The Current Theological Situation • Le Sacrifice De Jesus Christ

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The Current Theological Situation • Le Sacrifice De Jesus Christ EuroJTh ( 1999) 8:1, 23-36 0960-2720 • The Sacrifice of Jesus Christ: The Current Theological Situation • Le sacrifice de Jesus Christ: la situation theologique actuelle • Das Opfer Jesu Christi: Eine aktuelle theologische Bestandsaufnahme Henri Blocher, Vaux-sur-Seine Le motif principal, chez ceux qui rejettent l'expiation substitutive, ressort Au debut du xx.e siecle, la situation clairement: elle parait inadmissible a la etait assez simple: les evangeliques, sensibilite contemporaine, elle dans toutes les denominations, n'appartient pas au « croyable defendaient avec vigueur la disponible ». L'argument principal met proclamation de la Croix comme en avant la nature metaphorique du sacrifice expiatoire, comprise comme langage biblique correspondant et la substitution penale (dans la ligne de pluralite, plus ou moins divergente, Calvin et Warfield). Dans un contexte des schemes de representation-double dogmatique et spirituel fort different, relativisation. On note aussi les catholiques romains s'accordaient l'importance strategique de avec eux, sans en tirer les memes disjonctions qui jouent le role de consequences. Les liberaux presupposes, comme celle du juridique s'opposaient avec vehemence. et du relationnel. La reaction antiliberale (Barth, L'article analyse les facteurs culturels Brunner) a remis en honneur le langage qui jouent contre la doctrine evangelique penal et substitutif, mais sans veritable traditionnelle, y compris la diffusion des retour a la doctrine. Les tendances « hermeneutiques du soup~on ». Puis il theologiques plus recentes se sont, au examine les arguments eux-memes, en contraire, eloignees des positions esquissant une these sur le langage evangeliques orthodoxes (sauf une aile metaphorique qui revalorise la portee plus positive en Allemagne, avec des cognitive et l'intention biblistes comme M. Hengel ou P. explicative-systematique des Stuhlmacher, et l'evolution de W. representations bibliques. Il demasque Pannenberg). Les theologies de la le caractere arbitraire de plusieurs liberation, en particulier feministe, les disjonctions dont on se sert contre denoncent brutalement. Les catholiques l'idee de substitution penale; il cite des ae jesuite B. Sesboiie serait textes probants sur l'union intime et representatif) semblent avoir tous indissociable de notions qu'on veut abandonne le scheme penal. Aux marges opposer. Il conclut done a la necessite, du mouvement evangelique, quelques-uns a partir de l'exegese et de la reflexion s'en detournent et reprennent nombre des theologique, de maintenir la doctrine critiques liberales classiques (celles, deja, en cause, non sans tenir compte, pour de Faust Socin); en temoigne l'ouvrage la maniere pedagogique et collectif, sous la direction de John apologetique, des dispositions Goldingay, Atonement Today, Londres, contraires dans l'esprit de nos S.P.C.K, 1995. contemporains. EuroJTh 8:1 • 23 • Henri Blocher • ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das Hauptmotiv derjenigen, die die stellvertretende Siihne ablehnen, ist Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts war die eindeutig: sie erscheint ihnen Situation denkbar einfach: die unvereinbar mit der zeitgenossischen Protestanten aller Denominationen Sensibilitiit, sie gehort nicht zu dem, verteidigten mit aller Kraft die was als glaubhaft gelten kann. Das Verkiindigung des Kreuzes als Hauptargument betrifft die Siihnopfer, verstanden als metaphorische Natur der biblischen stellvertretende Strafe (im Sinne von Sprache sowie die Vielfalt der mehr Calvin und Warfield). V or einem oder weniger stark voneinander dogmatisch und geistlich vollkommen abweichenden Darstellungen. Der andersartigen Hintergrund stimmten die biblische Befund erfiihrt somit eine Katholiken mit ihnen iiberein, ohne doppelte Relativierung. Zudem fiillt allerdings dieselben Konsequenzen die strategische Bedeutung der daraus zu ziehen. Die Liberalen hingegen Aufspaltung, z.B. in einen widersetzten sich vehement. juristischen und einen relationalen Die antiliberale Reaktion (Barth, Aspekt, auf, der eine Rolle als Brunner) hielt die Sprache von Strafe Priimisse zukommt. und Stellvertretung in Ehre, ohne jedoch Der Artikel analysiert die kulturellen wirklich zur damit verbundenen Lehre Faktoren, die der traditionellen zuriickzukehren. Die neueren evangelischen Lehre entgegenwirken, theologischen Richtungen haben sich wie z.B. die Ausbreitung der dagegen von den orthodoxen 'Hermeneutiken des Verdachts'. evangelischen Positionen entfemt AuPerdem untersucht er die Argumente (abgesehen von einem positiveren Fliigel an sich, indem er eine Theorie der in Deutschland, der metaphorischen Sprache entwirft, die Bibelwissenschaftler wie M. Hengel oder die kognitive Tragweite und P. Stuhlmacher sowie die erliiuternd-systematische Absicht der Weiterentwicklung W. Pannenbergs biblischen Darstellungen wiirdigt. Er umfaPtJ. Von den Befreiungstheologien, entlarvt den willkiirlichen Charakter vor allem der feministischen, werden sie der vielfiiltigen Aufspaltungen, derer erbarmungslos denunziert. Die man sich in Auseinandersetzung mit der Katholiken (der Jesuit B. Sesboiie sei Idee der stellvertretenden Strafe bedient. hierfiir steUvertretend genannt) scheinen Er zitiert beweiskriiftige Texte iiber die das Strafmodell vollstiindig aufgegeben zu verbiirgte und untrennbare Einheit der haben. Am Rande der evangelischen Begriffe, der man sich widersetzen will. Bewegung schwenken einige um und Er betont abschliePend die aus Exegese akzeptieren eine Reihe der klassischen und theologischer Reflexion sich liberalen Kritiken (wie sie bereits von ergebende Notwendigkeit, die hier Fausto Sozzini vertreten worden waren). behandelte Lehre aufrechtzuerhalten, Als Beleg dafiir das sei kollektive Werk wobei jedoch abweichende Sichtweisen unter der Leitung von John Goldingay des zeitgeoossischen Geistes aus (Atonement Today, London, SPCK, piidagogischen und apologetischen 1995) genannt. Griinden beriicksichtigt werden sollten. 'Is it any wonder that there is so much itself be liberated from this theology. We abuse in the modern society when the must do away with the atonement, this predominant image of the culture is of idea of a blood sin upon the whole human "divine child abuse"-God the Father de­ race which can be washed away only by manding and carrying out the suffering the blood of the lamb.'1 Such an explicit death ofhis own son? If Christianity is to evaluation of traditional doctrine, by two be liberating for the oppressed, it must representative feminist theologians, not 24 • EuroJTh 8:1 • The Sacrifice of Jesus Christ: The Current Theological Situation • only unveils one side of the current theo­ as 1938 the Supplement au Dictionnaire logical situation but also suggests the de la Bible published a learned synthesis stakes of our debates: between those who of that strire by the biblical scholar A. view Jesus' death on the cross as an ex­ Medebielle. Liberal Protestants or Angli­ piatory sacrifice on our behalf and in our cans already felt outraged at the doctrine stead (and often cherish this doctrine as and complained about a 'blood' theology, the dearest truth of their faith) and those in their eyes an ugly relic of primitive who judge the same to be the most offen­ stages in man's religious evolution. The sive and damaging of all fantasies of sick British scene, only, had staged attempts minds, mild compromises will not do. In at a refashioned orthodoxy, with R. W. every epoch, however, one can find many Dale (who simply refurbished Grotius' 'seekers of halaqoth' ... 'rectoral' theory), J. McLeod Campbell Our su.rVey makes no claim of being (vicarious confession), R. C. Moberly exhaustive. We shall draw a rough pic­ (vicarious repentance), and, most vigor­ ture of main tendencies, without rehears­ ous of all, P. T. Forsyth (the justification ing and documenting in detail the variety of God). of opinions. But we shall try to analyze The vehement reaction against liberal the arguments, and the factors at work, optimism in the 'theology of crisis' while focusing on theologians who are brought back penal substitutionary lan­ nearest to us-acknowledged brothers guage among mainline Protestants. Note­ and sisters in the fellowship of the Gospel worthy were Emil Brunner's The -and, yet, have moved to the other side Mediator and, later, Karl Barth's volume of the great divide. We shall then sketch IV/1 of the Church Dogmatics; however, a possible reply. Barth's discourse of 'the Judge judged in our stead' made it clear that it meant no Of roots and moves and return to the orthodox theory-closer countermoves scrutiny shows it is a matter of Jesus Christ being the man we cannot be and 3 Seen from afar, at least, the situation at not any satisfaction of justice ; Brunner's the beginning of the XX:th century looked Dogmatics (vol. ID also revealed the fairly simple. Evangelicals, in all denomi­ chasm that yawns between his positions nations, were strongly attached to the and, say, Warfield's. Other leaders of proclamation of the cross as the atoning theological thought were even farther sacrifice, understood as penal substitu­ removed from the latter. Gustav Aulen tion; they were heirs to the Reformers, branded the same under the name of the especially Calvin, and to the further 'Latin theory' and claimed the polemic elaboration by orthodox divines, whose scheme, Christus Victor, as the 'classical' work Revival movements had taken over; doctrine. Bultmann had lucidly perceived Benjamin B. Warfield (1851-1921) was that the NT interpretation of the cross offering masterly contributions in defence 'combines representations
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