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Dynamic Consolidated Bioprocessing for Innovative Lab-Scale Production of Bacterial Alkaline Phosphatase from Bacillus Paraliche

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Dynamic Consolidated Bioprocessing for Innovative Lab-Scale Production of Bacterial Alkaline Phosphatase from Bacillus Paraliche www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Dynamic consolidated bioprocessing for innovative lab‑scale production of bacterial alkaline phosphatase from Bacillus paralicheniformis strain APSO Soad A. Abdelgalil1,2*, Nadia A. Soliman1, Gaber A. Abo‑Zaid1 & Yasser R. Abdel‑Fattah1 To meet the present and forecasted market demand, bacterial alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production must be increased through innovative and efcient production strategies. Using sugarcane molasses and biogenic apatite as low‑cost and easily available raw materials, this work demonstrates the scalability of ALP production from a newfound Bacillus paralicheniformis strain APSO isolated from a black liquor sample. Mathematical experimental designs including sequential Plackett– Burman followed by rotatable central composite designs were employed to select and optimize the concentrations of the statistically signifcant media components, which were determined to be molasses, (NH4)2NO3, and KCl. Batch cultivation in a 7‑L stirred‑tank bioreactor under uncontrolled pH conditions using the optimized medium resulted in a signifcant increase in both the volumetric and specifc productivities of ALP; the alkaline phosphatase throughput 6650.9 U L−1, and µ = 0.0943 ­h−1; respectively, were obtained after 8 h that, ameliorated more than 20.96, 70.12 and 94 folds compared to basal media, PBD, and RCCD; respectively. However, neither the increased cell growth nor enhanced productivity of ALP was present under the pH‑controlled batch cultivation. Overall, this work presents novel strategies for the statistical optimization and scaling up of bacterial ALP production using biogenic apatite. Te bioeconomy represents the value chain of sustainable manufacturing using renewable, low-cost biological resources to sustainably produce food, energy, and industrial products1. Bioeconomic process innovations have included processing technologies that use raw and residual biogenic materials as the starting source and biobased processes that take advantage of living organisms’ metabolic behaviors, such as microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, or algae2. Te bioeconomy is expected to replace old industries, products, and practices with new eco-friendly industries, bioproducts, and procedures, thus enhancing the sustainability of the production and consumption processes while meeting market feedstock demand and price3. Designing efective and cost-competitive green technologies capable of sustainably producing bioproducts from biomass is a key challenge facing a rising bioeconomy. Green chemistry is an eco-friendly approach that maintains sustainability by efciently using raw materials, eliminating waste, and avoiding the use and generation of substances toxic or hazardous to human health and the environment in the manufacturing and application of biobased products4. In Egypt, a signifcant amount of biogenic apatite (i.e., bone) waste is produced from animal slaughterhouses, food manufacturing facilities, and glue facilities, causing environmental pollution. Biogenic apatite is efective and vital phosphorus (P) resource that can be recycled; biogenic apatite has a similar calcium (Ca) and P content as natural phosphate rocks (25–29% Ca and 15–19% P) and has fewer impurities than mined phosphate, and thus requires less intensive benefciation5. Additionally, industrial sugar production from beets and sugarcane generates molasses, an opaque, nutrient-rich liquid, as a byproduct, thus providing a renewable, reliable, read- ily available, and low-cost raw material that can be used to feed most microorganisms, as it contains carbon, 1Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City for Scientifc Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt. 2Present address: New Borg El-Arab City, Universities and Research Institutes Zone, PostAlexandria 21934, Egypt. *email: [email protected] Scientifc Reports | (2021) 11:6071 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85207-4 1 Vol.:(0123456789) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 1. Schematic illustration of biogenic apatite waste utilization to scale up the production of bacterial ALP from the Bacillus paralicheniformis strain APSO to the bench-top bioreactor scale for green chemistry sustainability. nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. A concentrated sugar substrate such as molasses can be used to obtain a high yield of bio-based products via industrial-scale fermentation 6. Tere are now robust and comprehensive methods of biocatalysis for chemical synthesis and transformation, contaminant bioremediation, and sustainable energy production, thus reinforcing and enhancing the potential of green technology for environmental purposes 4. Enzymatic bioremediation is a vital branch of green chemistry used to clean contaminated sites in which microorganisms enzymatically attack recalcitrant environmental pol- lutants and break them down or convert them to innocuous products 7. One such bioremediation enzyme that can be used to reduce environmental pollution and degradation is alkaline phosphatases (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1.). ALP is an example of orthophosphate monoester phosphohydrolases; it is a metalloenzyme, non-specifc, and a phosphomonoesterase that shows optimal activity at an alkaline pH8. ALP is a homodimeric enzyme consisting of two similar monomers that contain fve cysteine residues, two zinc atoms, and one magnesium atom, which provides it with its catalytic functionality. ALPs catalyze the hydrolysis of the C–O–P linkage in a variety of phosphate esters via a phosphoryl intermediate to produce a free phosphate ion (i.e., dephosphorylation) and a hydrolyzed molecule, or catalyze a transphosphorylation reaction in the presence of large concentrations of phosphate acceptors. ALP has a broad range of substrate specifcity and can be used on synthetic as well as natural substrates9. Several prokaryotes from bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Bacillus species, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Termo- toga maritime, Haloarcula marismortui) to mammals (e.g., humans) produce ALPs, as these stable enzymes can remove phosphate groups from diverse molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids 10, although they are most predominant in Escherichia coli and calf intestine. However, their inherently low thermal stability and shelving lives have limited the implementation of ALPs8, as practical implementation requires usage under harsh environments. Termostable ALPs, especially those from various Bacillus species, are thus favored for genetic engineering, bioengineering, and industrial applications. However, few researchers have addressed the extracel- lular production of ALP from the Bacillus genus; the Bacillus licheniformis’ ALP’s extracellular production is 10 times as high as other species11. Te scale-up of a bioprocess is critical in determining the economic viability of the bioproduct concerned and is an important step in transferring the bioprocess from the laboratory to the industrial scale12 However, scaling up the production of bacterial ALP has not yet been addressed. Tis work, therefore, aims to better utilize food industrial waste (biogenic apatite) and agro-industrial waste (sugarcane molasses) to scale up the production of bacterial ALP from the Bacillus paralicheniformis strain APSO to the benchtop bioreactor scale by optimizing growth conditions to increase the specifc phosphatase activity as illustrated in Fig. 1. Mathematical experimental designs including the Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) are employed to optimize the media constituents during the fermentation process to address the shortcomings of the traditional one-factor-at-a-time approach (OFAT) and to enhance metabolite productivity13. Results and discussion Isolation and identifcation of phosphatase‑producing bacteria. Modifed Pikovskaya’s (PVK) broth amended with animal bone powder as a phosphate source was used as a medium in a program for explor- ing the potential production of ALP to enrich and accelerate the growth of the naturally occurring ALP-produc- ing bacteria present in a black liquor sample. Twenty-fve bacterial isolates were obtained from the enrichment isolation process in the primary exploration phase. To screen ALP-producing isolates from the obtained isolates, the plate agar media assay used an artifcial substrate that yielded a colored product like the yellow color of the para-nitrophenol end product as a result of para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) cleavage and a deep-green color as a result of cleavage of phenolphthalein diphosphate tetrasodium salt (PDP) in presences of methyl green (MG) as an indicator dye, as detailed by Patel Falguni and others14 for selecting phosphatase producers. Tus, the formation of deep-green/yellow-stained colonies indicated a positive production. Among the twenty-fve Scientifc Reports | (2021) 11:6071 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85207-4 2 Vol:.(1234567890) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 2. (a) Qualitative screening of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-producing bacteria. (b) Phylogenetic tree based on 16 S rDNA gene-sequencing analysis showing the relationship of the Bacillus paralicheniformis strain APSO with reference strains (NCBI GenBank) constructed using the neighbor-joining method with the aid of the MEGA 7.0 program. Sequence divergence is indicated by the scale bar. (c) Gram-stain of the PL isolate (100 × magnifcation via an oil lens). (d) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 20-kV micrograph showing the
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