Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 128 (1998), 1105-1119

Ruthve Badenochn i excavatioe th : Highlana f no d garrison Eoin McB Cox* with contributions by D Gallagher & R McCullagh

ABSTRACT Excavations 1983in brought lightto physical evidence laterthe medievalfor castle, includingthe militarylayout well, shedthe the light and of new on barracks which replaced afterit 1715 the Jacobite Rising. The project was funded by Historic Scotland.

INTRODUCTION Ruthven Barracks (NGR: NN 765 997) is situated on a fluvioglacial terrace at OD 236 m, overlookin wide gth e alluvia Kingussif lRive e o plai th E f nro SS Speyem k withi t lieI 6 . s1. e nth paris Ruthvef ho Inverness-shirn i e (illus 1). The post-glacial terrace upon which the ruins stand has been artificially contoured over the yearpresens it o st t profile; flat toppe witd dan h equally displaced slopes commandin gstrategia c position in Strath Spey (illus 2). The terrace itself is well drained, owing to its sand and gravel composition, whil surroundine eth g alluvia lSpe e plaith verys f i n o y pron floodino et g throughout the year giving rise to an impenetrable morass in the environs. e standinTh g remain barracke th f o s s cam ee Secretar intth e car f oth o e f Statyo r fo e Scotland in 1968. Extensive consolidation of the masonry has since been carried out on the barracks, which were in a state of considerable disrepair. Archaeological examination of the barracks complex was carried out for Historic Scotland's predecessor department in 1983 to elucidate certain aspect plas it nf implementatio so e prio th o t r schema presentatios f nit o r efo n publice th o t .

HISTORICAL SUMMARY Therevidenco n s ei f occupatioeo terrace th n o ne befor e 13teth h century whe s e sitnth ewa chosecapute th r chies no a , fComynse seatth f o , thein i , r Badenoch lordship castle y Th . ema have been buil stonf to e but, unlik othee eth r major Comyn strongholds examplr fo , e Inverlochy, in Lochaber, and Lochindorb, near Forres, there is no early medieval masonry standing at Ruthven. In the later 14th century the castle was in the possession of Alexander Stewart, the notorious 'Wol f Badenoch'o f acquireo wh , lordshie dth f Badenocpo 137n hi 4 fro fathes mhi r deats hi n ho withouRobert bu ; II tt male issue lordshie th , p reverte Crowe th o dt n (Macpherson

Uppe*9 r Nisbet Street, Jedburgh,S Border6T 8 sTD 1106 SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998

° *0 *TDalwhinnie

1 km

Military Road ILLUS 1 The location of Ruthven Barracks and the other Highland garrisons; dashed lines show 18th-century military roads

1893, 366) 1451n .I , John, Ear Rossf lo , storme castle dreduceth d partiaea an o t t di l ruin. Shortly after, the ruined structure and its lands came into the possession of the Gordons and, towards the end of the 16th century, George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly, erected a replacement castle. It is said that he 'built the castle twice, it being burnt by adventure or negligence of his servants after he once finished the same' (ibid, 372). In 1647 General Leslie laid siege to, and captured, the castle, then under the captaincy of the Macphersons. In 1649 the castle was again attacked, and afterwards garrisoned, by the English under Cromwell Duke .Th Gordo f eo grantes nwa lordshie dth Badenocf po 168n hi t 5bu in 1689 a pro-Williamite garrison, housed in the castle, came under attack from Graham of Claverhouse ruin laio o last e t di twh ,Th . descriptive accoun pre-barracke th f o t s buildings swa given by a scholar at the local school of Ruthven. In it he described the strongly built masonry which then stood on the terrace (Shaw 1775, 225). In 1669 Parliament recommended that a garrison be stationed at Ruthven. The proposal was not taken up immediately but construction work did begin in 1719, following the Jacobite Rising of 1715. The building was completed by September 1721. One of four new Highland garrisons, Ruthven housed infantry whos policeo t tas s localitye keth wa contemporar.A y Board of Ordnance plan (illu ) detail3 s proposee th s d fortificatio d barrackan n s facilities stablA . e block, for use by dragoons patrolling the new roads, was added in 1734 on Major-General George Wade's instruction e garriso greao n Th . w t nmilitarsa y action firss it ; t encounter with hostile COX: RUTHVEN IN BADENOCH I 1107

• ..-

ILLU S2 Ruthven Barrack (Royalsr froai e mth Commission Anciente th Historicaln d o an Monuments of Scotland Crown© copyright)

force 1745-lastn s si accoun it n s .siegA e eventuad 6th wa ef an o t l surrende barracke th f ro s swa relate Iristhe h dsergeanby t lef commanin t smalthe dlof garriso (Buismen tn of 1930,241-50) . A full descriptive account of the barracks buildings at Ruthven is given by Stell (1983, 20-30), who also provides a historical summary of all four Highland garrisons, at Bernera, Kilcumein, Inversnaid and Ruthven (see illus 1), which were designed and built on similar architectural lines e wideTh . r historica d architecturaan l l contex f Ruthveo t s givei n y b n Tabraham & Grove (1995).

THE EXCAVATIONS

AREA I: CASEMATES (ILLUS 6) ease paradth e t n halth I f fo e ground arelimitee s enclosure th ,a th wa y db ease walth t n angl o lvault d ean s on the north and south angles. Once turf and topsoil had been removed little destruction debris was found other than keystones and voussoirs which had fallen from the casemate roofs. They overlay a near-uniform layer of well-sorted yellow sand (Feature 13) into which a patchy gravel aggregate (14) had been pressed. This aggregate appearesurvivine th e b o dt g remain heavila f so y eroded parade ground co-existent wite hth entrance cobbling (16). The aggregate did not extend into the six casemates which abut the enclosure wall; instead there were thin deposits of disturbed humic sand immediately above the yellow bedding sand. The casemates in this area and throughout the barracks complex have a scarcement on the internal faces. This course exist unifora t sa m heighchamferes i d tan d alon frone gth t barrackelevationo tw e th sf so blocks and behind forestairs where it does not act as a supporting feature, merely a crude decoration. A wooden ste ontp pu ofirina g position, which probably reste thin do s scarcemen suggestes t (illuwa , s7) y db an intermittent mortar level clinging to the internal surfaces of each casemate. This mortar was present at similar heights abov robbee eth d threshold guardhouselevele th n si adjoinine th , g vault entrancesn o d an , the southern vaults. Ther alss omortaea wa r level agains forestair o Thes. 7) tw te & eeac th 6 stair ( sf ho s gave accese uppeth o t sre enclosur leveth f o l e wall, along which would have bee nwall-walka , since destroyed northere .Th n forestai renderes rdressewa s it n do d survivinfaces it o st g heigh looselA f 1.. to 2 m y 110 I 8SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998

'71VTJ-IV.EN.

*si I !

1 §

! 1 1 !•§ 1X1: OuisVcte I i i i-

Q, a Piles of BiUmcks. U Bi-rw w_Pirtke_Hovs C. Gru-U-d. H"(iLL5f. e. Officers Bo i.B'ibr PrivAt

il. IDjviine. j. JvJ-f vAtLoji of y -Bat-jacks. . jid. ofj).° aH.liJevjLtian ofy Katnp .XL 1"J.TJL of v J^oop Juries. . li'fti/ii}Pi?urictfd mi a fp in Gj-.iuf/ L-ffi/-iu-c

ILLUS 3 Board of Ordnance plan of the proposed barracks, 1719-20. (© Trustees of the National Library of Scotland) COX: RUTHVE BADENOCN I H 1109

ILLUS 4 Plan of the barracks, showing the areas excavated in 1983 consolidated rubble core fille space dth e betwee barracke nth retaininse gablth d ean g wall .sai e Littlb dn eca abou e constructioth t e southerth f o n n forestair, which suffered considerable damage durine th g consolidatio ease th tf soute ngablo th f heo barracks block cornee barracke th Th . f rebuils o r swa t from foundation 1970se leveth reconstruction s i l ;it m1 2. belo g scarcemene wdu n th s trencwa ) h(2 t level. The entrance cobbling (16) has suffered similar damage to the south forestair during the rebuilding of the main threshold level, but nevertheless a substantial amount of the surface remained intact, laid in well- sorted yellow sand, simila thao t r t (13) which oversprea ease d th parade t parth f o te ground rivere Th . - washed pebbles, known locally as 'cassies', provided a hard-wearing threshold entrance beyond the dressed stone flags withi maie nth n doorway. This entranc presumabls ewa yshora t vaulted passage. An exploratory trench within the casemate immediately to the north of the entrance was excavated in orde establiso t r fule hth l heighcasemate th f o t e walls. Relatively thick deposit f disturbeso d sandd san gravels had been backfilled against the main enclosure wall to a depth of some 800 mm below the entrance cobbling (16) at threshold level. These sands overlay a homogeneous, thin level of mortar extending 6m west of the enclosure wall, presumably reflecting a construction phase.

ARE CASEMATE: AII S (ILLU) 6 & S5 The six casemates along the west wall were almost identical to those in the east wall but for the postern gate inserted in 1734 as part of Wade's building programme. No obvious parade ground level remained, except for a patchy cobbled area (33/27) and a crudely flagged surface surrounding the small drain (28) leading

COX: RUTHVEN IN BADENOCH I 1111

guardhouse

NORTH BARRACK BLOCK

mam postern entrance

SOUTH BARRACK BLOCK

5m brew/bakehouse ILLU S6 Excavatio ncasematee plath f no paradd san e ground (from left I),& AreaI II , sII

into the enlisted men's latrines ('bogghouse') in the north-west corner. These surfaces all exhibited uniform wea thein ro r upper face werd san t level ea s simila eaco rt h thresholde thos o othet th d f eo ran s withie nth officers' and men's latrines (98 & 99). The cobbling (33) at the entrance to the brewhouse and bakehouse in the south-west corner may have bee onle nth y instance wher purposelea y laid surface withi wese nth t casemated arebeed aha n compacted, providing a similar arrangement to the patchy surface in the east casemates (14). The threshold within the doorway through the western casemated area had been removed; consequently the aggregate levels were prou thesf do e entrances. e maiTh n forestai e onlrth y(29s meanwa ) f accese wall-walo sth o t s thin o k s wese t th sid f o e compound; in turn, the wall-walk gave access to the officers' room above the brewhouse and bakehouse. The wallhead survived to a height of 500 mm above the flagged pavement which was over the casemates. forestaire Th , buil t righa t t anglecompoune th o st d wall faces rendered wa , dan l fou al rn dsideo s witha loosely consolidated rubble core behin retainine dth g walls. This rubbl probabls ewa y masonry fron ma earlier building, judging by the differing types of mortar adhering to the stone infill. openinn A south-wese th t ga t corne staipresumable s th rwa f ro originae yth l entranc officerse th o et ' 'bogghouse'. Wit insertioe hth stable th f neo bloc 1734n ki , however, this facilit removes ysouthwa e th o dt - wes presene t th vaul d tan t postern gate inserte enclosure th n di e wall foundatione Th . singla f so e step down (61) were found withi smalna l trench opened outside this back door, althoug accounn h a 174e th 6f to attac k 1112 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998

loophole

firing platform

?steps up

1 m

ILLUS 7 Profile and elevation of a casemate

on the barracks refers to two steps out at this point (Bell 1898, 185). No method of barring this door is obvious in either of the jambs and, similarly, no evidence for an earlier latrine unit was found in the area behin forestaire dth . The well (37) was approximately 1.2 m in diameter internally, crudely dressed with minimal mortar pointin uppee coursesth o n gi rtw uppermose Th . t courswele th lf surrouneo beed dha n partly robbet dbu appeared to have been no higher than the crosswall (26) which links the two nearby casemate piers. A patch f cobblino g (60 withiy la ) n this casemate diametricallo Tw . y opposed recesses, lying east/wes the-ton i t p course of the well, could have been the bedding positions for large posts, perhaps part of a timber superstructure, incorporatin gwindlasa drawinr sfo g water r safetFo . y reason excavatewels e sth wa l a o dt depth of only about 2 m; the water table is probably about 16m below this level. A loosely cobbled surface (41) set in a dark, stone-free soil to the east of the well was probably the bottom of a drain sloping away fro casemate mth e position tako st e spillage away fro wele mth l area.

AREA III: PARADE GROUND (ILLU) 6 & S4 trencheo Tw s excavated withi parade nth e ground reveale disturbee dth d natur surfaces obviouit s f eo wa t i : s tha centrae th t l arebeed aha n landscaped sinc garrisoe eth abandones nwa 18te th hn di century . This swa further illustrated by the cobbled drain (56) which terminated at a sump (96) in the centre of the parade ground sume covee larga th th f pr — ero fo ,squar e schist sla beebd (52ha n displace)— d fro rightfus mit l position. The cobbled surface (41) in Area II may also have been part of the same drainage system.

AREA IV: NORTH STABLE & FORESTAIR (ILLUS 4 & 8) substantiaA l are well-laif ao d cobbles survived beneat shalloha w overburde burnf no t timbe roofind ran g slates withi stable nth e wall surface stightlf o (illu Th s . yeswa 9) laid river-washed 'cassies' bedde wella n di - sorted ochre sand centraA . l ridge with pronounced cambe flankes wa r eithen do r sid paralley eb l drains servin e horsgth e stalls drainage th , e gullies apparently sloping westwards. Several burnt timbers (see McCullagh, below), sunk withi densele nth y packed cobbles, reflec dimensione th t woodee th f so n stalls once positioned along each wall. Extrapolating the evidence recovered from this small area, the total number NORTH STABLE

70 C SOUTH STABLE a w

1 0 5m O m timber o o ILLU S8 Excavatio nstablee plath f no s) (AreaV & V sI K

COX: RUTHVEN IN BADENOCH I 1115

NORTH BARRACK BLOCK

SOUTH BARRACK BLOCK

5m

ILLU 0 SExcavatio1 nmedievae plath f no l remains (Area III& I )sI of stalls within each stable , caterinwoul14 totaa e r db s i gfo l s complemena 0 3 t horses8 no 2 f d o t an , generally stated. The entranc stable througs th eo t wa hlarga e two-leaf door m8 wide1. , , ove thresholra d stone, since removed. A concentration of window glass in the vicinity of the entrance suggested that the stable door had window lights above. Immediately outside the entrance, and adjacent to the stable and forestair walls, was a tightly cobbled apron which presumably extende lengte ease dth th tf hrangeo smal.A l drai througn nra widte e hth th f ho forestair taking excess water off the cobbles. Beyond the cobbles a tamped aggregate provided a well-drained 1116 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998

surface, perhaps servin musterina s ga dragoonse g th are r apost-holefo o Tw .75) & 5 , equidistans(9 t from stable th e wallhavy ma e, held wooden uprights carryin gtimbea r tethering rail: another post-hole (77)o t , the south of the forestair, probably served a similar purpose. Two stone-packed post-holes (72 & 73), either side of the forestair (64), may have housed the supports for a wooden banister or handrail, straddling the stone stair which gave acceshaylofte th o st s abov stablee eth s (Longmuir 1860, 164).

AREA V: TACKROOM & REAR ENTRANCE (ILLUS 4 & 8) The cobbled floor of the stable extended westwards as a corridor into the tackroom. The north chamber of the tackroom was flagged with irregularly shaped stones and cobbles partly mortared. As in the stable, the cobbles were overlai thia y nnb deposi burnf o t t roof timber slated san s with numerous nail assortef so d sizes amongst this destruction material. cobbleA d apron (92 outsidy )la wese eth stablte walth f eo l bloc echoed kan cobble dth e surface (68) east of the building. There were traces of a wooden door frame between the tackroom and stable and the housing for a similar frame could be seen within the faced stonework of the west door.

MEDIEVAL REMAINS (ILLUS 10 & 11) Immediately belo maie wth n forestair (29), withi barracke nth s compound walo tw l remnanty ) la , 58 & 7 s(5 bonded wit pinha k morta dressed an r thein do r sout wesd han t faces. The beed yha n use foundations da s forestaie foth r officersd an r ' latrine t quit,bu e clearly belonge pre-barracka o dt s structure thes beed a , yha n damage foundatioy db n trenche casematee th f so posternd san irregularle .Th y cobble flagged dan d surfaces woul) 34 d& hav2 (3 e been external features, contemporary with these earlier walls narroA . w open drain

ILLUS 11 The medieval remains below the main forestair (Area II) COX: RUTHVE BADENOCN I H 1117

with stonethein o t r sse longes t axe t througscu cobblee hth s (32reappeard )an s withi cobblee nth d surface (44) in the adjacent cutting. The drain was cut by a construction trench (39) of the south barracks block, the trench being backfilled with large rounded stones and boulders, many with pink mortar adhering to them. A linear grey mortar-bonded structure (40), with an associated dump of rubble (42), lay below the cobbled drain (41 wel)pertainee d neath an l o rt d earlie n alsa o t r building phase likels i t I . y that both this wel e elementfeature th ar l d ean s fro earliee mth r castle tha d structure an ,tth destroyes ewa d durin- re e gth sinking of the well by the garrison builders. Further evidenc medievaf eo l occupatio suggestes nwa extensivn a y db e sprea mortaf do rubbld ran e (55), indicativ robbef eo d walls Aren i , a IIIevidenco .N pre-barrackf eo s structures, however founs wa , n di Area I. A trial trench, some 2 m deep, through modern debris (2) and disturbed sands and gravels revealed no obvious horizon relatin occupationo gt . latw efe medievae Th l artefacts discovered durin excavatioe gth n dat arouno et firse dth e t halth f o f 16th century.

CLAY PIPES (ILLU) S12 Dennis Gallagher Thirty fragments of clay pipe were recovered from 11 different contexts. All the identified material f 19thiso 20th-centuro -t y date ,bowe excepon lr fragmenfo t ) fro pre-barracke (a tm th s drain (32). Thi muca s si h abraded unpolished lower bowl fragment t roswit eacn do eo ha h a sides i t I . west Netherlands type, c 1650-70 (Duco 1981,244, nos 36-8), alow-quality export pipe of a type that has a wide distribution throughout Scotland (Davey 1987, 280). 19th-centure Th y materia derives li d fro mvarieta sourcesf yo fragmento hav) .Tw c & e b s( maker's initial e heel relieth n i s a for ,n o r fmarkinm o g whic s rarelhi y found afte 1850c r .

b

.ASCOW

ILLU 2 S1 Cla y pipe fragments 111 | 8SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998

Fragment (c) with the letters J/E is probably from the Aberdeen makers John and James Elrick, active 1830-1910 (Evans 1981 likels ,i 37)t dato yt bu , e fro earle mth y year theif so r business. Another Scottish pipe is the stem fragment (d) with the incuse stamp (GL)ASGOW/RIFLE CUTTY. Glasgow factories produced a variety of Rifle cutties, post-1870. The short wide bowl stama s (eha p) bearin Mane gth x emblem surrounde legene th y db ROYAL MONd Aan surmounted by a crown. This may also be a Scottish product, possibly similar to the 'Isle of Man' pipe produce Williay db m Whit f Glasgoeo late th e wn 19ti h century (Gallagher 1987, 152). Another pip latf eo e 19th r earl-o y 20th-century uprigh e datth s ei t bowl (f) wit hmetaa l spark cap which has a hand-impressed oval stamp bearing the names BEVERI[DGE] and SWIN- YARD. l majoAl r Scottish pipemakers produced Swinyard pipes designe th , s inspiree th y db London make thaf ro t name. This particular exampl produca s ei Williaf to m Beveridge, activn ei Forres 1869-8 Aberdeen i d 2an n 1882-1920 (Evans 1981, 38-9). Beveridg a close d rha e connection than most with Swinyard, as he possessed and presumably used a number of that maker's original moulds (Davey 1987, 262). A stem fragment (g) bears a mark of the Paris company of Gambier, active 1789-1920, although this particular mar introduces kwa d185c 0 (Duco 1986, 106) likels i t .I hav o yt e been part of an elaborate high-quality figural pipe for which that company was famous.

TIMBER REMAINS Roderick McCullagh Eight samples of charcoal were submitted for analysis. These represented three main posts, two supporting posts stalo tw ,l partition dooa d r s an poste sill partitiond Th . san s wer frol ee al mth north stable area, while the door sill was from between the north stable and connecting tackroom. identifiable th f o l Al e samples wer f Scoteo s pine (Pinus sylvestris). maie Th n posts were evidently diameter n singli m em bar o presenttimber0 s e .N k30 th wa d d san ,an betweem m 0 n25 timbers were only partly burnt. In a sample traverse, 33 growth rings were counted in a span of 65 mm. The support post samples were single timbers between 150 mm and 250 mm in diameter. The sill was also a single timber (diameter undetermined).

CONCLUSIONS 172e Th 3 editio Boare th f f Ordnancndo o e plans (illu compare) s3 s favourably wit extane hth t structure. There are minor discrepancies in the number of gun-loops within the casemates and some difference vaulte th n i s within each corne compounde th f ro positionine .Th wele th n li f go north-wese th opposes a t north-ease th o dt t angl perhaps ei s accountereuse n a th f ey o b r dfo already existing, medieval water supply f whico , e barracksth h ' architec s ignorantwa t . Mackintosh (1897, 371) refers to timbers from an earlier well shaft being discovered during the rebuildin welle th f .go Accordin Boare th Ordnancf o gdt o e elevatio parade nth e groun t (96belo) f 2 0y mm w dla the scarcement. No evidence of such a level was found during the excavation, but this could easily be explaine removae th y formaa d b f o l l pave metaller do d surface fro parade mth e ground after the destruction of 1746. A tenancy for the rental of Barrack Hill of Ruthven existed before 1796 (R Noble, pers comm) and the subsequent grazing of cattle and sheep, which still continues, may have contribute erosioe mounde th th do t f no . cobbline Th stable th n gei bloc stalld kan similas i thao rt t foun mainn di s farm othed san r large house 18te earld th hf an syo 19th centuries thin .I s respect, Ruthven appears uniqus it r efo COX: RUTHVEN IN BADENOCH | 1119

time for it had not undergone 'improvement' (R Noble, pers comm). The lack of evidence for a farrier's smith curiouss yi . Suc ancillarn ha y servic havy ema e been locate unexcavatee th n di d tackroomrecese th f so , although this chamber does appear rather small.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank all those who assisted on the excavation: John Cannell, Gordon Ewart, John Lewis and Jonathan Wordsworth. For their specialist reports the writer is indebted Dennio t s Gallaghe Rodericd ran k McCullagh excavatioe Th . n tea mvers i y gratefu time th er fo l and advice given by Robin Noble, Curator, Highland Folk Museum, Kingussie. Historical and architectural information was kindly supplied by Geoffrey Stell and Chris Tabraham. The author's original repor prepares twa publicatior dfo Chriy nb s Tabraha Olwyd man n Owene Th . illustrations were drawn for publication by Christina Unwin, except for the clay pipes which were draw y Dennib n s Gallagher e aeriaTh . l vie f Ruthvewo n Barrack s reproducei s d wite hth permission of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland; the Board of Ordnance plan of the proposed barracks (1719-20) is reproduced by kind permission of the Trustees of the National Library of Scotland.

REFERENCES Bell, R F 1898 'Memorials of John Murray Broughton, 1740-1747', Scott Hist Soc, XXVII (1898). Buist, F 1930 The Dashing Red Sergeant', Scots Mag, XII (1930), 241-50. Davey, P 1987 'Aberdeen', in Davey, P (ed), The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe X, Scotland, 253-62. Oxford. (=BAR Brit Ser, 178). Duco, D H 1981 'De Kleipijp in de zeventiende eeuwse Nederlanden', in Davey, P J (ed), The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe V, Europe 2,111-468. Oxford. (=BAR Int Ser, 106). Duco, D H 1986 'Pipemarks from the Gambier Factory', in Sudbury, B (ed), Historic Clay Tobacco Pipe Studies Ponc. 3 a City. Evans 198,G 1 'Aberdeen Clay Pipe Makers' Murrayn i , Evans, ,C Cruickshank & G , AberdeenG , Ceramics, 36-40. Aberdeen. Gallagher, D B 1987 The 1900 list of the Pipemakers' Society', in Davey, P (ed), The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe X, Scotland, 142-63. Oxford. (=BAR Brit Ser, 178). Longmuir, J 1860 Speyside: its Picturesque Scenery and Antiquities. Aberdeen. Mackintosh, C F 1897 Antiquarian Notes. Macpherson, A 1893 Glimpses of Church and Social Life in the Highlands in Olden Times. Edinburgh. Shaw, L 1775 History of the Province of Moray. Stell, G 1983 'Highland Garrisons 1717-23: Bernera Barracks', Post-Medieval Archaeol, 1 (1983), 20-30. Tabraham Grove& C , 199D , 5 Fortress Scotland Jacobites.e th d an London.

This paper publishedis ofgranta withaid fromthe Historic Scotland