Universitat Politècnica De Catalunya MODEL-BASED CONTROL
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Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Programa de Doctorat: Automàtica, Robòtica i Visió Tesi Doctoral MODEL-BASED CONTROL AND DIAGNOSIS OF INLAND NAVIGATION NETWORKS Pablo Segovia Castillo Directors: Prof. Vicenç Puig Cayuela i Prof. Éric Duviella Maig de 2019 Acknowledgements It is often said that the journey is more important than the destination. Although there is no denying that obtaining a PhD constitutes a rewarding achievement, the three- year journey that leads up to its accomplishment has been a remarkable experience on its own. One of the many lessons is that pursuing a PhD is not about embarking on an individual quest. Rather, it is about interacting, discussing and ultimately learning from others. No matter how many people are acknowledged in this section, the list is likely to remain incomplete. Therefore, before I start, I would like to offer my sincere apologies to anyone who I might have unintentionally left off. This thesis was carried out in the context of a co-tutoring agreement between two universities: IMT Lille Douai (IMT) in France, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in Spain. Therefore, I would like to thank my supervisors and advisors from both universities: Prof. Éric Duviella and Dr. Lala Rajaoarisoa (IMT), and Prof. Vicenç Puig and Prof. Fatiha Nejjari (UPC). Their support, encouragement and exceptional academic guidance have been essential for this thesis to come to fruition. Moreover, they have provided me with excellent working environments, suggesting possible ideas to explore but at the same time leaving space for me to find my own path. They have definitely set high standards regarding what a good supervisor, a good researcher and a good colleague should be. I would like to acknowledge Prof. Laurent Lefèvre (Grenoble INP) and Prof. Valérie Dos Santos (Univ. Lyon 1) for their time spent reviewing this thesis, providing valuable remarks that helped to improve the quality of the manuscript. I would also like to thank them, together with Prof. Rudy R. Negenborn (TU Delft) and Prof. José Ma Maestre (Univ. de Sevilla), for accepting to be part of the examination panel. During these years, I have also had the possibility to collaborate with several people. I would like to thank Dr. Joaquim Blesa (UPC) for the opportunity to work with him v in the topic of fault diagnosis, Dr. Klaudia Horváth (Deltares and TU Eindhoven) for the discussions regarding the modeling of navigation canals and Prof. Pierre-Olivier Malaterre (IRSTEA) for receiving me in Montpellier and teaching me the basics of SICˆ2. Given the nature of the co-tutoring agreement, I spent a great deal of time in Douai during the doctoral period. I would like to begin by warmly thanking Éric and Caroline for their hospitality, generosity and kindness, which almost made me feel as if I had never left Barcelona. Besides, upon my arrival, I spent some weeks at the student residence, where I felt at home from the first day thanks to the people I met there, despite the modest accommodation. A special thought goes to the fellow students in the department, who are a source of fond memories: Balsam, Enjie, Guillaume, Houda, Johann, Mónika, Pablo, Tony and Ziad, thank you for all the discussions and fun moments we shared together. Upon my return to Barcelona for the second part of the thesis, I got to known another great group with whom I have also shared many stimulating discussions and unforgettable moments: Asi, Damiano, Hazem, Jenny, José Luis, Julián, Masoud, Miguel, Nikolas, Unni, Wicak and Ye, thank you for everything. I cannot but acknowledge my parents, Juan Antonio and Julia, and my brother Oscar, for teaching me essential values that have shaped me into the person I am today, and without which I would have never succeeded in completing this thesis. Your unfailing support, understanding and love during all these years have been fundamental. Finally, I want to express my sincerest gratitude to Bet, who has stood beside me all this time, showing more patience than I could have hoped for and never ceasing to provide comforting words. I cannot put into words how much you have contributed to this thesis. Pablo Segovia Castillo Douai & Barcelona, 2019 vi Abstract This thesis addresses the problem of optimal management of water resources in inland navigation networks from a control theory perspective. In particular, the main objective to be attained consists in guaranteeing the navigability condition of the network, i.e., ensuring that the water levels are such that vessels can travel safely. More specifically, the water levels must be kept within an interval around the setpoint. Other common objectives include minimizing the operational cost and ensuring a long lifespan of the equipment. However, inland navigation networks are large-scale systems characterized by a number of features that complicate their management, namely complex dynamics, large time delays and negligible bottom slopes. In order to achieve the optimal management, the efficient control of the hydraulic structures, e.g., gates, weirs and locks, must be ensured. To this end, a control-oriented modeling approach is derived based on an existing simplified model obtained from the Saint-Venant equations. This representation reduces the complexity of the original model, provides flexibility and allows to coordinate current and delayed information in a systematic manner. However, the resulting model formulation belongs to the class of delayed descriptor systems, for which standard control and state estimation tools would need to be extended. Instead, model predictive control and moving horizon es- timation can be easily adapted for this formulation, as well as being able to deal with physical and operational constraints in a natural manner. Due to the large dimensionality of inland navigation networks, a centralized im- plementation is often neither possible nor desirable. In this regard, non-centralized approaches are considered, decomposing the overall system in subsystems and distribut- ing the computational burden among the local agents, each of them in charge of meeting the local objectives. Given the fact that inland navigation networks are strongly coupled systems, a distributed approach is followed, featuring a communication protocol among the agents. vii Despite the optimality of the computed solutions, state estimation will only be ef- fective provided that the sensors acquire reliable data. Likewise, the control actions will only be applied correctly if the actuators are not impacted by faults. Indeed, any malfunction can lead to an inefficient management of the system. Therefore, the last part of the thesis is concerned with the design of supervisory strategies that allow to detect and isolate faults in inland navigation networks. All the presented modeling, centralized and distributed control and state estimation and fault diagnosis approaches are applied to a realistic case study based on the inland navigation network in the north of France to validate their effectiveness. Keywords: inland navigation networks, large-scale systems, time-delay systems, Saint-Venant equations, control-oriented modeling, model predictive control, moving horizon estimation, system partitioning, distributed control and state estimation, fault diagnosis. viii Résumé Cette thèse contribue à répondre au problème de la gestion optimale des ressources en eau dans les réseaux de navigation intérieure du point de vue de la théorie du contrôle. L’objectif principal à atteindre consiste à garantir la navigabilité des réseaux de voies navigables, c’est à dire, à veiller à ce que les niveaux d’eau de chaque partie des réseaux soient tels que les bateaux puissent naviguer en toute sécurité. Plus spécifiquement, les niveaux d’eau doivent être maintenus dans un intervalle autour de points de consigne. Parmi les autres objectifs de gestion, il est nécéssaire de veiller à la réduction des coûts opérationnels et la longue durée de vie des équipements. Lors de la conception de lois de contrôle, les caractéristiques des réseaux de voies navigables doivent étre prises en compte, à savoir leurs grandes dimensions, leur composition (biefs interconnectés), leurs dynamiques complexes, des retards importants et variables, et parfois l’absence de pente. Afin de réaliser la gestion optimale de réseaux de voies navigables, le contrôle effi- cace des structures hydrauliques, par exemple des portes, des déversoirs et des écluses, doit être assuré. À cette fin, une approche de modélisation orientée contrôle est dérivée d’un modèle simplifié existant, obtenu à partir des équations de Saint-Venant. Cette représentation réduit la complexité du modèle d’origine, offrant de la flexibilité et per- mettant de coordonner les informations actuelles et retardés de manière systématique. Cependant, la formulation du modèle obtenue appartient à la classe des systèmes de descripteurs retardés, pour lesquels les outils de contrôle standard et d’estimation d’état doivent être étendus. La commande prédictive MPC et l’estimation d’état sur horizon glissant MHE peuvent être facilement adaptés à cette formulation, tout en permettant de gérer les contraintes physiques et opérationnelles de manière naturelle. En raison de la grande dimensionnalité des réseaux de voies navigables intérieures, une mise en œuvre centralisée n’est souvent ni possible ni souhaitable. À cet égard, les approches non centralisées sont considérées, décomposant le système global en sous- systèmes et répartissant la charge de calcul entre les agents locaux, chacun d’entre eux