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Home , Edward Sabine, John Franklin, William Edward Parry

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Edward Sabine (1788-1 883)

Edward Sabine, soldier,scientist, and arctic explorer,was a Sabine, besides maintaining a program of scientific observa- forceful and ambitious man, skilled in the politics of science, tion, was alsothe editor and censor ofthe expedition’s and very much in control of the enterprises he espoused. He newspaper, the North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle, was born in on14 October 1788, educated in England, published on board the Hech and running to 21 numbers. and entered the RoyalMilitary Academy at Woolwichin 1803. Sabine could be formidable in his professional capacity but His active servicewas relatively brief and based in Upper and seems to have been a genial and equable companion; certainly Lower , where in 1813 and 1814 he was engaged in the North Georgia Gazette, which was mostly from his pen, resisting American attacks. displays sustained good humour and occasional whimsy. As After theNapoleonic wars,he, likemany others in the for his tabulation of scientificdata, this was well received not Britisharmy and the , foundhimself under- only by the Royal Society, but also by Parry. Indeed, Sabine employed; he chose to pursue scientific studies, notably in or- wasacknowledged as being responsible for almost allthe nithology, astronomy, and magnetism. In 18 18he was elected scientific appendix to Parry’s account of the expedition. a Fellow of the Royal Society of and shortlythereafter In 1821 Sabine again set out in pursuit of his geophysical found himself appointedastronomer to John Ross’s expedition researches, measuring the length of the seconds in in search of the . Ross sailed in May onthe different latitudes. He was away from the Arctic in H.M .S. Zsabella, accompanied by on H.M .S. Pheasant until 1823. Then, from May until December, he was Alexander. onH.M .S. Griper, which had accompanied Heck in Sabine was far more than the expedition astronomer. He 1819-1820. Now Sabine visited and Spitzbergen, carried out observations in natural history and anthropology, where he killed another pair of Sabine’s gulls, showing that publishing his biological results and an account of the West this species was to be found to the east aswell as the west of Greenland Eskimos, including a tribe near Thule previously Greenland. unknown to Europeans. On 25 July he discovered a new He was promoted first captain in 1827, and in the following species of gull, the fork-tailed or Sabine’s gull, at its breeding year, after the abolition of the Board of Longitude, was ap- station off the west coast of Greenland. He carried out pen- pointed one of three scientific advisers to the Admiralty. His dulum experiments, significant for acquiring a detailed principal scientific activity was in geomagnetism. In 1823 he understanding of the shape of the earth,and he also carriedout had been the first to demonstrate the correlation of magnetic magnetic observations. Once Ross tied the ships to icebergs variations on a chart. In 1834 he began work on a magnetic while an observatory and tents were set up on shore for Sabine survey of Great Britain; his oldarctic companion James Clark andhis companions. On another occasion, the ships were Ross joined him in the enterprise. In 1835 he led the British lifted onto ice floes and driven into collision during a storm, Association for theAdvancement of Science in urging the which frustratedsubsequent attempts to carveout safe docks in government to sponsor an expedition in search of the the ice field. Sabine and his companions meanwhile landed on , and further lobbying contributed to the Bushnan Island, where they found Eskimo remains. appointment of J.C . Ross, discoverer of the north magnetic John Ross believed that he had seen a chain of mountains pole, as commander of the British antarctic expedition of closing the entrance to ; none of the other of- 1839-1843. ficers saw the mountains, or rather what was surely a mirage, Sabine also became the key figure in the establishment of a and Sabine seems tohave led subsequent questioning about the chain of colonial magnetic observatories, including the Tor- correctness of Ross’s decision not to advance farther up the onto observatory, from which John HenryLefroy, on Sabine’s sound. The ensuing controversy was sometimes bitter; John orders, undertook his marathon magnetic survey of the Cana- Barrow, Second Secretary ofthe Admiralty, sidedagainst dian Northwest. Sabine both encouraged and was jealous of Ross and suggested that Sabine’s scientific observations were Lefroy, whose sweep through , Athabasca, the best thing to have come out of the expedition. and Fort Simpson was on preciselythe grand scale that Sabine In May 18 19 Sabine returned to the Arctic, this time under advocated. Indeed, he wanted nothing less than world-wide Parry on the Hull-built bomb Heclu. The expedition was a datato resolve “the cosmical features of terrestrial young one - Sabine, at 30, was the oldest member. Sabine magnetism. ” again carried out a wide variety of scientific observations, col- Sabine continued to be consulted about arctic matters. He lecting mineral specimens, observing the remains of Eskimo was one of the experts who recommended in February 1847 houses on , compiling geomagnetic data, that there was as yet no need to send outa relief expedition to and carrying out a series of pendulum experiments that were search for . His career, however, was henceforth rewarded in 182 1 with the ofthe Royal Society. in science and in the army, not in the polar regions. He was Parry succeeded in following the northern shore of Lan- president of the BAAS in 1852, president of the Royal Society caster Sounduntil ice blocked fartherprogress. The ships from 1861-1871, author of more than 100 scholarly papers, winteredat Winter Harbour, slightly to theeast of Cape and a general in the . He died at Richmond on Hearne. The crew were kept busy and entertained through a 26 June 1883. winter in which the sun was below the horizon for 96 days. 147 ARCTIC PRORLES

FURTHER READINGS Trevor H. Levere DODGE, ERNEST S. 1973. The Polar Rosses: John and Institute for the History & and Their Explorations. London: Faber and Faber. Philosophy of Science & Technology SABINE, E. 1821. Appendices in PARRY, W.E. 1821. Journal of a Voyage College, for the of a North-West Passage,1819-20. London: John Murray. Toronto, Ontario, Canada -. 1824. A Supplement to the Appendixof Captain Parry’s Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage. London: John Murray. M5S 1K7