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APPENDIX 1 CATCHMENT-BASED ECOLOGICAL OVERVIEWS © Crown Copyright 2010 190 Contract Report No. 2075 1. WAIHI 1.1 Waterways Description Forty-three percent (43%) of the waterways in the Waihi catchment flow through high gradient landforms, more than one third through low gradient landforms, the remaining fifth are in medium gradient landforms. The land cover adjoining streams is divided nearly equally between pastoral grassland (52.3%) and indigenous vegetation (45.5%). There are three times the length of pastoral grassland adjacent waterways in low gradient landforms as high gradient landforms. Table 1.1: Summary of stream length and soil types and land cover within Waihi catchment. Valley Landform Low High Medium Length in Geology Landcover Gradient Gradient Gradient (km) Kilometres (km) (km) Volcanic Bare ground 0.5 (0.6%) 0.6 (1.2%) 1.1 (0.5%) acidic Indigenous 15.3 (17.9%) 16.7 (35.0%) 75.1 (73.8%) 107.1 (45.5%) forest Pastoral 69.7 (81.5%) 30.5 (63.8%) 22.7 (22.3%) 123.0 (52.3%) Scrub 3.5 (3.5%) 3.5 (1.4%) Urban 0.4 (0.4%) 0.4 (0.2%) Total 85.5 (36.4%) 47.8 (20.3%) 101.8 (43.3%) 235.2 Rivers and Streams Within the Catchment The Ohinemuri is the main waterway, with the following tributaries: Waione Ruahorahora Taiari Waitawheta Mangakino Water Quality Water quality is monitored at four sites within the Ohinemuri catchment. Ammonia and turbidity scores are mostly excellent, total phosphorus levels are satisfactory, but total nitrogen levels are mostly unacceptable. Quality indicators for contact recreation score excellent to satisfactory in c.90% of measurements. © Crown Copyright 2010 191 Contract Report No. 2075 A B Water quality indicators measured at two sites in the Ohinemuri River. A: above Waihi; B: at Karangahake. 1.2 Land use capability Soils on flat land around Waihi are highly versatile Land Use Classes 2 and 3. The remainder of the catchment is hill and gully country with soils of limited versatility, primarily LUC 6 and 7. All land classes have erosion as the primary limitation on land use. LUC Class Area (ha) % of Catchment 1 0.0 0.0 2 3,262.4 19.6 3 1,536.8 9.2 4 560.8 3.4 5 0.0 0.0 6 7,972.3 48.0 7 2,675.5 16.1 8 615.2 3.7 Town 1.5 0.0 TOTAL 16,624.6 100.0 © Crown Copyright 2010 192 Contract Report No. 2075 LUC Classes Waihi Sub-Catchment Class 8 3.7% Class 2 Class 7 19.6% 16.1% Class 3 9.2% Class 4 3.4% Class 6 48.0% Waihi LUC and Land Cover 9000 Other 8000 Pasture & Crop Exotic Forest & Scrub 7000 Indigenous Forest & Scrub 6000 5000 4000 Area (ha) Area ` 3000 2000 1000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LUC Class © Crown Copyright 2010 193 Contract Report No. 2075 Figure 1.1: Waihi catchment - land cover and land use. © Crown Copyright 2010 194 Contract Report No. 2075 1.3 Land use Spatial Pattern Catchment size: 16,630 ha. Catchment location: northern end of the Kaimai Range. Predominant land uses: accounts for 93% of catchment: - indigenous forest 7,595 ha (47.7% of catchment), middle to upper catchments on land of moderate to high relief associated with slopes of Kaimai Range. - pasture grassland 7,615 ha (45.8% of catchment) in middle reaches of catchments on land of low to moderate relief. Urban landforms: 38.4 ha (0.2% of catchment at Waihi township). Wetlands: There are no significant wetland areas within the Waihi catchment. Most modified: Upper reaches of the Waihi catchment around Waihi have been heavily modified by conversion of forests to pastoral land uses. Least modified: The middle reaches of the Ohinemuri catchment and catchments flowing from the Kaimai Range retain tracts of indigenous vegetation on steep slopes though this has been modified by logging and mining. Table 1.2: Land uses within the Waihi catchment. % of LCDB2 Classification Area (ha) Catchment Broadleaved indigenous hardwoods 522.3 Indigenous forest 7,594.8 Manuka and/or kanuka 189.2 Indigenous Forest 8,306.3 50.0% Coastal sand and gravel Estuarine open water Flax 0.9 Herbaceous freshwater vegetation Herbaceous saline vegetation Lake and pond 28.2 Mangrove River 8.1 Wetland Systems 37.2 0.2% Afforestation (imaged, post LCDB 1) 54.1 Afforestation (not imaged) 13.1 Forest harvested 6.4 Other exotic forest 7.0 Pine forest - closed canopy 55.1 Pine forest - open canopy 102.6 Exotic Plantation Forest 238.4 1.4% Orchard and other perennial crops 190.4 Short-rotation cropland Orchards and Crops 190.4 1.1% © Crown Copyright 2010 195 Contract Report No. 2075 % of LCDB2 Classification Area (ha) Catchment High producing exotic grassland 7,603.2 Low producing grassland 10.4 Pastoral Lands 7,613.6 45.8% Deciduous hardwoods 3.6 Major shelterbelts 12.3 Mixed exotic shrubland Gorse and broom 15.2 Other Exotic Vegetation 31.1 0.2% Surface mine 169.1 Surface Mine 169.1 1.0% Built-up area Transport infrastructure Urban parkland/Open space 38.4 Urban Landforms 38.4 0.2% Grand Total 16,624.4 100.0% Legal Protection This section provides an overview of the areas protected by legal statute and covenants, for the purpose of biodiversity protection. Department of Conservation The Department of Conservation administers 6,882 ha within the Waihi catchment for conservation purposes. Reserves to protect indigenous ecosystems, vegetation, habitats, or species comprises 6,876 ha (99.9%). Reserves that have other primary aims, which could conflict with protection of natural values, comprises 6.4 ha (0.1%). Table 1.3: Department of Conservation administered lands within the Waihi catchment. Reserve Type (DOC Legal Description) Area (ha) Conservation Park - S.19 Conservation Act 1987 6,791.7 Fixed Marginal Strip - S.24(3) Conservation Act 1987 48.9 Historic Reserve - S.18 Reserves Act 1977 1.2 Local Purpose Reserve - S.23 Reserves Act 1977 5.1 Scenic Reserve - S.19(1)(a) Reserves Act 1977 6.5 Scientific Reserve - S.21 Reserves Act 1977 0.5 Stewardship Area - S.25 Conservation Act 1987 27.7 Under investigation for protection, agreement not signed. 0.2 Grand Total 6,881.9 The upper Waihi catchment includes 732 ha of the Ngatukituki Forest Sanctuary and minor parts of the East Ngatukituki and West Ngatukituki Ecological Areas. Nga Whenua Rahui There are no Nga Whenua Rahui kawenata within the Waihi catchment. © Crown Copyright 2010 196 Contract Report No. 2075 QEII There is one QEII covenant within the Waihi catchment. Table 1.4: QEII covenants within the Waihi catchment. Covenant Area (ha) 5/03/276 0.1 Total 0.1 1.4 Indigenous vegetation and flora Vegetation Pattern Forty-one percent (41%) of the c.7,600 ha of indigenous forest is dominated by kauri, with 619 ha of kauri-softwoods hardwoods-beeches and 2,045 ha of kauri-softwoods hardwoods forest. Most contemporary kauri forest is in a state of active regeneration, as emergent mature trees have been removed by historical logging operations. Tawa- dominant forest covers 819 ha, and rimu/tawa covers 2,668 ha. Most contemporary tawa-dominant forests probably had a stronger component of emergent rimu that has been removed by logging operations. At higher elevations, on and around the crests of ridges at high elevation, is 156 ha of highland and steepland softwoods-hardwoods forest. Table 1.5: Indigenous forest types within Waihi catchment. Forest Type Area (ha) Beeches 200.6 Highland and steepland softwoods-hardwoods 156.4 Highland softwoods-beeches 27.7 Kauri-softwoods-hardwoods 2,045.5 Kauri-softwoods-hardwoods-beeches 619.7 Rimu-beeches 18.7 Rimu-tawa 2,668.3 Tawa 819.8 Unclassified 1,037.9 Grand Total 7,594.8 Species Lists There are at least 16 lists of vascular plants within the catchment. Rare or Threatened Species The Department of Conservation Bioweb database includes the following records: Brachyglottis kirkii (At Risk-Declining) Nematoceras aff. rivularis (Data Deficient) Olearia cheesemanii (At Risk-Naturally Uncommon) Pimelea tomentosa (Threatened-Nationally Vulnerable) Pittosporum kirkii (At Risk-Declining) © Crown Copyright 2010 197 Contract Report No. 2075 Pseudopanax laetus Rorippa divaricata (Threatened-Nationally Vulnerable) Sticherus flabellatus Syzygium maire Thismia rodwayi (At Risk-Naturally Uncommon) 1.5 Pest plants Plant Pest RPMS Status Waihi (no. of sites) Privet (2 species) Occupier control.* 4 Woolly nightshade Containment. Occupier control. 3-4 Wild ginger Containment. Occupier control. 1 Pampas Banned from sale & propagation.** 2 Hawthorn Not RPMS. ? Barbary Not RPMS. ? Old man’s beard Eradication. 0 Climbing spindleberry Eradication. 0 Wildling pines Not RPMS. Black wattle Not RPMS. The Waikato Region‘s Pest Management Strategy (RPMS) stipulates that privet is required to be controlled on valid health complaint only from someone living within 50 m. Roadside privet is required to be controlled. The RPMS also identified pampas is required to be totally controlled in parts of the Waikato region. Control is required on transport corridors and in quarries/mines Other environmental weeds within the Waikato Region include: banana passionfruit hakea eleagnus Japanese honeysuckle Weeds that are shade tolerant, as juveniles at least, are capable of invading intact indigenous forest and species that have bird dispersed seeds can be transported some distance from source populations. Exotic species with either of these characteristics have high potential for forest invasion. Information on pest plants can be found in Environment Waikato‘s Regional Pest Management Strategy (available on the internet at: http://www.ew.govt.nz/policy-and- plans/Regional-Pest-Management-Strategy/Regional-Pest-Management-Strategy- 2008-2013/.
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