DOCSLIB.ORG

History of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of The HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN GYNECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1876-1981 AND AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNECOLOGISTS 1888-1981 EDWARD STEWART TAYLOR Denver, Colorado The C. V. Mosby Company ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 1985 Copyright © 1985 by The C. V. Mosby Company All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America The C. V. Mosby Company 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63146 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Taylor, E. Stewart (Edward Stewart), 1911- History of the American Gynecological Society, 1876- 1981, and the American Associate of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1888-1981. Includes index. 1. American Gynecological Society—History. 2. American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists—History. I. American Gynecological Society. II. American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. III. Title. [DNLM: Gynecology—history—United States. 2. Obstetrics— history—United States. 3. Societies, Medical—history— United States, WP 1 A512T] RG1.A567T39 1985 618'.06’073 85-4768 ISBN 0-8016-5101-8 GW/OB/RR 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 01/C/088 Contents Preface. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction. ................................................................................................................................................. 7 THE AMERICAN GYNECOLOGICAL AND OBSTETRICAL SOCIETY 1981. ............................................... 9 Chapter I The American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society 1981. ..................................................... 11 THE AMERICAN GYNECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1876-1981. ................................................................. 15 Chapter II AGS: The Early Years 1876-1910............................................................................................. 17 Chapter III AGS: The Middle Years 1911-1946. ........................................................................................ 27 Chapter IV AGS: The Later Years 1947-1981. .......................................................................................... 39 APPENDIXES I-II. ........................................................................................................................... 49 Appendix I. Members of the American Gynecological Society, 1876-1981. ............................................. 50 Appendix II. Officers of the American Gynecological Society, 1876-1981............................................... 68 THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNECOLOGISTS 1888-1981. ...................... 71 Chapter V AAOG: The Early Years 1888-1910. ........................................................................................ 73 Chapter VI AAOG: The Middle Years 1911-1946. ....................................................................................81 Chapter VII AAOG: The Later Years 1947-1981....................................................................................... 91 APPENDIXES III-IV. ....................................................................................................................... 95 Appendix III. Members of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1876-1981. .. 96 Appendix IV. Officers of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1888-1981. ... 116 Financial Contributions to the History...................................................................................................... 118 Index. ........................................................................................................................................................ 119 3 Preface Why record the history of this organization segment of obstetrics and gynecology? Because the mem- bers of the American Gynecological Society and The American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecolo- gists contributed significantly to knowledge in reproductive medicine and surgery in the last 100 years. It is of no concern or import that many of their beliefs are no longer held by any of us. As Kuhn* writes, “Out- of-date theories are not in principle unscientific because they have been discarded. If these out-of-date beliefs are to be called myths, then myths can be produced by the same sorts of methods and held for the same sorts of reasons that now lead to scientific knowledge.” The initial route from yesteryear’s “error” to today’s “truth” is created by evidence inconsistent with current perceptions of reproductive biology or disease or treatment. These two organizations provided the physicians and the forum in which subversion of the common wisdom occurred—the first step in the evolution of new ideas. Our history teaches that recog- nition of this role for our past organizations was their antidote for complacency and conceit and was ac- cepted as their major purpose. Appreciation of the continuity of past and present assures commitment to that definition of the proper work of a scholarly society. Thomas Hardy wrote in his poem “Transformations”: Portions of this yew Is a man my grandsire knew, Bosomed here at its foot; This branch may be his wife, A ruddy human life Now turned to a green shoot. These grasses must be made Of her who often prayed Last century for repose; And the fair girl long ago Who I often tried to know May be entering this rose. So, they are not underground, But as veins and nerves abound In the growths of upper air, And they feel the sun and rain, And the energy again That made them what they were! Stewart Taylor’s presentation reminds us repeatedly of the dominant influence of our culture and its mores on medical perceptions as reported in the Transactions. The belief in the association of madness in women with their sexuality and reproductive organs resulted in the use of gynecologic surgical therapy for insanity in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Rejection of women’s right to contraception at the end of the second decade of the twentieth century was followed a half century later by hostility to physicians who had championed women’s right to choose pregnancy termination. Our history serves to remind us that our attitudes concerning the uses of medical science are conditioned mainly by factors unrelated to science. *Kuhn TS: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1962, pp. 2-3. 5 6 AGS – AAOG HISTORY Our history also teaches that the nonacademic issues, both grave and trivial, that occupied the member- ship then are still with us. I learned that J. Marion Sims thought that a thesis presentation should not be a requirement for membership and that the members should provide most of the papers. Should there be entertainment at the banquet? Should spouses and children be invited? How many days should the meeting last? How many hours each day? Where shall we meet? As president of the American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society, it is a comfort to know that these problems, which engender such passion at our busi- ness meetings, were not resolved by our professional antecedents either. Finally, a note of appreciation for this superb accomplishment by Stewart Taylor. At the request of the Council of the American Gynecologic and Obstetrical Society, he has taken approximately 200 volumes of Transactions and his own experience as a member and leader of both former organization and created this volume, which catches the spirit, the intent, and the accomplishments of the memberships. Précis and anec- dote detail the controversies, the evolution of ideas, and the major advances. Those members whose schol- arly work changed our medical concepts or practices are identified. We are fortunate to have chosen a historian who has selected and ordered the contents of this book so wisely and entertainingly. JOSEPH SEITCHIK Introduction The Council of the American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society, through its secretary, T. Terry Hayashi, asked me to consider writing a history of the American Gynecological Society and The American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the parent organization. I accepted the invitation gladly and have spent much of my available spare time in the past three years in preparing these histories of the two senior organizations. This has involved reading the published Transactions from all the annual meetings of both groups. I am indebted to David Nichols for lending me his early volumes of Transactions of the American Association and to the Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Jefferson Medical College, and the University of Colorado School of Medicine for the use of their libraries and their copies of the Transactions of each of the organizations that I did not have in my possession. I am fortunate, as the result of a gift from John W. Harris, Jr., of Salt Lake City, to have copies of Transactions of the AGS starting from 1914. John Harris, Jr., is the son of John Warton Harris, fellow of the Society from 1932 to 1955. Most of what I have recorded in these histories can be found in the Transactions of the respective organizations, but some has been gathered from personal observation and experience. I was a member of the AAOG from 1950 to 1981 and the AGS from 1953 to 1981. It was also my privilege to be
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Georgeanna Seegar Jones (1912-2005) [1]
    Published on The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (https://embryo.asu.edu) Georgeanna Seegar Jones (1912-2005) [1] By: Ruffenach, Stephen C. Keywords: Biography [2] Fertilization [3] Reproductive assistance [4] Medicine [5] Georgeanna Seegar Jones [6] was a reproductive endocrinologist who created one of America’s most successfuli nfertility [7] clinics and eventually, along with her husband Howard W. Jones, MD, performed the first in vitro [8] fertilization [9] in America, leading to the birth of Elizabeth Jordan Carr. Jones was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on 6 July 1912. Her father, Dr. John King Beck Emory Seegar [10], was a practicing physician at the time working in the field of obstetrics. Early in her childhood Jones had a broken bone that eventually became infected and caused a great deal of pain, inspiring her to go into the field of medicine. Jones’ education began at Goucher College [11] in Baltimore where she received her bachelor’s degree in chemistry in 1932. After graduating, she traveled to Johns Hopkins Medical School and obtained her MD in 1936. Jones then continued research in the field of reproductive physiology at Johns Hopkins University [12] until she applied for and received a fellowship at the National Institute of Health, where she was able to continue her work until 1939. It was at this point that Jones took a position working at Johns Hopkins Medical School, serving in a number of different positions including the director of the reproductive physiology lab as well as the head gynecologist of the Gynecological Endocrine Clinic at Johns Hopkins. Jones continued working in both positions, eventually becoming a full-time professor of gynecology and obstetrics until her retirement in 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18Th Century Nova Scotia*
    GEOFFREY PLANK The Two Majors Cope: The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18th Century Nova Scotia* THE 1750S BEGAN OMINOUSLY IN Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1750 a company of French soldiers constructed a fort in a disputed border region on the northern side of the isthmus of Chignecto. The British built a semi-permanent camp only a few hundred yards away. The two armies faced each other nervously, close enough to smell each other's food. In 1754 a similar situation near the Ohio River led to an imperial war. But the empires were not yet ready for war in 1750, and the stand-off at Chignecto lasted five years. i In the early months of the crisis an incident occurred which illustrates many of *' the problems I want to discuss in this essay. On an autumn day in 1750, someone (the identity of this person remains in dispute) approached the British fort waving a white flag. The person wore a powdered wig and the uniform of a French officer. He carried a sword in a sheath by his side. Captain Edward Howe, the commander of the British garrison, responded to the white flag as an invitation to negotiations and went out to greet the man. Then someone, either the man with the flag or a person behind him, shot and killed Captain Howe. According to three near-contemporary accounts of these events, the man in the officer's uniform was not a Frenchman but a Micmac warrior in disguise. He put on the powdered wig and uniform in order to lure Howe out of his fort.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Christ Church MEDIEVAL PERIOD
    A Brief History of Christ Church MEDIEVAL PERIOD Christ Church was founded in 1546, and there had been a college here since 1525, but prior to the Dissolution of the monasteries, the site was occupied by a priory dedicated to the memory of St Frideswide, the patron saint of both university and city. St Frideswide, a noble Saxon lady, founded a nunnery for herself as head and for twelve more noble virgin ladies sometime towards the end of the seventh century. She was, however, pursued by Algar, prince of Leicester, for her hand in marriage. She refused his frequent approaches which became more and more desperate. Frideswide and her ladies, forewarned miraculously of yet another attempt by Algar, fled up river to hide. She stayed away some years, settling at Binsey, where she performed healing miracles. On returning to Oxford, Frideswide found that Algar was as persistent as ever, laying siege to the town in order to capture his bride. Frideswide called down blindness on Algar who eventually repented of his ways, and left Frideswide to her devotions. Frideswide died in about 737, and was canonised in 1480. Long before this, though, pilgrims came to her shrine in the priory church which was now populated by Augustinian canons. Nothing remains of Frideswide’s nunnery, and little - just a few stones - of the Saxon church but the cathedral and the buildings around the cloister are the oldest on the site. Her story is pictured in cartoon form by Burne-Jones in one of the windows in the cathedral. One of the gifts made to the priory was the meadow between Christ Church and the Thames and Cherwell rivers; Lady Montacute gave the land to maintain her chantry which lay in the Lady Chapel close to St Frideswide’s shrine.
    [Show full text]
  • John Clarence Webster Fonds
    The Osler Library of the History of Medicine McGill University, Montreal Canada Osler Library Archive Collections P11 JOHN CLARENCE WEBSTER FONDS PARTIAL INVENTORY LIST This is a guide to one of the collections held by the Osler Library of the History of Medicine, McGill University. Visit the Osler Library Archive Collections homepage for more information P11: JOHN CLARENCE WEBSTER FONDS TITLE: John Clarence Webster fonds DATES: 1892-1952. EXTENT: 13,8 cm of textual records. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH: John Clarence Webster was born 21 October 1863 in Shediac, New Brunswick, which was also where he did his primary studies. He graduated from Mount Allison College in Sackville, New Brunswick in 1882 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1883, he began his medical studies at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine and a Masters in Surgery in 1888. During the course of his medical training he went to Leipzig and Berlin. He worked as an assistant in the Department of Midwifery and Diseases of Women at the University of Edinburgh until his return to Canada in 1896. He settled in Montreal and was appointed Lecturer in Gynecology at McGill University and Assistant Gynecologist to the Royal Victoria Hospital. In 1899, he accepted an offer to fill the Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Rush Medical College, affiliated with the University of Chicago. He also worked in Hospital at the Presbyterian Hospital, the Central Free Dispensary, and at the St Anthony’s and St Joseph’s Hospitals in Chicago. He retired in 1920. During his career he won prizes, and received many scholarships and honours.
    [Show full text]
  • Beatrice Mintz Date of Birth 24 January 1921 Place New York, NY (USA) Nomination 9 June 1986 Field Genetics Title Jack Schultz Chair in Basic Science
    Beatrice Mintz Date of Birth 24 January 1921 Place New York, NY (USA) Nomination 9 June 1986 Field Genetics Title Jack Schultz Chair in Basic Science Professional address The Institute for Cancer Research Fox Chase Cancer Center 7701 Burholme Avenue, Room 215 Philadelphia, PA 19111 (USA) Most important awards, prizes and academies Awards: Bertner Foundation Award in Fundamental Cancer Research (1977); New York Academy of Sciences Award in Biological and Medical Sciences (1979); Papanicolaou Award for Scientific Achievement (1979); Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award in Basic Medical Research (1980); Genetics Society of America Medal (1981); Ernst Jung Gold Medal for Medicine (1990); John Scott Award for Scientific Achievement (1994); March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology (1996); American Cancer Society National Medal of Honor for Basic Research (1997); Pearl Meister Greengard Prize (2008); Albert Szent-Györgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research (2011). Academies: National Academy of Sciences (1973); Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (1976); Honorary Fellow, American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society (1980); American Philosophical Society (1982); Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1982); Pontifical Academy of Sciences (1986). Degrees: Doctor of Science, New York Medical College (1980); Medical College of Pennsylvania (1980); Northwestern University (1982); Hunter College (1986); Doctor of Humane Letters, Holy Family College (1988). Summary of scientific research Beatrice Mintz discovered the underlying relationship between development and cancer. She first showed that development is based on an orderly hierarchical succession of increasingly specialized small groups of precursor or "stem" cells, expanding clonally. She proposed that cancer involves a regulatory aberration in this process, especially in the balance between proliferation and differentiation.
    [Show full text]
  • 10. Constructing a Cupid's Bow
    10 CONSTRUCTING CUPIDS BOW ARTISTS ASSIST 17 THE THE YEARS MEDICAL ARTISTS WHEN PORTRAYING FINAL CLEFT RESULT CONSTRUCTED SURGEONS LIP INVARIABLY SYMMET RICAL CUPIDS BOW WITH THEIR PEN OR BRUSH THIS POSSIBLY INCREASED THE BUT THE THEIR POPULARITY WITH SURGEONS ANY SIMILARITY TO TRUE UNREAL HERE FEW POSTOPERATIVE RESULT WAS QUITE ARE REPRO OF OF THE FINAL RESULT OF METHODS THAT DUCTIONS ARTISTS CONCEPTS SHOWN WITH THE UNEQUIVOCALLY DESTROYED THE BOW YET CUPIDS BOW STILL STANDING IN ALL ITS GLORY FLJIA1 FINALLY THE SURGEON DOES IT IT WHEN THUS WAS AN IMPORTANT BREAKTHROUGH IN CLEFT LIP SURGERY THE NUMBER THE SURGEON ACTUALLY CREATED CUPIDS BOW ONE 121 GAIN THERE CHAMPION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT WAS THE CANADIAN LEMESUR THE TORONTO ICR PRIMARILY AN ORTHOPEDIC SURGEON WORKING AT HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN AS LEMESURIER HIMSELF ACKNOWLEDGED HIS OPERATION EXCEPT IN DETAIL WAS NOT ORIGINAL IN FACT IN 1884 40 AFTER MIRAULT MODIFIED THE GERMAN YEARS MALGAIGNE HAGEDORN DESIGNED QUADRILATERAL FLAP CLEFT LIP PROCEDURE WHICH WAS SO FAR AHEAD OF HIS TIME THAT IT TOOK 50 YEARS AND LEMESURIER TO IT ACCEPTANCE BEFORE AND AFTER WERE QUADRILATERAL FLAP DESIGNS HAGE DORN ACTUALLY GUSTAV SIMON HEIDELBERG SURGEON IN 1864 WAS THE FIRST TO INTRODUCE QUADRILATERAL FLAP OPERATION HIS MAIN BUT FLAP CAME FROM THE MEDIAL SIDE AND HAD SOME ADVANTAGES DID NOT CREATE CUPIDS BOW AND NEVER REACHED ANY DEGREE OF IN POPULARITY EXCEPT AS AN OCCASIONAL REPRODUCTION SURGICAL TEXT BOOKS KONIG ANOTHER EARLY QUADRILATERAL FLAP MAKER WAS FRANZ KBNIG HE TRAINED WITH LANGENBECK AND THEN
    [Show full text]
  • The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania : an Historical Outline
    WDMAN^S MEDICAL :eDtl;EGI OF PENNSYimNll^^ N,lll||»|,;,l,|l4^,.^, William ©Ecamaxx. Jr. /a1> - Purrha'^«>d for the University of Toronto Library from funds donated by Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine ^^-^^^-^^'Z^ i^^j=-<^^^^.^4^^ THE Woman's Medical College Of Pennsylvania. AN HISTORICAL OUTLINE BY CLARA MARSHALL, M.D., Dean of the College. Philadelphia : P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., I0I2 WALNUT STREET, 1897. >.rB»^aR^ Copyright, 1897, BY P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO. TO THE ALUMN/E OF THE woman's medical college OF PENNSYLVANIA. PREFACE. T^HE following account of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania was originally prepared with the expectation that it would constitute one of a collection of histories of the medical colleges for women in this country, which were to be embodied " in the as part of the Report on Women in Medicine United States," prepared by Dr. Frances Emily White for the World's Congress of Representative Women, held in Chicago in 1893. The delay in the publication of the large body of the reports of this Congress, promised by the United States Govern- ment, and the receipt of frequent and urgent re- the quests for more detailed information in regard to part taken by this College in the education of women in medicine, have induced the author to publish this report as a separate volume. C. M. Philadelphia^ July i, iSgf. " 'T'HE history of the movement for introducing wo- men into the full practice of the medical profes- sion is one of the most interesting of modern times. This movement has already achieved much, and far more than is often supposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Genealogical Sketch Of
    Genealogy and Historical Notes of Spamer and Smith Families of Maryland Appendix 2. SSeelleecctteedd CCoollllaatteerraall GGeenneeaallooggiieess ffoorr SSttrroonnggllyy CCrroossss--ccoonnnneecctteedd aanndd HHiissttoorriiccaall FFaammiillyy GGrroouuppss WWiitthhiinn tthhee EExxtteennddeedd SSmmiitthh FFaammiillyy Bayard Bache Cadwalader Carroll Chew Coursey Dallas Darnall Emory Foulke Franklin Hodge Hollyday Lloyd McCall Patrick Powel Tilghman Wright NEW EDITION Containing Additions & Corrections to June 2011 and with Illustrations Earle E. Spamer 2008 / 2011 Selected Strongly Cross-connected Collateral Genealogies of the Smith Family Note The “New Edition” includes hyperlinks embedded in boxes throughout the main genealogy. They will, when clicked in the computer’s web-browser environment, automatically redirect the user to the pertinent additions, emendations and corrections that are compiled in the separate “Additions and Corrections” section. Boxed alerts look like this: Also see Additions & Corrections [In the event that the PDF hyperlink has become inoperative or misdirects, refer to the appropriate page number as listed in the Additions and Corrections section.] The “Additions and Corrections” document is appended to the end of the main text herein and is separately paginated using Roman numerals. With a web browser on the user’s computer the hyperlinks are “live”; the user may switch back and forth between the main text and pertinent additions, corrections, or emendations. Each part of the genealogy (Parts I and II, and Appendices 1 and 2) has its own “Additions and Corrections” section. The main text of the New Edition is exactly identical to the original edition of 2008; content and pagination are not changed. The difference is the presence of the boxed “Additions and Corrections” alerts, which are superimposed on the page and do not affect text layout or pagination.
    [Show full text]
  • NP & P, Vol 3, No 3(1962)
    77 NOTES AND NEWS -0- Annual Meeting True-form, Freeman, Hardy and Willis, has The forty-first annual General Meeting of recently been given to the Record Society. the Northamptonshire Record Society was held These consist of two volumes of drawings of this year on May 26th. As the lecture, following effigies in churches, and of coats of arms and the meeting, was given by Dr. A. L. Rowse, armaments, together with 9 framed pictures of and the subject was his recent book Ralegh and uniforms of Northamptonshire regiments, and the Throckmortons, there was certain to be a 41 large drawings of figures in armour, coloured, big attendance, and it was felt that Delapre for the text of a series of lectures on armour itself would not provide sufficient room, so it and the heraldry associated with it. The col­ was decided to have a public meeting, at lection will be of great interest to students, and, Trinity High School. Dr. Rowse must have indeed, others interested in the subject, which been pleased at the record attendance, although appears to be attracting more and more large audiences are no novelty for him. His attention. book is reviewed on p. 92. It is remarkable how Dr. Rowse, a Cornishman, managed to get Unique Occasion the feel of Jacobean Northamptonshire. The On February 21st, The Revd. Peter Gilbey, meeting was followed by tea at Delapre for the O.S.B., 9th Lord Vaux of Harrowden made mem.bers, and this was, as usual, a delightful history by addressing the House of Lords in a occasion.
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 Iowa Orthopedic Journal
    Designed for Wear Reduction • Improved Function • Optimal Kinematics4 VOLUME 25 2005 THERE IS A DIFFERENCE The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal DEPUY ROTATING PLATFORM KNEE 1 REDUCED WEAR BY 94% Polyethylene wear has been associated with osteolysis in the knee.2,3 * The rotating platform knee, used with GVF JOURNAL ORTHOPAEDIC THE IOWA polyethylene, reduced wear by 94% when compared to a fixed bearing knee. Results based on knee simulation testing. Available only from DePuy Orthopaedics. Trusted Innovation. 1 ASTM Symposium on Cross-linked Thermally Treated Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene for Joint Replacements (data on file). Miami Beach, Florida Nov. 5 and 6, 2002. 2 Lewis, Peter; Cecil H. Rorabeck, Robert B. Bourne and Peter Devane. “Posteromedial Tibial Polyethylene Failure in Total Knee Replacements.” CORR Feb. 1994: 11-17. 3 Cadambi, Ajai, Gerard A. Engh, Kimberly A. Dwyer and Tuyethoa N. Vinh. “Osteolysis of the Distal Femur After Total Knee Arthroplasty.” The Journal of Arthroplasty Dec. 1994: 579-594. * GVF - Gamma Vacuum Foil IMPORTANT • The presence of osteomyelitis, pyrogenic infection or other overt infection of the These include: This Essential Product Information sheet does not include all of the information nec- knee joint; essary for selection and use of a device. Please see full labeling for all necessary infor- • Patients with loss of musculature or neuromuscular compromise leading to loss of •Vascular deficiency at the bone site; mation. function in the involved limb or in whom the requirements for its use would affect •Inadequate bone stock to assure both a firm press fit and close apposition of the cut recommended rehabilitation procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Expression of Putative Antigens Encoded by Pigment
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp. 10152-10156, October 1995 Medical Sciences Changes in expression of putative antigens encoded by pigment genes in mouse melanomas at different stages of malignant progression (albino locus/brown locus/slaty locus/silver locus) SETH J. ORLOW*, VINCENT J. HEARINGt, CHIE SAKAIt, KAZUNORI URABEt, BAO-KANG ZHOU*, WILLYS K. SILVERSt, AND BEATRICE MINTZO§ *Ronald 0. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; tLaboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and tInstitute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111 Contributed by Beatrice Mintz, July 25, 1995 ABSTRACT Cutaneous melanomas of Tyr-SV40E trans- This problem might be overcome by identifying changes in genic mice (mice whose transgene consists of the tyrosinase the antigenic profile associated with melanoma progression promotor fused to the coding regions of simian virus 40 early such that the design of a treatment protocol could encompass genes) strikingly resemble human melanomas in their devel- all the melanoma cells. Such a characterization in the case of opment and progression. Unlike human melanomas, the human melanoma would be complicated by genetic differences mouse tumors all arise in genetically identical individuals, among individuals, especially as the genetic background, as thereby better enabling expression of specific genes to be well as allelic differences at pigment gene loci themselves, can characterized in relation to advancing malignancy. The prod- influence the expression and interactions of these genes (11, ucts of pigment genes are of particular interest because 12).
    [Show full text]
  • From Blastomeres to Somatic Cells: Reflections on Cell Developmental Potential in Light of Chimaera Studies – a Review
    Animal Science Papers and Reports vol. 35 (2017) no. 3, 225-240 Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzębiec, Poland From blastomeres to somatic cells: reflections on cell developmental potential in light of chimaera studies – a review Krystyna Żyżyńska-Galeńska*, Anna Piliszek, Jacek A. Modliński Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-551 Magdalenka, Poland (Accepted June 10, 2017) Mammalian development is a process, whereby cells from a totipotent zygote gradually lose their potency, i.e. their ability to differentiate, in the environment of the developing embryo. An ideal model for testing the real potential of cells is the experimental production of chimaeras. The first experimentally produced mammalian (murine) chimaeras were created by Tarkowski [1961] and since then many new methods of chimaera production have been developed, including injecting cells into the blastocyst’s cavity or into cleaving embryos. This review describes how different cell types, depending on the developmental stage or culture conditions, manifest their potential to contribute to chimaeras. Cell developmental potential has been analysed in pluripotent blastomeres, which can contribute to all embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages, albeit differently depending on their developmental stage. This is the case in blastocyst lineages, with various developmental potentials depending on the surrounding cells, and in more differentiated cells from different stages of pregnancy, which in some cases may colonise chimaeric animal tissue. Cell potential has also been analysed in embryonic stem and embryonal carcinoma cells, which are pluripotent and efficiently contribute to chimaeras; in multipotent fetal and adult stem cells, which can also participate in chimaera formation; and in somatic mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), which can also be reprogrammed in the environment of the cleaving embryo.
    [Show full text]