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Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Investigating Exoplanets and Transients Using Small-Aperture Telescopes Thesis How to cite: Busuttil, Richard (2017). Investigating Exoplanets and Transients Using Small-Aperture Telescopes. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2016 The Author Version: Version of Record Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Investigating Exoplanets and Transients Using Small-Aperture Telescopes Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Astronomy and Astrophysics Richard Busuttil MPhys (Hons) Supervisors: Dr. Ulrich Kolb, Dr. Carole Haswell The Open University Submitted September 2016 Abstract This work characterises PIRATE’s primary camera, the SBIG STX-16803, as well as assessing the usefulness and impact of a small-aperture semi-autonomous facility in Mallorca for exoplanet studies and studies of transient sources. Additionally, a method for exploring the Roche lobe of an exoplanet and the effects this has on the shape and density of the planet is also described. PIRATE is a small aperture photometric facility that can be operated remotely or autonomously, is constructed from commercially available hardware and utilised by The Open University for research, education and outreach. The camera gain measure- ments are within the manufacturer specifications while the read noise deviates quite significantly. The camera shutter is also verified to evenly illuminate the CCD which may be suffering from a form of residual image. Regarding exoplanets, PIRATE has helped to identify 108 false positives as well as 24 real and plausible planets. Combined, this is 67% of PIRATE’s total exoplanet candidate observations. Several of these targets are explored in further detail. Still on the subject of exoplanets, Roche calculations are applied to 207 known exoplanets and highlight that WASP-12b, WASP-19b and WASP-103b are likely to have strong distortions from a spherical shape. Look-up charts were also generated for mass ratios of 10−6 through to 10−1. These look-up charts are intended to provide a quick reference volume correction to exoplanets (or any other system of similar mass ratios). As part of the Gaia transient preparatory and to demonstrate the capabilities of PIRATE, SN 2014J is provided as an example. A peak B apparent magnitude, Bmax of 11.80 ± 0.14 mag is observed at a tmax of 56690.79 ± 0.01 MJD and provides Dm15 = 0.98 ± 0.20 mag. A peak E(B −V) extinction of 1.24 ± 0.16 mag (E(B −V)host = 1.19 ± 0.16 mag) is determined. Acknowledgements First and foremost I wish to thank my supervisors, Ulrich Kolb and Carole Haswell for their excellent guidance and feedback over the last few years. They have provided me with the intellectual freedom to explore the subject matter as well as providing en- couragement during the tough times of the PhD. I also wish to thank and acknowledge Geoff Bradshaw and his colleagues for their amazing dedication to ensuring that the Open University’s CEPSAR Linux systems are kept up and running as smoothly as possible. I am grateful to Stefan Holmes and his research on PIRATE; he was an excellent teacher and provided plenty of support during my early PIRATE days. I’m also grateful to Jakub Bochinski, Johanna Jarvis and Shripathy Hadigal; several of their PIRATE observations were of use to this thesis and they provided insightful discussions and solutions to several PIRATE solutions. The staff at the OAM are also acknowledged for their efforts behind the scenes which allowed PIRATE to function. I wish to thank Liam Steele, Robert Farmer, Anthony Davenport, Ziad el Otell, Kieran ’Kiz’ Natt, Andrew Carter, Elena Nickson and Jonathan Gregson for their help and expertise across a variety of topics, in addition to their friendship. Similarly, many thanks to Maria Duffy, Rebecca Wolsey, Alan Bradshaw, Feargus Abernethy, Peter Landsberg, Phillipa Smith and Roy Adkin for their amusing chats and entertaining anecdotes during the ritualistic 3:30pm coffee club. On the subject of coffee club, a massive thank you goes to Victoria Bending, James Holmes and Emma Fegan for keeping coffee club supplied with an abundance of Jaffa cakes, doughnuts and coffee which fuelled me through some of the long nights of writing. There are many others who have provided support and friendship that I have likely neglected to mention and to them, I offer my thanks. vi I would also like to thank my parents, Paul and Pauline Busuttil, for all their support and encouraging me to follow my dreams. Finally, I wish to thank my girlfriend, Catherine Hill, for putting up with my various complaints, supporting me through the tough times and most importantly believing in me even when I had stopped believing in myself. Contents List of Publications xiii List of Figures xv List of Tables xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 PIRATE - Physics Innovations Robotic Astronomical Telescope Explorer3 1.1.1 Other Small Aperture Facilities . .4 1.2 SuperWASP . .5 1.3 Exoplanets . .6 1.3.1 Direct Imaging . .7 1.3.2 Astrometry . .7 1.3.3 Radial Velocity . .8 1.3.4 Gravitational Microlensing . .8 1.3.5 Pulsar Timing Variations . .9 1.3.6 Transits . .9 1.4 Astronomical Transient Events . 12 1.4.1 Supernovae . 12 1.4.1.1 Type-I SNe . 12 1.4.1.2 Type-II SNe . 14 1.4.2 Cataclysmic Variables (Novae, Dwarf Novae) . 15 1.4.3 Tidal Disruption Events . 16 1.4.4 Other Transient Events . 17 viii Contents ix 2 Camera Characterisation 20 2.1 PIRATE’s Primary Camera - SBIG STX-16803 . 20 2.2 Photon Transfer Curves . 22 2.3 Method & Results . 23 2.3.1 Setup . 23 2.3.2 CCD Overscan . 23 2.3.3 Standard Photon Transfer Curve . 28 2.3.3.1 PTC Errors . 33 2.3.3.2 Flat Correction . 33 2.4 Shutter Lag . 35 2.5 Discussion . 41 2.5.1 STX-16803 Gain and Read Noise . 41 2.5.2 Residual Images . 43 2.5.3 Flat Correction . 45 2.6 Key Results . 46 3 PIRATE Observations - Exoplanets 47 3.1 Observational Method . 48 3.1.1 Target Selection . 49 3.2 PIRATE Exoplanet Pipeline . 51 3.2.1 Original Exoplanet Reduction Pipeline . 51 3.2.2 Modifications to the PIRATE Exoplanet pipeline . 54 3.2.2.1 Correction of Bias/Dark/Flat implementation . 55 3.2.2.2 Master Frame Selection . 57 3.2.2.3 Auto-Frame selection . 59 3.2.2.4 On-Off . 61 3.3 Non-Detections and Observed Mimics . 62 3.3.1 Non-Detections . 62 3.3.2 Grazing . 63 3.3.3 Blends . 65 3.4 Observed Plausible Exoplanets . 65 3.4.1 1SWASPJ065329.01+190612.1 . 65 x Contents 3.4.2 1SWASPJ215011.04+514800.8 . 71 3.5 Published Planets . 74 3.5.1 WASP-54b . 75 3.5.2 WASP-56b . 79 3.5.3 WASP-58b . 80 3.5.4 WASP-59b . 81 3.5.5 WASP-60b . 82 3.5.6 WASP-65b . 83 3.5.7 WASP-69b . 84 3.5.8 WASP-86b . 85 3.5.9 WASP-92b . 86 3.5.10 WASP-93b . 87 3.5.11 WASP-125b . 88 3.6 Observation Statistics . 89 3.6.1 PIRATE’s Lightcurve Performance . 92 3.7 Key Results . 95 4 Exoplanetary Roche Lobe and Surface Geometry 97 4.1 Theory - The Roche Potential . 98 4.2 Method . 100 4.2.1 Roche Lobe Calculations . 100 4.2.2 Mapping the Planetary Surface Roche Potential . 104 4.3 Results . 109 4.3.1 Planetary Lobes . 109 4.3.2 Roche implications for WASP-12b . 116 4.3.3 Earth-like Planets Orbiting Cool White Dwarfs . 118 4.3.4 Roche Correction Look-up Chart . 119 4.4 Key Results . 120 5 PIRATE Observations - Gaia Transients 123 5.1 PIRATE’s Previous Transient Contributions . 124 5.2 Gaia Transient Alert Preparation . 125 5.2.1 ACP Scheduler and The VOEvent Receiver . 125 Contents xi 5.2.2 Gaia Data Reduction Pipeline . 129 5.2.3 Cambridge Photometry Calibration Server . 130 5.2.3.1 Calibrating PIRATE’s Filters . 133 5.2.4 PIRATE’s Limiting Magnitudes . 137 5.3 PIRATE Observed Transients . 138 5.3.1 SN 2014J - An Initial Inspection . 138 5.3.2 Other Observed Transients . 143 5.4 Key Results . 145 6 Conclusions and Outlook 146 6.1 Summary . 146 6.1.1 SBIG STX-16803 CCD Camera . 146 6.1.2 PIRATE’s Exoplanet Results . 148 6.1.3 Exoplanet Roche Lobes . 150 6.1.4 Gaia Transient Event with PIRATE . 151 6.2 Areas of Improvement and Future Work . 152 6.2.1 CCD Characterisation . 152 6.2.2 Improving Exoplanet Target Selection . 154 6.2.3 Improving the Exoplanet and Transient Reduction Pipelines . 155 6.2.4 Exoplanet Roche Lobes . 158 A Exoplanet Observation List 159 B Roche Code 174 C Known Exoplanet Roche Density Corrections 180 Bibliography 189 xii Contents List of Publications During the course of the PhD the author has directly and indirectly contributed to several publications and Astronomical Telegrams which are listed below: • Brothwell, R. D. et al. (2014). A window on exoplanet dynamical histories: Rossiter-McLaughlin observations of WASP-13b and WASP-32b. MNRAS, 440, 3392-3401. • Campbell, H. C. et al. (2015). Total eclipse of the heart: the AM CVn Gaia14aae / ASSASN-14cn.
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