October 2016 Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Kansas River

US Army Corps of Engineers Kansas City District Draft Environmental Impact Statement Kansas River Commercial Sand and Gravel Dredging Proposed by Kansas Aggregates Producers Association: Kaw Valley Companies, Inc.; Holliday Sand & Gravel Company; Master’s Dredging; Builder’s Choice Aggregates; and LBB L.L.C. October 2016 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction .........................................................................1-1 1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Regulatory Authority .................................................................................................1-1 1.3 National Environmental Policy Act ...........................................................................1-2 1.4 Commercial Dredging History and Background .......................................................1-3 1.4.1 Overview of the Kansas River ......................................................................1-4 1.4.2 Overview of Kansas River Sand and Gravel Dredging Operations ..............1-8 1.4.3 History of Commercial Dredging...................................................................1-9 1.4.4 Bed Degradation.........................................................................................1-14 1.4.5 Dredging Areas Closed Prior to 2007 Permit Decision ...............................1-16 1.4.6 Current Dredging Areas ..............................................................................1-16 1.4.7 Processing Plant Sites ................................................................................1-21 1.5 Purpose and Need .................................................................................................1-21 1.5.1 Project Purpose ..........................................................................................1-21 1.5.2 Project Need ...............................................................................................1-22 1.6 Environmental Impact Statement Overview ...........................................................1-22 CHAPTER 2 Proposed Action and Alternatives ....................................2-1 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................2-1 2.2 Proposed Action .......................................................................................................2-2 2.3 No-Action Alternative ................................................................................................2-7 2.3.1 Alternate Sources of Sand and Gravel .........................................................2-8 2.4 Reduced Limit Alternative ......................................................................................2-19 2.5 Other Alternatives Considered ...............................................................................2-21 2.5.1 Sediment Budget for Each Individual Dredging Area on the Kansas River 2-21 2.5.2 Dredging in Kansas Reservoirs ..................................................................2-23 2.5.3 Smaller Rivers in Kansas and Missouri, and the Arkansas River Floodplain . 2-26 CHAPTER 3 Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences ................................................................. 3.1-1 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3.1-1 3.2 Geology and Geomorphology ............................................................................... 3.2-1 OCTOBER 2016 I DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT KANSAS RIVER COMMERCIAL DREDGING TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.2.1 Affected Environment ................................................................................ 3.2-1 3.2.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................. 3.2-33 3.3 Land Use ............................................................................................................... 3.3-1 3.3.1 Affected Environment ................................................................................ 3.3-1 3.3.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................... 3.3-4 3.4 Infrastructure ......................................................................................................... 3.4-1 3.4.1 Affected Environment ................................................................................ 3.4-1 3.4.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................... 3.4-4 3.5 Economics and Demographics ............................................................................. 3.5-1 3.5.1 Affected Environment ................................................................................ 3.5-2 3.5.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................. 3.5-27 3.6 Water Resources .................................................................................................. 3.6-1 3.6.1 Affected Environment ................................................................................ 3.6-1 3.6.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................... 3.6-9 3.7 Recreation ............................................................................................................. 3.7-1 3.7.1 Affected Environment ................................................................................ 3.7-2 3.7.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................... 3.7-9 3.8 Wetlands ............................................................................................................... 3.8-1 3.8.1 Affected Environment ................................................................................ 3.8-1 3.8.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................... 3.8-1 3.9 Floodplains ............................................................................................................ 3.9-1 3.9.1 Affected Environment ................................................................................ 3.9-1 3.9.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................... 3.9-3 3.10 Terrestrial and Aquatic Resources ...................................................................... 3.10-1 3.10.1 Affected Environment .............................................................................. 3.10-1 3.10.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................... 3.10-15 3.11 Federally Listed Species ..................................................................................... 3.11-1 3.11.1 Affected Environment .............................................................................. 3.11-1 3.11.2 Environmental Consequences............................................................... 3.11-14 3.12 Cultural Resources .............................................................................................. 3.12-1 3.12.1 Affected Environment .............................................................................. 3.12-1 3.12.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................. 3.12-3 3.13 Noise ................................................................................................................... 3.13-1 3.13.1 Affected Environment .............................................................................. 3.13-1 3.13.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................. 3.13-3 OCTOBER 2016 II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT KANSAS RIVER COMMERCIAL DREDGING TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.14 Air Quality............................................................................................................ 3.14-1 3.14.1 Affected Environment .............................................................................. 3.14-1 3.14.2 Environmental Consequences ................................................................. 3.14-5 3.15 Climate Change ................................................................................................... 3.15-1 3.15.1 Affected Environment .............................................................................. 3.15-1 3.15.2 Environmental Consequences ................................................................. 3.15-3 CHAPTER 4 Cumulative Impacts ............................................................4-1 4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................4-1 4.2 Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions ...................................4-2 4.2.1 Channel Modification ....................................................................................4-2 4.2.2 Reservoir Construction and Operation .........................................................4-3 4.2.3 Flood Control Levees ...................................................................................4-3 4.2.4 Municipal Water Supply ................................................................................4-3 4.2.5 Irrigation........................................................................................................4-4 4.2.6 Agriculture ....................................................................................................4-4 4.2.7 Urbanization

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