue formation. In an embodiment, the one or 35 spaced-apart energy emitters 237. In an embodiment, the more energy emitters 220 are configured to apply an energy system 100 includes, among other things, one or more pat stimulus to tissue proximate a catheter device 102 to treat, terned energy emitters 239. Patterned energy emitters 239 can prevent, inhibit, or reduce the presence or concentration of an be sized and shaped to provide a spatially patterned energy infectious agent within at least a portion of the tissue proxi stimulus to, for example, a region proximate a catheter device mate the catheter device 102. 40 102. In an embodiment, a plurality of energy emitters 220 In an embodiment, the one or more energy emitters 220 are provides a spatially patterned energy stimulus. The spatially concurrently or sequentially deliver at least a first energy patterned energy stimulus can take a variety forms, configu stimulus and a second energy stimulus, the second energy rations, and geometrical patterns including for example, but stimulus different from the first energy stimulus. In an not limited to, lines, circles, ellipses, triangles, rectangles, embodiment, the second energy stimulus differs in at least 45 polygons, any regular or irregular geometrical patterns, one one of a spatial energy distribution and a temporal energy dimensional patterns, two-dimensional patterns, three-di distribution. In an embodiment, the first energy stimulus com mensional patterns, or the like, and any combination thereof. prises an electromagnetic energy stimulus, an In an embodiment, a plurality of energy emitters 220 includes electrical energy stimulus, an ultrasonic energy stimulus, or a a patterned energy-emitting source. In an embodiment, at thermal energy stimulus, and the second energy stimulus 50 least one of the one or more energy emitters 220 includes at comprises a different one of an electromagnetic energy stimu least one of a patterned electromagnetic energy-emitting lus, an electrical energy stimulus, an ultrasonic energy stimu Source, a patterned electrical energy-emitting source, a pat lus, or a thermal energy stimulus. terned ultrasonic energy-emitting Source, or a patterned ther In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy mal energy-emitting source. In an embodiment, at least one of emitters 220 is configured to provide an illumination pattern 55 the one or more energy emitters 220 includes a patterned comprising at least a first region and a second region. In an electrode. embodiment, the second region includes at least one of an In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes at least illumination intensity, an energy-emitting pattern, a peak a first energy emitter and a second energy emitter. In an emission wavelength, an ON-pulse duration, an OFF-pulse embodiment, the second energy emitter is configured to emit duration, or a pulse frequency different from the first region. 60 an energy stimulus having an emission wavelength different In an embodiment, the second region includes at least one of from an energy stimulus emitted by the first energy emitter. In a spatial pattern or a temporal pattern different from the first an embodiment, the second energy emitter is configured to region. emit an energy stimulus having a polarization different from In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy an energy stimulus emitted by the first energy emitter. emitters 220 is operably coupled to a plurality of energy 65 In an embodiment, one or more of the energy emitters 220 waveguides 202 (e.g., a plurality of selectively actuatable are configured to concurrently or sequentially emit at least a energy waveguides 202a, or the like) that are configured to first energy stimulus to an interior 108 of one or more fluid US 8,585,627 B2 41 42 flow passageways 104 and a second energy stimulus to an inner surface of the body structure 104. In an embodiment, exterior 106 of one or more fluid-flow passageways. In an one or more of the plurality of independently addressable embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes an optical com energy emitting components 274 are operably coupled to ponent that directs at least a portion of an emitted energy respective energy emitters 220 and are configured to direct an stimulus from one or more of the energy emitters 220 to one 5 emitted energy stimulus from the respective energy emitters or more of the plurality of selectively actuatable energy 220 to one or more regions proximate the body structure 104 waveguides 202a. based on a determined microorganism colonization event. In In an embodiment, the at least one of the one or more an embodiment, one or more of the plurality of independently energy emitters 220 is operably coupled to a router 222 hav addressable energy emitting components 274 are operably ing an output directed to two or more of the plurality of 10 coupled to respective energy emitters 220 and are configured selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a. In an to direct an emitted energy stimulus from the respective embodiment, the at least one of the one or more energy energy emitters 220 to one or more regions proximate at least emitters 220 is operably coupled to an optical router 224 one of the outer surface 106 and the inner surface 108 of the having one or more outputs directed to two or more of a body structure 104 based on a determined microorganism plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a. 15 colonization event. In an embodiment, the at least one of the one or more In an embodiment, the system 102 includes actuating energy emitters 220 is operably coupled to a first electromag means 272 for concurrently or sequentially actuating two or netic energy waveguide that is operably coupled to two or more of the plurality of independently addressable energy more of a selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a. In emitting components 274 in one or more regions determined an embodiment, the at least one of the one or more energy 20 to have a microorganism colonization event. In an embodi emitters 220 is operably coupled to a first electromagnetic ment, the actuating means 272 includes one or more Switches energy waveguide that is operably coupled to an optical router 218. In an embodiment, the actuating means 272 includes one 224 having one or more outputs directed to two or more of a or more switches 218 operably coupled to one or more com plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a. puting devices. In an embodiment, the actuating means 272 In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy 25 includes at least one computing device 230 configured to emitters 220 is photonically coupled to one or more of the generate a response that causes a Switching element to estab plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a. lish or interrupt a connection between the selectively actuat In an embodiment, the at least one of the one or more energy able energy waveguides and respective one or more energy emitters 220 is photonically coupled to an interior environ emitters 220. ment of the body structure 104 via at least one of the plurality 30 In an embodiment, the one or more switches 218 include at of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a. In an least one acoustically active material. In an embodiment, the embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy emitters one or more switches 218 include at least one electro-me 220 is photonically coupled to an exterior environment of the chanical Switch. In an embodiment, the one or more Switches body structure 104 via at least one of the plurality of selec 218 include at least one electro-optic switch. In an embodi tively actuatable energy waveguides 202a. In an embodiment, 35 ment, the one or more switches 218 include at least one at least one of the one or more energy emitters 220 is config acousto-optic Switch. In an embodiment, the one or more ured to emit an energy stimulus from an interior to an exterior switches 218 include at least one optical switch. In an of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. embodiment, the actuating means 272 includes at least one of In an embodiment, one or more of the energy emitters 220 an electro-mechanical Switch, an electro-optic Switch, an are configured to concurrently or sequentially provide one or 40 acousto-optic Switch, or an optical Switch. more electromagnetic stimuli, electrical stimuli, ultrasonic In an embodiment, the actuating means 272 includes at stimuli, or thermal stimuli. In an embodiment, one or more of least one computing device 230 operably coupled to one or the energy emitters 220 are configured to concurrently or more Switches. In an embodiment, the actuating means 272 sequentially provide at least a first energy stimulus and a includes at least one optical antifuse. In an embodiment, the second energy stimulus. 45 actuating means 272 includes a movable component having In an embodiment, the second energy stimulus differs from an optical energy reflecting Substrate. In an embodiment, the the first energy stimulus. For example, in an embodiment, the movable component is actuated by an electromagnetic energy second energy stimulus includes an electromagnetic energy stimulus generated by one or more energy emitters 220, and stimulus, an electrical energy stimulus, an ultrasonic energy configured to guide an optical energy along at least one of the stimulus, or a thermal energy stimulus different from the first 50 plurality of independently addressable energy emitting com energy stimulus. In an embodiment, the second energy stimu ponents 274 when actuated. In an embodiment, the actuating lus includes at least one of a peak emission wavelength, a means 272 is configured to concurrently or sequentially actu repetition rate, or a bandwidth different from the first energy ate two or more of the plurality of independently addressable stimulus. In an embodiment, the second energy stimulus energy emitting components 274 in one or more regions includes at least one of an irradiance, a spectral power distri- 55 based on a determined microorganism colonization event. bution, or a peak power different from the first energy stimu With continued reference to FIG. 2, in an embodiment the lus. system 100 includes, among other things, at least one com In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other puting device 230 including one or more processors 232 (e.g., things, a plurality of independently addressable energy emit microprocessors), central processing units (CPUs) 234, digi ting components 274 disposed along alongitudinal axis of the 60 tal signal processors (DSPs) 236, application-specific inte catheter device 102. In an embodiment, the independently grated circuits (ASICs) 238, field programmable gate arrays addressable energy emitting components 274 include one or (FPGAs) 240, controllers, or the like, or any combinations more waveguides 202 operably coupled to one or more thereof, and can include discrete digital or analog circuit energy emitters 220. In an embodiment, the plurality of inde elements or electronics, or combinations thereof. In an pendently addressable energy emitting components 274 is 65 embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other things, configured to direct an emitted energy stimulus to one or more one or more field programmable gate arrays 240 having a regions proximate at least one of the outer Surface and the plurality of programmable logic components. In an embodi US 8,585,627 B2 43 44 ment, the system 100 includes, among other things, one or ers 280 include one or more of analog-to-digital converters, more application specific integrated circuits having a plural signal amplifier, matching networks, oscillators, power ity of predefined logic components. amplifiers, RF receive coils, RF synthesizers, or signal filters. In an embodiment, at least one computing device 230 is In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more operably coupled to one or more energy emitters 220 and one transceivers 282 (e.g., RF transceivers) configured to gener or more energy waveguide 202. In an embodiment, the system ate RF excitation pulses that interacts with, for example, an in 100 includes one or more computing devices 230 configured Vivo target. to concurrently or sequentially operate multiple energy emit In an embodiment, the system 100 includes control cir ters 220. In an embodiment the computing device 230 com cuitry operably coupled to the one or more selectively actu prises at least one controller. In an embodiment, at least one 10 atable energy waveguides 202a and configured to control at computing device 230 is operably coupled to one or more least one of a spaced-apart configuration parameter, an elec energy waveguide 202. In an embodiment, one or more of the tromagnetic energy spatial distribution parameter, or an elec energy waveguides 202 are configured for selectively actua tromagnetic energy temporal distribution parameter associ tion via one or more computing devices 230. ated with the delivery of the patterned energy stimulus. In an In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more 15 embodiment, at least one computing device 230 is operably catheter devices 102 including, among other things, one or coupled to one or more selectively actuatable energy more receivers 280, transceivers 282, or transmitters 284. In waveguides 202a and configured to control at least one of a an embodiment, at least one of the one or more receiver 280, delivery regiment, a spatial distribution, or a temporal distri transceivers 282, and transmitters 284, can be, for example, bution associated with the delivery of the patterned energy wirelessly coupled to a computing device 230 that commu stimulus. In an embodiment, the one or more computing nicates with a control unit of the system 100 via wireless devices 230 are configured to actuate at least one of the communication. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or plurality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a in more receivers 280 and transceivers 282 is configured to response to a scheduled program, an external command, a acquire information associated with a set of targets, markers, history of a previous microbial presence, or a history of a or the like for detection. In an embodiment, at least one of the 25 previous actuation. one or more receivers 280 and transceivers 282 is configured In an embodiment, one or more computing devices 230 are to acquire information associated with a set of physiological configured to automatically control at least one waveform characteristic for detection. In an embodiment, at least one of characteristic (e.g., intensity, frequency, peak power, spectral the one or more receivers 280 and transceivers 282 is config power distribution, pulse intensity, pulse duration, pulse ratio, ured to acquire information associated with one or more 30 pulse repetition rate, or the like) associated with the delivery physiological characteristics for detection. In an embodi of one or more energy stimuli. For example, pulsed waves can ment, at least one of the one or more receivers 280 and be characterized by the fraction of time the energy stimulus is transceivers 282 is configured to acquire information associ present over one pulse period. This fraction is called the duty ated with one or more cerebrospinal fluid characteristics for cycle and is calculated by dividing the pulse time ON by the detection. 35 total time of a pulse period (e.g., time ON plus time OFF). In In an embodiment, at least one receiver 280 is configured to an embodiment, a pulse generator 242 is configured to elec acquire information associated with a delivery of an energy tronically generate pulsed periods and non-pulsed (or inac stimulus. In an embodiment, the at least one receiver 280 is tive) periods. configured to acquire data. In an embodiment, the at least one In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more receiver 280 is configured to acquire software. In an embodi 40 catheter devices 102 including for example, but not limited to, ment, the at least one receiver 280 is configured to receive circuitry for providing information. In an embodiment, the data from one or more distal sensors. In an embodiment, the circuitry for providing information includes circuitry for pro at least one receiver 280 is configured to receive stored ref viding status information regarding the implantable device. erence data. In an embodiment, the at least one receiver 280 is In an embodiment, the circuitry for providing information configured to acquire at least one of instructions, instructions 45 includes circuitry for providing information regarding at least associated with a delivery of an energy stimulus, instructions one characteristic associated with a biological Subject. For associated with a delivery of an active agent, information example, in an embodiment, the circuitry for providing infor associated with a biological sample, instructions associated mation includes circuitry for providing information regarding with a biological fluid, instructions associated with a disease at least one characteristic associated with a tissue or biologi state, or the like. 50 cal fluid proximate the catheter device 102. In an embodi In an embodiment, the at least one receiver 280 is config ment, the circuitry for providing information includes cir ured to acquire information based at least in part on a detected cuitry for providing information regarding at least one characteristic associated with a cerebrospinal fluid received physiological characteristic associated with the biological within at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways Subject. In an embodiment, the circuitry for providing infor 110. In an embodiment, the at least one receiver 280 is con 55 mation includes circuitry for providing information regarding figured to acquire information based at least in part on a at least one characteristic associated with a biological sample detected characteristic associated with a tissue proximate the of the biological subject. In an embodiment, the circuitry for one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, providing information includes circuitry for providing infor the at least one receiver 280 is configured to acquire informa mation regarding at least one characteristic associated with a tion based at least in part on a detected physiological charac 60 tissue proximate the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. teristic associated with the biological Subject. In an embodi In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more ment, the at least one receiver 280 is configured to acquire catheter devices 102 including for example, but not limited to, information associated with delivery of an active agent. circuitry for transmitting information. In an embodiment, the In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more at least one transmitter 284 is configured to send information receivers 280 configured to acquire spectral information (e.g., 65 based at least in part on a detected characteristic associated radio frequency (RF) information) emitted by an in vivo with a cerebrospinal fluid received within at least one of the biological sample. In an embodiment, the one or more receiv one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, US 8,585,627 B2 45 46 the at least one transmitter 284 is configured to send a request includes at least one computing device 230 communicably for transmission of at least one of data, a command, an autho coupled to one or more energy waveguides 202, and config rization, an update, or a code. ured to control at least one parameter associated with selec In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more tively actuating one or more energy waveguides 202. catheter devices 102 including for example, but not limited to, 5 For example, in an embodiment, the computing device 230 one or more cryptographic logic components 286. In an is configured to control at least one parameter associated with embodiment, at least one of the one or more cryptographic an emission intensity, an emission phase, an emission polar logic components 286 are configured to implement at least ization, an emission power, or an emission wavelength of an one cryptographic process, or cryptographic logic, or combi energy stimulus. In an embodiment, the computing device nations thereof. Non-limiting examples of a cryptographic 10 230 is configured to control at least one parameter associated process include one or more processes associated with cryp with an intensity, an irradiance (I), a peak power (P), a tographic protocols, decryption protocols, encryption proto phase, a polarization, or a spectral power distribution (SPD) cols, regulatory compliance protocols (e.g., FDA regulatory of an energy stimulus. In an embodiment, the computing compliance protocols, or the like), regulatory use protocols, device 230 is configured to control at least one parameter authentication protocols, authorization protocols, treatment 15 associated with a spatial illumination field modulation, a regimen protocols, activation protocols, encryption proto spatial illumination field intensity, or a spatial illumination cols, decryption protocols, or the like. Non-limiting examples delivery pattern. In an embodiment, the computing device of a cryptographic logic include one or more crypto-algo 230 is configured to control at least one of an excitation rithms signal-bearing media, crypto controllers (e.g., crypto intensity, an excitation frequency, an excitation pulse fre processors), cryptographic modules (e.g., hardware, firm quency, an excitation pulse ratio, an excitation pulse intensity, ware, or software, or combinations thereof for implementing an excitation pulse duration time, an excitation pulse fre cryptographic logic, or cryptographic processes), or the like. quency, or an excitation pulse repetition rate. In an embodi In an embodiment, the cryptographic logic component 286 ment, the computing device 230 is configured to control at is configured to implement at least one cryptographic process least one of a bandwidth, a frequency, a repetition rate, an or cryptographic logic. In an embodiment, the cryptographic 25 energy-emitting pattern, an OFF-pulse duration, an OFF-rate, logic component 286 is configured to implement one or more an ON-pulse duration, or an ON-rate. processes associated with at least one of a cryptographic In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 is, for example, protocol, a decryption protocol, an encryption protocol, a wirelessly coupled to a computing device 230 that commu regulatory compliance protocol, a regulatory use protocol, an nicates with the catheter device 102 via wireless communi authentication protocol, an authorization protocol, a delivery 30 cation. Non-limiting examples of wireless communication protocol, an activation protocol, an encryption protocol, or a include optical connections, ultraviolet connections, infrared, decryption protocol. In an embodiment, the cryptographic BLUETOOTHR, Internet connections, radio, network con logic component 286 includes one or more crypto-algo nections, or the like. rithms, signal-bearing media, crypto controllers, or crypto In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes at least graphic modules. 35 one computing device 230 configured to control one or more In an embodiment, the cryptographic logic component 286 parameter associated with the operation of the catheter device is configured to generate information associated with at least 102. For example, in an embodiment, the catheter device 102 one of an authentication protocol, an authorization protocol, includes at least one computing device 230 operably coupled a delivery protocol (e.g., a sterilizing energy stimulus deliv to one or more of the energy emitters 220 and configured to ery protocol), an activation protocol, an encryption protocol, 40 control at least one parameter associated with the delivery of or a decryption protocol. In an embodiment, the crypto the energy stimulus. In an embodiment, the at least one com graphic logic component 286 is configured to generate infor puting device 230 is configured to control at least one of a mation associated with at least one of an authorization duration time, an amount of energy, an excitation amount, an instruction, an authentication instruction, a prescription dos excitation type, a delivery location, or a spatial-pattern stimu ing instruction, a sterilizing energy stimulus administration 45 lation configuration associated with the delivery of the energy instruction, or a prescribed regimen instruction. stimulus. In an embodiment, the cryptographic logic component 286 In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other is configured to generate information associated with at least things, one or more memories 250 that, for example, store one of an instruction stream, an encrypted data stream, an instructions or data, for example, Volatile memory (e.g., Ran authentication data stream, oran authorization data stream. In 50 dom. Access Memory (RAM) 252, Dynamic Random Access an embodiment, the cryptographic logic component 286 is Memory (DRAM), or the like), non-volatile memory (e.g., configured to generate information associated with at least Read-Only Memory (ROM) 254, Electrically Erasable Pro one of an activation code, an error code, a command code, or grammable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), Compact Disc an authorization code. In an embodiment, the cryptographic Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM), or the like), persistent logic component 286 is configured to generate information 55 memory, or the like. Further non-limiting examples of one or associated with at least one of a cryptographic protocol, a more memories 250 include Erasable Programmable Read decryption protocol, an encryption protocol, a regulatory Only Memory (EPROM), flash memory, or the like. Various compliance protocol, or regulatory use protocol. components of the catheter device 102 (e.g., memories 250, In an embodiment, the system 100 includes at least one processors 232, or the like) can be operably coupled to each computing device 230 communicably coupled to one or more 60 other via one or more instruction, data, or power buses 256. energy emitters 220 and configured to control at least one of In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other a duration time, an amount of energy (e.g., a fluence, peak things, one or more databases 258. In an embodiment, a power, average power, spectral power distribution, opera database 258 includes spectral information configured as a tional fluence, or the like), a delivery schedule, a delivery physical data structure. In an embodiment, a database 258 pattern, a delivery regimen, an excitation amount, an excita 65 includes at least one of inflammation indication parameter tion type, or a delivery location associated with the delivery of data, infection indication parameter data, diseased tissue indi an energy stimulus. In an embodiment, the system 100 cation parameter data, or the like. In an embodiment, a data US 8,585,627 B2 47 48 base 258 includes at least one of absorption coefficient data, sample spectral information (e.g., biological fluid spectral extinction coefficient data, Scattering coefficient data, or the information, tissue spectral information, fat spectral informa like. In an embodiment, a database 258 includes at least one of tion, muscle spectral information, bone spectral information, stored reference data Such as infection marker data, inflam blood component spectral information, biomarker spectral mation marker data, infective stress marker data, a systemic information, infectious agent spectral information, or the inflammatory response syndrome data, sepsis marker data, or like). In an embodiment, the response includes generating at the like. least one of a visual, an audio, a haptic, or a tactile represen In an embodiment, a database 258 includes information tation of at least one physical or biochemical characteristic associated with a disease state of a biological Subject. In an associated with a biological Subject. embodiment, a database 258 includes measurement data. In 10 an embodiment, a database 258 includes at least one of psy In an embodiment, the response includes initiating one or chosis state indication information, psychosis trait indication more treatment protocols. In an embodiment, the response information, or predisposition for a psychosis indication includes activating one or more sterilization protocols. In an information. In an embodiment, a database 258 includes at embodiment, the response includes initiating at least one least one of infection indication information, inflammation 15 treatment regimen. In an embodiment, the response includes indication information, diseased State indication information, delivering an energy stimulus. In an embodiment, the or diseased tissue indication information. In an embodiment, response includes delivering an active agent. In an embodi a database 258 includes at least one of cryptographic protocol ment, the response includes concurrently or sequentially information, regulatory compliance protocol information delivering an energy stimulus and an active agent. (e.g., FDA regulatory compliance protocol information, or In an embodiment, the response includes at least one of a the like), regulatory use protocol information, authentication response signal, a control signal, a change to a sterilizing protocol information, authorization protocol information, stimulus parameter (e.g., an electrical sterilizing stimulus, an delivery regimen protocol information, activation protocol electromagnetic sterilizing stimulus, an acoustic sterilizing information, encryption protocol information, decryption stimulus, or a thermal sterilizing stimulus), or the like. In an protocol information, treatment protocol information, or the 25 embodiment, the response includes at least one of a change in like. In an embodiment, a database 258 includes at least one of an excitation intensity, a change in an excitation frequency, a energy stimulus control delivery information, energy emitter change in an excitation pulse frequency, a change in an exci 220 control information, power control information, energy tation pulse ratio, a change in an excitation pulse intensity, a waveguide 202 control information, or the like. change in an excitation pulse duration time, a change in an In an embodiment, the system 100 is configured to com 30 excitation pulse repetition rate, or the like. pare an input associated with at least one characteristic asso In an embodiment, the response includes at least one of a ciated with a biological subject to a database 258 of stored change to a sterilizing stimulus spatial pattern parameter reference values, and to generate a response based in part on (e.g., an electrical sterilizing stimulus spatial pattern param the comparison. In an embodiment, the system 100 is config eter, an electromagnetic sterilizing stimulus spatial pattern ured to compare an input associated with at least one physi 35 parameter, an acoustic sterilizing stimulus spatial pattern ological characteristic associated with a biological Subject to parameter, or a thermal sterilizing stimulus spatial pattern a database 258 of stored reference values, and to generate a parameter), or a change in a sterilizing stimulus delivery response based in part on the comparison. regiment parameter (e.g., an electrical sterilizing stimulus In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic associated delivery regiment parameter, an electromagnetic sterilizing with a biological subject includes real-time detected informa 40 stimulus delivery regiment parameter, an acoustic sterilizing tion associated with a sample (e.g., tissue, biological fluid, stimulus delivery regiment parameter, or a thermal sterilizing infections agent, biomarker, or the like) proximate a catheter stimulus delivery regiment parameter), or the like. device 102. In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic In an embodiment, the response includes at least one of associated with a biological Subject includes a measurand activating an authorization protocol, activating an authenti detected at a plurality of time intervals. In an embodiment, the 45 cation protocol, activating a software update protocol, acti at least one characteristic associated with a biological Subject Vating a data transfer protocol, or activating an infection includes real-time detected information associated with a sterilization diagnostic protocol. In an embodiment, the sample (e.g., a biological fluid) received within one or more response includes sending information associated with at fluid-flow passageways 110. least one of an authentication protocol, an authorization pro In an embodiment, the system 100 is configured to com 50 tocol, a delivery protocol, an activation protocol, an encryp pare an input associated with at least one characteristic asso tion protocol, or a decryption protocol. ciated with a biological sample proximate the catheter device In an embodiment, a database 258 includes at least one of 102 (e.g., received within one or more fluid-flow passage stored reference data Such as characteristic biological sample ways 110, on or near a surface of the body structure 104, or the (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid) component signature data, charac like) to a database 258 of stored reference values, and to 55 teristic blood component signature data, characteristic tissue generate a response based in part on the comparison. In an signature data, or the like. In an embodiment, a database 258 embodiment, the response includes at least one of a visual includes information indicative of one or more spectral events representation, an audio representation (e.g., an alarm, an associated with transmitted optical energy or a remitted opti audio waveform representation of a tissue region, or the like), cal energy from at least one of a biological tissue orbiological a haptic representation, and a tactile representation (e.g., a 60 fluid. tactile diagram, a tactile display, a tactile graph, a tactile In an embodiment, a database 258 includes at least one of interactive depiction, a tactile model (e.g., a multidimen cerebrospinal fluid spectral information, blood spectral infor sional model of an infected tissue region, or the like), a tactile mation, tissue spectral information, fat spectral information, pattern (e.g., a refreshable Braille display), a tactile-audio muscle spectral information, and bone spectral information. display, a tactile-audio graph, or the like). In an embodiment, 65 In an embodiment, a database 258 includes at least one of the response includes generating at least one of a visual, an modeled tissue (e.g., blood, bone, muscle, tendons, organs, audio, a haptic, or a tactile representation of biological fluid-filled cysts, ventricles, or the like) spectral information US 8,585,627 B2 49 50 or modeled biological fluid spectral information. In an that stores instructions configured to cause the processor 232 embodiment, a database 258 includes modeled biological to generate a second response from information encoded in a sample spectral information. data structure 260. In an embodiment, a database 258 includes at least one of In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other inflammation indication parameter data, infection indication 5 things, one or more computer-readable memory media parameter data, diseased tissue indication parameter data, or (CRMM) 262 having biofilm marker information configured the like. In an embodiment, a database 258 includes at least as a data structure 260. In an embodiment, the data structure one of absorption coefficient data, extinction coefficient data, 260 includes a characteristic information section having char scattering coefficient data, or the like. In an embodiment, a acteristic microbial colonization spectral information repre database 258 includes stored reference data such as charac 10 sentative of the presence of a microbial colonization proxi mate at least one of the outer surface 106 or the inner surface teristic spectral signature data. In an embodiment, a database 108 of the body structure 104. In an embodiment, the data 258 includes stored reference data such as infection marker structure 260 includes infection marker information. In an data, inflammation marker data, infective stress marker data, embodiment, the data structure 260 includes biofilm marker a systemic inflammatory response syndrome data, sepsis 15 information. marker data, or the like. In an embodiment, a database 258 In an embodiment, the data structure 260 includes a char includes information associated with a disease state of a bio acteristic information component including metabolite infor logical subject. In an embodiment, a database 258 includes mation associated with a microorganism colonization event. user-specific measurement data. In an embodiment, the data structure 260 includes a charac In an embodiment, the system 100 is configured to com teristic information component including temporal metabo pare an input associated with a biological Subject to a data lite information or spatial metabolite information associated base 258 of stored reference values, and to generate a with a microorganism colonization event. In an embodiment, response based in part on the comparison. In an embodiment, the data structure 260 includes a characteristic information the system 100 is configured to compare an output of one or component including oxygen concentration gradient infor more of the plurality of logic components and to determine at 25 mation associated with a microorganism colonization event. least one parameter associated with a cluster centroid devia In an embodiment, the data structure 260 includes a charac tion derived from the comparison. In an embodiment, the teristic information component including pH information system 100 is configured to compare a measurand associated associated with a microorganism colonization event. In an with the biological subject to a threshold value associated embodiment, the data structure 260 includes a characteristic with a spectral model and to generate a response based on the 30 information component including nutrient information asso comparison. In an embodiment, the system 100 is configured ciated with a microorganism colonization event. In an to generate the response based on the comparison of a mea embodiment, the data structure 260 includes a characteristic surand that modulates with a detected heartbeat of the bio information component including spectral information asso logical Subject to a target value associated with a spectral ciate with a biofilm-specific tag. model. 35 In an embodiment, the data structure 260 includes a char In an embodiment, the system 100 is configured to com acteristic information component including optical density pare the measurand associated with the biological Subject to information. In an embodiment, the data structure 260 the threshold value associated with a spectral model and to includes a characteristic information component including generate a real-time estimation of an infection state based on opacity information. In an embodiment, the data structure the comparison. In an embodiment, the system 100 is config 40 260 includes a characteristic information component includ ured to compare an input associated with at least one charac ing refractivity information. In an embodiment, the data teristic associated with, for example, a tissue proximate a structure 260 includes a characteristic information compo catheter device 102 to a database 258 of stored reference nent including characteristic infection marker spectral infor values, and to generate a response based in part on the com mation. In an embodiment, the data structure 260 includes a parison. 45 characteristic information component including characteris In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other tic infective stress marker spectral information. In an embodi things, one or more data structures (e.g., physical data struc ment, the data structure 260 includes a characteristic infor tures) 260. In an embodiment, a data structure 260 includes mation component including characteristic sepsis maker information associated with at least one parameter associated spectral information. with a tissue water content, an oxy-hemoglobin concentra 50 In an embodiment, the data structure 260 includes at least tion, a deoxyhemoglobin concentration, an oxygenated one of psychosis state marker information, psychosis trait hemoglobin absorption parameter, a deoxygenated hemoglo marker information, or psychosis indication information. In bin absorption parameter, a tissue light scattering parameter, an embodiment, the data structure 260 includes at least one of a tissue light absorption parameter, a hematological param psychosis state indication information, psychosis trait indi eter, a pH level, or the like. In an embodiment, the system 100 55 cation information, or predisposition for a psychosis indica includes, among other things, at least one of inflammation tion information. In an embodiment, the data structure 260 indication parameter data, infection indication parameter includes at least one of infection indication information, data, diseased tissue indication parameter data, or the like inflammation indication information, diseased State indica configured as a data structure 260. In an embodiment, a data tion information, or diseased tissue indication information. structure 260 includes information associated with least one 60 In an embodiment, a data structure 260 includes biological parameter associated with a cytokine plasma concentration or sample spectral information. In an embodiment, the data an acute phase protein plasma concentration. In an embodi structure 260 includes one or more heuristically determined ment, a data structure 260 includes information associated parameters associated with at least one in vivo or in vitro with a disease state of a biological Subject. In an embodiment, determined metric. For example, information associated with a data structure 260 includes measurement data. In an 65 a biological sample can be determined by one or more in vivo embodiment, the computing device 230 includes a processor or in vitro technologies or methodologies including, for 232 configured to execute instructions, and a memory 250 example, remittance (reflectance, etc.) spectroscopy, high US 8,585,627 B2 51 52 resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, nano state of a biological Subject. In an embodiment, a data struc probe nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in vivo ture 260 includes measurement data. micro-dialysis, flow cytometry, or the like. Non-limiting Referring to FIG. 5, in an embodiment, the system 100 examples of heuristics include a heuristic protocol, heuristic includes, among other things, one or more computer-readable algorithm, threshold information, a threshold level, a target media drives 264, interface sockets, Universal Serial Bus parameter, or the like. in an embodiment, the system 100 (USB) ports, memory card slots, or the like, or one or more includes, among other things, a means for generating one or input/output components 266 Such as, for example, a graphi more heuristically determined parameters associated with at cal user interface 268, a display, a keyboard 270, a keypad, a least one in vivo or in vitro determined metric including at trackball, a joystick, a touch-screen, amouse, a Switch, a dial, 10 or the like, and any other peripheral device. In an embodi least one computing device 230 and one or more data struc ment, the system 100 includes one or more user input/output tures 260 having heuristic modeling information. In an components 266 that operably couple to at least one comput embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other things, a ing device 230 to control (electrical, electromechanical, soft means for generating a response based on a comparison, of a ware-implemented, firmware-implemented, or other control, detected at least one of an emitted energy or a remitted energy 15 or combinations thereof) at least one parameter associated to at least one heuristically determined parameter, including with the energy delivery associated with one or more of the at least one computing device 230, one or more sensor com energy emitters 220. ponents 502, or one or more data structures 260. In an In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other things, things, one or more modules optionally operable for commu means for generating a response based on a comparison, of a nication with one or more input/output components 266 that detected at least one of an emitted energy or a remitted energy are configured to relay user output and/or input. In an embodi to at least one heuristically determined parameter, including ment, a module includes one or more instances of electrical, one or more computing devices 230 and one or more data electromechanical, Software-implemented, firmware-imple structures 260 configured with characteristic information. mented, or other control devices. Such devices include one or In an embodiment, a data structure 260 includes one or 25 more instances of memory 250, computing devices 230, more heuristics. In an embodiment, the one or more heuristics ports, valves, fuses, antifuses, antennas, power, or other Sup include a heuristic for determining a rate of change associated plies; logic modules or other signaling modules; gauges or with at least one physical parameter associated with a bio other Such active or passive detection components; or piezo logical sample. For example, in an embodiment, the one or electric transducers, shape memory elements, micro-electro more heuristics include a heuristic for determining the pres 30 mechanical system (MEMS) elements, or other actuators. ence of an infectious agent. In an embodiment, the one or The computer-readable media drive 264 or memory slot more heuristics include a heuristic for determining at least can be configured to accept signal-bearing medium (e.g., one dimension of an infected tissue region. In an embodi computer-readable memory media, computer-readable ment, the one or more heuristics include a heuristic for deter recording media, or the like). In an embodiment, a program mining a location of an infection. In an embodiment, the one 35 for causing the system 100 to execute any of the disclosed or more heuristics include a heuristic for determining a rate of methods can be stored on, for example, a computer-readable change associated with a biochemical marker within the one recording medium (CRMM) 262, a signal-bearing medium, or more fluid-flow passageways 110. or the like. Non-limiting examples of signal-bearing media In an embodiment, the one or more heuristics include a include a recordable type medium Such as a magnetic tape, heuristic for determining a biochemical marker aggregation 40 floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital rate. In an embodiment, the one or more heuristics include a Video Disk (DVD), Blu-Ray Disc, a digital tape, a computer heuristic for determining a type of biochemical marker. In an memory, or the like, as well as transmission type medium embodiment, the one or more heuristics include aheuristic for Such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium generating at least one initial parameter. In an embodiment, (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communica the one or more heuristics include a heuristic for forming an 45 tions link, a wireless communication link (e.g., transmitter, initial parameter set from one or more initial parameters. In an receiver, transmission logic, reception logic, etc.), etc.). Fur embodiment, the one or more heuristics include aheuristic for ther non-limiting examples of signal-bearing media include, generating at least one initial parameter, and for forming an but are not limited to, DVD-ROM, DVD-RAM, DVD+RW, initial parameter set from the at least one initial parameter. In DVD-RW, DVD-R, DVD+R, CD-ROM, Super Audio CD, an embodiment, the one or more heuristics include at least 50 CD-R, CD+R, CD+RW, CD-RW, Video Compact Discs, one pattern classification and regression protocol. Super Video Discs, flash memory, magnetic tape, magneto In an embodiment, a data structure 260 includes informa optic disk, MINIDISC, non-volatile memory card, EEPROM, tion associated with at least one parameter associated with a optical disk, optical storage, RAM, ROM, System memory, tissue water content, an oxy-hemoglobin concentration, a web server, or the like. deoxyhemoglobin concentration, an oxygenated hemoglobin 55 In an embodiment, the system 100 includes signal-bearing absorption parameter, a deoxygenated hemoglobin absorp media in the form of one or more logic devices (e.g., pro tion parameter, a tissue light scattering parameter, a tissue grammable logic devices, complex programmable logic light absorption parameter, a hematological parameter, a pH device, field-programmable gate arrays, application specific level, or the like. In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, integrated circuits, or the like) comprising, for example, a among other things, at least one of inflammation indication 60 data structure 260 including one or more look-up tables. In an parameter data, infection indication parameter data, diseased embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other things, tissue indication parameter data, or the like configured as a signal-bearing media having sample information (e.g., bio data structure 260. In an embodiment, a data structure 260 logical sample information, reference information, character includes information associated with least one parameter istic spectral information, or the like) configured as a data associated with a cytokine plasma concentration or an acute 65 structure 260. In an embodiment, the data structure 260 phase protein plasma concentration. In an embodiment, a data includes at least one of psychosis state indication informa structure 260 includes information associated with a disease tion, psychosis trait indication information, or predisposition US 8,585,627 B2 53 54 for a psychosis indication information. In an embodiment, the diode image sensor device, a Whispering Gallery Mode data structure 260 includes at least one of infection indication (WGM) micro cavity device, and a scintillation detector information, inflammation indication information, diseased device. state indication information, or diseased tissue indication In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes at information. least one of an imaging spectrometer, a photo-acoustic imag Referring to FIG. 5, in an embodiment, the system 100 ing spectrometer, athermo-acoustic imaging spectrometer, or includes, among other things, at least one sensor component a photo-acoustic/thermo-acoustic tomographic imaging 502. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes at spectrometer. In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 least one sensor component 502. In an embodiment, the sen includes at least one of a thermal detector, a photovoltaic Sor component 502 is configured to detect (e.g., assess, cal 10 culate, evaluate, determine, gauge, measure, monitor, quan detector, or a photomultiplier detector. tify, resolve, sense, or the like) at least one characteristic (e.g., In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes one a spectral characteristic, a spectral signature, a physical quan or more density sensors. In an embodiment, the sensor com tity, a relative quantity, an environmental attribute, a physi ponent 502 includes one or more optical density sensors. In an ologic characteristic, or the like) associated with a biological 15 embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes one or more subject. In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is refractive index sensors. In an embodiment, the sensor com configured to perform a real-time comparison of a measurand ponent 502 includes one or more fiber optic refractive index associated with a biological sample proximate the catheter SSOS. device 102 to stored reference data and to generate a response In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes one based on the comparison. or more acoustic biosensors, amperometric biosensors, calo In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is operably rimetric biosensors, optical biosensors, or potentiometric coupled to one or more computing device 230. In an embodi biosensors. In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 ment, at least one computing device 230 is operably coupled includes one or more fluid flow sensors. In an embodiment, to the sensor component 502 and configured to process an the sensor component 502 includes one or more differential output associated with one or more sensor measurands. In an 25 electrodes, biomass sensors, immunosensors, or the like. In embodiment, at least one computing devices 230 is config an embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes one or ured to concurrently or sequentially operate multiple sensor more one-, two-, or three-dimensional photodiode arrays. components 502. In an embodiment, the sensor component In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is operably 502 includes a computing device 230 configured to process coupled to a microorganism colonization biomarker array. In sensor measurand information and configured to cause the 30 an embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes one or storing of the measurand information in a data storage more functionalized cantilevers. In an embodiment, the sen medium. In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 sor component 502 includes a biological molecule capture includes a component identification code and is configured to layer. In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes implement instructions addressed to the sensor component a biological molecule capture layer having an array of differ 502 according to the component identification code. 35 ent binding molecules that specifically bind one or more In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes one target molecules. In an embodiment, the sensor component or more Surface plasmon resonance sensors. For example, in 502 includes one or more computing devices 230 operably an embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes one or coupled to one or more sensors. For example, in an embodi more localized surface plasmon resonance sensors. In an ment, the sensor component 502 includes a computing device embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes a light 40 230 operably coupled to one or more surface plasmon reso transmissive Support and a reflective metal layer. In an nance microarray sensors. embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes a wave In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured length-tunable Surface plasmon resonance sensor. In an to detect at least one characteristic associated with a biologi embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes a surface cal subject. In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is plasmon resonance microarray sensor having a wavelength 45 configured to detectat least one characteristic associated with tunable metal-coated grating. In an embodiment, the sensor a biological specimen proximate a surface of the catheter component 502 includes a Surface plasmon resonance device 102. For example, in an embodiment, the sensor com microarray sensor having an array of micro-regions config ponent 502 is configured to detect at least one characteristic ured to capture target molecules. associated with a tissue proximate the catheter device 102. In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes one 50 In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at or more electrochemical transducers, optical transducers, least one of a transmittance, an energy frequency change, a piezoelectric transducers, or thermal transducers. For frequency shift, an energy phase change, or a phase shift. In example, in an embodiment, the sensor component 502 an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at least includes one or more transducers configured to detect acous one of a fluorescence, an intrinsic fluorescence, a tissue fluo tic waves associated with changes in a biological mass 55 rescence, or a naturally occurring fluorophore fluorescence. present proximate a surface of the body structure 104. In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 includes one least one of an electrical conductivity, electrical polarizabil or more thermal detectors, photovoltaic detectors, or photo ity, or an electrical permittivity. In an embodiment, the at least multiplier detectors. In an embodiment, the sensor compo one characteristic includes at least one of a thermal conduc nent 502 includes one or more charge-coupled devices, 60 tivity, athermal diffusivity, a tissue temperature, or a regional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices, photo temperature. diode image sensor devices, whispering gallery mode micro In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at cavity devices, or Scintillation detector devices. In an embodi least one parameter associated with a doppler optical coher ment, the sensor component 502 includes one or more ultra ence tomograph. (See, e.g., Li et al., Feasibility of Interstitial Sonic transducers. In an embodiment, the sensor component 65 Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography for In vivo Detec 502 includes at least one of a charge-coupled device, a tion of Microvascular Changes During Photodynamic complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor device, a photo Therapy, Lasers in surgery and medicine 38 (8):754-61. US 8,585,627 B2 55 56 (2006); see, also U.S. Pat. No. 7,365,859 (issued Apr. 29, longed inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, leads 2008); each of which is incorporated herein by reference. to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruc spectral signature information associated with an implant tion and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process, device. For example, in an embodiment, the at least one as directed by certain mediators. Rheumatoid arthritis is an characteristic includes implant device spectral signature example of a disease associated with persistent and chronic information associated with at least one of a bio-implants, inflammation. bioactive implants, breast implants, cochlear implants, dental Non-limiting Suitable techniques for optically measuring a implants, neural implants, orthopedic implants, ocular diseased state may be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. implants, prostheses, implantable electronic device, implant 10 7,167,734 (issued Jan. 23, 2007), which is incorporated able medical devices, or the like. Further non-limiting herein by reference. In an embodiment, the at least one char examples of implant devices include replacements implants acteristic includes at least one of an electromagnetic energy (e.g., joint replacements implants, or the like), knee, shoulder, absorption parameter, an electromagnetic energy emission wrists replacements implants, or the like), Subcutaneous drug parameter, an electromagnetic energy scattering parameter, delivery devices (e.g., implantable pills, drug-eluting stents, 15 an electromagnetic energy reflectance parameter, or an elec or the like), shunts (e.g., cardiac shunts, lumbo-peritoneal tromagnetic energy depolarization parameter. In an embodi shunts, cerebrospinal fluid shunts, cerebral shunts, pulmo ment, the at least one characteristic includes at least one of an nary shunts, portosystemic shunts, portacaval shunts, or the absorption coefficient, an extinction coefficient, or a scatter like), Stents (e.g., coronary stents, peripheral vascular stents, ing coefficient. prostatic stents, ureteral stents, vascular stents, or the like), In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at biological fluid flow controlling implants, or the like. Further least one parameter associated with an infection marker (e.g., non-limiting examples of implant device include artificial an infectious agent marker), an inflammation marker, an hearts, artificial joints, artificial prosthetics, catheters, contact infective stress marker, a systemic inflammatory response lens, mechanical heart valves, Subcutaneous sensors, urinary syndrome marker, or a sepsis marker. Non-limiting examples catheters, vascular catheters, or the like. 25 of infection makers, inflammation markers, or the like may be In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at found in, for example, Imam et al., Radiotracers for imaging least one parameter associated with a medical state (e.g., of infection and inflammation—A Review, World J. Nucl. medical condition, disease state, disease attributes, etc.). Med. 40-55 (2006), which is incorporated herein by refer Inflammation is a complex biological response to insults that ence. Non-limiting characteristics associated with an infec can arise from, for example, chemical, traumatic, or infec 30 tion marker, an inflammation marker, an infective stress tious stimuli. It is a protective attempt by an organism to marker, a systemic inflammatory response syndrome marker, isolate and eradicate the injurious stimuli as well as to initiate or a sepsis marker include at least one of an inflammation the process of tissue repair. The events in the inflammatory indication parameter, an infection indication parameter, a response are initiated by a complex series of interactions diseased state indication parameter, or a diseased tissue indi involving inflammatory mediators, including those released 35 cation parameter. by immune cells and other cells of the body. Histamines and In an embodiment, the response includes generating a eicosanoids. Such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, act on visual, an audio, a haptic, or a tactile representation of at least blood vessels at the site of infection to localize blood flow, one spectral parameter associated with a detected infection concentrate plasma proteins, and increase capillary perme marker. In an embodiment, the response includes generating ability. 40 a visual, an audio, a haptic, or a tactile representation of at Chemotactic factors, including certain eicosanoids, least one physical parameter indicative of at least one dimen complement, and especially cytokines known as chemokines, sion of infected tissue region. attract particular leukocytes to the site of infection. Other In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at inflammatory mediators, including some released by the least one of a tissue water content, an oxy-hemoglobin con Summoned leukocytes, function locally and systemically to 45 centration, a deoxyhemoglobin concentration, an oxygenated promote the inflammatory response. Platelet activating fac hemoglobin absorption parameter, a deoxygenated hemoglo tors and related mediators function in clotting, which aids in bin absorption parameter, a tissue light scattering parameter, localization and can trap pathogens. Certain cytokines, inter a tissue light absorption parameter, a hematological param leukins and TNF, induce further trafficking and extravasation eter, or a pH level. of immune cells, hematopoiesis, fever, and production of 50 In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at acute phase proteins. Once signaled. Some cells and/or their least one hematological parameter. Non-limiting examples of products directly affect the offending pathogens, for example hematological parameters include an albumin level, a blood by inducing phagocytosis of bacteria or, as with interferon, urea level, a blood glucose level, a globulin level, a hemoglo providing antiviral effects by shutting down protein synthesis bin level, erythrocyte count, a leukocyte count, or the like. In in the host cells. 55 an embodiment, the infection marker includes at least one Oxygen radicals, cytotoxic factors, and growth factors can parameter associated with a red blood cell count, a lympho also be released to fight pathogen infection or to facilitate cyte level, a leukocyte count, a myeloid cell count, an eryth tissue healing. This cascade of biochemical events propagates rocyte sedimentation rate, or a C-reactive protein level. In an and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at least vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within 60 one parameter associated with a cytokine plasma level or an the injured tissue. Under normal circumstances, through a acute phase protein plasma level. In an embodiment, the at complex process of mediator-regulated pro-inflammatory least one characteristic includes at least one parameter asso and anti-inflammatory signals, the inflammatory response ciated with a leukocyte level. eventually resolves itself and subsides. For example, the tran In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes a sient and localized Swelling associated with a cut is an 65 spectral parameter associated with a biofilm-specific tag. In example of an acute inflammatory response. However, in an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes an certain cases resolution does not occur as expected. Pro optical density. In an embodiment, the at least one character US 8,585,627 B2 57 58 istic includes an opacity. In an embodiment, the at least one one radio-frequency identification transponder. In an characteristic includes arefractivity. In an embodiment, theat embodiment, the one or more imaging probes include at least least one characteristic includes an absorbance, reflectance, one X-ray contrast agent. In an embodiment, the one or more or a transmittance. In an embodiment, the at least one char imaging probes include at least one molecular imaging probe. acteristic includes at least one of an inflammation indication Further non-limiting examples of imaging probes include parameter, an infection indication parameter, a diseased State fluorescein (FITC), indocyanine green (ICG), and rhodamine indication parameter, or a diseased tissue indication param B. Non-limiting examples of other fluorescent dyes for use in eter. In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes fluorescence imaging include a number of red and near infra at least one of an electromagnetic energy absorption param red emitting fluorophores (600-1200 nm) including cyanine eter, an electromagnetic energy emission parameter, an elec 10 dyes such as Cy5, Cy5.5, and Cy7 (Amersham Biosciences, tromagnetic energy scattering parameter, an electromagnetic Piscataway, N.J., USA) or a variety of Alexa Fluor dyes such energy reflectance parameter, or an electromagnetic energy as Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 635, Alexa Fluor 647, Alexa depolarization parameter. In an embodiment, the at least one Fluor 660, Alexa Fluor 680, Alexa Fluor 700, Alexa Fluor 750 characteristic includes at least one an absorption coefficient, (Molecular Probes-Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA; see, an extinction coefficient, a scattering coefficient, or a fluores 15 also, U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2005/0171434 (published Aug. 4, cence coefficient. In an embodiment, the at least one charac 2005) (each of which is incorporated herein by reference), or teristic includes at least at least one of parameter associated the like. with a biomarker, an infection marker, an inflammation Further non-limiting examples of imaging probes include marker, an infective stress marker, or a sepsis marker. IRDye800, IRDye700, and IRDye680 (LI-COR, Lincoln, In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at Nebr., USA), NIR-1 and 1C5-OSu (Dejindo, Kumamotot, least one of an electromagnetic energy phase shift parameter, Japan), LaJolla Blue (Diatron, Miami, Fla., USA), FAR-Blue, an electromagnetic energy dephasing parameter, or an elec FAR-Green One, and FAR-Green Two (Innosense, Giacosa, tromagnetic energy depolarization parameter. In an embodi Italy), ADS 790-NS, ADS 821-NS (American Dye Source, ment, the at least one characteristic associated includes at Montreal, Calif.), NIAD-4 (ICx Technologies, Arlington, least one of an absorbance, a reflectivity, or a transmittance. In 25 Va.), or the like. Further non-limiting examples of fluoro an embodiment, the at least one characteristic associated phores include BODIPY-FL, europium, green, yellow and red includes at least one of a refraction or a scattering. fluorescent proteins, luciferase, or the like. Quantum dots of In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured various emission/excitation properties can be used as imaging to determine at least one characteristic associated with one or probes. See, e.g., Jaiswal, et al. Nature Biotech. 21:47-51 more biological markers or biological components (e.g., cere 30 (2003) (which is incorporated herein by reference). Further broSpinal fluid components, blood components, or the like). non-limiting examples of imaging probes include those In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured to including antibodies specific for leukocytes, anti-fibrin anti determine at least one characteristic associated with a tissue bodies, monoclonal anti-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid proximate the catheter device 102. In an embodiment, the (DTPA), DTPA labeled with Technetium-99m ("TC), or sensor component 502 is configured to determine a spatial 35 the like. dependence associated with the least one characteristic. In an Further non-limiting examples of biomarkers include high embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured to sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), cardiac troponin T determine a temporal dependence associated with the least (cTnT), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), N-terminal-pro B-type one characteristic. In an embodiment, the sensor component natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), D-dimer, P-selectin, E-se 502 is configured to concurrently or sequentially determine at 40 lectin, thrombin, interleukin-10, fibrin monomers, phospho least one spatial dependence associated with the least one lipid microparticles, creatine kinase, interleukin-6, tumor characteristic and at least one temporal dependence associ necrosis factor-alpha, myeloperoxidase, intracellular adhe ated with the least one characteristic. sion molecule-1 (ICAM1), vascular adhesion molecule In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured (VCAM), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), ischemia to determine at least one spectral parameter associated with 45 modified albumin (IMA), free fatty acids, choline, soluble one or more imaging probes (e.g., chromophores, fluorescent CD40 ligand, insulin-like growth factor, (see, e.g., Giannitsis, agents, fluorescent marker, fluorophores, molecular imaging et al. Risk stratification in pulmonary embolism based on probes, quantum dots, or radio-frequency identification tran biomarkers and echocardiography. Circ. 112:1520-1521 sponders (RFIDS), X-ray contrast agents, or the like). In an (2005), Barnes, et al., Novel biomarkers associated with deep embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured to 50 venous thrombosis. A comprehensive review. Biomarker determine at least one characteristic associated with one or Insights 2:93-100 (2007); Kamphuisen, Can anticoagulant more imaging probes attached, targeted to, conjugated, treatment be tailored with biomarkers in patients with venous bound, or associated with at least one inflammation markers. thromboembolism?J.Throm. Haemost. 4:1206-1207 (2006): See, e.g., the following documents: Jaffer et al., Arterioscler. Rosalki, et al., Cardiac biomarkers for detection of myocar Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2002:22: 1929-1935 (2002); Kalchenko 55 dial infarction. Perspectives from past to present. Clin. Chem. et al., J. of Biomed. Opt. 11 (5):50507 (2006); each of which 50:2205-2212 (2004): Apple, et al., Future biomarkers for is incorporated herein by reference. detection of ischemia and risk stratification in acute coronary In an embodiment, the one or more imaging probes include syndrome, Clin. Chem. 51:810-824 (2005); each of which is at least one carbocyanine dye label. In an embodiment, the incorporated herein by reference. sensor component 502 is configured to determine at least one 60 In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured characteristic associated with one or more imaging probes to detect a spectral response (e.g., an emitted energy, a remit attached, targeted to, conjugated, bound, or associated with at ted energy, an energy absorption profile, energy emission least one biomarker or biological sample component. profile, or the like) associated with a biomarker. Among In an embodiment, the one or more imaging probes include biomarker examples include, but are not limited to, one or at least one fluorescent agent. In an embodiment, the one or 65 more Substances that are measurable indicators of a biologi more imaging probes include at least one quantum dot. In an cal state and can be used as indicators of normal disease state, embodiment, the one or more imaging probes include at least pathological disease state, and/or risk of progressing to a US 8,585,627 B2 59 60 pathological disease state. In some instances, a biomarker can nents, make up the cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular be a normal blood component that is increased or decreased in System, among other things, moves oxygen, gases, and wastes the pathological state. A biomarker can also be a Substance to and from cells and tissues, maintains homeostasis by sta that is not normally detected in biological sample, fluid, or bilizing body temperature and pH, and helps fight diseases. tissue, but is released into circulation because of the patho In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured logical state. In some instances, a biomarker can be used to to detect at least one of an emitted energy or a remitted energy predict the risk of developing a pathological state. For associated with a portion of a cardiovascular system. In an example, plasma measurement of lipoprotein-associated embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured to phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is approved by the U.S. Food & detect at least one of an emitted energy and a remitted energy Drug Administration (FDA) for predicting the risk of first 10 time stroke. associated with one or more blood components within a bio In other instances, the biomarker can be used to diagnose logical Subject. In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 an acute pathological state. For example, elevated plasma is configured to detect at least one of an emitted energy or a levels of S-100b, B-type neurotrophic growth factor (BNGF), remitted energy associated with one or more formed elements von Willebrand factor (VWF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 15 within a biological Subject. In an embodiment, the sensor (MMP-9), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) component 502 is configured to detect spectral information are highly correlated with the diagnosis of stroke (see, e.g., associated with one or more blood components. In an Reynolds, et al., Early biomarkers of stroke. Clin. Chem. embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured to 49:1733-1739 (2003), which is incorporated herein by refer detect at least one of an emitted energy or a remitted energy ence). associated with a real-time change in one or more parameters In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured associated with at least one blood component within a bio to detect at least one characteristic associated with one or logical Subject. In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 more biological sample components. In an embodiment, the is configured to detect an energy absorption of one or more at least one characteristic includes at least one of absorption blood components. coefficient information, extinction coefficient information, or 25 Non-limiting examples of detectable blood components scattering coefficient information associated with the at least include erythrocytes, leukocytes (e.g., basophils, granulo one molecular probe. In an embodiment, the at least one cytes, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, characteristic includes spectral information indicative of a neutrophils, or the like), thrombocytes, acetoacetate, acetone, rate of change, an accumulation rate, an aggregation rate, or a acetylcholine, adenosine triphosphate, adrenocorticotrophic rate of change associated with at least one physical parameter 30 hormone, alanine, albumin, aldosterone, aluminum, amyloid associated with a biological sample component. proteins (non-immunoglobulin), antibodies, apolipoproteins, In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, bicarbonate, bile acids, bilirubin, to detect spectral information associated with a real-time biotin, blood urea Nitrogen, bradykinin, bromide, cadmium, change in one or more parameters associated with a biologi calciferol, calcitonin (ct), calcium, carbon dioxide, carboxy cal sample. For example, in an embodiment, the sensor com 35 hemoglobin (as HbcO), cell-related plasma proteins, chole ponent 502 is configured to detect at least one of an emitted cystokinin (pancreozymin), cholesterol, citric acid, citrulline, energy or a remitted energy associated with a real-time complement components, coagulation factors, coagulation change in one or more parameters associated with a biologi proteins, complement components, c-peptide, c-reactive pro cal sample within one or more regions in the immediate tein, creatine, creatinine, cyanide, 11-deoxycortisol, deoxyri vicinity of a catheter device 102. In an embodiment, the 40 bonucleic acid, dihydrotestosterone, diphosphoglycerate sensor component 502 includes one or more transducers 223a (phosphate), or the like. configured to detect Sound waves associated with changes in Further non-limiting examples of detectable blood compo a biological sample present proximate at least one of the outer nents include dopamine, enzymes, epidermal growth factor, surface and the inner surface of the body structure. epinephrine, ergothioneine, erythrocytes, erythropoietin, In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured 45 folic acid, fructose, furosemide glucuronide, galactoglyco to detect at least one of an emitted energy or a remitted energy. protein, galactose (children), gamma-globulin, gastric inhibi In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured to tory peptide, gastrin, globulin, C.-1.-globulin, C-2-globulin, detect at least one of an emitted energy or a remitted energy C-globulins, f-globulins, glucagon, glucosamine, glucose, associated with a biological Subject. In an embodiment, the immunoglobulins (antibodies), lipase p, lipids, lipoprotein (Sr sensor component 502 is configured to detect an optical 50 12-20), lithium, low-molecular weight proteins, lysine, energy absorption profile of a target sample, a portion of a lysozyme (muramidase), C-2-macroglobulin, Y-mobility tissue, or portion of a biological sample within the biological (non-immunoglobulin), pancreatic polypeptide, pantothenic subject. In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is acid, para-aminobenzoic acid, parathyroid hormone, pentose, configured to detect an excitation radiation and an emission phosphorated, phenol, phenylalanine, phosphatase, acid, pro radiation associated with a portion of a target sample, a por 55 static, phospholipid, phosphorus, prealbumin, thyroxine tion of a tissue, or portion of a biological sample within the binding, proinsulin, prolactin (female), prolactin (male), pro biological Subject. In an embodiment, the sensor component line, prostaglandins, prostate specific antigen, protein, 502 is configured to detectat least one of an energy absorption protoporphyrin, pseudoglobulin I. pseudoglobulin II, purine, profile and an energy reflection profile of a region within a pyridoxine, pyrimidine nucleotide, pyruvic acid, CCL5 biological Subject. 60 (RANTES), relaxin, retinol, retinol-binding protein, ribofla In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured vin, ribonucleic acid, secretin, serine, serotonin (5-hydrox to detect a spectral response from tissue of a biological Sub ytryptamine), silicon, Sodium, Solids, somatotropin (growth ject. Blood is a tissue composed of, among other components, hormone), sphingomyelin, Succinic acid, Sugar, Sulfates, formed elements (e.g., blood cells such as erythrocytes, leu inorganic, Sulfur, taurine, testosterone (female), testosterone kocytes, thrombocytes, or the like) Suspend in a matrix 65 (male), triglycerides, triiodothyronine, tryptophan, tyrosine, (plasma). The heart, blood vessels (e.g., arteries, arterioles, urea, uric acid, water, miscellaneous trace components, or the capillaries, veins, Venules, or the like), and blood compo like. US 8,585,627 B2 61 62 Non-limiting examples of O-Globulins examples include nuclear cells, myelin basic protein, neuron-specific enolase, C.1-acid glycoprotein, C.1-antichymotrypsin, C.1-antitrypsin, potassium, proteins, S-100 protein, Small molecules, Sodium, C.1B-glycoprotein, C.1-fetoprotein, C.1-microglobulin, C.1T B-microglobulin, or the like. glycoprotein, C2HS-glycoprotein, C.2-macroglobulin, 3.1 S In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is in optical Leucine-rich C2-glycoprotein, 3.8 Shistidine-rich C.2-glyco communication along an optical path with at least one of the protein, 4 S C2, C.1-glycoprotein, 8 S C3-glycoprotein, 9.5S one or more energy emitters 220. In an embodiment, one or C.1-glycoprotein (serum amyloid P protein), Corticosteroid more of the energy emitters 220 are configured to direct an in binding globulin, ceruloplasmin, GC globulin, haptoglobin Vivo generated pulsed energy stimulus along an optical path (e.g., Type 1-1, Type 2-1, or Type 2-2), inter-O-trypsin inhibi for a duration Sufficient to interact with one or more regions 10 within the biological subject and for a duration sufficient for tor, pregnancy-associated C2-glycoprotein, serum cholinest a portion of the in vivo generated pulsed energy stimulus to erase, thyroxine-binding globulin, transcortin, vitamin reach a portion of the sensor component 502 that is in optical D-binding protein, Zn-C2-glycoprotein, or the like. Among communication along the optical path. In an embodiment, B-globulins, examples include, but are not limited to, one or more of the energy emitters 220 are configured to hemopexin, transferrin, B2-microglobulin, B2-glycoprotein I. 15 direct optical energy along an optical path for a duration 32-glycoprotein II, (C3 proactivator), 32-glycoprotein III, sufficient to interact with one or more regions within the C-reactive protein, fibronectin, pregnancy-specific B1-glyco biological Subject and with at least a portion of the optical protein, ovotransferrin, or the like. Among immunoglobulins energy sensor component 502. In an embodiment, one or examples include, but are not limited to, immunoglobulin G more of the energy emitters 220 are configured to emit a (e.g., IgG, IgG, IgG, IgG, IgG4), immunoglobulin A (e.g., pulsed optical energy stimulus along an optical path for a IgA, IgA, IgA), immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin D, duration sufficient to interact with a sample received within immunoglobulin E. K. Bence Jones protein, Y Bence Jones the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110, such that a protein, J Chain, or the like. portion of the pulsed optical energy stimulus is directed to a Among apolipoproteins examples include, but are not lim portion of the sensor component 502 that is in optical com ited to, apolipoprotein A-I (HDL), apolipoprotein A-II 25 munication along the optical path. (HDL), apolipoprotein C-I (VLDL), apolipoprotein C-II, In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more apolipoprotein C-III (VLDL), apolipoprotein E, or the like. sensors 504. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 Among Y-mobility (non-immunoglobulin) examples include, includes one or more of the sensors 504. In an embodiment, but are not limited to, 0.6 SY2-globulin, 2 SY2-globulin, basic the sensor component 502 includes one or more sensors 504. Protein B2, post-y-globulin (Y-trace), or the like. Among low 30 Non-limiting examples of sensors 504 include acoustic molecular weight proteins examples include, but are not lim wave sensors, aptamer-based sensors, biosensors, blood Vol ited to, lysozyme, basic protein B1, basic protein B2, 0.6 S ume pulse sensors, cantilevers, conductance sensors, electro Y2-globulin, 2 SY 2-globulin, post Y-globulin, or the like. chemical sensors, fluorescence sensors, force sensors, heat Among complement components examples include, but sensors (e.g., thermistors, thermocouples, or the like), high 35 resolution temperature sensors, differential calorimeter sen are not limited to, C1 esterase inhibitor, C1q component, C1r sors, optical sensors, goniometry sensors, potentiometersen component, C1s component, C2 component, C3 component, sors, resistance sensors, respiration sensors, Sound sensors C3a component, C3b-inactivator, C4 binding protein, C4 (e.g., ultrasound), Surface Plasmon Band Gap sensor component, C4a component, C4-binding protein, C5 compo (SPRBG), physiological sensors, Surface plasmon sensors, or nent, C5a component, C6 component, C7 component, C8 40 the like. Further non-limiting examples of sensors 504 component, C9 component, factor B, factor B (C3 proactiva include affinity sensors, bioprobes, biostatistics sensors, tor), factor D, factor D (C3 proactivator convertase), factor H. enzymatic sensors, in-situ sensors (e.g., in-situ chemical sen factor H (BiH), properdin, or the like. Among coagulation sor), ion sensors, light sensors (e.g., visible, infrared, or the proteins examples include, but are not limited to, antithrom like), microbiological sensors, microhotplate sensors, bin III, prothrombin, antihemophilic factor (factor VIII), plas 45 micron-scale moisture sensors, nanosensors, optical chemi minogen, fibrin-stabilizing factor (factor XIII), fibrinogen, cal sensors, single particle sensors, or the like. thrombin, or the like. Further non-limiting examples of sensors 504 include Among cell-Related Plasma Proteins examples include, chemical sensors, cavitand-based Supramolecular sensors, but are not limited to, fibronectin, B-thromboglobulin, plate nucleic acid sensors, deoxyribonucleic acid sensors (e.g., let factor-4, serum Basic Protease Inhibitor, or the like. 50 electrochemical DNA sensors, or the like), supramolecular Among amyloid proteins (Non-Immunoglobulin) examples sensors, or the like. In an embodiment, at least one of the one include, but are not limited to, amyloid-Related apoprotein or more sensors 504 is configured to detect or measure the (apoSAA1), AA (FMF) (ASF), AA (TH) (AS), serum amy presence or concentration of specific target chemicals (e.g., loid P component (9.5 S 7C1-glycoprotein), or the like. blood components, biological sample component, cerebral Among miscellaneous trace components examples include, 55 spinal fluid component, infectious agents, infection indica but are not limited to, Varcinoembryonic antigen, angiotensi tion chemicals, inflammation indication chemicals, diseased nogen, or the like. tissue indication chemicals, biological agents, molecules, In an embodiment, the sensor component 502 is configured ions, or the like). to detect a spectral response associated with a real-time Further non-limiting examples of sensors 504 include change in one or more parameters associated with at least one 60 chemical transducers, ion sensitive field effect transistors (IS biological sample component (e.g., a cerebrospinal fluid FETs), ISFET pH sensors, membrane-ISFET devices (MEM component). Non-limiting examples of detectable cere FET), microelectronic ion-sensitive devices, potentiometric broSpinal fluid components include adenosine deaminase, ion sensors, quadruple-function ChemFET (chemical-sensi albumin, calcium, chloride, C-reactive protein, creatine tive field-effect transistor) integrated-circuit sensors, sensors kinase, creatinine, cystatin C, cytokines, glucose, hydrogen 65 with ion-sensitivity and selectivity to different ionic species, carbonate, immunoglobulin G, interleukins, lactate, lactate or the like. Further non-limiting examples of the one or more dehydrogenase, lipids, lymphocytes, monocytes, mono sensors 504 can be found in the following documents (each of US 8,585,627 B2 63 64 which is incorporated herein by reference): U.S. Pat. Nos. In an embodiment, one or more of the sensors 504 are 7,396,676 (issued Jul. 8, 2008) and 6,831,748 (issued Dec. configured to detectat least one characteristic associated with 14, 2004); each of which is incorporated herein by reference. a biological Subject. In an embodiment, one or more of the In an embodiment, the one or more sensors 504 include one sensors 504 are configured to detect at least one characteristic or more acoustic transducers, electrochemical transducers, associated with a biological sample (e.g., tissue, biological photochemical transducer, optical transducers, piezoelectri fluid, target sample, or the like). For example, in an embodi cal transducers, or thermal transducers. For example, in an ment, at least one of the one or more sensors 504 is configured embodiment, the one or more sensors 504 include one or to detect at least one characteristic associated with a biologi more acoustic transducers. In an embodiment, the one or cal sample proximate a surface (e.g., outer Surface 108 or 10 inner surface 110, or the like) of the catheter device 102. In an more sensors 504 include one or more thermal detectors, embodiment, one or more of the sensors 504 are configured to photovoltaic detectors, or photomultiplier detectors. In an detect at least one of a characteristic of a biological sample embodiment, the one or more sensors 504 include one or proximate the catheter device 102, a characteristic of a tissue more charge coupled devices, complementary metal-oxide proximate the catheter device 102, and a physiological char semiconductor devices, photodiode image sensor devices, 15 acteristic of the biological Subject. In an embodiment, one or whispering gallery mode micro cavity devices, or Scintilla more of the sensors 504 are configured to determine one or tion detector devices. In an embodiment, the one or more more tissue spectroscopic properties, such as, for example, a sensors 504 include one or more complementary metal-OX transport scattering coefficient, an extinction coefficient, an ide-semiconductor image sensors. absorption coefficient, a remittance, a transmittance, or the In an embodiment, the one or more sensors 504 include one like. or more conductivity sensor. In an embodiment, the one or In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes a more sensors 504 include one or more spectrometers. In an physiological characteristic of the biological Subject. Physi embodiment, the one or more sensors include one or more ological characteristics such as, for example pH can be used Bayer sensors. In an embodiment, the one or more sensors to assess blood flow, a cell metabolic state (e.g., anaerobic include one or more Foveon sensors. In an embodiment, the 25 metabolism, or the like), the presence of an infectious agent, one or more sensors 504 include one or more density sensors. a disease state, or the like. Among physiological characteris In an embodiment, the one or more density sensors include tics examples include, but are not limited to, at least one of a one or more optical density sensors. In an embodiment, the temperature, a regional or local temperature, a pH, an imped one or more density sensors include one or more refractive ance, a density, a sodium ion level, a calcium ion level, a index sensors. In an embodiment, the one or more refractive 30 potassium ion level, a glucose level, a lipoprotein level, a index sensors include one or more fiber optic refractive index cholesterol level, a triglyceride level, a hormone level, a blood SSOS. oxygen level, a pulse rate, a blood pressure, an intracranial In an embodiment, the one or more sensors 504 include one pressure, a respiratory rate, a vital statistic, or the like. or more surface plasmon resonance sensors. In an embodi In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at ment, the one or more sensors 504 are configured to detect 35 least one of a temperature, a pH, an impedance, a density, a target molecules. For example, Surface-plasmon-resonance Sodium ion level, a calcium ion level, a potassium ion level, a based-sensors detect target molecules Suspended in a fluid, glucose level, a lipoprotein level, a cholesterol level, a trig for example, by reflecting light off thin metal films in contact lyceride level, a hormone level, a blood oxygen level, a pulse with the fluid. Adsorbing molecules cause changes in the rate, a blood pressure, an intracranial pressure, or a respira local index of refraction, resulting in detectable changes in 40 tory rate. In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic the resonance conditions of the Surface plasmon waves. includes at least one hematological parameter. In an embodi In an embodiment, the one or more sensors 504 include one ment, the hematological parameter is associated with a hema or more localized surface plasmon resonance sensors. In an tological abnormality. embodiment, detection of target molecules includes monitor In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes ing shifts in the resonance conditions of the Surface plasmon 45 one or more parameters associated with at least one of leuko waves due to changes in the local index of refraction associ penia, leukophilia, lymphocytopenia, lymphocytophilia, neu ates with adsorption of target molecules. In an embodiment, tropenia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, disseminated the one or more sensors 504 include one or more functional intravascular coagulation, bacteremia, and viremia. In an ized cantilevers. In an embodiment, the one or more sensors embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at least 504 include a light transmissive support and a reflective metal 50 one of an infection marker, an inflammation marker, an infec layer. In an embodiment, the one or more sensors 504 include tive stress marker, a systemic inflammatory response Syn a biological molecule capture layer. In an embodiment, the drome marker, or a sepsis marker. In an embodiment, the biological molecule capture layer includes an array of differ infection marker includes at least one of a red blood cell ent binding molecules that specifically bind one or more count, a lymphocyte level, a leukocyte count, a myeloid target molecules. In an embodiment, the one or more sensors 55 count, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or a C-reactive pro 504 include a Surface plasmon resonance microarray sensor tein level. In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic having an array of micro-regions configured to capture target includes at least one of a cytokine plasma concentration oran molecules. acute phase protein plasma concentration. In an embodiment, the one or more sensors 504 include one In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes a or more acoustic biosensors, amperometric biosensors, calo 60 characteristic associated with tissue proximate the catheter rimetric biosensors, optical biosensors, or potentiometric device 102. In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic biosensors. In an embodiment, the one or more sensors 504 includes a characteristic associated with a biological sample. include one or more fluid flow sensors. In an embodiment, the In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes a one or more sensors 504 include one or more differential characteristic of a specimen of the biological Subject. In an electrodes. In an embodiment, the one or more sensors 504 65 embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes one or include one or more biomass sensors. In an embodiment, the more spectroscopic properties (e.g., tissue spectroscopic one or more sensors 504 include one or more immunosensors. properties, biological fluid spectroscopic properties, infec US 8,585,627 B2 65 66 tious agent spectroscopic properties, biomarker spectro absence, a presence, or a severity indication parameter), an scopic properties, or the like). In an embodiment, the at least infection indication parameter, a diseased State indication one characteristic includes at least one characteristic (e.g., a parameter, or a diseased tissue indication parameter. In an spectral characteristic, a spectral signature, a physical quan embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at least tity, a relative quantity, an environmental attribute, a physi one of an electromagnetic energy absorption parameter, an ologic characteristic, or the like) associated with a region electromagnetic energy emission parameter, an electromag within the biological subject. In an embodiment, the at least netic energy scattering parameter, an electromagnetic energy one characteristic includes a characteristic associated with a reflectance parameter, or an electromagnetic energy depolar fluid-flow passageway 110 obstruction, a hematological ization parameter. In an embodiment, the at least one charac abnormality, or a body fluid flow abnormality (e.g., a cere 10 brospinal fluid abnormality). teristic includes at least one an absorption coefficient, an In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes a extinction coefficient, a scattering coefficient, or a fluores characteristic associated with a biological fluid flow vessel. In cence coefficient. In an embodiment, the at least one charac an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes a teristic includes at least at least one of parameter associated characteristic associated with one or more biological sample 15 with a biomarker, an infection marker, an inflammation components. In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic marker, an infective stress marker, or a sepsis marker. includes a characteristic associated with one or more imaging In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at probes attached, targeted to, conjugated, bound, or associated least one of a psychotic disorder indication parameter, a psy with at least one inflammation markers. In an embodiment, chotic state indication parameter, a psychotic trait indication the at least one characteristic includes a characteristic asso parameter, a psychosis indication parameter, or a predisposi ciated with one or more imaging probes attached, targeted to, tion for a psychosis indication parameter. In an embodiment, conjugated, bound, or associated with at least one blood com the at least one characteristic includes at least one of a psy ponents. In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic chotic disorder indication, psychotic state indication, a psy includes a characteristic associated with one or more blood chotic trait indication, a psychosis indication, or a predispo components. 25 sition for a psychosis indication. In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at In an embodiment, one or more of the sensors 504 are least one parameter associated with an amount of energy configured to detect a microbial presence proximate the body activatable disinfecting agent present in at least a portion of structure 104 of the catheter device 102. For example, in an the tissue proximate a surface of the catheter device 102. In an embodiment, one or more of the sensors 504 are configured to embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at least 30 one of a sodium ion content, a chloride content, a Superoxide detect absorbance, reflectance, or a transmittance spectra of anion content, or a hydrogen peroxide content. In an embodi one or more components indicative of a microbial presence in ment, the at least one characteristic includes at least one one or more regions proximate at least one of the outer Surface parameter associated with a tissue water content, an oxy 106, the inner surface 108, or within at least one of the one or hemoglobin concentration, a deoxyhemoglobin concentra 35 more fluid-flow passageways 110 of the body structure 104. tion, an oxygenated hemoglobin absorption parameter, a In an embodiment, one or more of the sensors 504 are deoxygenated hemoglobin absorption parameter, a tissue configured to detect spectral information associated with a light scattering parameter, a tissue light absorption parameter, biological sample in the vicinity of the catheter device 102. a hematological parameter, or a pH level. In an embodiment, For example, in an embodiment, one or more of the sensors the at least one characteristic includes at least one parameter 40 504 are configured to detect at least one of an absorption associated with a cytokine plasma concentration or an acute coefficient, an extinction coefficient, or a scattering coeffi phase protein plasma concentration. In an embodiment, the at cient associated with the biological sample. least one characteristic includes at least one parameter asso In an embodiment, one or more of the sensors 504 are ciated with a leukocyte level. configured to detect spectral information associated with a In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at 45 microbial presence. For example, in an embodiment, at least least one of a transmittance, an energy stimulus frequency one of the one or more sensors 504 is configured to detect at change, energy stimulus frequency shift, an energy stimulus least one of an emitted optical energy, a remitted optical phase change, and energy stimulus phase shift. In an embodi energy, or an acoustic energy from a one or more regions ment; the at least one characteristic includes at least one of a proximate at least one of the outer surface 106, the inner fluorescence, an intrinsic fluorescence, a tissue fluorescence, 50 surface 108, and within at least one of the one or more fluid or a naturally occurring fluorophore fluorescence. In an flow passageways 110 of the body structure 104, and to gen embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at least erate a first response based on a detected at least one of an one of an electrical conductivity, electrical polarizability, or emitted optical energy, a remitted optical energy, oran acous an electrical permittivity. In an embodiment, the at least one tic energy. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more characteristic includes at least one of a thermal conductivity, 55 sensors 504 is configured to detect a fluorescence associated a thermal diffusivity, a tissue temperature, or a regional tem with an autofluorescent material of biological sample proxi perature. mate the body structure 104. In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes a In an embodiment, one or more of the sensors 504 are spectral parameter associated with a biofilm-specific tag. In configured to detect a change in at least one of a phase, a an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes an 60 polarization, or a refraction associated with a microbial pres optical density. In an embodiment, the at least one character ence. In an embodiment, one or more of the sensors 504 are istic includes an opacity. In an embodiment, the at least one configured to detect a microbial presence within the one or characteristic includes arefractivity. In an embodiment, theat more fluid-flow passageways 110 based on one or more flow least one characteristic includes an absorbance, reflectance, characteristics. In an embodiment, one or more of the sensors or a transmittance. 65 504 are configured to detect a location associated with a In an embodiment, the at least one characteristic includes at microbial presence. In an embodiment, one or more of the least one of an inflammation indication parameter (e.g., an sensors 504 are configured to detect spectral information US 8,585,627 B2 67 68 associated with at least one of temporal metabolite informa ment, the response includes at least one of a display, a visual tion or spatial metabolite information associated with a representation (e.g., a visual depiction representative of the microbial presence. detected (e.g., assessed, calculated, evaluated, determined, In an embodiment, the system 100 includes one or more gauged, measured, monitored, quantified, resolved, sensed, computing devices 230 operably coupled to one or more or the like) information) component, a visual display of at sensors 504. In an embodiment, at least one computing device least one spectral parameter, or the like. In an embodiment, 230 is configured to process an output associated with one or the response includes a visual representation indicative of a more sensors 504. In an embodiment, the system 100 includes parameter associated with an infection present in a region of one or more computing devices 230 configured to concur a tissue proximate one or more sensors 504. In an embodi rently or sequentially operate multiple sensors 504. In an 10 ment, the response includes generating a representation (e.g., embodiment, the system 100 is configured to compare an depiction, rendering, modeling, or the like) of at least one input associated with at least one characteristic associated physical parameter associated with a biological specimen. with a tissue proximate a catheter device 102 to a data struc In an embodiment, the response includes generating at ture 260 including reference values, and to generate a least one of a visual, an audio, a haptic, or a tactile represen response based in part on the comparison. In an embodiment, 15 tation of at least one of spectral component associated with a the system 100 is configured to compare an input associated biofilm marker. In an embodiment, the response includes at with at least one physiological characteristic associated with least one of activating an authorization protocol, activating an a biological subject to a data structure 260 including refer authentication protocol, activating a software update proto ence values, and to generate a response based in part on the col, activating a data transfer protocol, or activating a biofilm comparison. In an embodiment, the system 100 is configured sterilization diagnostic protocol. to compare an input associated with at least one characteristic In an embodiment, the response includes one or more of a associated with a tissue proximate a catheter device 102 to a response signal, a control signal, a change to an energy stimu data structure 260 including reference values, and to generate lus parameter, a change in an excitation intensity, a change in a response based in part on the comparison. an excitation frequency, a change in an excitation pulse fre In an embodiment, at least one computing device 230 is 25 quency, a change in an excitation pulse ratio, a change in an configured to perform a comparison of at least one detected excitation pulse intensity, a change in an excitation pulse characteristic to stored reference data, and to generate a duration time, a change in an excitation pulse repetition rate, response based at least in part on the comparison. For ora change in an energy stimulus delivery regimen parameter. example, in an embodiment, at least one computing device In an embodiment, the response includes one or more of 230 is configured to perform a comparison of at least one 30 sending information associated with at least one of an authen characteristic associated with the biological sample to stored tication protocol, an authorization protocol, an energy stimu reference data, and to initiate a treatment protocol based at lus delivery protocol, an activation protocol, an encryption least in part on the comparison. In an embodiment, at least one protocol, or a decryption protocol. computing device 230 is configured to perform a comparison In an embodiment, at least one computing device 230 is of a detected at least one of the emitted optical energy or the 35 configured to perform a comparison of the at least one char remitted optical energy from the region proximate the body acteristic associated with the biological sample to stored ref structure 104 to reference spectral information, and to cause erence data, and to cause at least one of an emission of an an emission of an energy stimulus from one or more energy energy stimulus from one or more of the energy emitters 220 emitters 220 to at least one of the outer surface 106 or the to a biological sample received within at least one of the one inner surface 108 of the body structure 104. In an embodi 40 or more fluid-flow passageways 110, and a delivery of an ment, one or more computing devices 230 are communica active agent from at least one disinfecting agent reservoir to tively coupled to one or more sensors 504 and configured to an interior of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow pas actuate a determination of the at least one characteristic asso sageways 110. ciated with a biological specimen proximate a Surface of the In an embodiment, the computing device 230 is configured catheter device 102. 45 to perform a comparison of a real-time measurand associated In an embodiment, a computing device 230 is configured to with a region proximate the catheter device 102 to infection compare a measurand associated with the biological Subject marker information configured as a physical data structure to a threshold value associated with a tissue spectral model 260 and to generate a response based at least in part on the and to generate a response based on the comparison. In an comparison. In an embodiment, one or more computing embodiment, a computing device 230 is configured to gener 50 devices 230 are operably coupled to at least one of the plu ate the response based on the comparison of a measurand that rality of selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a, and modulates with a detected heartbeat of the biological subject configured to actuate at least one of the plurality of selectively to a target value associated with a tissue spectral model. In an actuatable energy waveguides 202a in response to detected embodiment, a computing device 230 is configured to con information from the one or more sensors 504. currently or sequentially operate multiple energy emitters 55 In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other 220. In an embodiment, a computing device 230 is configured things, means for detecting at least one characteristic associ to compare an input associated with at least one characteristic ated with a biological Subject including at least one sensor associated with, for example, a tissue proximate a catheter component 502 having one or more sensors 504 and at least device 102 to a database 258 of stored reference values, and to one computing device 230 operably coupled to the at least one generate a response based in part on the comparison. 60 sensor component 502. In an embodiment, the system 100 In an embodiment, the response includes, among other includes, among other things, means for detecting at least one things, at least one of a response signal, an absorption param of an emitted energy or a remitted energy including an inter eter, an extinction parameter, a scattering parameter, a com rogation energy emitter and one or more sensor components parison code, a comparison plot, a diagnostic code, a treat 502 having one or more sensors 504. In an embodiment, the ment code, an alarm response, or a test code based on the 65 means for detecting at least one of an emitted energy or a comparison of a detected optical energy absorption profile to remitted energy includes at least one of a time-integrating characteristic spectral signature information. In an embodi optical component 506, a linear time-integrating component US 8,585,627 B2 69 70 508, a nonlinear optical component 510, or a temporal auto event includes one or more acoustic transducers, electro correlating component 512. In an embodiment, means for chemical transducers, optical transducers, piezoelectric detecting at least one of an emitted energy or a remitted transducers, or thermal transducers. In an embodiment, the energy includes one or more one-, two-, or three-dimensional circuitry 550 configured to determine the microorganism photodiode arrays. colonization event includes one or more thermal detectors, In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other photovoltaic detectors, or photomultiplier detectors. In an things, circuitry 550 configured to determine a microorgan embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to determine the ism colonization event in one or more regions in the vicinity microorganism colonization event includes one or more of the catheter device 102, for example, proximate at least one charge-coupled devices, complementary metal-oxide-semi of the outer surface or the inner surface of the body structure 10 conductor devices, photodiode image sensor devices, whis 104. In an embodiment, circuitry includes one or more com pering gallery mode micro cavity devices, or Scintillation ponents operably coupled (e.g., communicatively coupled, detector devices. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 config electromagnetically, magnetically, acoustically, optically, ured to determine the microorganism colonization event inductively, electrically, capacitively coupleable, or the like) includes one or more acoustic transducers. In an embodiment, to each other. In an embodiment, circuitry includes one or 15 the circuitry 550 configured to determine the microorganism more remotely located components. In an embodiment, colonization event includes one or more density sensors. In an remotely located components are operably coupled via wire embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to determine the less communication. In an embodiment, remotely located microorganism colonization event includes one or more opti components are operably coupled via one or more receivers, cal density sensors. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 con transmitters, transceivers, or the like. figured to determine the microorganism colonization event In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to deter includes one or more photoacoustic spectrometers. mine the microorganism colonization event includes at least In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to deter one sensor component 502 having one or more sensors 504. In mine the microorganism colonization event includes one or an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to determine the more refractive index sensors. In an embodiment, the cir microorganism colonization event includes at least one sen 25 cuitry 550 configured to determine the microorganism colo Sor component 502 having a component identification code nization event includes one or more fiber optic refractive and configured to implement instructions addressed to the index sensors. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 config sensor component 502 according to the component identifi ured to determine the microorganism colonization event cation code. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured includes one or more surface plasmon resonance sensors. In to determine the microorganism colonization event includes 30 an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to determine the at least one sensor component 502 operably coupled to a microorganism colonization event includes one or more microorganism colonization biomarker array. localized surface plasmon resonance sensors. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to deter In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to deter mine the microorganism colonization event includes a com mine the microorganism colonization event includes a light puting device 230 operably coupled to one or more sensors 35 transmissive Support and a reflective metal layer. In an 304, and configured to process sensor measurand informa embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to determine the tion, and configured to cause the storing of the measurand microorganism colonization event includes one or more information in a data storage medium. In an embodiment, the acoustic biosensors, amperometric biosensors, calorimetric circuitry 550 configured to determine the microorganism biosensors, optical biosensors, or potentiometric biosensors. colonization event includes at least one Surface plasmon reso 40 In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to determine nance microarray sensor. In an embodiment, the at least one the microorganism colonization event includes one or more Surface plasmon resonance microarray sensor includes an fluid flow sensors. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 con array of micro-regions configured to capture target mol figured to determine the microorganism colonization event ecules. includes one or more differential electrodes. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to deter 45 In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to deter mine the microorganism colonization event includes at least mine the microorganism colonization event includes one or one of a charge-coupled device, a complementary metal more biomass sensors. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 oxide-semiconductor device, a photodiode image sensor configured to determine the microorganism colonization device, a Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) micro cavity event includes one or more immunosensors. In an embodi device, or a Scintillation detector device. In an embodiment, 50 ment, the circuitry 550 configured to determine the microor the circuitry 550 configured to determine the microorganism ganism colonization event includes one or more functional colonization event includes at least one photoelectric device. ized cantilevers. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to determine configured to determine the microorganism colonization the microorganism colonization event includes an imaging event includes a biological molecule capture layer. In an spectrometer. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured 55 embodiment, the biological molecule capture layer includes to determine the microorganism colonization event includes an array of different binding molecules that specifically bind at least one of a photo-acoustic imaging spectrometer, a one or more target molecules. thermo-acoustic imaging spectrometer, or a photo-acoustic/ In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to deter thermo-acoustic tomographic imaging spectrometer. mine the microorganism colonization event includes biofilm In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to deter 60 marker information configured as a physical data structure. In mine the microorganism colonization event includes a wave an embodiment, the physical data structure includes a char length-tunable Surface plasmon resonance sensor. In an acteristic information section having characteristic microbial embodiment, the circuitry 550 configured to determine the colonization spectral information representative of the pres microorganism colonization event includes a Surface plas ence of a microbial colonization proximate the catheter mon resonance microarray sensor having a wavelength-tun 65 device 102. able metal-coated grating. In an embodiment, the circuitry In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other 550 configured to determine the microorganism colonization things, circuitry 560 configured to obtain information. In an US 8,585,627 B2 71 72 embodiment, the circuitry 560 configured to obtain informa more transducers 223a based on a sensed parameter. In an tion includes circuitry 560 configured to obtain information embodiment, one or more computing devices 230 are config associated with a delivery of the optical energy. In an embodi ured to automatically control one or more of a frequency, a ment, the circuitry 560 configured to obtain information duration, a pulse rate, a duty cycle, or the like associated with includes circuitry configured to obtain at least one of a com the acoustic energy generated by the one or more transducers mand stream, a software stream, or a data stream. 223a based on a sensed parameter associated with a region In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other within the biological subject. things, circuitry 570 configured to store information. In an Referring to FIG. 5, in an embodiment, the system 100 embodiment, the circuitry 570 configured to store informa includes, among other things, a plurality of actuatable regions tion includes one or more data structures. 10 592 that are independently actuatable between at least a first In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other transmissive state and a second transmissive state. For things, circuitry 580 configured to provide information. In an example, in an embodiment, a catheter device 102 includes a embodiment, the circuitry 580 configured to provide infor plurality of actuatable regions 592 that are independently mation includes circuitry 580 configured to provide having actuatable between at least a first transmissive state and a infection marker information. In an embodiment, the cir 15 second transmissive state. In an embodiment, the plurality of cuitry 580 configured to provide information includes cir actuatable regions 592 are configured to actuate between the cuitry 580 configured to provide status information. In an at least first transmissive state and the second transmissive embodiment, the circuitry 580 configured to provide infor state in response to an applied Voltage, electric current, elec mation includes circuitry 580 configured to provide informa tric potential, electromagnetic field, or the like. For example, tion regarding the detection at least one of the emitted optical in an embodiment, one or more of the plurality of actuatable energy or the remitted optical energy. regions 592 include a region comprising a ferromagnetic fluid In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other whose transmittance changes as the rheology of the ferro things, circuitry 590 configured to perform a comparison of magnetic fluid changes in response to an applied potential. In the determined at least one characteristic associated with the an embodiment, one or more of the plurality of actuatable tissue or a biological fluid proximate the catheter device 102 25 regions 592 include a region comprising one or more light to stored reference data following the delivery of the energy valves (e.g., Suspended particle devices, or the like) including stimulus. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes, a film or a liquid Suspension of conductive material and one or among other things, circuitry configured to generate a more conductive coatings that permit the passage of light in response based at least in part on the comparison. In an the presence of an applied Voltage, and blocks the passage of embodiment, the circuitry 590 configured to perform a com 30 light in the absences of an applied Voltage. parison includes, among other things, one or computing In an embodiment, the plurality of actuatable regions 592 devices 230 configured to perform a comparison of the at least are configured to actuate electrochemically between the at one characteristic associated with the tissue or a biological least first transmissive state and the second transmissive state. fluid proximate the catheter device 102 stored reference data For example, in an embodiment, the plurality of actuatable following delivery of the sterilizing stimulus, and to generate 35 regions 592 includes one or more oftungsten oxide laminates a response based at least in part on the comparison. having optical properties that are electrochemically control In an embodiment, the system 100 is configured to initiate lable. In an embodiment, the plurality of actuatable regions one or more treatment protocols. In an embodiment, the sys 592 includes one or more of materials that change color in tem 100 is configured to initiate at least one treatment regi response to an applied Voltage change. men based on a detected spectral event. In an embodiment, 40 In an embodiment, the plurality of actuatable regions 592 is the system 100 is configured to initiate at least one treatment energetically actuatable between the at least first transmissive regimen based on a detected biomarker event. In an embodi state and the second transmissive state. In an embodiment, the ment, the system 100 is configured to initiate at least one plurality of actuatable regions 592 is UV-actuatable between treatment regimen based on a detected infection. In an the at least first transmissive state and the second transmissive embodiment, the system 100 is configured to initiate at least 45 state. In an embodiment, the plurality of actuatable regions one treatment regimen based on a detected fluid vessel abnor 592 is photochemically actuatable between the at least first mality (e.g., an obstruction), a detected biological fluid transmissive state and the second transmissive state. In an abnormality (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, hemato embodiment, the plurality of actuatable regions 592 is elec logical abnormalities, components concentration or level trically actuatable between the at least first transmissive state abnormalities, flow abnormalities, or the like), a detected 50 and the second transmissive state. In an embodiment, the biological parameter, or the like. plurality of actuatable regions 592 is acoustically actuatable Many of the disclosed embodiments can be electrical, elec between the at least first transmissive state and the second tromechanical, Software-implemented, firmware-imple transmissive state. mented, or other otherwise implemented, or combinations In an embodiment, the plurality of actuatable regions 592 is thereof. Many of the disclosed embodiments can be software 55 configured to actuate electro-optically between the at least or otherwise in memory, Such as one or more executable first transmissive state and the second transmissive state. instruction sequences or Supplemental information as In an embodiment, the plurality of actuatable regions 592 is described herein. For example, in an embodiment, in an actively controllable, via one or more computing device 230, embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes, among other between the at least first transmissive state and the second things, one or more computing devices 230 configured to 60 transmissive state. For example, in an embodiment, one or perform a comparison of the at least one characteristic asso more computing devices 230 are used to actuate the plurality ciated with the biological subject to stored reference data, and of actuatable regions 592 between an optically transparent to generate a response based at least in part on the compari state and an optically reflective state. In an embodiment, the son. In an embodiment, one or more computing devices 230 plurality of actuatable regions 592 is controllably actuatable are configured to automatically control one or more of a 65 between a transmissive state and a reflective state. frequency, a duration, a pulse rate, a duty cycle, or the like The system 100 can include, among other things, one or associated with an acoustic energy generated by the one or more actively controllable reflective or transmissive compo US 8,585,627 B2 73 74 nents configured to outwardly transmit or internally reflect an a surface on a catheter device 102, it may also be possible to energy stimulus propagated therethrough. In an embodiment, affect the transport properties of a fluid exposed to the surface a catheter device 102 includes one or more actively control on a catheter device 102. lable reflective or transmissive components configured to out In an embodiment, at leastone of the one or more fluid-flow wardly transmit or internally reflect an energy stimulus passageways 110 includes one or more surface regions 602 propagated therethrough. that are energetically actuatable between a Substantially In an embodiment, one or more of plurality of actuatable hydrophobic state and a substantially hydrophilic state. In an regions 592 are independently actuatable between at least a embodiment, at least one of the one or more fluid-flow pas first transmissive state and a second transmissive state via at sageways 110 includes a Surface region 602 that is energeti 10 cally actuatable between at least a first hydrophilic state and least one acoustically active material. In an embodiment, one a second hydrophilic State. In an embodiment, at least one of or more of plurality of actuatable regions 592 are indepen the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 includes a sur dently actuatable between at least a first transmissive state face region 602 that is energetically actuatable between a and a second transmissive state via at least one electro-me hydrophobic state and a hydrophilic state. In an embodiment, chanical Switch. In an embodiment, one or more of plurality 15 at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 of actuatable regions 592 are independently actuatable includes a Surface region 602 having a material that is Swit between at least a first transmissive state and a second trans chable between a Zwitterionic state and a non-Zwitterionic missive state via at least one electro-optic Switch. In an State. embodiment, one or more of plurality of actuatable regions In an embodiment, at leastone of the one or more fluid-flow 592 are independently actuatable between at least a first trans passageways 110 includes at least one of an antimicrobial missive state and a second transmissive state via at least one coating and a non-fouling coating. In an embodiment, at least acousto-optic Switch. In an embodiment, one or more of one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 includes plurality of actuatable regions 592 are independently actuat an antimicrobial and a non-fouling coating. In an embodi able between at least a first transmissive state and a second ment, at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways transmissive state via at least one optical Switch. 25 110 includes a surface region 602 that is energetically actu In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other atable between an antimicrobial state and a non-fouling state. things, a computing device 230 operably coupled to one or In an embodiment, the body structure 104 includes one or more of the plurality of actuatable regions 592. In an embodi more protruding elements (e.g., nanostructures, microstruc ment, the controller is configured to cause a change between tures, pillars, ridges, or the like) on its surface that recede in transmissive states based on detected information from the 30 the presence of an applied current. The wettability of the one or more sensors 504. surface can be controlled by altering the density of the pro In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or truding elements. See e.g., Spori et al., Cassie-State Wetting more computing devices 230 operably coupled to one or more Investigated by Means of a Hole-to-Pillar Density Gradient, of the plurality of actuatable regions 592. In an embodiment, Langmuir, 2010, 26 (12), pp. 9465-9473; which is incorpo at least one of the one or more computing devices 230 is 35 rated herein by reference. configured to cause a change between the at least first trans In an embodiment, the one or more surface regions are missive state and the second transmissive state based on configured to photochemically actuate between the first wet detected information from the one or more sensors 504. In an tability state and the second wettability state in the presence embodiment, at least one of the one or more computing of an ultraviolet energy. In an embodiment, the one or more devices 230 is configured to actuate one or more of the plu 40 surface regions 602 are configured to actuate between the first rality of actuatable regions 592 between the at least first wettability state and the second wettability state in the pres transmissive state and the second transmissive state based on ence of an applied potential. In an embodiment, the one or a comparison of a detected characteristic associated with the more surface regions 602 are UV-manipulatable between the biological sample proximate at least one of the outer Surface first wettability and the second wettability. or the inner surface of the body structure 104. 45 In an embodiment, the one or more Surface regions 602 are Referring to FIG. 6, in an embodiment, the system 100 configured to photochemically actuate between a Substan includes, among other things, one or more Surface regions tially hydrophobic state and a substantially hydrophilic state. 602 that can be actuated (e.g., controllably actuated, energeti In an embodiment, the one or more Surface regions 602 are cally actuated, selectively actuated, or the like) between wet configured to electrically actuate between a Substantially tability states (e.g., between at least a first wettability state 50 hydrophobic state and a substantially hydrophilic state. In an and a second wettability state). In an embodiment, a catheter embodiment, the one or more surface regions 602 include at device 102 includes one or more surface regions 602 that are least one ZnO nano-rod film, coating, or material that is can be actuated between at least a first wettability state and a UV-manipulatable between a superhydrophobic state and second wettability state. For example, in an embodiment, the Superhydrophilic state. catheter device 102 includes, among other things, one or more 55 In an embodiment, the one or more Surface regions 602 are controllable-wettability-components 604 that are energeti energetically controllably actuatable between a substantially cally actuatable among a plurality of wettability states. hydrophobic state and a substantially hydrophilic state. In an It may be possible to affect adhesion of, for example, embodiment, the one or more surface regions 602 are ener bacteria and biofilm formation by changing at least one of a getically controllably actuatable between at least a first functional, structural, or chemical character of a surface on a 60 hydrophilic state and a second hydrophilic state. In an catheter device 102. For example, it may be possible to affect embodiment, the one or more surface regions 602 are ener adhesion of, for example, bacteria and biofilm formation by getically controllably actuatable between a hydrophobic state changing Surface morphology. It may also be possible to and a hydrophilic state. In an embodiment, the one or more modulate the adhesion and biofilm formation by modulating surface regions 602 include a material that is switchable at least one of the functional, structural, or chemical charac 65 between a Zwitterionic state and a non-Zwitterionic state. ters of a surface on a catheter device 102. By modulating at Controllable-wettability-components 604 can be made least one of a functional, structural, or chemical character of using a variety of methodologies and technologies including, US 8,585,627 B2 75 76 for example, spray pyrolysis, electro-deposition, electro rials include SnO, SnO, TiO, WO, ZnO, or the like. In an deposition onto laser-drilled polymer molds, laser cutting and embodiment, the one or more controllable-wettability-com electro-polishing, laser micromachining, photolithography, ponents 604 include at least one film, coating, or material Surface micro-machining, Soft lithography, X-ray lithography, including SnO, SnO, TiO, WO, ZnO, or the like. In an LIGA techniques (e.g., X-ray lithography, electroplating, and embodiment, the one or more controllable-wettability-com molding), conductive paint silk screen techniques, conven ponents 604 are UV-manipulatable between at least a first tional patterning techniques, injection molding, conventional wettability and a second wettability. In an embodiment, the silicon-based fabrication methods (e.g., inductively coupled one or more controllable-wettability-components 604 plasma etching, wet etching, isotropic and anisotropic etch include one or more ZnO nano-rod films, coatings, or mate ing, isotropic silicon etching, anisotropic silicon etching, 10 rials that are UV-manipulatable between a superhydrophobic anisotropic GaAs etching, deep reactive ion etching, silicon state and Superhydrophilic state. In an embodiment, the one isotropic etching, silicon bulk micromachining, or the like), or more controllable-wettability-components 604 include at complementary-symmetry/metal-oxide semiconductor least one electrochemically active material. Non-limiting (CMOS) technology, deep X-ray exposure techniques, or the examples of electrochemically active materials include elec like. 15 trochemically active polymers (e.g., polyaniline, polyethyl Further examples of methodologies and technologies for enethioxythiophene, conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylth making controllable wettability components can be found, iophene), or the like), or the like. for example, in the following documents: Feng et al., Revers In an embodiment, the one or more controllable-wettabil ible Super-hydrophobicity to Super-hydrophilicity Transition ity-components 604 include one or more superhydrophobic of Aligned ZnO Nanorod Films, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, conducting polypyrrole films, coatings, or components that 62-63 (2004), Lin et al., Electrically Tunable Wettability of are electrically switchable between an oxidized state and a Liquid Crystal/Polymer Composite Films, Optics Express 16 neutral state, resulting in reversibly switchable superhydro (22): 17591-598 (2008), Spori et al., Cassie-State Wetting phobic and Superhydrophilic properties. (See, e.g., Lahannet Investigated by Means of a Hole-to-Pillar Density Gradient, al., A Reversibly Switching Surface, 299 (5605): 371-374 Langmuir, 2010, 26 (12), pp. 9465-9473; Wang et al., Photo 25 (2003) 21:47-51 (2003), which is incorporated herein by responsive Surfaces with Controllable Wettability, Journal of reference). In an embodiment, the one or more controllable Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry wettability-components 604 include one or more electrically Reviews, 8 (1): 18-29 (2007), U.S. Pat. No. 6,914,279 (issued isolatable fluid-support structures. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. Jul. 5, 2005), and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0223717 7,535,692 (issued May 19, 2009), which is incorporated (published Sep. 18, 2008); each of which is incorporated 30 herein by reference). herein by reference. In an embodiment, the one or more controllable-wettabil The wettability of a substrate can be determined using ity-components 604 include a plurality of volume-tunable various technologies and methodologies including contact nanostructures. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/ angle methods, the Goniometer method, the Whilemy 0095,977 (published Apr. 24, 2008), which is incorporated method, the Sessile drop technique, or the like. Wetting is a 35 herein by reference). In an embodiment, the one or more process by which a liquid interacts with a solid. Wettability controllable-wettability-components 604 include one or (the degree of wetting) is determined by a force balance more tunable (electrically tunable) superhydrophobic con between adhesive and cohesive force and is often character ducting polypyrrole films, coatings, or components. See, e.g., ized by a contact angle. The contact angle is the angle made Krupenki et al. Electrically Tunable Superhydrophobic by the intersection of the liquid/solid interface and the liquid/ 40 Nanostructured Surfaces, Bell Labs Technical Journal 10(3): air interface. Alternatively, it is the angle between a solid 161-170 (2009), which is incorporated herein by reference). sample's Surface and the tangent of a droplet’s ovate shape at In an embodiment, the one or more controllable-wettability the edge of the droplet. Contact angle measurements provide components 604 include one or more electrically tunable a measure of interfacial energies and convey direct informa crystal/polymer composites. In an embodiment, the one or tion regarding the degree of hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity 45 more controllable-wettability-components 604 include a of a Surface. For example, Superhydrophilic Surfaces have switchable surface. See e.g., Gras et al., Intelligent Control of contact angles less than about 5, hydrophilic Surfaces have Surface Hydrophobicity, ChemPhysChem 8 (14): 2036-2050 contactangles less than about 90°, hydrophobic surfaces have (2007); each of which is incorporated herein by reference. contact angles greater than about 90°, and Superhydrophobic Referring to FIG. 7, in an embodiment the system 100 Surfaces have contact angles greater than about 150°. 50 includes, among other things, one or more power sources 700. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes a body In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or structure 104 including one or more controllable-wettability more power sources 700. In an embodiment, the power source components 604 having Switchable wetting properties. In an 700 is electromagnetically, magnetically, acoustically, opti embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes a body struc cally, inductively, electrically, or capacitively coupled to at ture 104 including one or more controllable-wettability-com 55 least one of the energy waveguides 202 (e.g., selectively ponents 604 that are energetically actuatable between at least actuatable energy waveguides 202a), the energy emitters 220, a first wettability and a second wettability. In an embodiment, the computing device 230, and the sensor component 502. the one or more controllable-wettability-components 604 are Non-limiting examples of power sources 700 examples acoustically, chemically, electro-chemically, electrically, include one or more button cells, chemical battery cells, a fuel optically, thermally, or photo-chemically actuatable between 60 cell, secondary cells, lithium ion cells, micro-electric patches, at least a first wettability and a second wettability. nickel metal hydride cells, silver-zinc cells, capacitors, Super In an embodiment, the one or more controllable-wettabil capacitors, thin film secondary cells, ultra-capacitors, zinc ity-components 604 include at least one acousto-responsive air cells, or the like. Further non-limiting examples of power material. Sources 700 include one or more generators (e.g., electrical In an embodiment, the one or more controllable-wettabil 65 generators, thermo energy-to-electrical energy generators, ity-components 604 include at least one photo-responsive mechanical-energy-to-electrical energy generators, micro material. Non-limiting examples of photo-responsive mate generators, nano-generators, or the like) Such as, for example, US 8,585,627 B2 77 78 thermoelectric generators, piezoelectric generators, electro embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes a transcutane mechanical generators, biomechanical-energy harvesting ous energy transfer system 714. For example, in an embodi generators, or the like. In an embodiment, the power Source ment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more power 700 includes at least one rechargeable power source. In an receivers 732 configured to receive power from at least one of embodiment, the power source 700 is carried by the catheter an in vivo or an ex vivo power Source. In an embodiment, the device 102. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 can transcutaneous energy transfer system 714 is electromagneti include, among other things, at least one of a battery, a capaci cally, magnetically, acoustically, optically, inductively, elec tor, or a mechanical energy store (e.g., a spring, a flywheel, or trically, or capacitively coupled to at least one of the energy the like). waveguides 202 (e.g., selectively actuatable energy In an embodiment, the power source 700 is configured to 10 waveguides 202a), the energy emitters 220, the computing manage a duty cycle associated with emitting an effective device 230, or the sensor component 502. dose of the energy stimulus from to at least one of the energy In an embodiment, the transcutaneous energy transfer sys waveguides 202 (e.g., selectively actuatable energy tem 714 is configured to transfer power from at least one of an waveguides 202a), or the energy emitters 220. In an embodi in vivo or an ex vivo power source to the catheter device 102. ment, the catheter device 102 is configured to provide a volt 15 In an embodiment, the transcutaneous energy transfer system age, via a power source 700 operably coupled to at least one 714 is configured to transfer power to the catheter device 102 of the energy waveguides 202 or the energy emitters 220, and to recharge a power source 700 within the catheter device across at least a portion of the tissue proximate the catheter 102. device 102. In an embodiment, the transcutaneous energy transfer sys In an embodiment, the power source 700 is configured to tem 714 is electromagnetically, magnetically, acoustically, wirelessly receive power from a remote power supply 730. In optically, inductively, electrically, or capacitively coupleable an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more to an in vivo power Supply. In an embodiment, the transcuta power receivers 732 configured to receive power from an in neous energy transfer system 714 includes at least one elec vivo or ex vivo power source. In an embodiment, the power tromagnetically coupleable power Supply 716, magnetically source 700 is configured to wirelessly receive power via at 25 coupleable power supply 718, acoustically coupleable power least one of an electrical conductor or an electromagnetic supply 720, optically coupleable power supply 722, induc waveguide. In an embodiment, the power source 700 includes tively coupleable power supply 724, electrically coupleable one or more power receivers 732 configured to receive power power Supply 726, or capacitively coupleable power Supply from an in vivo or ex vivo power source. In an embodiment, 728. In an embodiment, the energy transcutaneous transfer the in Vivo power Source includes at least one of a thermo 30 system 714 is configured to wirelessly receive power from a electric generator, a piezoelectric generator, a microelectro remote power supply 730. mechanical systems generator, or a biomechanical-energy The transcutaneous energy transfer system 714 can harvesting generator. include, among other things, an inductive power Supply. In an In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or embodiment, the inductive power Supply includes a primary more generators configured to harvest mechanical energy 35 winding operable to produce a varying magnetic field. The from for example, acoustic waves, mechanical vibration, catheter device 102 can include, among other things, a sec blood flow, or the like. For example, in an embodiment, the ondary winding electrically coupled to one or more energy power source 700 includes at least one of a biological-subject emitters 220 for providing a voltage to tissue proximate the (e.g., human)-powered generator 704, a thermoelectric gen catheter device 102 in response to the varying magnetic field erator 706, piezoelectric generator 708, electromechanical 40 of the inductive power Supply. In an embodiment, the trans generator 710 (e.g., a microelectromechanical systems cutaneous energy transfer system 714 includes a secondary (MEMS) generator, or the like), biomechanical-energy har coil configured to provide an output Voltage ranging from vesting generator 712, or the like. about 10 volts to about 25 volts. In an embodiment, the In an embodiment, the biological-Subject-powered genera transcutaneous energy transfer system 714 is configured to tor 704 is configured to harvest thermal energy generated by 45 manage a duty cycle associated with emitting an effective the biological Subject. In an embodiment, the biological amount of the sterilizing energy stimulus from one or more subject-powered generator 704 is configured to harvest energy emitters 220. In an embodiment, the transcutaneous energy generated by the biological Subject using at least one energy transfer system 714 is configured to transfer power to of a thermoelectric generator 706, piezoelectric generator the catheter device 102 and to recharge a power source 700 708, electromechanical generator 710 (e.g., a microelectro 50 within the catheter device 102. mechanical systems (MEMS) generator, or the like), biome In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or chanical-energy harvesting generator 712, or the like. For more coatings (e.g., optically active coatings, reflective coat example, in an embodiment, the biological-Subject-powered ing, opaque coatings, transmissive coatings, etc.). In an generator 704 includes one or more thermoelectric generators embodiment, at least a portion of the body structure 104 706 configured to convertheat dissipated by the biological 55 includes a Surface having a coating, coatings configured to Subject into electricity. In an embodiment, the biological treat or reduce the concentration of an infectious agent in the subject-powered generator 704 is configured to harvest immediate vicinity of the implantable device 102 energy generated by any physical motion or movement (e.g., Non-limiting examples of coatings include anti-biofilm walking,) by biological Subject. For example, in an embodi activity coatings, coatings having self-cleaning properties, ment, the biological-Subject-powered generator 704 is con 60 coatings having self-cleaning, and anti-bacterial activity, or figured to harvest energy generated by the movement of a the like. joint within the biological subject. In an embodiment, the Further non-limiting examples of coatings include poly biological-subject-powered generator 704 is configured to meric compositions that resist bacterial adhesion, antimicro harvest energy generated by the movement of a fluid (e.g., bial coating, coatings that controllably release antimicrobial biological fluid) within the biological subject. 65 agents, quaternary ammonium silane coatings, chitosan coat In an embodiment, the system 100, includes, among other ings, or the like. Further non-limiting examples of coatings things, a transcutaneous energy transfer system 714. In an may be found in, for example, the following documents: U.S. US 8,585,627 B2 79 80 Pat. Nos. 7,348,021 (issued Mar. 25, 2008), 7,217,425 (issued embodiment, at least a portion of the body structure 104 May 15, 2007), 7,151,139 (issued Dec. 19, 2006), and 7,143, includes a reflective material. Non limiting examples of 709 (issued Dec. 5, 2006); each of which is incorporated reflective materials include aluminum, aluminum oxide, herein by reference. In an embodiment, at least a portion of an barium sulfate, chromium, copper, fluorine, germanium, inner or an outer surface of the implantable device 102 gold, hafnium dioxide, high refractive index materials, low includes one or more self-cleaning coating materials. Non refractive index materials, magnesium fluoride, nickel, limiting examples of self-cleaning coating (e.g., Lotus Effect) nickel-chromium, platinum, quartz, rhodium, Sapphire, sili materials include Superhydrophobic materials, carbon nano con dioxide, silver, tantalum pentoxide, thorium fluorides, tubes with nanoscopic paraffin coating, or the like. Further titanium, titanium dioxide, titanium oxide, tungsten, yttrium non-limiting examples of self-cleaning (e.g., non fouling) 10 oxide, Zinc oxide, Zinc sulfide, Zirconium, Zirconium oxide, coating materials include antimicrobial, and nonfouling Zwit or the like, as well as compounds, composites, and mixtures terionic polymers, Zwitterionic Surface forming materials, thereof. Zwitterionic polymers, poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) For example, in an embodiment, at least a portion of the (pCBMA), poly(carboxybetaine acrylic amide) (pCBAA), catheter device 102 includes one or more coatings including poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) 15 at least one reflective material. In an embodiment, the reflec (pOEGMA), poly(N,N-dimethyl-N-(ethoxycarbonylm tive material includes at least one of aluminum, barium Sul ethyl)-N-2'-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-ammonium bromide), fate, gold, silver, titanium dioxide, or Zinc oxide. In an cationic pC8NMA, switchable pCBMA-1 C2, pCBMA-2, or embodiment, the reflective material includes an ultraviolet the like. See, e.g., WO 2008/083390 (publishedJul. 10, 2008) energy reflective material. In an embodiment, the ultraviolet (which is incorporated herein by reference). energy reflective material comprises a metallic film. In an Further non-limiting examples of coatings include Super embodiment, the ultraviolet energy reflective material com hydrophobic conducting polypyrrole coatings that are elec prises enhanced aluminum. In an embodiment, the ultraviolet trically switchable between an oxidized state and a neutral energy reflective material comprises enhanced aluminum state, resulting in reversibly switchable superhydrophobic overcoated with at least one of magnesium fluoride, silicon and Superhydrophilic properties (see, e.g., Lahann et al. A 25 dioxide, or silicon monoxide. In an embodiment, the ultra Reversibly Switching Surface, 299 (5605): 371-374 (2003) violet energy reflective material comprises enhanced alumi 21:47-51 (2003), which is incorporated herein by reference); num overcoated with high phosphorous nickel. In an embodi coatings including electrically isolatable fluid-support struc ment, the ultraviolet energy reflective material comprises tures (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,535,692 (issued May 19, barium sulfate. 2009), which is incorporated herein by reference); coatings 30 In an embodiment, at least a portion of the body structure including a plurality of Volume-tunable nanostructures (see, 104 includes an optical material that permits the transmission e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0095977 (published of at least a portion of an emitted energy stimulus from an Apr. 24, 2008), which is incorporated herein by reference); interior of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passage coatings including re-entrant Surface structures (see, e.g., ways 110 to an exterior of at least one of the one or more Tuteja et al., Robust Omniphobic Surfaces, Epub 2008 Nov. 35 fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, at least a 10, 105 (47): 18200-5 (2008), which is incorporated herein by portion of the body structure 104 includes an optical material reference); coatings including Superhydrophobic conducting that internally reflects at least a portion of an emitted energy polypyrrole materials, coatings including Zwitterionic poly stimulus present within an interior of at least one of the one or mers (see, e.g., Cheng et al., A Switchable Biocompatible more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, at least Polymer Surface with Self-Sterilizing and Nonfouling Capa 40 a portion of the body structure 104 includes an optical mate bilities, Agnew. Chem. Int. Ed. 8831-8834 (2008), which is rial that internally reflects at least a portion of an emitted incorporated herein by reference); or the like. energy stimulus within an interior of at least one of the one or Further non-limiting examples of coating include reflec more fluid-flow passageways 110, without substantially per tive coatings, beam-splitter coatings, broadband multilayer mitting the transmission of the emitted energy stimulus coatings, composite coatings, dielectric coatings, dielectric 45 through an exterior of the body structure 104. In an embodi reflective coatings (e.g., dielectric high reflective coatings), ment, at least a portion of the body structure 104 includes an grating waveguide coatings (e.g., high reflectivity grating optical material that internally directs at least a portion of an waveguide coatings), IR reflective coatings, metallic reflec emitted energy stimulus along a substantially longitudinal tive coatings (e.g., metallic high reflective coatings), multi direction of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passage layer coatings, narrow or broadband coatings, optical coat 50 ways 110. In an embodiment, wherein at least a portion of the ings, partial reflective coatings, polymeric coatings, single body structure 104 includes an optical material that internally layer coatings, UV reflective coatings, UV-IR reflective coat directs at least a portion of an emitted energy stimulus along ings, or the like, and combinations thereof. For example, in an a substantially lateral direction of at least one of the one or embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes at least one of more fluid-flow passageways 110. an outer internally reflective or an inner internally reflective 55 In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes at least coating on the body structure 104. For example, in an embodi one outer internally reflective coating on a body structure 104 ment, at least a portion of an inner surface 108 or an outer defining the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an surface 106 of the catheter device 102 includes a coating embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes at least one configured to internally reflect at least a portion of an emitted inner internally reflective coating on a body structure 104 energy stimulus within an interior of at least one of the one or 60 defining the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, at least The system 100 can include, among other things, one or a portion of the body structure 104 includes at least one of an more reflective Surfaces (e.g., one or more surfaces reflective outer internally reflective coating oran inner internally reflec to an energy stimulus, etc.). In an embodiment, the catheter tive coating. device 102 includes one or more reflective surfaces. For The system 100 can include, among other things, one or 65 example, in an embodiment, at least a portion of the catheter more reflective materials. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes a reflective surface. In an embodiment, device 102 includes a reflective material. For example, in an the reflective surface forms at least a portion of the body US 8,585,627 B2 81 82 structure 104. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or tion includes at least one waveguide 202, one or more energy more fluid-flow passageways 110 includes a surface config emitters 220, or one or more computing devices 230. ured to laterally internally reflect or longitudinally internally In an embodiment, at least a portion of a body structure 104 reflect electromagnetic radiation transmitted therethrough. includes one or more actively controllable reflective or trans For example, in an embodiment, at least a portion of a body missive components configured to outwardly transmit or structure defining the one or more fluid-flow passageways internally reflect an energy stimulus propagated through at 110 includes a reflective surface capable of reflecting at least least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an about 50 percent of an energy stimulus emitted by one or embodiment, a computing device 230 is operably coupled to more of the energy emitters 220 that impinges on the reflec at least one of the one or more actively controllable reflective 10 and transmissive components. In an embodiment, a comput tive Surface. In an embodiment, at least a portion of a body ing device 230 is configured to cause an outward-transmis structure defining the one or more fluid-flow passageways sion or internal-reflection of an energy stimulus propagated 110 includes a reflective surface that is reflective at a first through at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passage wavelength and transmissive at a second wavelength different ways 110 based on, for example, detected information from a from the first wavelength. In an embodiment, at least one of 15 sensor component 502. the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 includes one or In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more internally reflective components configured to manage more internally reflective components. In an embodiment, the a delivery of light to a biological sample received within the one or more internally reflective components form at least a one or more fluid-flow passageways 110, and to manage a portion of the body structure 104. In an embodiment, the one collection of reflected light from the biological sample. or more internally reflective components are configured to In an embodiment, the reflective surface is reflective at a manage a delivery of interrogation energy to a sample proxi first polarization and transmissive at a second polarization. In mate a surface of the catheter device 102, and configured to an embodiment, the reflective surface is reflective at a first manage a collection of emitted interrogation energy or remit power level and transmissive at a second power level. For ted interrogation energy from the sample. In an embodiment, example, in an embodiment, the reflective Surface is opaque at 25 the one or more internally reflective components are config a first power leveland transmissive at a second power level. In ured to manage a delivery of interrogation energy to a sample an embodiment, the reflective surface is reflective to a first within at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways wavelength at a first power level and reflective to a second 110, and to manage a collection of emitted interrogation wavelength at a second power level. In an embodiment, at energy or remitted interrogation energy from the sample. In least a portion of the body structure 104 includes a surface 30 an embodiment, the at least a portion of the body structure that is reflective to at least one of electromagnetic energy, 104 includes a reflective surface capable of reflecting at least acoustic energy, or thermal energy. about 50 percent of an energy stimulus that impinges on the In an embodiment, at least a portion of the body structure reflective surface. 104 includes an inner surface that is internally reflective to In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or electromagnetic radiation. In an embodiment, at least a por 35 more optical materials forming part of at least a portion of the tion of the body structure 104 includes a surface that is inter body structure 104. For example in an embodiment, the cath nally reflective to ultraviolet radiation. In an embodiment, at eter device 102 includes one or more optical materials that are least a portion of the body structure 104 includes a surface configured to reflect at least a portion of an energy stimulus that is internally reflective to infrared radiation. In an embodi propagating within the body structure 104. In an embodi ment, at least a portion of the body structure 104 includes a 40 ment, the one or more optical materials permit the transmis Surface configured to laterally internally reflect or longitudi sion of at least a portion of an emitted energy stimulus from an nally internally reflect electromagnetic radiation transmitted interior of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passage within the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an ways 110 to an exterior of at least one of the one or more embodiment, at least a portion of the body structure 104 fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, the one or includes a reflective surface capable of reflecting at least 45 more optical materials are configured to internally reflect at about 50 percent of an energy stimulus emitted by one or least a portion of an emitted energy stimulus present within an more of the energy emitters 220 that impinges on the reflec interior of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passage tive surface. ways 110. In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other In an embodiment, at least a portion of a body structure 104 things, means for reflecting at least a portion of an emitted 50 includes an optical material that internally reflects at least a energy stimulus within an interior of at least one of the one or portion of an emitted energy stimulus within an interior of at more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, the least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. catheter device 102 includes means for reflecting at least a without Substantially permitting the transmission of the emit portion of an emitted energy stimulus within an interior of at ted energy stimulus through an exterior of the body structure. least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an 55 For example, in an embodiment, at least a portion of a body embodiment, the means for reflecting at least a portion of an structure 104 includes an optical material that actuates emitted energy stimulus includes at least one waveguide 202, between one or more transmissive states and one or more one or more energy emitters 220, and one or more computing opaque state in the presences of an applied current or Voltage. devices 230. In an embodiment, the means for reflecting at In an embodiment, the one or more optical materials are least a portion of an emitted energy stimulus includes one or 60 configured to limit an amount of the energy stimulus that can more energy emitters 220 and one or more coatings including traverse within the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 optically active materials. In an embodiment, the catheter and through the outer surface 106 of the body structure 104. device 102 includes means for laterally reflecting or longitu In an embodiment, the one or more optical materials are dinally reflecting electromagnetic radiation transmitted configured to internally reflect at least a portion of an emitted within an interior of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow 65 energy stimulus from one or more of the energy emitters 220 passageways 110. In an embodiment, means for laterally into an interior of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow reflecting or longitudinally reflecting electromagnetic radia passageways 110. US 8,585,627 B2 83 84 In an embodiment, at least a portion of the one or more strates 802 in response to detected microbial presence infor fluid-flow passageways 110 includes an optical material that mation from the sensor component 502. directs at least a portion of an emitted energy stimulus along In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other a substantially longitudinal direction of at least one of the one things, one or more self-cleaning Surface regions 804. In an or more fluid-flow passageways 110. In an embodiment, at embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more least a portion of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110 self-cleaning Surface regions. For example, in an embodi includes an optical material that directs at least a portion of an ment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more self emitted energy stimulus alonga Substantially lateral direction cleaning Surface regions 804 including a self-cleaning coat of at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. ing composition. Referring to FIG. 8, in an embodiment the system 100 10 In an embodiment, the one or more self-cleaning Surface includes, among other things, a plurality of independently regions 804 include an energy-activatable self-cleaning mate activatable ultraviolet energy delivering substrates 802. In an rial. In an embodiment, the one or more self-cleaning Surface embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes a plurality of regions 804 include a chemically activatable self-cleaning independently activatable ultraviolet energy delivering Sub material. In an embodiment, the one or more self-cleaning strates 802 configured to deliver a sterilizing energy stimulus 15 surface regions 804 include one or more of titanium dioxide, to one or more regions proximate the catheter device 102. For Superhydrophobic materials, or carbon nanotubes with nano example, in an embodiment, the plurality of independently scopic paraffin coatings. In an embodiment, the one or more activatable ultraviolet energy delivering substrates 802 define self-cleaning Surface regions 804 include one or more anti at least a portion of one or more surfaces of the body structure microbial agents. 104 and configured to deliver a sterilizing energy stimulus to In an embodiment, the one or more self-cleaning Surface one or more regions proximate the body structure 104. regions 804 include one or more of non-fouling Zwitterionic In an embodiment, the plurality of independently activat polymers, Zwitterionic Surface forming materials, Zwitteri able ultraviolet energy delivering substrates 802 include a onic polymers, poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) radiation emitting coating. In an embodiment, the plurality of (pCBMA), poly(carboxybetaine acrylic amide) (pCBAA), independently activatable ultraviolet energy delivering Sub 25 poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) strates 802 include one or more ultraviolet energy nanopar (pOEGMA), poly(N,N-dimethyl-N-(ethoxycarbonylm ticles. In an embodiment, the plurality of independently acti ethyl)-N-2'-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-ammonium bromide), vatable ultraviolet energy delivering substrates 802 include a cationic pC8NMA, switchable pCBMA-1 C2, or switchable light-emitting material. Non-limiting examples of light-emit pCBMA-2. ting materials include electroluminescent materials, UV-elec 30 In an embodiment, the one or more self-cleaning Surface troluminescent materials, Near UV-electroluminescent, pho regions 804 are configured to generate reactive-oxygen-spe toluminescent materials, or the like. Further non-limiting cies or a reactive-nitrogen-species when exposed to an energy examples of light-emitting materials include titanium oxide stimulus. In an embodiment, the one or more self-cleaning phthalocyanine, p-doped Zinc oxide, poly(p-phenylene Surface regions 804 are configured to generate reactive-oxy vinylene)) conjugated polymers, or the like. In an embodi 35 gen-species or a reactive-nitrogen-species in the presence of ment, the plurality of independently activatable ultraviolet an applied Voltage. energy delivering Substrates 802 include a light-emitting In an embodiment, the one or more self-cleaning Surface material configured to emit ultraviolet light energy in the regions 804 include a self-cleaning agent configured to presence of an energy stimulus. hydrolyze when exposed to an energy stimulus. In an embodi In an embodiment, the plurality of independently activat 40 ment, the one or more self-cleaning Surface regions 804 able ultraviolet energy delivering substrates 802 include a include a self-cleaning coating configured to degrade when light-emitting material configured to emit at least one of exposed to an energy stimulus. In an embodiment, the one or ultraviolet light B and ultraviolet light C energy in the pres more self-cleaning surface regions 804 include a blood ence of an energy stimulus. In an embodiment, the plurality of soluble material configured to degrade when exposed to independently activatable ultraviolet energy delivering Sub 45 blood in vivo. In an embodiment, the one or more self-clean strates 802 include a light-emitting material having one or ing Surface regions 804 include one or more reflective mate more photo-absorption bands in the visible region of the rials or one or more self-cleaning materials. In an embodi electromagnetic spectrum. In an embodiment, the plurality of ment, the one or more self-cleaning Surface regions 804 independently activatable ultraviolet energy delivering Sub include one or more reflective coatings or one or more self strates 802 include a light-emitting material configured to 50 cleaning coatings. In an embodiment, the one or more self emit germicidal light. In an embodiment, the plurality of cleaning Surface regions 804 include at least one of an anti independently activatable ultraviolet energy delivering Sub microbial coating or a non-fouling coating. In an strates 802 include a light-emitting material configured to embodiment, the one or more self-cleaning Surface regions emit ultraviolet light energy in the presence of an electrical 804 include an antimicrobial or a non-fouling coating. In an potential. In an embodiment, the plurality of independently 55 embodiment, the one or more self-cleaning Surface regions activatable ultraviolet energy delivering substrates 802 804 include a surface region that is energetically actuatable includes one or more ultraviolet energy emitting phosphors. between an antimicrobial state and a non-fouling state. In an embodiment, the plurality of independently activatable In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other ultraviolet energy delivering substrates 802 includes a triva things, one or more selectively removable protective coatings lent phosphate configured to emit ultraviolet light C energy in 60 806. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one the presence of an energy stimulus. or more selectively removable protective coatings 806. For In an embodiment, the system 100 includes, among other example, in an embodiment, the body structure includes a things, a computing device 230 operably coupled to the plu plurality of regions having one or more in vivo selectively rality of independently activatable ultraviolet energy deliver removable protective coatings 806 defining at least a portion ing Substrates 802. In an embodiment, the computing device 65 of one or more surfaces of the body structure 104. In an 230 is configured to activate one or more of the plurality of embodiment, the plurality of regions having the one or more independently activatable ultraviolet energy delivering Sub in vivo selectively removable protective coatings 806 define a US 8,585,627 B2 85 86 spaced-apart pattern of at least one repeating region compris immuno-modulators, immuno-response agents, immuno ing at least a first selectively removable protective coating stimulators (e.g., specific immuno-stimulators, non-specific material. immuno-stimulators, or the like), immuno-Suppressants, In an embodiment, the one or more in vivo selectively non-pharmaceuticals (e.g., cosmetic Substances, or the like), removable protective coatings 806 include a cell-rejecting pharmaceuticals, protease inhibitors or enzyme inhibitors, compound. In an embodiment, the one or more in vivo selec receptor agonists, receptor antagonists, therapeutic agents, tively removable protective coatings 806 includes at least one tolerogens, toll-like receptor agonists, toll-like receptor of copper or silver. In an embodiment, the one or more in vivo antagonists, vaccines, or combinations thereof. selectively removable protective coatings 806 include a cell Further non-limiting examples of active agents include rejecting polymer. In an embodiment, the one or more in vivo 10 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as acemetacin, selectively removable protective coatings 806 includes at aclofenac, aloxiprin, amtolimetin, aproxen, aspirin, azapropa least one of poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol), or Zone, benorilate, benoxaprofen, benzydamine hydrochloride, poly(styrene-isobutylene styrene). In an embodiment, the one benzydamine hydrochloride, bromfenal, bufexamac, buti or more in vivo selectively removable protective coatings 806 bufen, carprofen, celecoxib, choline Salicylate, clonixin, des includes a photo-degradable material. In an embodiment, the 15 oxysulindac, diflunisal, dipyone, droxicam, etodolac, etofe one or more in Vivo selectively removable protective coatings namate, etoricoxib, felbinac, fenbufen, fenoprofen, fentiazac, 806 includes a bioerodible material. In an embodiment, the fepradinol, floctafenine, flufenamic acid, indomethacin, one or more in Vivo selectively removable protective coatings indoprofen, isoxicam, ketoralac, licofelone, lomoxicam, 806 includes body fluid soluble material. In an embodiment, loxoprofen, magnesium salicylate, meclofenamic acid, the one or more in vivo selectively removable protective meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, morniflu coatings 806 includes blood erodible material. mate, niflumic acid, nimeSulide, OxaproZen, phenylbutaZone, In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes cir piketoprofen, piroXicam, pirprofen, priazolac, propy cuitry 550 configured to determine the microorganism colo phenaZone, produaZone, rofecoxib, Salalate, salicylamide, nization event in one or more of the plurality of regions salicylic acid, Sodium salicylate, Sodium thiosalicylate, Sulin having the one or more in vivo selectively removable protec 25 dac, Suprofen, tenidap, tenoxicam, tiaprofenic acid, tolmetin, tive coatings 806. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 con tramadol, trolamine salicylate, Zomepirac, or the like. figured to determine the microorganism colonization event Further non-limiting examples of active agents include includes biofilm marker information configured as a physical energy-activatable active agents (e.g., chemical energy, elec data structure. In an embodiment, the circuitry 550 config trical resistance, laser energy, terahertz energy, microwave ured to determine the microorganism colonization event 30 energy, optical energy, radio frequency energy, acoustic includes one or more computing devices 230 operably energy, thermal energy, thermal resistance heating energy, or coupled to one or more sensors 504 and configured to cause a ultrasonic energy activatable active agents, or the like) or the removal of at least one of the one or more in vivo selectively like. removable protective coatings 806 one or more in vivo selec In an embodiment, the active agent includes at least one tively removable protective coatings 806 based on detected 35 active agent that selectively targets bacteria. For example, in information from the one or more sensors. In an embodiment, an embodiment, the active agent includes at least one bacte the body structure 104 is configured to transmit at least a riophage that can, for example, selectively target bacteria. portion of an emitted energy stimulus propagated within the Bacteriophages generally comprise an outer protein hull body structure though one or more of the plurality of regions enclosing genetic material. The genetic material can be, for having had an in vivo selectively removable protective coat 40 example, ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, or dsDNA. Bacterioph ing removed. ages are generally Smaller than the bacteria they destroy Referring to FIG. 9, the system 100 includes, among other generally ranging from about 20 nm to about 200 nm. Non things, one or more active agent assemblies 900. In an limiting examples of bacteriophages include T2, T4, T6. embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes at least one phiX-174, MS2, or the like). In an embodiment, the active active agent assembly 900 including one or more reservoirs 45 agent includes at least one energy-activatable agent that 902 (e.g., active agent reservoirs energy, sample reservoirs, selectively targets bacteria. For example, in an embodiment, biological sample reservoirs, tracer agent reservoirs, or the the active agent includes at least one triplet excited-state like, or combinations thereof). photosensitizer that can, for example, selectively target bac In an embodiment, the active agent assembly 900 is con teria. figured to deliver one or more active agents from the at least 50 Further non-limiting examples of active agents include one reservoir 902 to one or more regions proximate the body triplet excited-state photosensitizers, reactive oxygen spe structure 104. For example, in an embodiment, the catheter cies, reactive nitrogen species, any other inorganic or organic device 102 includes one or more active agent assemblies 900 ion or molecules that include oxygen ions, free radicals, per configured to deliver at least one active agent from the at least oxides, or the like. Further non-limiting examples of active one reservoir 902 to at least one of a region 906 proximate an 55 agents include compounds, molecules, or treatments that outer surface 106 and a region 908 proximate an inner surface elicit a biological response from any biological Subject. Fur 108 of the catheter device 102. ther non-limiting examples of disinfecting agents include In an embodiment, the reservoir 902 includes at least one therapeutic agents (e.g., antimicrobial therapeutic agents), active agent composition having one or more active agents. pharmaceuticals (e.g., a drug, a therapeutic compound, phar Non-limiting examples of active agents include adjuvants, 60 maceutical salts, or the like) non-pharmaceuticals (e.g., a allergens, analgesics, anesthetics, antibacterial agents, anti cosmetic Substance, or the like), neutraceuticals, antioxi biotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., nonste dants, phytochemicals, homeopathic agents, or the like. Fur roidal anti-inflammatory drugs), antimicrobials, antioxi ther non-limiting examples of disinfecting agents include dants, antipyretics, anti-tumor agents, antivirals, bio-control peroxidases (e.g., haloperoxidases such as chloroperoxidase, agents, biologics or bio-therapeutics, chemotherapy agents, 65 or the like), oxidoreductase (e.g., myeloperoxidase, eosino disinfecting agents, energy-activatable active agents, immu phil peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, or the like) oxidases, or the nogens, immunological adjuvants, immunological agents, like. US 8,585,627 B2 87 88 Further non-limiting examples of active agents include one cefaclor, cefamandole, cefonicid, cefuroxime, cefprozil, lora or more pore-forming toxins. Nonlimiting examples of pore carbef, ceforanide, cefoxitin, cefimetazole, cefotetan, cefop forming toxins include beta-pore-forming toxins, e.g., eraZone, cefotaxime, ceftazidine, ceftizoxine, ceftriaxone, hemolysin, Panton-Valentine leukocidin S. aerolysin, cefixime, cefpodoxime, proxetil, cefdinir, cefditoren, pivoxil, Clostridial epsilon-toxin; binary toxins, e.g., anthrax, C. per ceftibuten, moxalactam, and cefepime; other beta-lactam fringens Iota toxin, C. difficile cytolethal toxins; cholesterol drugs such as aztreonam, clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, taZo dependent cytolysins; pneumolysin; Small pore-forming tox bactam, ertapenem, imipenem, and meropenem; other cell ins; and gramicidin A. wall membrane active agents such as Vancomycin, teicopla Further non-limiting examples of active agents include one nin, daptomycin, fosfomycin, bacitracin, and cycloserine; or more pore-forming antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrobial 10 tetracyclines such as tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytet peptides represent an abundant and diverse group of mol racycline, demeclocycline, methacycline, doxycycline, ecules that are naturally produced by many tissues and cell minocycline, and tigecycline; macrollides such as erythromy types in a variety of invertebrate, plant and animal species. cin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and tellithromycin; ami The amino acid composition, amphipathicity, cationic charge noglycosides Such as streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, and size of antimicrobial peptides allow them to attach to and 15 amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, Sisomicin, and netilmi insert into microbial membrane bilayers to form pores lead cin; Sulfonamides such as Sulfacytine, Sulfisoxazole, Silfame ing to cellular disruption and death. More than 800 different thizole, Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfapyridine, and antimicrobial peptides have been identified or predicted from Sulfadoxine; fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, gati nucleic acid sequences, a Subset of which are available in a floxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, moxi public database (see, e.g., Wang & Wang, Nucleic Acids Res. floxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin; antimycobacteria drugs 32:D590-D592, 2004): http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/main.php, Such as isoniazid, rifampin, rifabutin, rifapentine, pyraZina which is incorporated herein by reference). mide, ethambutol, ethionamide, capreomycin, clofazimine, More specific examples of antimicrobial peptides include, and dapsone; and miscellaneous antimicrobials such as colis among others, anionic peptides, e.g., maximin H5 from timethate Sodium, methenamine hippurate, methenamine amphibians, Small anionic peptides rich in glutamic and 25 mandelate, metronidazole, mupirocin, nitrofurantoin, poly aspartic acids from sheep, cattle and humans, and dermcidin myxin B, clindamycin, choramphenicol, quinupristin-dalfo from humans; linear cationic alpha-helical peptides, e.g., pristin, linezolid, spectrinomycin, trimethoprim, cecropins (A), andropin, moricin, ceratotoxin, and melittin pyrimethamine, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. from insects, cecropin P1 from Ascaris nematodes, magainin Further non-limiting examples of active agents include 2, dermaseptin, bombinin, brevinin-1, esculentins and 30 antifungal agents. Non-limiting examples of antifungal buforin II from amphibians, pleurocidin from skin mucous agents include anidulafungin, amphotericin B, butaconazole, secretions of the winter flounder, seminalplasmin, BMAP butenafine, caspofungin, clotrimazole, econazole, flucona SMAP (SMAP29, ovispirin), PMAP from cattle, sheep and Zole, flucytosine griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, pigs, CAP18 from rabbits and LL37 from humans; cationic miconazole, micafungin, naftifine, natamycin, nystatin, oxi peptides enriched for specific amino acids, e.g., praline-con 35 conazole, Sulconazole, terbinafine, terconazole, tioconazole, taining peptides including abaecin from honeybees, praline tolnaftate, and/or Voriconazole. and arginine-containing peptides including apidaecins from Further non-limiting examples of active agents include honeybees, drosocin from Drosophila, pyrrhocoricin from anti-parasite agents. Non-limiting examples of anti-parasite European sap-sucking bug, bactenicins from cattle (Bac7), agents include antimalaria drugs such as chloroquine, amo sheep and goats and PR-39 from pigs, praline- and phenyla 40 diaquine, quinine, quinidine, mefloquine, primaquine, Sulfa lanine-containing peptides including prophenin from pigs, doxine-pyrimethamine, atovaquone-proguanil, chlorprogua glycine-containing peptides including hymenoptaecin from nil-dapsone, proguanil, doxycycline, halofantrine, honeybees, glycine- and praline-containing peptides includ lumefantrine, and artemisinins; treatments for amebiasis Such ing coleoptericin and holotricin from beetles, tryptophan as metronidazole, iodoquinol, paromomycin, diloxanide containing peptides including indolicidin from cattle, and 45 furoate, pentamidine, sodium Stibogluconate, emetine, and Small histidine-rich salivary polypeptides, including histatins dehydroemetine; and other anti-parasite agents such as pen from humans and higher primates; anionic and cationic pep tamidine, nitazoxanide, Suramin, melarsoprol, eflornithine, tides that contain cysteine and from disulfide bonds, e.g., nifurtimox, clindamycin, albendazole, and tinidazole. Fur peptides with one disulphide bond including brevinins, pep ther non-limiting examples of active agents include ionic tides with two disulfide bonds including alpha-defensins 50 silver, (SilvaSorbR, Medline Industries, Inc), anti-microbial from humans (HNP-1, HNP-2, cryptidins), rabbits (NP-1) silver compositions (Arglaes.(R), Medline Industries, Inc), or and rats, beta-defensins from humans (HBD1, DEFEB118), the like. Further non-limiting examples of active agents cattle, mice, rats, pigs, goats and poultry, and rhesus theta include Superoxide-forming compositions. Further non-lim defensin (RTD-1) from rhesus monkey, insect defensins (de iting examples of active agents include oxazolidinones, fensin A); and anionic and cationic peptide fragments of 55 gram-positive antibacterial agents, or the like. See, e.g., U.S. larger proteins, e.g., lactoferricin from lactoferrin, casocidin Pat. No. 7,322,965 (issued Jan. 29, 2008), which is incorpo 1 from human casein, and antimicrobial domains from bovine rated herein by reference. alpha-lactalbumin, human hemoglobin, lysozyme, and oval In an embodiment, the active agent includes one or more bumin (see, e.g., Brogden, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3:238-250, antimicrobial agents. In an embodiment, the antimicrobial 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference). 60 agent is an antimicrobial peptide. Amino acid sequence infor Further non-limiting examples of active agents include mation for a subset of these can be found as part of a public antibacterial drugs. Non-limiting examples of antibacterial database (see, e.g., Wang & Wang, Nucleic Acids Res. drugs include beta-lactam compounds such as penicillin, 32:D590-D592, 2004): http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/main.php, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, which is incorporated herein by reference). Alternatively, a ampicillin, ticarcillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and piper 65 phage library of random peptides can be used to Screen for acillin; cephalosporins and cephamycins such as cefadroxil, peptides with antimicrobial properties against live bacteria, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephradine, fungi and/or parasites. The DNA sequence corresponding to US 8,585,627 B2 89 90 an antimicrobial peptide can be generated ex vivo using stan In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or dard recombinant DNA and protein purification techniques. more active agent assemblies 900 configured to deliver one or In an embodiment, one or more of the active agent include more disinfecting agents. In an embodiment, the catheter chemicals suitable to disrupt or destroy cell membranes. For device 102 includes one or more active agent assemblies 900 example, some oxidizing chemicals can withdraw electrons configured to deliver at least one energy-activatable agent from a cell membrane causing it to, for example, become from at least one reservoir 902 to, for example, an interior of destabilized. Destroying the integrity of cell membranes of one or more fluid-flow passageways 110. Non-limiting for example, a pathogen can lead to cell death. examples of energy-activatable active agents include radia In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or tion absorbers, light energy absorbers, X-ray absorbers, pho more active agent assemblies 900 configured to deliver at 10 toactive agents, or the like. Non-limiting examples of photo least one active agent from the at least one reservoir 902 to at least one of a region proximate an outer and an inner Surface active agents include, but are not limited to photoactive of the catheter device 102. In an embodiment, at least one of antimicrobial agents (e.g., eudistomin, photoactive porphy the one or more active agent assemblies 900 is configured to rins, photoactive TiO, antibiotics, silver ions, antibodies, deliver one or more active agents in a spatially patterned 15 nitric oxide, or the like), photoactive antibacterial agents, distribution. In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more photoactive antifungal agents, or the like. Further non-limit active agent assemblies 900 is configured to deliver one or ing examples of energy-activatable agent includes energy more active agents in a temporally patterned distribution. In activatable disinfecting agents, photoactive agents, or a meta an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes a plurality bolic precursor thereof. In an embodiment, the at least one of spaced-apart-release-ports 910 adapted to deliver one or energy-activatable agent includes at least one X-ray absorber. more active agents in a spatially patterned distribution. In an In an embodiment, the at least one energy-activatable agent embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes a plurality of includes at least one radiation absorber. spaced apart controllable-release ports 910 adapted to deliver In an embodiment, the active agent assembly 900 is con one or more active agents in a spatially patterned distribution. figured to deliver at least one energy-activatable disinfecting In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes at least 25 agent from at least one reservoir 902 to a biological sample one computing device 230 operably coupled to one or more of proximate the catheter device 102. In an embodiment, the the plurality of spaced-apart-release-ports 910 and config catheter device 102 includes one or more active agent assem ured to actuate one or more of the plurality of spaced-apart blies 900 configured to deliver at least one energy-activatable release-ports between an active agent discharge State and an disinfecting agent from the at least one reservoir 902 to tissue active agent retention state. In an embodiment, a computing 30 proximate at least one surface of the catheter device 102. In an device 230 is operable to actuate one or more of the plurality embodiment, at least one of the one or more active agent of spaced-apart-release-ports 910 between an active agent assemblies 900 is configured to deliver at least one energy discharge state and an active agent retention state based on a activatable disinfecting agent in a spatially patterned distri comparison of a detected characteristic to stored reference bution. In an embodiment, the active agent assembly 900 is data. 35 configured to deliver at least one energy-activatable steroid to In an embodiment, the computing device 230 is operably tissue proximate the at least one outer surface 108 of the coupled to the active agent assembly and configured to catheter device 102. actively control one or more of the plurality of spaced-apart In an embodiment, the at least one reservoir 902 includes, release-ports 910. In an embodiment, at least one computing among other things, an acceptable carrier. In an embodiment, device 230 is operably coupled to one or more of the spaced 40 at least one active agent is carried by, encapsulated in, or apart controllable-release ports 910 and configured to control forms part of an energy-sensitive (e.g., energy-activatable), at least one of a port release rate, a port release amount, and a carrier, vehicle, Vesicle, pharmaceutical vehicle, pharmaceu port release pattern associated with a delivery of the one or tical carrier, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, pharma more active agents. In an embodiment, at least one processor ceutically acceptable carrier, or the like. 232 is operably coupled to the active agent assembly 900 and 45 Non-limiting examples of carriers include any matrix that configured to control at least one of a port release rate, a port allows for transport of for example, a disinfecting agent release amount, or a port release pattern associated with the across any tissue, cell membranes, or the like of a biological delivery of the one or more active agents from the at least one Subject, or that is suitable for use in contacting a biological reservoir 902 to an interior of at least one of the one or more subject, or that allows for controlled release formulations of fluid-flow passageways 110. 50 the compositions disclosed herein. Further non-limiting In an embodiment, a computing device 230 is operably examples of carriers include at least one of creams, liquids, coupled to the active agent assembly 900 and configured to lotions, emulsions, diluents, fluid ointment bases, gels, control at least one of an active agent delivery rate, an active organic and inorganic solvents, degradable or non-degradable agent delivery amount, an active agent delivery composition, polymers, pastes, salves, vesicle, or the like. Further non a port release rate, a port release amount, or a port release 55 limiting examples of carriers include cyclic oligosaccharides, pattern. ethasomes, hydrogels, liposomes, micelle, microspheres, In an embodiment, at least one computing device 230 is lipospheres, niosomes, non-ionic Surfactant vesicles, organo operably coupled to one or more of the plurality of spaced gels, phospholipid surfactant vesicles, transfersomes, and apart-release-ports 910 and configured to actuate one or more Virosomes. Further non-limiting examples of energy-sensi of the plurality of spaced-apart-release-ports 910 between an 60 tive carriers or the like include electrical energy-sensitive, active agent discharge State and an active agent retention light sensitive, pH-sensitive, ion-sensitive, acoustic energy state. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one sensitive, and ultrasonic energy sensitive carriers. Further or more active agent assemblies 900 including one or more non-limiting examples of carriers can be found in, for reservoirs 902 configured to deliver at least one active agent example, Timko et al., Remotely Triggerable Drug Delivery from the at least one reservoir 902 to at least one of a region 65 Systems. Advanced Materials, n/a, doi: 10.1002/ 904 proximate an outer surface 108 or a region 906 proximate adma201002072 (2010): Tsutsui et al., The Use of an inner surface 110 of the catheter device 102. Microbubbles to Target Drug Delivery, Cardiovascular Ultra US 8,585,627 B2 91 92 sound, 2:23 doi:10.1186/1476-7120-2-23 (2004); each of dependent on the geometry of the nanoparticles and the which is incorporated herein by reference. nature of the excitation pulse. In an embodiment, lattice rear In an embodiment, one or more active agents are carried by rangement and local heating induced in this manner can be energy-sensitive vesicles (e.g., energy-sensitive cyclic oli used to trigger delivery of active agents. As a non-limiting gosaccharides, ethasomes, hydrogels, liposomes, micelles, example, gold nanorods can be melted into nanospheres using microspheres, niosomes, lipospheres, non-ionic Surfactant ultrafast laser pulses, effectively triggering release of surface vesicles, organogels, phospholipid surfactant vesicles, trans bound active agent as the gold lattice atoms rearrange. Het fersomes, Virosomes, or the like). In an embodiment, at least erogeneous mixtures of rods or rodlike structures with dis one of the one or more energy emitters 220 is configured to tinct geometries and resonant frequencies enable selective provide energy of a dose Sufficient to liberate at least a portion 10 release of multiple ligands. For example, gold nanocapsules of an active agent carried by the energy-sensitive vesicles. and gold nanorods exhibit SPR longitudinal modes at 800 nm In an embodiment, one or more active agents are conju and 1100 nm, respectively. Pulsed laser irradiation centered at gated to or encapsulated in one or more remotely triggerable either of these two resonant frequencies yields selective melt delivery systems configured for release from the catheter ing of the corresponding nanoparticles and selective release device 102. In an embodiment, the triggerable delivery sys 15 of associated active agents. Weakly bound ligands can also be tem is designed for single release or for repeated release of released by localized heating below the nanoparticle melting one or more active agents. In an embodiment, the triggered threshold. Gold nanoparticles can also be configured into delivery system releases one or more active agents in nanoshells (i.e., hollow or enclosed solid cores) or nanocages response to temperature, electromagnetic radiation (e.g., UV. (i.e., hollow interior and porous walls). visible or near infrared radiation, radiofrequency, microwave, In an embodiment, the triggerable delivery system includes or the like), a magnetic field, ultrasound, or the like. For a combination of liposomes or polymers and gold nanopar example, in an embodiment, application of electromagnetic ticles. In an embodiment, gold nanoparticle are combined radiation, a magnetic field, ultrasound, or the like can induce with temperature-sensitive polymers for triggered release a thermal change sufficient for release of one or more active with near infrared radiation. In an embodiment, one or more agents from a temperature-sensitive triggerable delivery sys 25 active agents can be incorporated into gold cages covered tem. with monolayers of heat labile polymer chains, formed by In an embodiment, the triggerable delivery system polymerizing polymers, e.g., n-isopropylacrylamine includes, among other things, liposomes, polymer vesicles, (NIPAm) and acrylamide (Am) precursors, with a disulfide polymeric liposomes, polyelectrolyte microcontainers, mul initiator, the poly(NIPAm-co-Am) chains attached to the sur tilayered capsules, micelles, dendrimers, microbubbles, or 30 face of the gold cages by Au-S linkages, forming a hydro the like. In an embodiment, polymers are cross-linked with phobic layer with lower critical solution temperatures tunable photolabile groups, allowing active agents to be released in between about 32° C. to about 50° C. In another non-limiting response to light. An example of a photocleavable molecule example, one or more active agents can be co-encapsulated in includes among other things 2-nitrobenzyl ester. In an liposomes in the presence of gold nanoparticles, the latter of embodiment, one or more active agents are released from the 35 which, in the presence of near infrared radiation, generate delivery system by the reversible isomerization of molecules heat sufficient to disrupt the liposomes. upon irradiation with near-UV or visible light. UV irradia In an embodiment, triggerable membranes can be used as tion, for example, can induce phase transitions of natural and walls of reservoirs, allowing a large quantity of active agent to synthetic polymers, accompanied by reversible volume be contained and repeatedly released over time. For example, changes, allowing active agents to be released as the polymers 40 nanocomposite membranes consisting of a thermosensitive shrink or swell. For example, azobenzenes which contain two material, e.g., polyNIPAm-based nanogels and magnetic par phenyl groups and undergo conformational changes in ticles embedded in an ethylcellulose matrix, can be designed response to UV light can be used as part of a molecular valve to achieve on-demand drug delivery upon application of an to control release of one or more active agents through a AC magnetic field. Alternatively, one or more active agents channel protein incorporated into liposomes. 45 can be released from magnetically actuated microchips con In an embodiment, polymers are combined with magnetic figured with an array of wells and a biodegradable covering oxide nanoparticles to form ferrogel materials which deform Such as, for example, poly-(DL-lactic acid). In an embodi in response to a magnetic field, allowing for triggerable ment, an active agent can be electrodeposited onto a thin film release of one or more active agents. In an embodiment, in the presence of magnetic oxide, e.g., FeO/SiO, and ferrogel materials include, among other things, ferrite par 50 released in response to a magnetic field. For further examples ticles cross-linked to or embedded in poly(vinyl alcohol), of triggerable delivery systems, see e.g., Timko et al., polyNIPAm, or gelatin. In the case of microbubbles, in an Remotely Triggerable Drug Delivery Systems. Advanced embodiment, ultrasound is used to trigger release of a gas Materials, n/a, doi:10.1002/adma201002072 (2010): Tsut from a stabilizing shell of lipid or polymer or, under condi sui et al., The Use of Microbubbles to Target Drug Delivery, tions of low frequency, ultrasound can induce cavitation of 55 Cardiovascular Ultrasound, 2:23doi:10.1186/1476-7120-2- microbubbles and disruption of nearby cell membranes suf 23 (2004); each of which is incorporated herein by reference. ficient to allow passage into the cells of co-administered In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or active agents. more biological sample reservoirs. In an embodiment, the In an embodiment, the triggerable delivery system catheter device 102 includes one or more biological specimen includes, among other things, metallic nanostructures, and 60 reservoirs. In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 particularly gold nanostructures. In an embodiment, under includes one or more biological sample reservoirs. In an optical irradiation, electrons associated with metallic nano embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more structures oscillate in phase, a phenomenon referred to as active agent assemblies 900 configured to receive one or more Surface plasmon resonance. In their excited State, the elec biological samples. In an embodiment, the biological sample trons Subsequently decay through either radiative (fluores 65 reservoir is placed under the scalp of a user. In an embodi cence), nonradiative (lattice rearrangement), or photothermal ment, the biological sample reservoir is configured to allow (local heating) pathways. The specific decay pathway is for the removal of biological sample with a syringe. In an US 8,585,627 B2 93 94 embodiment, the reservoir 902 includes a sensor component having an absorption spectra of about 100 nanometers to 502 configured to detect, for example, bacteria, cancer cells, about 290 nanometers. In an embodiment, the reservoir 902 blood, or proteins of a fluid sample received within. In an includes at least one ultraviolet energy absorbing agent hav embodiment, the reservoir 902 is configured to allow the ing an absorption spectra of about 200 nanometers to about injection or introduction of antibiotics for cerebrospinal fluid 5 290 nanometers. In an embodiment, the reservoir 902 infection or chemotherapy medication. In an embodiment, includes at least one ultraviolet energy absorbing agent hav the reservoir 902 includes circuitry configured to detect at ing an absorption spectra of about 280 nanometers to about least one physical quantity, environmental attribute, or physi 320 nanometers. ologic characteristic associated with, for example, a shunting In an embodiment, the reservoir 902 includes at least one process. 10 ultraviolet absorbing compound. In an embodiment, the res In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or ervoir 902 includes at least one of a nucleotide composition, more active agent assemblies 900 configured to deliver at a nucleoside composition, and a peptide nucleic acid compo least one tracer agent from at least one reservoir 902. In an sition. In an embodiment, the reservoir 902 includes a syn embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or more thetic nucleic acid composition. In an embodiment, the one active agent assemblies 900 including one or more tracer 15 reservoir 902 includes a composition including at least one of agent reservoirs configured to deliver at least one traceragent. an ultraviolet-A absorbing agent, an ultraviolet-Babsorbing In an embodiment, the one or more active agent assemblies agent, and an ultraviolet-C absorbing agent. In an embodi 900 are configured to deliver one or more tracer agents. Non ment, the reservoir 902 includes a composition including at limiting examples of traceragents include one or more in vivo least one of Sulisobenzone orthioctic acid. In an embodiment, clearance agents, magnetic resonance imaging agents, con the reservoir 902 includes a composition including at least trast agents, dye-peptide compositions, fluorescent dyes, or one of 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-Sulfonic acid, cinnamic tissue specific imaging agents. In an embodiment, the one or acid, ferrulic acid, Salicylic acid, or methoxycinnamic acid. more tracer agents include at least one fluorescent dye. In an FIGS. 10A and 10B show an example of a method 1000 of embodiment, the one or more tracer agents include indocya inhibiting a microbial colonization of an implanted or at least nine green. 25 partially implanted catheter device 102. At 1010, the method In an embodiment, active agent assembly 900 is further 1000 includes generating an evanescent electromagnetic field configured to concurrently or sequentially deliver one or proximate one or more regions of at least one of an outer more tracer agents and one or more energy-activatable disin surface 106 or an inner surface 108 of a body structure 104 fecting agents. In an embodiment, the active agent assembly defining at least one fluid-flow passageway of the at least 900 is further configured to deliver one or more tracer agents 30 partially implanted catheter device 102 based on an automati for indicating the presence or concentration of one or more cally detected spectral parameter associated with a region energy-activatable disinfecting agents in at least a region proximate the at least one of the outer surface 106 or the inner proximate the catheter device 102. In an embodiment, the surface 108 of the body structure 104 defining the at least one active agent assembly 900 is further configured to deliver one fluid-flow passageway 110. or more traceragents for indicating the response of the one or 35 At 1012, generating the evanescent electromagnetic field more energy-activatable disinfecting agents to energy emit includes generating a spatially patterned evanescent electro ted from the one or more energy-emitting emitters 220. magnetic field. At 1014, generating the evanescent electro In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more fluid-flow magnetic field includes generating a spatially patterned eva passageways 110 includes a photoactive agent. In an embodi nescent electromagnetic field having at least a first region and ment, at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways 40 a second region, the second region having at least one of a 110 includes a photoactive coating material. In an embodi polarization, an intensity, a phase, an amplitude, a pulse fre ment, at least one of the one or more fluid-flow passageways quency, or a spectral power distribution different from the first 110 includes a light-emitting material configured to emit region. At 1016, generating the evanescent electromagnetic ultraviolet light energy in the presence of an energy stimulus. field includes generating a temporally patterned evanescent In an embodiment, at least one of the one or more fluid-flow 45 electromagnetic field. At 1018, generating the evanescent passageways 110 includes a light-emitting material config electromagnetic field includes generating a temporally pat ured to emit ultraviolet light energy in the presence of an terned evanescent electromagnetic field having at least a first electrical potential. In an embodiment, at least one of the one in-time pattern and a second-in-time pattern, the second-in or more fluid-flow passageways 110 includes a photoactive time pattern having at least one of a polarization, an intensity, agent having one or more photoabsorption bands in the vis 50 an amplitude, a phase, a wave vector(k), a pulse frequency, or ible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. a spectral power distribution different from the first-in-time In an embodiment, the catheter device 102 includes one or pattern. more active agent assemblies 900 configured to deliver one or At 1020, generating the evanescent electromagnetic field more ultraviolet energy absorbing agents from at least one includes generating a spatially patterned evanescent electro reservoir 902 to one or more regions proximate the surface of 55 magnetic field proximate the one or more surface regions of the catheter device 102. In an embodiment, the catheter the catheter device 102 based on a detected fluorescence. At device 102 includes one or more energy waveguides 202 1022, generating the evanescent electromagnetic field configured to guide an emitted ultraViolet energy stimulus to includes generating an interference pattern via two or more one or more regions proximate the Surface of the catheter evanescent electromagnetic fields proximate the one or more device 102. 60 surface regions of the catheter device 102 based on a detected In an embodiment, the reservoir 902 includes at least one fluorescence. At 1024, generating the evanescent electromag ultravioletenergy absorbing agent having an absorption spec netic field includes generating a spatially patterned evanes tra in a germicidal light range. In an embodiment, the reser cent electromagnetic field proximate the one or more Surface voir 902 includes at least one ultraviolet energy absorbing regions of the catheter device 102 based on a detected imped agent having an absorption spectra of about 100 nanometers 65 ance. At 1026, generating the evanescent electromagnetic to about 400 nanometers. In an embodiment, the one reservoir field includes generating a spatially patterned evanescent 902 includes at least one ultraviolet energy absorbing agent electromagnetic field proximate the one or more Surface US 8,585,627 B2 95 96 regions of the catheter device 102 based on a detected optical 202 configured to generate an evanescent electromagnetic reflectance. At 1028, generating the evanescent electromag field proximate a Surface of the one or more electromagnetic netic field includes generating a spatially patterned evanes energy waveguides 202. cent electromagnetic field proximate the one or more Surface At 1116, generating the spatially patterned evanescent regions of the catheter device 102 based on a detected heat electromagnetic field includes generating at least a first eva transfer. nescent electromagnetic field and a second evanescent elec At 1030, generating the evanescent electromagnetic field tromagnetic field proximate a Surface of the one or more includes generating a spatially patterned evanescent electro electromagnetic energy waveguides 202. In an embodiment, magnetic field proximate the one or more Surface regions of the second evanescent electromagnetic field includes at least 10 one of a polarization, an intensity, an amplitude, a phase, a the catheter device 102 based on a detected metabolic product wave vector (k), a pulse frequency, or a spectral power distri associated with a biofilm. At 1032, generating the evanescent bution different from the first evanescent electromagnetic electromagnetic field includes generating a spatially pat field. terned evanescent electromagnetic field proximate the one or At 1118, generating the spatially patterned evanescent more surface regions of the catheter device 102 based on a 15 electromagnetic field includes propagating an electromag detected radiation associated with a biofilm. At 1034, gener netic energy stimulus along one or more electromagnetic ating the evanescent electromagnetic field includes generat energy waveguides 202 proximate one or more surface ing a spatially patterned evanescent electromagnetic field regions of the at least partially implanted catheter exhibiting proximate the one or more Surface regions of the catheter a change to a refractive index property. At 1120, generating device 102 in response to a change to a refractive index the spatially patterned evanescent electromagnetic field property of a plasmon Supporting Surface region. At 1036, includes propagating an electromagnetic energy stimulus generating the evanescent electromagnetic field includes gen along one or more Substantially total-internal-reflection erating a spatially patterned evanescent electromagnetic field waveguides proximate one or more Surface regions of the at proximate the one or more Surface regions of the catheter least partially implanted catheter exhibiting a change to a device 102 based on a detected acoustic wave associated with 25 refractive indeX property. At 1122, generating the spatially changes in a biological sample proximate at least one of the patterned evanescent electromagnetic field includes generat outer surface 106 or the inner surface 108 of the body struc ing an evanescent electromagnetic field on two or more Sur ture 104. At 1038, generating the evanescent electromagnetic face regions of the at least partially implanted catheter device field includes generating a spatially patterned evanescent 102, the evanescent electromagnetic field of a dose sufficient electromagnetic field proximate the one or more Surface 30 to modulate a microbial colonization process at the two or regions of the catheter device 102 based on a detected differ more surface regions of the at least partially implanted cath ential optical absorption associated with a biological sample eter device 102. proximate at least one of the outer surface 106 or the inner FIG. 12 shows an example of a method 1200. At 1210, the surface 108 of the body structure 104. method 1200 includes selectively energizing a plurality of At 1040, generating the evanescent electromagnetic field 35 regions proximate a Surface of an implanted portion of a includes generating a spatially patterned evanescent electro catheter device 102 via one or more energy-emitting compo magnetic field proximate one or more surface regions of the nents including one or more energy emitters 220 and at least catheter device 102 determined to have a microbial coloniza one computing device 230 in response to real-time detected tion. At 1042, generating the evanescent electromagnetic field information associated with a biological sample within one or includes generating a spatially patterned evanescent electro 40 more regions proximate the Surface of the implanted portion magnetic field at a dose Sufficient to modulate a microbial of the catheter device 102. Non-limiting examples of energy colonization proximate a surface of the catheter device 102. emitting components include electric circuits, electrical con At 1044, generating the evanescent electromagnetic field ductors, electrodes (e.g., nano- and micro-electrodes, pat includes generating a spatially patterned evanescent electro terned-electrodes, electrode arrays (e.g., multi-electrode magnetic field at a dose Sufficient to modulate microbial 45 arrays, micro-fabricated multi-electrode arrays, patterned activity proximate a surface of the at least partially implanted electrode arrays, or the like), electrocautery electrodes, or the catheter device 102. like), cavity resonators, conducting traces, ceramic patterned FIG.11 shows an example of a method 1100 of modulating electrodes, electro-mechanical components, lasers, quantum microbial activity proximate a surface of an at least partially dots, laser diodes, light-emitting diodes (e.g., organic light implanted catheter device 102. 50 emitting diodes, polymer light-emitting diodes, polymer At 1110, the method 1100 includes generating a spatially phosphorescent light-emitting diodes, microcavity light patterned evanescent electromagnetic field proximate one or emitting diodes, high-efficiency UV light-emitting diodes, or more surface regions of the at least partially implanted cath the like), arc flashlamps, incandescent emitters, transducers, eter device 102 based on a detected change to a refractive heat sources, continuous wave bulbs, a quantum dot, ultra index property associated with the one or more Surface 55 Sound emitting elements, ultrasonic transducers, thermal regions of the at least partially implanted catheter. At 1112, energy emitting elements, or the like. generating the spatially patterned evanescent electromag At 1212, selectively energizing the plurality of regions netic field includes providing an evanescent electromagnetic includes energetically interrogating those regions determined field of a dose sufficient to modulate a microbial colonization to have a microbial colonization based on the real-time process proximate one or more surface regions of the at least 60 detected information. At 1214, selectively energizing the plu partially implanted catheter exhibiting a change to a refrac rality of regions includes energetically interrogating those tive index property. At 1114, generating the spatially pat regions determined to have a microbial colonization with a terned evanescent electromagnetic field includes propagating temporally patterned sterilizing-energy stimulus. At 1216, an electromagnetic energy stimulus along one or more elec selectively energizing the plurality of regions includes ener tromagnetic energy waveguides 202 on at least one of the one 65 getically interrogating those regions determined to have a or more surface regions of the at least partially implanted microbial colonization with a spatially patterned sterilizing catheter, the one or more electromagnetic energy waveguides energy stimulus. US 8,585,627 B2 97 98 At 1218, selectively energizing the plurality of regions At 1250, the method 1200 includes determining a micro includes energetically interrogating those regions determined bial colonization score in response to real-time detected infor to have a microbial colonization based on the real-time mation. At 1260, the method 1200 includes energetically detected change to a refractive index property. At 1220, selec interrogating the one or more regions proximate the Surface of tively energizing the plurality of regions includes energeti the implanted portion of the catheter device 102 based on the cally interrogating one or more regions proximate at least one determined microbial colonization score. of an inner Surface or an outer Surface of the implanted por FIG.13 shows an example of a method 1300 of a method of tion of a catheter determined to have a microbial colonization inhibiting biofilm formation in a catheter device 102. based on the real-time detected information. At 1222, selec At 1310, the method 1300 includes actuating one or more tively energizing the plurality of regions includes directing an 10 selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a of a catheter emitted energy stimulus via one or more selectively actuat device 102 in response to an in vivo detected change in a able energy waveguides 202a to one or more regions deter refractive index parameter associated with a biological mined to have a microbial colonization. At 1224, selectively sample proximate an outer Surface or an inner Surface of the energizing the plurality of regions includes controllably catheter device 102. bending one or more portions of an optical waveguide to 15 At 1312, actuating the one or more selectively actuatable controllably emit light from one or more portions of a Surface energy waveguides 202a includes energizing one or more of the optical waveguide. computing devices 230 to provide a control signal to actuate At 1226, selectively energizing the plurality of regions at least one of the one or more selectively actuatable energy includes energetically interrogating the one or more regions waveguides 202a between an optically transmissive state and proximate the surface of the implanted portion of the catheter an optically non-transmissive state. device 102 with an electromagnetic energy stimulus having a At 1314, actuating the one or more selectively actuatable peak emission wavelength ranging from about 100 nanom energy waveguides 202a includes causing at least one of the eters to about 400 nanometers. At 1228, selectively energiz one or more selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a to ing the plurality of regions includes energetically interrogat emit a sterilizing energy stimulus based on a target change in ing the one or more regions proximate the Surface of the 25 the refractive index parameter. implanted portion of the catheter device 102 with an electro At 1316, actuating the one or more selectively actuatable magnetic energy stimulus having a peak emission wavelength energy waveguides 202a includes propagating electromag ranging from about 100 nanometers to about 320 nanometers. netic energy in at least one of the one or more selectively At 1230, selectively energizing the plurality of regions actuatable energy waveguides 202a having a portion proxi includes energetically interrogating the one or more regions 30 mate the outer surface 106 or the inner surface 108 of the proximate the surface of the implanted portion of the catheter catheter device 102 having a threshold level change to an a device 102 with an electromagnetic energy stimulus having a refractive index parameter. peak emission wavelength ranging from about 280 nanom At 1320, the method 1300 includes providing a spatially eters to about 320 nanometers. At 1232, selectively energiz patterned energy stimulus to one or more regions proximate ing the plurality of regions includes energetically interrogat 35 the outer surface or the inner surface of the catheter device ing the one or more regions proximate the Surface of the 102. implanted portion of the catheter device 102 with an energy At 1322, providing the spatially patterned energy stimulus stimulus having an average integrated flux of less than about includes providing a spatially patterned energy stimulus hav 80 milli-joules per square centimeter. ing at least a first region and a second region different from the At 1234, selectively energizing the plurality of regions 40 first region. In an embodiment, the first regions comprises one includes energetically interrogating the one or more regions of a spatially patterned electromagnetic energy stimulus, a proximate the surface of the implanted portion of the catheter spatially patterned electrical energy stimulus, a spatially pat device 102 with electrical energy. At 1236, selectively ener terned ultrasonic energy stimulus, or a spatially patterned gizing the plurality of regions includes energetically interro thermal energy stimulus, or the second region comprises a gating the one or more regions proximate the Surface of the 45 different one of a spatially patterned electromagnetic energy implanted portion of the catheter device 102 with ultrasonic stimulus, a spatially patterned electrical energy stimulus, a energy. At 1238, selectively energizing the plurality of spatially patterned ultrasonic energy stimulus, or a spatially regions includes energetically interrogating the one or more patterned thermal energy stimulus. regions proximate the Surface of the implanted portion of the At 1324, providing the spatially patterned energy stimulus catheter device 102 with thermal energy. 50 includes providing an illumination pattern comprising at least At 1240, selectively energizing the plurality of regions a first region and a second region. In an embodiment, the includes energetically interrogating the one or more regions second region having at least one of an emission intensity, an proximate the surface of the implanted portion of the catheter emission phase, an emission polarization, or an emission device 102 with an energy stimulus having an average inte wavelength different from the first region. At 1326, providing grated flux of less than about 35 milli-joules per square cen 55 the spatially patterned energy stimulus includes applying a timeter. At 1242, selectively energizing the plurality of Voltage to two or more regions proximate at least one of the regions includes energetically interrogating the one or more outer surface or the inner surface of the catheter device 102, regions proximate the Surface of the implanted portion of the the Voltage of a dose sufficient to exceed a nominal dielectric catheter device 102 with an energy stimulus having an aver strength of a cell plasma membrane. At 1328, providing the age integrated flux of less than about 15 milli joules per 60 spatially patterned energy stimulus includes concurrently or square centimeter. At 1244, selectively energizing the plural sequentially providing at least a first energy stimulus and a ity of regions includes energetically interrogating the one or second energy stimulus the second energy stimulus different more regions proximate the Surface of the implanted portion from the first energy stimulus. In an embodiment, the first of the catheter device 102 with an energy stimulus having an energy stimulus comprises one of an electromagnetic energy average energy density ranging from about 15 milli-joules per 65 stimulus, an electrical energy stimulus, an ultrasonic energy square centimeter to about less than about 80 milli-joules per stimulus, orathermal energy stimulus, and the second energy square centimeter. stimulus comprises a different one of an electromagnetic US 8,585,627 B2 99 100 energy stimulus, an electrical energy stimulus, an ultrasonic At 1510, the method 1500 includes selectively energizing energy stimulus, or a thermal energy stimulus. one or more regions proximate at least one of an outer Surface FIG. 14 shows an example of a method 1400 of method of 106 or an inner surface 108 of the implanted portion of the inhibiting biofilm formation. At 1410, the method 1400 catheter device 102 via one or more energy-emitting compo includes actuating one or more Surface regions of a catheter 5 nents. In an embodiment, the method includes selectively device 102 between at least a first wettability state and a energizing one or more regions proximate at least one of an second wettability state in response to a detected event asso outer surface 106 or an inner surface 108 of an implanted ciate with a microbial colonization proximate the one or more portion of the catheter device 102 via one or more energy surface regions of a catheter device 102. At 1412, actuating emitting components in response to an automatically detected 10 measurand associated with biological sample proximate at the one or more surface regions of the catheter device 102 least one of the outer surface or the inner surface of the includes irradiating a photoactive coating with optical energy implanted portion of the catheter device 102. At 1512, selec to change a Surface functionality. At 1414, actuating the one tively energizing the one or more regions includes delivering or more surface regions of the catheter device 102 includes an electromagnetic energy stimulus to one or more regions electrostatically changing a surface morphology of the one or 15 proximate the catheter device 102 determined to have an more surface regions. At 1416, actuating the one or more infectious agent presence, the electromagnetic energy stimu Surface regions of the catheter device 102 includes applying lus at a dose sufficient to modulate an activity of the infectious an electric potential to the one or more Surface regions of a agent. At 1514, selectively energizing the one or more regions Sufficient strength and duration to affect a liquid/solid inter includes delivering at least one of an electromagnetic energy face fraction. At 1418, actuating the one or more Surface stimulus, an electrical energy stimulus, an ultrasonic energy regions of the catheter device 102 includes applying an elec stimulus, or a thermal energy stimulus in response to auto tric potential to the one or more surface regions of a sufficient matically detected measurand associated with biological strength and duration to actuate a surface morphology change sample proximate the at least one of the outer Surface or the in the one or more Surface regions. inner surface of the implanted portion of the catheter device At 1420, actuating the one or more surface regions of the 25 102. catheter device 102 includes applying an electric potential to At 1516, selectively energizing the one or more regions a conductive polymer thin film laminate having a plurality of includes delivering at least a first energy stimulus and a sec movable polymer microstructures. In an embodiment, the ond energy stimulus to the one or more regions. In an embodi electric potential is sufficient to displace a plurality of mov ment, the second energy stimulus having at least one of an able polymer microstructures relative to an outer surface of 30 emission intensity, an emission phase, an emission polariza the conductive polymer thin film laminate. At 1422, actuating tion, or an emission wavelength different from the first energy the one or more surface regions of the catheter device 102 stimulus. At 1518, selectively energizing the one or more includes electro-chemically switching between the first wet regions includes concurrently or sequentially delivering at tability state and the second wettability state in the presence least a first energy stimulus to a first region and a second of an ultraviolet energy. At 1424, actuating the one or more 35 energy stimulus to a second region. At 1520, selectively ener surface regions of the catheter device 102 includes UV-ma gizing the one or more regions includes concurrently or nipulating the one or more surface regions between the first sequentially delivering at least a first spatially patterned wettability state and the second wettability state. At 1426, energy stimulus to a first region and a second spatially pat actuating the one or more surface regions of the catheter terned energy stimulus to a second region. At 1522, selec device 102 includes photo-chemically switching the one or 40 tively energizing the one or more regions includes delivering more surface regions between a Substantially hydrophobic a temporally patterned energy stimulus to the one or more state and a Substantially hydrophilic state. At 1428, actuating regions. At 1524, selectively energizing the one or more the one or more surface regions of the catheter device 102 regions includes concurrently or sequentially delivering a includes electrically actuating the one or more surface regions first energy stimulus to at least a first region and a second between a substantially hydrophobic state and a substantially 45 energy stimulus to at least a second region. In an embodiment, hydrophilic state the first energy stimulus comprises one of an electromagnetic At 1430, actuating the one or more surface regions of the energy stimulus, an electrical energy stimulus, an ultrasonic catheter device 102 includes UV-manipulating at least one energy stimulus, orathermal energy stimulus, and the second ZnO nano-rod film, coating, or material between the first energy stimulus comprises a different one of an electromag wettability state and the second wettability state. At 1432, 50 netic energy stimulus, an electrical energy stimulus, an ultra actuating the one or more surface regions of the catheter Sonic energy stimulus, or a thermal energy stimulus. device 102 includes energetically controllably actuating the At 1530, the method 1500 includes delivering an active one or more surface regions between a Substantially hydro agent composition to the one or more regions proximate the phobic state and a substantially hydrophilic state. At 1434, catheter device 102 via one or more active agent assemblies actuating the one or more surface regions of the catheter 55 900. In an embodiment, the method includes delivering an device 102 includes energetically controllably actuating the active agent composition to the one or more regions proxi one or more surface regions between at least a first hydro mate the catheter device 102 via one or more active agent philic state and a second hydrophilic state. At 1436, actuating assemblies 900 in response to an automatically detected mea the one or more surface regions of the catheter device 102 Surand associated with biological sample proximate the cath includes energetically controllably actuating the one or more 60 eter device 102. At 1532, delivering the active agent compo Surface regions between a hydrophobic state and a hydro sition includes delivering an antimicrobial agent composition philic state. At 1438, actuating the one or more surface at a dose sufficient to attenuate an activity of the infectious regions of the catheter device 102 includes switching the one agent in response to automatically detected measurand asso or more surface regions between a Zwitterionic state and a ciated with the biological sample. At 1534, delivering the non-Zwitterionic state. 65 active agent composition includes delivering an energy-acti FIG. 15 shows an example of a method 1500 of inhibiting Vatable antimicrobial agent composition including at least a microbial colonization of a surface of a catheter device 102. one photoactive agent, or a metabolic precursor thereof. At US 8,585,627 B2 101 102 1536, delivering the active agent composition includes deliv more fluid-flow passageways of the implanted catheter device ering an energy-activatable antimicrobial agent composition 102. At 1812, automatically comparing the one or more char including at least one X-ray absorber. At 1538, delivering the acteristics communicated from an implanted catheter device active agent composition includes delivering an energy-acti 102 to stored reference data includes comparing, via circuitry Vatable antimicrobial agent composition including at least forming part of the implanted catheter device 102, one or one radiation absorber. At 1540, delivering the active agent more characteristics communicated from an implanted cath composition includes delivering an energy-activatable anti eter device 102 to stored reference data. microbial agent composition including at least one active At 1820, the method 1800 includes initiating a treatment agent that selectively targets bacteria. At 1542, delivering the protocol based at least in part on the comparison. At 1822, active agent composition includes delivering a Superoxide 10 forming composition. initiating the treatment protocol includes generating a spa At 1544, delivering the active agent composition includes tially patterned evanescent electromagnetic field proximate delivering the active agent composition prior to selectively the at least one of the outer surface and the inner surface of energizing the one or more regions. In an embodiment, the implanted catheter device 102 based at least in part on the method includes selectively energizing one or more regions 15 comparison. At 1824, initiating the treatment protocol proximate at least one of an outer surface 106 or an inner includes selectively energizing one or more regions proxi surface 108 of the implanted portion of the catheter device mate at least one of an outer surface 106 or an inner surface 102 via one or more energy-emitting components, and deliv 108 of the implanted shunt device via one or more energy ering an active agent composition to the one or more regions emitters based at least in part on the comparison. At 1826, proximate at least one of an outer surface 106 or an inner initiating the treatment protocol includes actuating one or surface 108 of the implanted portion of the catheter device more selectively actuatable energy waveguides 202a of the 102 via one or more active agent assemblies, in response to an implanted catheter device 102 based at least in part on the automatically detected measurand associated with biological comparison indicative of the presence of an infection proxi sample proximate at least one of the outer Surface or the inner mate the implanted catheter device 102. At 1828, initiating surface of the implanted portion of the catheter device 102. 25 the treatment protocol includes delivering an effective dose of FIG.16 shows an example of a method 1600. At 1610, the optical energy at which a cell preferentially undergoes apop method 1600 includes concurrently or sequentially delivering tosis compared to necrosis. to one or more regions proximate a Surface of a catheter At 1830, initiating the treatment protocol includes deliver device 102 a spatially patterned sterilizing energy stimulus ing an effective dose of thermal energy at which a cell pref via a plurality of independently activatable ultraviolet energy 30 erentially undergoes apoptosis compared to necrosis. At delivering substrates 802. In an embodiment, the indepen 1832, initiating the treatment protocol includes delivering an dently activatable ultravioletenergy delivering substrates 802 ultraviolet radiationata dose sufficient to induce program cell are configured to independently activate in response to a death. At 1834, initiating the treatment protocol includes real-time detected measurand associated with a biological delivering a dose of an ultraviolet radiation based at least in sample within the one or more regions proximate the Surface 35 part on the comparison indicating a presence of an infectious of the catheter device 102. At 1612, concurrently or sequen agent near or on the implanted catheter device 102. At 1836, tially delivering to one or more regions proximate the Surface initiating the treatment protocol includes delivering an elec of the catheter device 102 the spatially patterned sterilizing tromagnetic energy stimulus of a character and for a sufficient energy stimulus includes delivering a temporally patterned time to induce apoptosis without Substantially inducing evanescent electromagnetic field stimulus having at least a 40 necrosis of an infectious agent proximate at least one of the first-in-time pattern and a second-in-time pattern. In an outer surface or the inner surface of the implanted catheter embodiment, the second-in-time pattern includes at least one device 102. At 1838, initiating the treatment protocol includes of a polarization, an intensity, an amplitude, a phase, a wave concurrently or sequentially delivering two or more energy vector (k), a pulse frequency, or a spectral power distribution stimuli to at least one of the outer surface or the inner surface different from the first-in-time pattern. 45 of the implanted catheter device 102 based at least in part on FIG. 17 shows an example of a method 1700. At 1710, the a comparison indicating a presence of a microbial event near method 1700 includes concurrently or sequentially delivering or on the implanted catheter device 102. At 1840, initiating to one or more regions proximate a Surface of a catheter the treatment protocol includes activating an authorization device 102 a temporally patterned sterilizing energy stimulus protocol, activating an authentication protocol, activating an via a plurality of independently activatable ultraviolet energy 50 energy stimulus protocol, activating an active agent delivery delivering substrates 802 configured to independently acti protocol, or activating an infection sterilization protocol vate in response to a real-time detected measurand associated based at least in part on the comparison. with at least one oftemporal metabolite information or spatial At 1850, the method 1800 includes selectively energizing metabolite information associated with a biological sample one or more regions proximate the Surface on the implanted within the one or more regions proximate the Surface of the 55 portion of the catheter device 102 via one or more energy catheter device 102. emitting components based at least in part on the comparison. FIG. 18 shows an example of a method 1800. At 1810, the At 1860, the method 1800 includes selectively energizing one method 1800 includes automatically comparing one or more or more regions proximate the Surface on the implanted por characteristics communicated from an implanted catheter tion of the catheter device 102 via one or more selectively device 102 to stored reference data, the one or more charac 60 actuatable energy waveguides configured to direct an emitted teristics including at least one of information associated with energy stimulus to one or more regions proximate at least one a microbial colonization proximate an outer Surface or an of the outer surface 106 or the inner surface 108 of the body inner surface of the implanted catheter device 102, informa structure 104. At 1870, the method 1800 includes selectively tion associated with an infection marker detected proximate energizing one or more regions proximate the Surface on the an outer Surface or an inner Surface of the implanted catheter 65 implanted portion of the catheter device 102 determined to device 102, or information associated with a sample (e.g., a have a microbial colonization based at least in part on the fluid, a biological sample, or the like) received within one or comparison. US 8,585,627 B2 103 104 FIG. 19 shows an example of a method 1900. At 1910, the plurality of portions of the catheter device 102 based on a method 1900 includes electronically comparing one or more determined microbial colonization score. characteristics communicated from an implanted catheter FIG. 23 shows an example of a method 2300. At 2310, the device 102 to stored reference data, the one or more charac method 2300 includes real-time monitoring at least one of an teristics including at least one of an in vivo detected microbial outer surface 106 or an inner surface 108 of an indwelling colonization presence proximate a Surface of the catheter portion of a catheter device 102 for a microbial colonization device 102, an in vivo real-time detected infection marker by detecting spectral information associated with an interro presence proximate a surface of the catheter device 102, in gating stimulus having a first peak emission wavelength, the vivo detected measurand associated with a biofilm-specific interrogating stimulus delivered to one or more region proxi 10 mate the at least one of the outer surface or the inner surface tag, and a real-time obtained measurand associated with a of an indwelling portion of a catheter device 102. microbial colonization presence proximate the catheter At 2320, the method 2300 includes determining a micro device 102. At 1920, the method 1900 includes initiating a bial colonization score for the one or more region proximate treatment protocol based at least in part on the comparison. the at least one of the outer surface or the inner surface of an FIG. 20 shows an example of a method 2000 of inhibiting 15 indwelling portion of a catheter device 102 in response to biofilm formation in catheter device 102. At 2010, the method detecting spectral information. At 2330, the method 2300 2000 includes acoustically modulating one or more internally includes selective-delivering a sterilizing stimulus having a reflecting optical waveguides so as to partially emit an elec second peak emission wavelength different from the first tromagnetic energy propagating within the one or more inter peak emission wavelength to at least one of the one or more nally reflecting optical waveguides through at least one of an region proximate the at least one of the outer Surface or the outer surface 106 or an inner surface 108 of the catheter inner surface of an indwelling portion of a catheter device 102 device 102. At 2012, acoustically modulating the one or more based on a determined microbial colonization score. internally reflecting optical waveguides includes applying an FIG. 24 shows an example of a method 2400. At 2410, the acoustic energy stimulus to the one or more internally reflect method 2400 includes delivering an ultraviolet energy ing optical waveguides of a character and for a sufficient 25 absorbing composition to one or more regions proximate a duration to affect at least one of an index of refraction and a surface of a catheter device 102 prior to delivering a patterned physical dimension of the one or more internally reflecting energy stimulus to the one or more regions based on a optical waveguides. At 2014, acoustically modulating the one detected measurand associated with biological sample proxi or more internally reflecting optical waveguides includes mate the one or more regions. At 2420, the method 2400 acoustically modifying an index of refraction of at least one of 30 includes delivering a sterilizing ultraviolet energy stimulus to the one or more internally reflecting optical waveguides so as select ones of the one or more regions based on the detected to modulate an electromagnetic energy propagating within measurand. the one or more total-internal-reflection waveguides. At 2016, FIG. 25 shows an example of a method 2500. At 2510, the acoustically modulating the one or more internally reflecting method 2500 includes delivering an ultraviolet energy optical waveguides includes deforming at least one of the one 35 absorbing composition to one or more regions proximate at or more internally reflecting optical waveguides in response least one of an outer surface 106 or an inner surface 108 of an to an acoustic stimulus. In an embodiment, the acoustic implanted portion of a catheter device 102 prior to selectively stimulus is of a character and for a duration Sufficient to cause energizing the one or more regions in response to a real-time the at least one of the one or more internally reflecting optical detected spectral information associated with a microbial waveguides to emit a portion of the electromagnetic energy 40 presence within the one or more regions. internally reflected within. At least a portion of the devices and/or processes described At 2020, the method 2000 includes selectively actuating herein can be integrated into a data processing system. A data one or more optical waveguides so as to partially emit an processing system generally includes one or more of a system electromagnetic energy propagating within the one or more unithousing, a video display device, memory such as Volatile optical waveguides through at least one of an outer Surface 45 or non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors 106 or an inner surface 108 of the catheter device 102 in or digital signal processors, computational entities such as response to real-time detected information associated with a operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and microbial colonization in one or more regions proximate at applications programs, one or more interaction devices (e.g., least one of an outer Surface oran inner Surface of the catheter a touch pad, a touch screen, an antenna, etc.), and/or control device 102. 50 systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., FIG. 21 shows an example of a method 2100. At 2110, the feedback for detecting position and/or Velocity, control method 2100 includes detecting a measurand associated with motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quan a microbial presence proximate at a surface of a catheter tities). A data processing system can be implemented utilizing device 102 using an interrogation energy having a first peak Suitable commercially available components, such as those emission wavelength. At 2120, the method 1900 includes 55 typically found in data computing/communication and/or delivering a sterilizing stimulus having a second peak emis network computing/communication systems. sion wavelength different from the first peak emission wave The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates length to one or more regions proximate the Surface on the different components contained within, or connected with, catheter device 102 in response to the detecting a measurand. different other components. It is to be understood that such FIG.22 shows an example of a method 2200. At 2210, the 60 depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact, method 2200 includes real-time monitoring of a plurality of many other architectures can be implemented that achieve the portions of a catheter device 102 for a microbial colonization same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of by detecting spectral information associated with an interro components to achieve the same functionality is effectively gating stimulus having a first peak emission wavelength. At “associated such that the desired functionality is achieved. 2220, the method 2200 includes delivering a sterilizing 65 Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a stimulus having a second peak emission wavelength different particular functionality can be seen as “associated with each from the first peak emission wavelength to select ones of the other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespec US 8,585,627 B2 105 106 tive of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, changes and modifications can be made without departing any two components so associated can also be viewed as from the subject matter described herein and its broader being “operably connected, or “operably coupled to each aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two com within their scope all Such changes and modifications as are ponents capable of being so associated can also be viewed as within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described being “operably coupleable to each other to achieve the herein. In general, terms used herein, and especially in the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably cou appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are pleable include, but are not limited to, physically mateable generally intended as "open terms (e.g., the term “including and/or physically interacting components, and/or wirelessly should be interpreted as “including but not limited to the interactable, and/or wirelessly interacting components, and/ 10 or logically interacting, and/or logically interactable compo term “having should be interpreted as “having at least the nentS. term “includes should be interpreted as “includes but is not In an embodiment, one or more components may be limited to.” etc.). Further, if a specific number of an intro referred to herein as “configured to.” “configurable to.” “oper duced claim recitation is intended. Such an intent will be able/operative to.” “adapted/adaptable.” “able to “conform 15 explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of Such able/conformed to.” etc. Such terms (e.g., “configured to') recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to can generally encompass active-state components and/or understanding, the following appended claims may contain inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, usage of the introductory phrases “at least one' and “one or unless context requires otherwise. more' to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of The foregoing detailed description has set forth various Such phrases should not be construed to imply that the intro embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of duction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as Such “an limits any particular claim containing such introduced block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or claim recitation to claims containing only one Such recitation, more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by the even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases reader that each function and/or operation within such block 25 “one or more' or “at least one' and indefinite articles such as diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, indi “a” or “an' (e.g., “a” and/or “an should typically be inter vidually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, preted to mean “at least one' or "one or more'); the same software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce Further, the use of “Start,” “End,” or “Stop” blocks in the claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an block diagrams is not intended to indicate a limitation on the 30 introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited. Such recita beginning or end of any functions in the diagram. Such flow tion should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited charts or diagrams may be incorporated into other flowcharts number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations.” without or diagrams where additional functions are performed before other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or or after the functions shown in the diagrams of this applica two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances tion. In an embodiment, several portions of the Subject matter 35 where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C. described herein is implemented via Application Specific etc. is used, in general Such a construction is intended in the Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate sense of the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other A, B, and C would include but not be limited to systems that integrated formats. However, Some aspects of the embodi have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C ments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equiva 40 together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). lently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., one of A, B, or C, etc. is used, in general Such a construction as one or more programs running on one or more computer is intended in the sense of the convention (e.g., “a system systems), as one or more programs running on one or more having at least one of A, B, or C would include but not be processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or 45 limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any com B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, bination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writ and C together, etc.). Typically a disjunctive word and/or ing the code for the software and or firmware would be well phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to disclosure. In addition, the mechanisms of the Subject matter 50 contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, described herein are capable of being distributed as a program either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodi otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B will be typically ment of the Subject matter described herein applies regardless understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or 'A and of the particular type of signal-bearing medium used to actu B. ally carry out the distribution. Non-limiting examples of a 55 With respect to the appended claims, the operations recited signal-bearing medium include the following: a recordable therein generally may be performed in any order. Also, type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a although various operational flows are presented in a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital sequence(s), it should be understood that the various opera tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type tions may be performed in orders other than those that are medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication 60 illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired com Such alternate orderings includes overlapping, interleaved, munications link, a wireless communication link (e.g., trans interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, Supplemen mitter, receiver, transmission logic, reception logic, etc.), tal, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless etc.). context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like “respon While particular aspects of the present subject matter 65 sive to “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are gen described herein have been shown and described, it will be erally not intended to exclude Such variants, unless context apparent to the reader that, based upon the teachings herein, dictates otherwise. US 8,585,627 B2 107 108 While various aspects and embodiments have been dis 5. The catheter device of claim 1, wherein the characteristic closed herein, other aspects and embodiments are contem information component includes refractivity information. plated. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed 6. The catheter device of claim 1, wherein infection marker herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to information includes one or more heuristically determined be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by parameters associated with at least one in vivo or in vitro the following claims. determined metric. What is claimed is: 7. The catheter device of claim 1, wherein the sensor com 1. A catheter device, comprising: ponent is configured to detect at least one characteristic asso a body structure having an outer surface and an inner ciated with a biological sample proximate the outer surface or Surface defining one or more fluid-flow passageways; 10 an energy emitter component, the energy emitter compo the inner surface of the body structure. nent configured to deliver optical energy to one or more 8. The catheter device of claim 7, wherein the at least one regions proximate at least one of the outer surface or the characteristic associated with the biological sample includes inner surface of the body structure: a spectral parameter associated with a biofilm-specific tag. a sensor component, the sensor component configured to 15 9. The catheter device of claim 7, wherein the at least one detect at least one of an emitted optical energy, a remit characteristic associated with the biological sample includes ted optical energy, and an acoustic energy from a one or a refractivity. more regions proximate at least one of the outer surface 10. The catheter device of claim 7, further comprising: or the inner surface of the body structure and to generate circuitry configured to provide information. a first response based on a detected at least one of the 11. The catheter device of claim 7, further comprising: emitted optical energy or the remitted optical energy; at least one receiver configured to acquire information and based at least in part on a detected emitted optical energy one or more computer-readable memory media having or a detected remitted optical energy. 12. The catheter device of claim 7, further comprising: infection marker information configured as a data struc circuitry configured to obtain information; and ture, the data structure including a characteristic infor 25 circuitry configured to store the obtained information. mation component having characteristic microbial colo 13. The catheter device of claim 7, further comprising: nization spectral information representative of the a cryptographic logic component. presence of a microbial colonization proximate at least 14. A method, comprising: one of the outer surface or the inner surface of the body electronically comparing one or more characteristics com Structure. 30 municated from an implanted catheter device to stored 2. The catheter device of claim 1, wherein the characteristic reference data, the one or more characteristics including information component includes temporal metabolite infor at least one of an in vivo detected microbial colonization mation or spatial metabolite information associated with a presence proximate a Surface of the catheter device, an in microorganism colonization event. Vivo real-time detected infection marker presence proxi 3. The catheter device of claim 1, wherein the characteristic 35 mate a surface of the catheter device, and in vivo information component includes oxygen concentration gra detected measurand associated with a biofilm-specific dient information associated with a microorganism coloniza tag; and tion event. initiating a treatment protocol based at least in part on the 4. The catheter device of claim 1, wherein the characteristic comparison. information component includes spectral information associ 40 ate with a biofilm-specific tag.