DOCSLIB.ORG

Gli Ombudsman Dei Giornali Come Strumento Di Gestione Della Qualità Giornalistica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gli Ombudsman Dei Giornali Come Strumento Di Gestione Della Qualità Giornalistica Gli ombudsman dei giornali come strumento di gestione della qualità giornalistica Tesi di Cristina Elia Direttore di tesi Prof. Stephan Russ-Mohl Presentata alla Facoltà di Scienze della comunicazione Università della Svizzera italiana per il titolo di Dottore in Scienze della comunicazione Maggio 2007 Giuria Direttore di tesi: Prof. Stephan Russ-Mohl, Università della Svizzera italiana Revisore interno: Prof. Bertil Cottier, Università della Svizzera italiana Revisore esterno: Prof. Gianpietro Mazzoleni, Università degli Studi di Milano Questa ricerca è stata svolta presso la Facoltà di scienze della comunicazione dell’Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano (Svizzera). ©2007, Cristina Elia Abstract Gli ombudsman della stampa sono particolarmente visibili nei paesi anglosassoni e in Svezia, ma sono presenti anche in altri paesi europei e in America latina. Sono state fatte numerose ricerche sulle origini, il ruolo e l’efficacia dei mediatori anglosassoni. Degli ombudsman attivi nel resto del mondo, invece, si sapeva poco. In occasione del suo quarantesimo compleanno – era il 1967 quando a Louisville, Kentucky, il primo ombudsman della stampa entrò in servizio – questa ricerca colma tale mancanza. Lo studio, prevalentemente descrittivo, analizza lo stadio di sviluppo di questa figura a livello internazionale, individua alcune esigenze cruciali per il suo futuro e formula raccomandazioni per migliorarne l’efficacia. L’analisi empirica – realizzata tramite questionario – evidenzia analogie e differenze in diverse culture giornalistiche. L’analisi dei dati è caratterizzata da un approccio comparativo che si concretizza nel raffronto fra tre grandi gruppi di analisi – «sfera europea», «sfera latina» e «sfera anglosassone» – e nella comparazione con ricerche precedenti. L’analisi empirica è completata da una breve analisi delle rubriche, che offre una panoramica sui temi trattati e le modalità di presentazione. Dalla ricerca emerge che la figura dell’ombudsman si sta affermando: lentamente, ma in modo stabile sia dal punto di vista numerico, sia qualitativo – sfruttando sempre di più la propria polivalenza. Tramite lo studio empirico e la comparazione tra le diverse sfere di analisi, la ricerca è riuscita ad evidenziare alcune differenze nel profilo degli ombudsman e a rilevare aree di attività delle sfere latina e europea che, in confronto a quella anglosassone, offrono margini di miglioramento. Istituire un efficace meccanismo di gestione delle lamentele è importante per un’impresa editoriale moderna, che basa la sua attività economica sulla fiducia che il lettore nutre in lui in quanto fornitore di informazioni, soprattutto alla luce del fatto che l’audience ha sempre più libertà di scegliere la fonte delle proprie informazioni. L’ombudsman, in quanto mediatore, assume importanza soprattutto sotto questa luce: è qualcuno che, di fronte ai lettori, è responsabile di rispondere per eventuali errori, inaccuratezze, parzialità del lavoro giornalistico – instaurando un proficuo dialogo che permetta una soluzione informale delle divergenze e la costruzione di un rapporto di fiducia più stabile nel tempo. Ringraziamenti A Stephan Russ-Mohl per la supervisione, i consigli e tutte le preziose opportunità che mi ha dato in questi anni. A tutti i membri dell’Osservatorio europeo di giornalismo e dell’USI il cui supporto, aiuto e affetto mi hanno accompagnata anche nei momenti in cui non avrei mai pensato di arrivare alla meta. Un grazie speciale a Marcello Foa e a Giovanni Zavaritt per la revisione dei testi, ma soprattutto per la sincera amicizia. A tutti gli ombudsman che hanno contribuito alla riuscita di questo lavoro rispondendo alle mie domande. A Heather Bedell, Colin Porlezza e Laura Illia per le traduzioni e a tutti i sistemisti per l’essenziale supporto tecnico. Agli amici – tutti – ma soprattutto a Daniela per l’impagabile ascolto. A mia mamma, i miei fratelli, mia sorella, e a tutti i loro cari. Infine a Maurizio perché la sua solidità sta alla base di questo lavoro: questo traguardo è anche suo. INTRODUZIONE ................................................................................................................................3 PARTE 1: CONTESTUALIZZAZIONE E QUADRO TEORICO GENERALE ..........................6 Capitolo 1.1 Il quotidiano in crisi............................................................................................................................6 1.1.1 L’aumento della concorrenza...........................................................................................................................8 1.1.2 La diminuzione della credibilità ....................................................................................................................10 1.1.3 La diminuzione delle vendite..........................................................................................................................13 Capitolo 1.2 La responsabilità sociale dei media e gli strumenti per la gestione della qualità giornalistica............................................................................................................................................................16 1.2.1 Le infrastrutture per migliorare la qualità giornalistica................................................................................19 1.2.2 Argomenti a favore e contro gli strumenti non governativi per assicurare la responsabilità sociale dei media.................................................................................................................................................................22 1.2.3 Argomenti a favore e contro gli ombudsman .................................................................................................23 PARTE 2: CHI È L’OMBUDSMAN – RASSEGNA DELLA LETTERATURA E DELLE RICERCHE EMPIRICHE PRECEDENTI .....................................................................................33 Capitolo 2.1 L’etimologia, la declinazione nelle diverse lingue e qualche cenno storico....................................33 Capitolo 2.2 La ‘best practice’ statunitense...........................................................................................................39 Capitolo 2.3 L’ombudsman della stampa: chi è e cosa fa.....................................................................................40 2.3.1. La giornata tipo di un ombudsman ...............................................................................................................45 Capitolo 2.4 Il posizionamento – una miscela di interessi in gioco.....................................................................46 Capitolo 2.5 Il ritratto e le caratteristiche dell’ombudsman ‘ideale’ ...................................................................50 2.5.1 L’indipendenza...............................................................................................................................................52 2.5.2 L’autorevolezza..............................................................................................................................................55 2.5.3 Visibilità e accessibilità .................................................................................................................................56 2.5.4 Capacità di mediazione e di gestione dei conflitti..........................................................................................58 2.5.5 capacità di critica ..........................................................................................................................................59 Capitolo 2.6 Il giornalismo sui media...................................................................................................................59 2.6.1 L’auto-critica pubblica ..................................................................................................................................63 Capitolo 2.7 La sua provenienza – identificare all’interno la persona adatta o trovarla all’esterno? ...............66 Capitolo 2.8 Tipi di lettore e di lamentela.............................................................................................................68 Capitolo 2.9 L’importanza della «motivazione originale» ....................................................................................70 PARTE 3: LO STUDIO EMPIRICO - UN’ANALISI COMPARATIVA E DINAMICA ...........71 Capitolo 3.1 Impostazione dell’analisi empirica ...................................................................................................71 Capitolo 3.2 Le ipotesi di ricerca ...........................................................................................................................73 Capitolo 3.3 La metodologia ..................................................................................................................................76 Capitolo 3.4 Il ritratto dell’ombudsman e del quotidiano che lo impiega ..........................................................876 L’età........................................................................................................................................................................86 Il sesso ....................................................................................................................................................................88 Provenienza professionale......................................................................................................................................91 Part-time o full-time?..............................................................................................................................................92
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Who Watches the Watchmen? the Conflict Between National Security and Freedom of the Press
    WHO WATCHES THE WATCHMEN WATCHES WHO WHO WATCHES THE WATCHMEN WATCHES WHO I see powerful echoes of what I personally experienced as Director of NSA and CIA. I only wish I had access to this fully developed intellectual framework and the courses of action it suggests while still in government. —General Michael V. Hayden (retired) Former Director of the CIA Director of the NSA e problem of secrecy is double edged and places key institutions and values of our democracy into collision. On the one hand, our country operates under a broad consensus that secrecy is antithetical to democratic rule and can encourage a variety of political deformations. But the obvious pitfalls are not the end of the story. A long list of abuses notwithstanding, secrecy, like openness, remains an essential prerequisite of self-governance. Ross’s study is a welcome and timely addition to the small body of literature examining this important subject. —Gabriel Schoenfeld Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute Author of Necessary Secrets: National Security, the Media, and the Rule of Law (W.W. Norton, May 2010). ? ? The topic of unauthorized disclosures continues to receive significant attention at the highest levels of government. In his book, Mr. Ross does an excellent job identifying the categories of harm to the intelligence community associated NI PRESS ROSS GARY with these disclosures. A detailed framework for addressing the issue is also proposed. This book is a must read for those concerned about the implications of unauthorized disclosures to U.S. national security. —William A. Parquette Foreign Denial and Deception Committee National Intelligence Council Gary Ross has pulled together in this splendid book all the raw material needed to spark a fresh discussion between the government and the media on how to function under our unique system of government in this ever-evolving information-rich environment.
    [Show full text]
  • ©[2012] Sandra Mardenfeld ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
    ©[2012] Sandra Mardenfeld ALL RIGHTS RESERVED REPORTERS IN PRACTICE: THE ROLE OF PRIVILEGE IN CONTEMPORARY JOURNALISM by SANDRA MARDENFELD A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Communication, Information and Library Science written under the direction of Dr. Susan Keith and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey [October, 2012] ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Reporters in Practice: The Role of Privilege in Contemporary Journalism By SANDRA MARDENFELD Dissertation Director: Dr. Susan Keith Journalists often take the position that confidential sources should remain anonymous. One tool journalists invoke when pressure is exerted by the government to reveal a source’s identity is reporters’ privilege, basing this right on the First Amendment, which protects freedom of speech and the press. Yet the interpretation of exactly what this Amendment promises is much debated. Studies on reporter’s privilege and shield laws usually focus on three arenas: historical developments (Allen, 1992), analysis of legislation and court cases (Fargo, 2006-c; Fargo, 2002; Schmid, 2001) and whether the First Amendment promises privilege at all (Marcus, 1983). Little research, however, looks at reporter’s privilege and shield laws through the eyes of practitioners and whether they think the threat of source exposure corrupts the newsperson’s ability to inform the public, thus hurting free speech. Similarly, there is little research on how the mainstream news media frame reporter’s privilege and shield laws and what the public thinks of them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Self, the Stasi, the NSA: Privacy, Knowledge, and Complicity in the Surveillance State, 17 Minn
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Chicago-Kent College of Law Chicago-Kent College of Law Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law All Faculty Scholarship Faculty Scholarship 2015 The elS f, the Stasi, the NSA: Privacy, Knowledge, and Complicity in the Surveillance State Richard Warner IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, [email protected] Robert H. Sloan University of Illinois at Chicago, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/fac_schol Part of the Communications Law Commons, Computer Law Commons, Internet Law Commons, Law and Economics Commons, and the Science and Technology Law Commons Recommended Citation Richard Warner & Robert H. Sloan, The Self, the Stasi, the NSA: Privacy, Knowledge, and Complicity in the Surveillance State, 17 Minn. J.L. Sci. & Tech. 347 (2015). Available at: http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/fac_schol/834 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Self, the Stasi, the NSA: Privacy, Knowledge, and Complicity in the Surveillance State Robert H. Sloan* and Richard Warner** ABSTRACT We focus on privacy in public. The notion dates back over a century, at least to the work of the German sociologist, Georg Simmel. Simmel observed that people voluntarily limit their knowledge of each other as they interact in a wide variety of social and commercial roles, thereby making certain information private relative to the interaction even if it is otherwise publicly available.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracking Terrorist Financing Through Swift: When U.S
    TRACKING TERRORIST FINANCING THROUGH SWIFT: WHEN U.S. SUBPOENAS AND FOREIGN PRIVACY LAW COLLIDE Patrick M. Connorton* This Note examines the jurisprudence surrounding production orders that require the ordered party to violate foreign law, using the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program—better known as the SWIFT Program—as a case study. This Note recommends that courts excuse or punish noncompliance with such production orders based solely on the good or bad faith acts of the ordered party. Although this approach will clarify the law in this area, in certain circumstances it may make it more difficult for the United States to obtain information abroad. Consequently, this Note urges the United States to pursue formal and informal information-sharing agreements with its allies in the war on terror. INTRODUCTION We are caught between complying with the U.S. and European rules, and it’s a train wreck.1 —Leonard Schrank, Chief Executive Officer of the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication Since the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States has made tracking terrorist financing a top priority.2 The most ambitious of these efforts is the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program, more commonly known as the SWIFT Program.3 Under the SWIFT Program, the U.S. Treasury uses administrative subpoenas to access the vast database of financial information gathered by the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication * J.D. Candidate, 2008, Fordham University School of Law; B.A., 2003, Williams College. I would like to thank Professor Daniel Richman for his invaluable help and guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Jayson Blair, Judith Miller and the Ethical Culture at the New York Times
    1 All the ethics that’s fit: Jayson Blair, Judith Miller and the ethical culture at The New York Times A thesis presented by James A Chiavelli II To The School of Journalism In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the field of Journalism Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts December 2009 2 All the ethics that’s fit: Jayson Blair, Judith Miller and the ethical culture at The New York Times by James A Chiavelli II Abstract of Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Northeastern University December 2009 3 ABSTRACT Ethics codes promulgated by media companies and organizations in the United States have shifted emphasis. From the early ideals about the public’s right to know, the pursuit of truth, and protection of subjects’ privacy, they have increasingly focused, explicitly or not, on the protection and promotion of companies’ (and in some cases, union workers’) economic interests. Looking at the Code of Conduct of The New York Times, specifically, through the prism of the missteps of reporters Jayson Blair and Judith Miller, I conclude the Times’ primary consideration has been its own interest and not ideals such as ethics or truth. Finally, I examine some suggestions for improving journalism ethics, at the Times and across journalism. 4 NOTE ON RESEARCH I took as my starting point for this thesis the paper “Conflicted Interests, Contested Terrain: Journalism ethics codes then and now,” by Lee Wilkins of the University of Missouri School of Journalism and Bonnie Brennen of the Diederich College of Communication at Marquette University; professor Wilkins was kind enough to provide me a pre-publication copy in 2004, when I wrote an earlier version of what is presented here as Chapter 1.
    [Show full text]
  • La-Reinvención-De-The-New-York
    ISMAEL NAFRÍA La reinvención de The New York Times © Ismael Nafría, 2017 1ª edición: Marzo de 2017 Ilustración de portada: Gabi Campanario (www.estudiocampanario.com) © Gabi Campanario por la ilustración de portada © Rosental C. Alves por el prólogo Edición: Cristina Sarró Diseño de los gráficos: Pablo González ISBN: 978-1544822792 Ismael Nafría: www.ismaelnafria.com Web del libro: www.ismaelnafria.com/nytimes Este libro ha sido posible gracias al apoyo del Centro Knight para el Periodismo en las Américas de la Universidad de Texas en Austin knightcenter.utexas.edu AGRADECIMIENTOS Todo libro lleva la firma de su autor, al que se puede considerar, justamente, su principal responsable. Pero detrás de esa firma siempre hay una serie de personas sin las cuales el libro simplemente no existiría o, en el mejor de los casos, sería mucho peor. A todas estas personas quiero agradecer, de corazón, su apoyo durante los largos meses de gestación de este proyecto. En primer lugar quiero mencionar a mi familia. Le debo muchísimo a Tina, que una vez más ha mostrado una confianza ciega en el libro y en su autor, y ha apoyado el proyecto de mil maneras, interviniendo tanto en la preparación y organización de esta obra como en su edición y revisión final. Moltes gràcies! A mis tres hijas, Clara, Laura y Blanca, les quiero agradecer la enorme ilusión que siempre han mostrado por el proyecto y la naturalidad con que han acogido durante todo este tiempo la “presencia” del Times en nuestra vida familiar. ¡Espero que os guste el resultado final! Los consejos de Clara han sido los de una joven y muy prometedora profesional de la publicidad y relaciones públicas, experta en marketing digital.
    [Show full text]
  • NETWORKED PUBLICS PUBLICS NETWORKED VARNELIS EDITED by KAZYS Are and Network Technologies Digital Media Internet Has Now Part of Everyday Life
    TECHNOLOGY/COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKED PUBLICS CONTRIBUTORS Walter Baer, François Bar, Anne Friedberg, Shahram Ghandeharizadeh, EDITED BY KAZYS VARNELIS Mizuko Ito, Mark E. Kann, Merlyna Lim, Fernando Ordonez, Todd Richmond, Adrienne Russell, Marc Tuters, Kazys Varnelis KAZYS VARNELIS is Director of the Digital media and network technologies are Network Architecture Lab, Graduate now part of everyday life. The Internet has “Networked Publics is the place to start for anyone seeking to understand the symbiotic changes in new School of Architecture, Planning, and become the backbone of communication, media and society today. Essential reading for both specialists and general readers.” Preservation at Columbia University, and commerce, and media; the ubiquitous a member of the faculty at the School Lev Manovich, author of The Language of New Media and Soft Cinema mobile phone connects us with others as it of Architecture, University of Limerick, removes us from any stable sense of location. Ireland. As architecture group AUDC, “The Networked Publics group brought together smart people across a range of disciplinary and theoretical Networked Publics examines the ways that together with Robert Sumrell, he is the perspectives to engage in a serious and sustained conversation about the current state and future the social and cultural shifts created by author of Blue Monday: Stories of Absurd directions of the new media landscape. The questions they ask are ones we all need to consider as we these technologies have transformed our Realities and Natural Philosophies. He learn how to live, work, collaborate, create, and engage as citizens in our new networked society.” relationships to (and definitions of) place, has also edited The Infrastructural City: Henry Jenkins, author of Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide culture, politics, and infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • The Self, the Stasi, the NSA: Privacy, Knowledge, and Complicity in the Surveillance State
    Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology Volume 17 Issue 1 Article 6 2-2016 The Self, the Stasi, the NSA: Privacy, Knowledge, and Complicity in the Surveillance State Robert H. Sloan University of Illinois at Chicago Richard Warner Chicago-Kent College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mjlst Part of the Privacy Law Commons Recommended Citation Robert H. Sloan & Richard Warner, The Self, the Stasi, the NSA: Privacy, Knowledge, and Complicity in the Surveillance State, 17 MINN. J.L. SCI. & TECH. 347 (2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mjlst/vol17/iss1/6 The Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology is published by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. The Self, the Stasi, the NSA: Privacy, Knowledge, and Complicity in the Surveillance State Robert H. Sloan* and Richard Warner** ABSTRACT We focus on privacy in public. The notion dates back over a century, at least to the work of the German sociologist, Georg Simmel. Simmel observed that people voluntarily limit their knowledge of each other as they interact in a wide variety of social and commercial roles, thereby making certain information private relative to the interaction even if it is otherwise publicly available. Current governmental surveillance in the US (and elsewhere) reduces privacy in public. But to what extent? The question matters because adequate self-realization requires adequate privacy in public. That in turn depends on informational norms, social norms that govern the collection, use, and distribution of information. Adherence to such norms is constitutive of a variety of relationships in which parties coordinate their use of information.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Studies in Modern Era Journalism: Their
    When the News Is The News: Ethical Case Studies in Modern Era Journalism: Their Meanings, Implications, and Relations Michelle Bova Introduction Questions of ethics in journalism have been brought to the foreground by several high- profile cases in recent years. The purpose of this thesis shall be to investigate the significance and context of several recent cases in which a journalist or news organization engaged in questionable tactics to report the news. My interest in such incidents, where one journalist or an organization’s ethics were questioned arose from an investigation of Judith Miller, The New York Times journalist who received considerable attention because she chose to serve time in jail rather than reveal the identity of a source that she was using for an article on Joseph Wilson and his fact-finding mission to Niger. This thesis will address ethical questions in modern journalism via cases studies from the standpoint of their significance for journalism in a time when (particularly print) journalism is losing profits. I will examine the result of several cases in which journalists or journalistic organizations committed a breach in ethics. These cases are significant not 1 only because they occur in the present day, but because they occur near one another in time and have hence created a negative perception of ethics in journalism. They are also significant because they help to illustrate: 1) how ethical lapses occur, 2) what is unique about ethical cases in journalism in modern times, and 3) how newspapers can move forward from an ethical lapse, especially one made public In the past ten years particularly the lens of the media has focused inward onto members of its own ranks.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2014 COMMITTEE to PROTECT JOURNALISTS ANNUAL REPORT 2014 | 1
    JOIN US IN DEFENDING JOURNALISTS WORLDWIDE CPJ.ORG COMMITTEETOPROTECTJOURNALISTS @PRESSFREEDOM COMMITTEETOPROTECTJOURNALISTS TO MAKE A GIFT TO CPJ OR TO FIND OUT ABOUT OTHER WAYS TO SUPPORT OUR WORK, PLEASE CONTACT US AT [email protected] OR +1-212-300-9002. ANNUAL REPORT 2014 COMMITTEE TO PROTECT JOURNALISTS ANNUAL REPORT 2014 | 1 ANNUAL REPORT 2014 JOURNALISTS FACED EXTRAORDINARY CHALLENGES THIS YEAR— A WAVE OF KIDNAPPINGS AND KILLINGS IN SYRIA, A WAR IN UKRAINE FOUGHT WITH BULLETS AND PROPAGANDA, AND A CRACKDOWN IN EGYPT THAT HAS LED TO THE JAILING OF DOZENS OF REPORTERS. GOVERNMENTS FROM CHINA TO RUSSIA TO TURKEY ARE TIGHTENING CONTROLS ON THE INTERNET. AND NEWSGATHERING EVERYWHERE IS THREATENED BY THE MASSIVE SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONS CARRIED OUT BY THE U.S. AND ALLIED SPY AGENCIES. It would be easy to look at this bleak panorama and throw up your hands. But that is not our attitude. We know that change may be incremental and uneven, yet real reforms can be achieved through perseverance. Take Turkey, for example. For the past two years Turkey was the world’s leading jailer of journalists. Through various forms of repression, the government has sown fear and self- censorship among the local news media. I witnessed the effects during repeated missions to Turkey, most recently in October. During this last visit, however, I also saw signs of hope. On a day when the country’s parliament was debating military intervention in neighboring Syria, Turkey’s leadership spent considerable time with a CPJ delegation to discuss press freedom. Our 90-minute meeting with President Recep Tayyip Erdogan was the result of years of engagement, the cultivation of key allies, and a few lucky breaks.
    [Show full text]