6 X 10 Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 0521801443 - The Success of India’s Democracy Edited by Atul Kohli Index More information

Index

Abdullah, Farooq 61, 96 and the BJP 177 Abdullah, Sheikh 95, 96 and con¯ict 220±1, 238 Acharya, Govind 184, 185 and the Congress Party 197, 198 adult suffrage see universal suffrage and group equity 233, 234 Advani, L.K. 170, 171, 172, 173±4, 176, improved economic conditions of 209 177, 180, 181, 182, 184±5, 188 and local government 221 Africa 84, 269 and political mobilization 199±200 age, and trust in local government 120 and public policy 211±18 agrarian reform 72, 108 and regional nationalism 9 Green Revolution 15, 108, 207, 209, 220 and reservation policies 15, 170, 201±7, in West Bengal 114±15 222±3 agriculture see also scheduled castes farmers' movements 210, 259, 260 Bahujan Samaj Party 185, 198 prices 159, 231 Bains, Didar Singh 263 and socialism 216 Bajrang Dal 174 wages in 212 Bakshi Ghulan Mohammed 95±6 Ahmed, Faqr ud din Ali 142±3 Balawant Rai Mehta Committee 107, 110 Ambedkar, B.R. 34, 37, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, banking system, and unpaid loans 236 55, 56, 154, 199 Basu, Amrita 9, 13, 90 and Indian nationalists 196±7 Beijing Women's Conference 264, 267 and the Scheduled Caste Federation 194 Bengal Amrit Kaur, Rajkumari 40 Krishnak-Praja Party 46 Amritsar, Golden Temple massacre 93±4 partition of 29 Andhra Pradesh 11, 15, 146, 219 Bhagwati, P.N. 137, 140 anti-arrack mobilization in 267 Bhakt, Sikander 175 and the BJP 178 bhakti devotional movement 193±4 caste and public policy in 213, 234 Bhandari, Romesh 148, 152 center±state relations in 80, 84, 85±7 Bharati, Uma 171, 175, 179, 182, 185 and politicians 239 Bhatt, Ela 248 separatist movements in 60±2, 86±7 Bhattacharya, Harihar 116 Antony, Frank 42 Bhave, Vinoba 173, 254 Arya Samaj 194 Bihar 15 Ashoka Mehta Committee 108 caste in Assam 165±6, 208, 235 and con¯ict 220±1 assembly and association, freedom of 3 and politics 197±8, 199, 200, 209 Ayodhya movement 163±4, 167, 168±9, and public policy 213, 214, 217 170±5, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, economic development in 73, 74 184±5, 187±8 education expenditure in 217 and the Election Commission 159 Babar, emperor 173 and federalism 62, 69, 71 Babri Masjid Action Committee 173 human development conditions in 211 backward castes 196 Janata Party in 219

287

288 Index

Bihar (cont.) and federalism 53±4 local government in 107, 111, 113±14, and Northeast India 98, 101 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126 and the origins of Indian democracy 4±5, president's rule in 59, 153 18, 25±31 social activism in 246±7 and regional political associations 50±1 state government of 149±50, 153 BSP (Bahujan Samaj Party) 199±200, 217, Bindranwale, Sant Jarnail Singh 92±3 219 BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) Buddhism, and caste 193, 199 and the Ayodhya movement 163±4, 167, Burke, Edmund 29, 44 168±9, 170±5, 176, 178, 179, 181, Burma, border problems with 98 184±5, 187±8 and caste 177, 185±6, 194, 200, 205, 218, Canadian federalism 54 219 caretaker governments 153±4 and center±state relations 95 caste 2, 193±225 and coalitions 218 and the BJP 177, 185±6, 194, 200, 205, ``congressization'' of the 177 218, 219 and the consolidation of Indian and center±state relations 84±5 democracy 10, 13 and the conduct of elections 157 and the constitution 179±80, 183 con¯ict 220±1 economic philosophy 188 and Constituent Assembly debates 42 elections and share of the vote 184 and the constitution 193, 195, 200±1 emergence of the 9, 15 and the Dravida Nadu movement 88, and federalism 71, 151 89 and Hindu nationalism 163±4, 166±7, and group equity 227, 232±4, 235±6 168±89 and Hindu nationalism 167, 168±9, 194, centrist party phase 176±8 208 militant social movement phase 169±76 and identity politics 198±9, 207±11 and identity politics 81, 245, 266 and Indian independence 196±7 and movement politics 178±83 and local government 221, 235±6 and Muslims 9, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, opposition to the ideology of 193±4 183 and political cooptation 196±9 party and movement roles 166, 175±6, and political mobilization 15, 16±17, 183±9 199±207 and the presidency 146±8 politics and government formation and president's rule 59, 151, 152±3, 153 218±25 and regional nationalism 10, 61 and public policy 211±18 and right-wing movements 16 and regional nationalism 9 and the Sangh Parivar 167, 181±2, and reservation policies 15, 16, 25, 29, 186±7, 188 170, 195, 200±7, 220, 221±3, 224 and the VHP 166±7, 170, 171, 172, 173, and group equity 227, 233, 235 175, 177, 183, 184, 187, 188 rise of caste politics 195±6 and violence 181, 185 and trust in local government 119, 120 and women 174±5, 185 see also backward castes; Brahmins; lower black economy, and election campaign castes; middle castes; scheduled ®nance 160±1 castes; upper castes Bommai, S.R. 59, 65 CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation) Bose, Subhas Chandra 67, 105, 161 134±6 Brahminism, opposition to 193±4 center±state relations 78±102 Brahmins after independence 79 and caste con¯ict 221 in Andhra Pradesh 80, 84, 85±7 and the Dravidian ``nation'' 90 breakdown of 79 and socialism 216 and the constitution 83±4, 102 in southern Indian states 84±5, 88 creative ``management'' of 81±4, 91 Brahmo Samaj 194 economic conditions and the British colonialism destabilization of 100±1 and caste reservation 200 and geography 101

Index 289

and historical legacies 101 reservations 200, 206 in Jammu and Kashmir 11±12, 19, 80, and center±state relations 79 91, 95±7, 101, 102 challenges to from partyAÈ movement in the Northeast 11±12, 80±1, 82, 91, combinations 165±6 97±100, 101 and the consolidation of Indian and political institutions 78±80, 82 democracy 6±7, 10 and the politics of bargaining 100, 101±2 and the Constituent Assembly (1946±9) in Punjab11±12, 19, 80, 91, 92±5, 101, 39 102 and the deepening of democracy 14 and separatist movements 11±12, 79 and federalism 11, 51±2, 55±6, 58, 60, in Tamil Nadu 80, 87±91 71, 72 centralization and identity politics 269 and the BJP 10 and Indira Gandhi 8, 9 Constituent Assembly debates on 44±5 and the judiciary 133 and decentralization 2 and Kashmir 96 and democracy in India 19, 31±2, 39±40 loss of power 3, 9, 135±6, 157, 166 Chandrasekhar, S. 145 as a movement 165, 166 Charan Singh 197 National Planning Committee 67 Chatterjee, Partha 26 and the origins of Indian democracy 24, child labor 211, 212, 215 29 China 39, 98, 165, 194, 224 and Partition 35 Chipko movement 175 and the presidency 143±4 Christians and president's rule 150±1 and the BJP 41 and Punjab93, 94, 95 and Constituent Assembly debates 41, and regional nationalism 9 42 and regional reorganization 59, 61 civic nationalism 76 and secularism 32±3 civil rights 25 and social movements 251, 252 civil service and socialism 215, 216 and caste quotas 235±6 consolidation of democracy 6±13 and the consolidation of Indian and the constitution 12±13 democracy 6, 7, 8 and federalism 10±11 Dalit members of the 218 ®rst phase 6±7 and the origins of Indian democracy 5 second phase 7±9 civil society and separatism 11±12 and local community 104 third and current phase 9±10 and social movement activism 266±8 Constituent Assembly (1946±9) 25, 28, 29, and the state 78±9 34 and judicial activism 136±7 debates 35±45 class and federalism 53, 55, 56, 63, 65±6, 129 con¯ict 7 Linguistic Provinces Committee 59 and economic interest groups 227 and the presidency 141 identities 81 constitution of India 5, 12±13, 25±6 and caste 207±11 balance of freedom, equality and justice see also middle classes 25, 36, 40 coalition governments 218, 231 and the BJP 179±80, 183 and the presidency 141, 143±8, 154 and caste 193, 195, 200±1 president's rule 151±3 and center±state relations 83±4, 102 communal identities 81 and civil rights 25, 38±9, 40±1 communism, and the growth of social Constituent Assembly debates on 35±45 movements 243 conventional, formal and symbolic Communist Party of India (CPI) 35, 38±9, constitutions 128±9 45±6 and the Election Commission 155 Congress Party and federalism 11, 50, 54, 59, 72, 77, 129 and the BJP 181, 186 and the judiciary 132, 133 and caste 196, 197±8, 218±19 and local government 108

290 Index

constitution of India (cont.) economic growth and political regeneration 80 and centralism 39 and the presidency 141±2 and India's ``successful'' democracy 3 President Narayanan's golden jubilee low rate of 1, 18 address on the 127±8, 142 and the lower castes 224±5 and president's rule 150 and poverty in India 212 and the role of regulatory institutions economic interest groups 227±32 129±30, 161±2 economic reform 232, 233 and safeguards for minorities 25, 36 education courts and caste and the Election Commission 158 public policy and the lower castes and environmental issues 257±8 212±13, 214, 215±17, 220, 223, 224 and the judiciary 13, 132±40, 161±2, 239 quotas 232±3 and political regeneration 80, 130, 131, and the reservation system 202, 207 132 in colonial India 25, 26±8 and women's rights campaigns 256 levels of, and trust in local government CPI see Communist Party of India (CPI) 119, 120 crime bosses as politicians 237±8 teacher absenteeism from village schools cultural pluralism, and Hindu nationalism 240 163 Eldridge, Philip 246±7 Election Commission (EC) 80, 129, 130, Dalits see scheduled castes 162 Dasgupta, J. 10±11, 78, 97 activism 154±61 Datta, Dhirendranath 42 in Bihar 159 Datta-Chaudhuri, M. 234±5 and campaign ®nance 160±1 Debi, Rashundari 27 and caretaker governments 158±9 decentralization code of conduct 157±8 and centralization 2 and the constitution 155 and the Constituent Assembly debates and criminalization in politics 154±5, 43±4, 45 159, 237, 239 and democracy 19 and the electoral process 156±7 and distributive equity 240±1 enforcement of rules 158 in the Indian polity and economy 12 increased effectiveness of the 130, 131, and regional nationalism 10 132, 141 deepening of democracy in India 13±18, 19 public trust in the 155, 161 Delhi and state-level commissions 160 National Capital Territory of 56 elections polluting industries in 138 and governmental instability 10 Desai, Morarji 143 and India's ``successful'' democracy 3 Devi, Sarala 29 and Indira Gandhi's government 8 disease, and poverty 211 and political participation 30 DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) in the southern states of the USA 30 party 89±90, 165, 180, 198, 219 to panchayats 108, 112, 115 Dravidian movement 88, 89±90, 198 Electoral Commission 13 D'Souza, Rev. Jerome 42, 43±4 electricity subsidy 230 Emergency powers 8±9, 63±5 Earth (®lm) 187 employment reservation policies 15, 16, East Pakistan 98 25, 29, 170, 195, 200±7, 220, 221±3, Eastern Europe 130, 242 224 EC see Election Commission (EC) and group equity 227, 233, 235 ecology movement see environmental English language activism and the Congress Party 52 economic conditions education, and caste 217 and caste 208±9, 219±20 environmental activism 16, 249, 254, 255, and the destabilization of center±state 256, 257±9, 260 relations 100±1 and the courts 138, 257±8

Index 291

and the German Green Party 245, 262 and Punjab91, 92±4 and global networks 263, 264 and socialism 216 equality and Tamil Nadu 91 and caste 193, 194±5, 201, 202, 203±4, Gandhi, Mohandes (Mahatma) 29, 39, 207, 208±9, 210 55±6, 67, 173 poverty and inequality 211 and caste 199, 200 see also group equity and the Congress Party 165 ethnic identities, and caste 209±10 and the village republic 105, 161 ethnic movements 76, 165±6, 260 Gandhi Peace Foundation 250, 254 Gandhi, Rajiv 9, 93, 94, 96, 131, 219 Faizpur session (1936) 29 and the judiciary 134 federalism 2, 10±11, 18, 19, 49±77, 80, 268 and local government 108 American 50, 54 and NGO activism 250 and autonomy 57±8, 62±3, 72 and the presidency 144, 145 Canadian 54 Gandhi, Sanjay 92 and centralism 62±6 Ganges river pollution 138 and the Constituent Assembly 36±7 GDP (gross domestic product) and the constitution 11, 50, 54, 59, 72, and the ®scal de®cit 228 77, 129 and subsidies 229 and democratization 76 German Green Party 245, 262 durability of 49±50 German Protestant Church organization and Indian independence 53±4 264 and intra-state con¯icts 81 Gill, M.S. 156±7, 159, 161 and investment in infrastructure 230±1 Golwalker, Madhav 194 and the media 74±5 Government of India Act (1935) 24, 26, multicultural 49, 54, 72 30±1, 35, 44, 53 and nationalism 31, 49, 51±2 Government Subsidies in India (Ministry of and the origins of Indian democracy 5, 6, Finance) 228±9 23, 25, 31, 32, 46 Govinda Das, Seth 43 and president's rule 151 Gowda, Deve 139±40 regional reorganization 58±62 group equity 226±41 resource sharing and national and caste quotas 227, 232±4, 235±6 development 66±72, 73±4 and economic interest groups 227±32 Swiss 54, 75, 76 and jobreservations 227, 233, 235 Finance Commission 67±8, 69, 70±1, 231 at local level 240±1 ®nancial policies and public service institutions 236±7 reforms 236 and railway freight equalization 234±5 subsidies and budgetary problems in villages 240±1 228±31 Gujarat 15, 41 Fire (®lm) 187 and the BJP 176, 178, 186±7 formal political institutions 78, 79, 82 caste in 199, 213 Frankel, Francine 220 Gujral government 151±2 Gupta, Ramm Prakash 180 Gadil formula 68 Guruchand-Carit (biography of Gandhi, Indira 7±9, 10, 12, 14±15, 68 Namasudra) 27±8 and Andhra Pradesh 86 anti-poverty campaign 208, 214, 216 Habermas, J. 26 assassination of 9, 93 Hardgrave, Robert 88 Emergency regime 8±9, 63±4, 86, 133, Harrison, Selig 253 142±3, 151, 218, 254 Haryana, economic development 73, 74 and the judiciary 132, 133, 134 healthcare services and Kashmir 96 public hospitals 237 and local government 108 and public policy 211, 212, 215, 223, and NGO activism 249±50 224 and the presidency 142±3, 146 in rural areas 240 and president's rule 150±1 Hedgewar, Keshev 194

292 Index

Hellman, Judith 266 Jammu Hindi, and Tamil Nadu 88, 90 breakdown and separatism in 11±12 Hindu heartland states 9, 15 center±state relations in 80, 95±7 Hindu nationalism 163±89, 244 ethnic movements in 166 and the Ayodhya movement 163±4, 167, president's rule in 65 168±9, 170±5, 176, 178 Jan Morcha 166 and caste 167, 168±9, 194, 208 Jan Sangh 43, 183±4, 218 and Muslims 168, 173, 175 Janata Party 70, 166, 219 as a social movement 166±9, 188±9 and the BJP 169, 176 see also BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) government 143 Hindu±Muslim con¯icts and president's rule 151 and the constitution 44 and local government 108 and Indian nationalism 31 Jats 198 Hindu±Muslim divide of the Indian Jayalalitha, Jayaram 152 subcontinent 5 Jenkins, R.S. 82, 232 Hindus Jharkhand area of Bihar 62 and caste 194, 195 Jinnah, Mohammad Ali 34 and the growth of communalism 33, 39 Joseph, D.I. 257 human development conditions in India Joshi, Murli Manohar 182 211, 224±5 jotdar (local rich peasants), in West Bengal human rights, and the judiciary 134 112, 114 Hyderabad 85, 87 judiciary 13, 132±40, 161±2, 239 justice, balancing freedom and equality ICU (Cooperative Union of India) 252±3 with 25, 36, 40 identity politics 11, 81±2 Justice Party 88 and the BJP 81, 245, 266 and caste 198±9, 207±11 Kalelkar, Kaka 202 and social movements 245±6, 251, Kamath, H.V. 56 251±5, 259, 260, 262±3, 269 Karapatri, Swami 194 independence in India Kargil war 154 and caste 196±7 Karnataka 124, 151, 219 and center±state relations 79 caste and public policy in 212±13, 235 and federalism 53±4 non-Brahmin castes in 198 Indian Airlines hijacking crisis (1999) 182 Kashmir Indian National Army (INA) trial protests and the BJP 179, 180, 186 24 center±state relations in 11±12, 19, 80, Indian National Congress see Congress 91, 95±7, 101, 102 Party ethnic movements in 166 Indonesia 224 president's rule in 65, 153 industrial protection, and group equity 231, regional political parties in 9 233 Kaviraj, S. 239 infant mortality 211, 264 Kerala 166, 212 informal political institutions 78±9, 82 caste and public policy in 213 infrastructure investment 229±31 class politics in 208 interest-based social movements 17±18, land reform 259 245±6, 252, 254±5, 259±60, 262±3, poverty in 69 268 president's rule in 64, 151 International Conference on Population Khalistani movement 263 and Development 264 Khanna, B.S. 108, 113 Islam Khator, Renu 249 conversion of untouchables to 199 Khurana, M.L. 182 see also Muslims kisan movements 210 Iyer, Justice Krishna 137 Kishore, Giri Raj 174 Kohli, Atul 24, 79, 90, 105 Jain diaries 134±5 Korea 242 Jain, L.C. 252 Kothari, Smitu 246, 267

Index 293

Krishnamurthy, Jana 186 lower castes Kudal Commission 250, 254 accommodation of 19 Kudva, Neema 249, 261 and the Congress Party 197 Kumar, Nitish 149±50 and political mobilization 196±7, 199±200 labor unions 16 political movements 7, 15, 16, 30, 195, Lahiri, Somnath 34, 44, 45 196 Lal, Jagatnarayan 42 and public policy 211±18 Laloo Prasad Yadav 209 and reservation policies 15, 29, 170, land reform 202, 240±1, 259 201±7, 221±3 language and social mobility 220 and the Congress Party 52 and violent con¯ict 18, 220±1, 238 education and caste 217 see also backward castes; scheduled Hindi, and Tamil Nadu 88, 90 castes Latin America 269 Lucknow Pact (1916) 29 social movements in 241, 245, 246, 268 Left Front government, in West Bengal Madhya Pradesh 112, 114, 115 caste quotas 236 liberals, and caste 207, 209 education expenditure in 217 Lijphart, Arendt 105 equity politics in villages 241 linguistic identities, and caste 207, 208 human development conditions in 211 literacy rates 1, 211 Mahajan, Pramode 174 rural female 69 Maharashtra local elites 103, 106±9, 121±3 and the BJP 176, 178 panchayats 103, 108±9, 221 caste and Hindu nationalism in 208 in Maharashtra 111±12, 120±1 caste and public policy in 213 in West Bengal 112, 113, 114±19 local government in 12, 107, 111±12, and women 267±8 120±1, 122, 123 Pradhans 115, 116±17 poverty in 69 status of 121±2 women's rights issues in 256±7 typology of local leadership 106±7, 121 mainstream states, center±state relations in local government 2, 12, 19, 103±26 80, 84±91, 99±100 and the autonomy of the state 105±6 Mandal Commission report 170, 203±4, in Bihar 107, 111, 113±14, 119, 120, 123, 213, 222 124, 125, 126 Manor, James 11±12 and caste 221, 235±6 Marxists, and caste 207, 209 and democracy 123±6 Masani, Minoo 43 and distributive equity 240±1 Mayawati 200 District Rural Development Agency media 3 (DRDA) 108 and the Election Commission 158±9, evolution of in India 104±9 160±1 normative and political basis of 109±10 and federalism 74±5 panchayati raj 109±10, 111, 112, 113±14, Mehta, Deepa 187 115 Mehta, Hansa 37, 40 and the relative autonomy of the state Mehta, M.C. 137 104 Mexico 165, 266 trust and con®dence in 110±11, 119±21, Meyer, David 243 122±3, 125 middle castes in West Bengal 12, 108, 111, 112±13, and the Congress Party 197 114±19, 119, 122, 123, 124 political mobilization of 15, 16, 199, 200 women in 257, 267±8 middle classes Lohia, Ram Manohar 105, 197 and caste 206, 207, 210, 222, 223 Lok Sabha and the courts and the presidency 131, and caste 83 132 and center±state relations 84 and the Election Commission 131, 132, Low, D.A. 84 155

294 Index

minority rights, and Hindu nationalism 163 Nehru, Jawaharlal 6±7, 25, 31, 33, 34, 36, Mir Qasim 96 43 Mitra, Subrata 12 and caste 198 Mizoram 97 and center±state relations 85±6, 95 Mody, Narenda 186 and the Congress Party 165 Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Discovery of India 215±16 Practices Commission 216 and federalism 52, 53, 55, 66, 67, 72 Moore, Barrington Jr. 5, 110 and Hindu nationalism 173 mortality rates 211, 264 and the judiciary 132, 133 Mukherji, Shamaparasad 43, 44 and Northeast India 100 Munshi, K.M. 37, 40, 41, 42, 45 and the presidency 141 music, Indian 75 and the village republic 105, 161 Muslim League 5, 34, 46 Nehru Report (1928) 29±30, 34, 268 and the Constituent Assembly 35, 36, New Delhi, relations with Indian state 42±3, 53 governments 11±12 Muslims New York Times article on India's and the BJP 9, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, democracy 1 183 NGOs (non-governmental organizations) and the BSP 219 246, 247±51, 258±9 and the Congress Party 52, 55, 197, 218 and foreign funding 264±6 growth of communalism 33 Nichols-Roy, Rev. 42, 44 and Hindu nationalism 168, 173, 175 Non-CooperationAÈ Khilafat movement 33 and reservation policies 29, 206 Northeast India and scheduled castes 213 border problems 98±9, 101 separate electors for 200 center±state relations 11±12, 80±1, 82, 91, 97±100, 101 Naicker, E.V. Ramaswami 196 religions in 99 Naidu, M. Venkaiah 180 rivalries in 99 Naidu, Sarojini 29 NTR (N.T. Rama Rao) 86±7, 146 Naipaul, V.S. 239 Narain, Jaiprakash 105 OBCs see backward castes Narasimha Rao, P.V. 101±2 Omvedt, Gail, Reinventing Revolution 260 Narayanan, J.P. 166, 254 Organization of African Unity 84 Narayanan, K.R. 59, 66, 127±8, 142, 143, origins of Indian democracy 4±6, 23±46 144, 148, 149, 154, 200 and federalism 5, 6, 23, 25, 31, 32, 46 Narmada Andolan 264 and the liberalAÈ imperialist narrative 24, Narmada Bachao Andolan 175, 247, 258 25 Nath, Dr. Narendra 138 and the making of the constitution 25 National Democratic Alliance (NDA) and secularism 5, 6, 23, 25, 32±4, 46 147±8, 180 and universal suffrage 25 National Development Council 70 see also constitution National Front Party 166 Orissa 71 and the BJP 169 government 148 Pakistan 4, 5, 35, 45, 53 and president's rule 152 Pal, Bepinchandra 31 nationalism Pal, Jagdambika 148, 149 ethnic and civic 76 Panikkar, K.M. 41 and the ``separatist movement'' in Tamil Pant, Govindaballabh 37 Nadu 87±91 Parivar, Sangh 187 see also Hindu nationalism parliament, gender quotas for seats in 234 nationalist movement in India 5, 18±19, Partition 35, 39, 41, 45, 161, 218 28±30 effects on Northeast India 98, 101 and caste 196±8 and federalism 53, 54±5 and federalism 31, 49, 51±2 and Kashmir 101 NDA (National Democratic Alliance) Patel, Sardar 52, 55, 161 147±8, 180 Patel, Vallabhbhai 37, 38

Index 295

patronage in politics, and the reservation print culture, in colonial India 26 system 204±5 public spheres, and colonial India 26±8 Philippines 242 Punchhi, M.M. 140 Phule, Jyotirao 173 Punjab PIL (public interest litigation) 257 center±state relations in 11±12, 19, 80, Planning Commission 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 91, 92±5, 101, 102 128, 230, 231 economic development 73, 74 police, and corrupt politicians 237, 238 ethnic movements in 165±6 political institutions ®scal performance 71 and center±state relations 78±9, 82 poverty in 69 and the consolidation of democracy president's rule in 64, 65 6±13 regional political parties in 9 and local leaders 106±7 PunjabUnionists 46 stability of 269 Putnam, Robert 125 political mobilization Making Democracy Work 104 and the consolidation of Indian democracy 7, 8 QutabMinar monument 183 and democratic deepening 14±16 political parties railway freight equalization 234±5 and caste politics 218±20 Rajasthan 176 regional 9±10 education expenditure in 217 and social movements 164±6 equity politics in 241 see also BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party); human development conditions in 211 Congress Party Ram, Jagjivan 37 politicians, crime bosses as 237±8 Ram, Kanshi 219 Poona Pact (1932) 29 Ram Rajya Parishad 194 poverty 1, 18 Rama Rao, N.T. (NTR) 86±7, 146 alleviation programs 108 Ramaswami Naicker, E.V. 88 and the consolidation of Indian Ranvir Sena 217 democracy 7, 8, 9 Rao, Narasimha 135±6, 143, 145, 146, 155, and democratic deepening 14, 15 157, 219 and India's economic performance 212 Rashtriya Janta Dal (RJD) 149±50, 153 and India's ``successful'' democracy 3 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) 16, Indira Gandhi's anti-poverty campaign 39, 166, 167, 175, 179, 181±2, 186±7, 208, 214, 216 188, 194, 205, 266 and inequality 211 Ratan, Nil 246±7 measurement of regional 69 Ray, Raka 261 power negotiations 1±2, 19 redistributive politics 2, 14 and center±state relations 82 regional identities, and caste 207±8 and the Congress Party 7 regional leaders, and development power-sharing, and federalism 57, 63 expenditure 68±72 Praja Socialist Party 197 regional nationalism 9±10, 50±1 Prasad, Rajendra 38, 55, 141±2 regional reorganization 58±62, 66 presidency of India 13, 141±54, 161±2 regulatory institutions, role of 129±30, and caretaker governments 153±4 161±2 and coalition governments 141, 143±8, religious freedom, Constituent Assembly 154 debates on 40±2 and the Election Commission 155 religious minorities in India increased effectiveness of the 130, 131, and the BJP 9 132 Northeast 99 and judicial appointments 138±9 Sikh extremism in Punjab92±5 and state governors 148±50 violence against 18 president's rule 64±6, 80, 83, 102, 150±3 religious nationalism in India 19 in Bihar 59 and the BJP 9, 10 and coalition governments 151±3 reservation policies 15, 16, 25, 29, 170, 195, in Uttar Pradesh 59, 64, 66 200±7, 220, 221±3, 224

296 Index

RIN mutiny (1945±6) 24 secularism Rithambara, Sadvi 171, 175 and Constituent Assembly debates 39, river valley projects 66 40, 46 RJD (Rashtriya Janta Dal) 149±50, 153 and Hindu nationalism 163, 168 Roy, Ram Mohan 194 and the origins of Indian democracy 5, 6, RSS see Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 23, 25, 32±4 Rudolph, Lloyd and Susanne 12±13, 16, Self-Respect movement (later Justice 105 Party) 194 rural elites Sen, Amartya 40 and democratic deepening 14 separatist movements 11±12, 31±2 and local government 121, 122, 123 Andhra Pradesh 60±2, 86 rural India and creative ``management'' of center± caste-based political struggles in 221, state relations 81, 82 223 and Northeast India 100 lower castes in 220 Tamil Nadu 87±91 rural middle-level groups, and political in Telengana 61, 85 mobilization 15 Seshan, T.N. 155, 161 Russia 125, 130 SEWA (Self-Employed Women's Association) 247±8 Sadiq, G.M. 96 Shahabuddin, Syed 173, 178 SAL (social action litigation) 257 Sharma, President Shanker Dayal 143, Samajwadi Party 198 146±7 Sanatan Dharma Sabha 194 Shastri, Algurai 42 Sandinistas 245 Shekhar, Shri Chandra 145 Sangh Parivar 167, 181±2, 186±7, 188 Sheshan, T.N. 154 Sangma, Purno 136 Shiv Sena 183, 187, 235 Sanskritization, process of 199 Shourie, H.D. 137 Sanyal, Bish 247±8 Sikh diaspora, and the Khalistani Sarasvati, Dayanand 194 movement 263 Sarkar, Sumit 5±6, 11 Sikhs Sarkaria Commission report (1988) 59, and the Congress Party 55 64±5, 151 in Punjab92±4 Sarvodaya movement 254 Simon Commission 29 Savarkar, Veer D. 105, 194 Singh, Darbara 92±3 Scheduled Caste Federation (later the Singh, Kalyan 148, 149, 152, 171 Republican Party) 194 Singh, V.P. 15, 145, 166, 170, 203, 205, 219 scheduled castes (Dalits) 16 Singh, Zail 92, 93, 144 and the Congress Party 197, 198, Singha, Srikrishna 43, 44 218±19 Singhal, Ashok 187 and group equity 233, 234 social movements 242±69 and local government 221 backward caste movement 251 and political cooptation 196±7 Bhoodan (land gift) movement 254 and political mobilization 199, 200, the BJP and movement politics 178±83, 210±11 245 and public policy 211±12, 213±14, and civil disobedience 247 217±18 and civil society 266±8 and regional parties 219 de®ning 246±8 and reservation policies 195, 200, 201, and foreign funding 264±6 203, 206, 220, 222±3 and global networks 263±4 violence against 209 and Hindu nationalism 166±9, 188±93, Yadavs 198, 200, 207, 213, 214, 217, 219, 251, 261±2 223 identity-based 245±6, 251±5, 259, 260, scheduled tribes 201, 233 262±3, 269 Scindia, Vijay Raje 175 and institutional bifurcation 251±60 secessionist movements see separatist interest-based 17±18, 245±6, 252, movements 254±5, 259±60, 262±3, 268

Index 297

issue-based 244±5 Telengana movement for linguistic states 251, peasant insurrection 31, 34, 38 253±4, 260 separatist movement 61, 85, 86±7 and political parties 164±6 see also Andhra Pradesh and regionalism 260±1 Telugu Desam Party (TDP) 61, 86±7, 219 and single-issue campaigns 164±5, 175 Thakre, Kusabau 175, 183, 186 and the social movement society 243±4, Thakur, Pramatharanjan 28 251 Tocqueville, Alexis de 226±7 and the transition to democracy 242 tribal movements 16 socialism ``troubled'' states, center±state relations in and caste 195 80±1, 91±100 Constituent Assembly debates 34, 40 and democracy in India 39, 40 unemployed young people, and political and political practice in India 2, 7, mobilization 16 215±16 Union Constitution Committee 63 South Africa 125, 165 United Front government 140, 218 South Korea 224 and the presidency 146, 147 southern Indian states United States of America Brahmins in 84±5 civil war 56 mobilization of non-Brahmin castes 198 and federalism 50, 54, 268 Sri Lanka 81, 212 and social movements 243 Srinivas, M.N. 196, 220 universal suffrage 5, 6, 19, 25, 29±30 Sriramulu, death of 60 and colonialism 28 state governments and the Constituent Assembly 36, 37, 39, budgetary problems 229±31 46 and the Election Commission 160 and equality 195 and the presidency 148±50 and the Indian nationalist movement 29 see also center±state relations; local untouchables see scheduled castes government upper castes, and the Congress Party 7, students, and political activism 16 196, 197 Sudarshan, K.S. 25±6, 182, 188 urban elites, and local government 121, suffrage see universal suffrage 123 supreme court, and federalism 65 Urs, Devraj 198 Swaraj, Sushma 182, 183 USAID 265 Swiss federalism 54, 75, 76 Uttar Pradesh and the BJP 171, 175, 176, 177, 187 Taiwan 224 BSP in 219 Taj Mahal 138 caste in Tamil Nadu 11, 15 and con¯ict 220±1, 238 caste and politics in 198, 199, 208, 209, and equity policies 235 213 and politics 197±8, 200, 209 center±state relations in 80, 87±91 and public policy 213, 214 Dravidian movement in 89±90, 165, 198, criminal politicians in 238 219 economic development 73 and the federal system 151 education expenditure in 217 ®scal performance 71 ®scal performance 71 and group equity 240 human development conditions in 211 non-Brahmin castes in 198 and the National Front government and president's rule 152±3 148±9 Tandon, Purushottamdas 41±2, 43 president's rule in 59, 64, 66 Tarrow, Sidney 243 project on reproductive health in 265 taxes and local government 108 Vajpayee, Atal Behari 140, 146±7, 153, 154, and regional development 67±8, 70±1 168, 169, 175, 179, 180, 182, 184, 186 TDP (Telugu Desam Party) 61, 86±7, Venkataraman, President R. 143, 144±6, 219 154, 180±1

298 Index

Verghese, B.G. 99, 100 local government in 12, 108, 111, 112±13, Verma, J.S. 135, 140 114±19, 119, 122, 123, 124 VHP (Vishva Hindu Parishad) 166±7, 170, public hospitals in 237 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 183, 184, 187, regional political parties in 9 188 Western democracies, comparisons with youth organization (the Bajrang Dal) India 106 174 women villages and the BJP 174±5, 185 caste-based political struggles in 223 Dalit 218 elites and masses in 12 and gender and caste quotas 234 equity politics in 240±1 literacy rates 69, 211 as political units 105, 161 poverty and inequality 211 Visvanathan, V. 236 and reservation policies 206 Vohra, B.B. 263 women's movements 16, 30, 169, 247±8, 254±7, 259, 260 Walia, A.K. 138 AIDWA 255 Weber, Max 130 in Bombay and Calcutta 261 Weiner, Myron 16±17, 81 and civil society 266±8 West Bengal and global networks 263±4 and the BJP 178 growth of 249 caste and public policy in 213 women's suffrage 29, 30 class politics in 208 CPI-M in 166 Yadav, Laloo 125 economic development 73 Yadav Samajvadi Janata Party 185 equity politics in rural 241 Yadev, Mulayam Singh 178 and the federal system 151 Yadev, Yogendra 81 ®scal performance 71 Yamuna river pollution 138 land reform 240±1, 259 Left Front government in 112, 114, 115 Zilla Parishads 107±8, 112, 113